Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Banks, etc. (Cooperative), Italy”

This paper evaluates the performance of Italian banks during the 2006-2009 period. Banks are analysed according to their business models and their main activities. The analysis focuses on both cooperative and commercial banks. By contrast to commercial banks, Italian cooperative banks do not perceive profit-making as a principle itself. These banks have been able to accumulate capital and provide credit to customers despite the ongoing crisis. On average, they manage their loan portfolio better than commercial banks. Findings suggest that cooperative banking in Italy should be encouraged due to its positive contribution to economic development and possibly financial stability.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the relationship between bank market power and stability of financial institutions in Italy between 2001 and 2012. The authors first test the existence of a U-shaped relationship between market power and financial stability. Second, they regress the market share indicator on bank risk-taking to underline whether financial stability is affected by increasing or decreasing the market power of banks. Third, they explore whether this relationship is affected by the size, level of capitalization and credit insolvency of banks. Design/methodology/approach Relying on highly territorially disaggregated data at labor market areas level, the authors estimate the impact of bank market power and other explanatory variables on a proxy of risk taking behavior such as the banking “stability inefficiency” derived simultaneously from the estimation of a stability stochastic frontier. Bank market power is taken into account through an individual measure based on loans. Financial stability is calculated through the Z-score. The authors use, as risk-taking measure, the stability inefficiency whose estimation approach is the stochastic frontier analysis. Findings The empirical evidence shows that the inefficiency of financial stability is found to be U-shaped related with respect to the measure of market power. Bank size is an essential factor in explaining the relationship between bank market power and risk-taking. Cooperative banks have fewer incentives to gain market power to better perform in term of risks. The reform of the cooperative banks that took recently place in Italy is not supported by the data. Originality/value The relationship between bank market power and financial stability has been analyzed using a rich sample of cooperative, commercial and popular banks in Italy over the 2001-2012 period. The authors rely on labor market areas being sub-regional geographical areas where the bulk of the labor force lives and works. The paper investigates the market power-stability link considering both cooperative and non-cooperative banks. Indeed, specific attention has been paid on cooperative banks because of their mission in favor of the local community as only few studies, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, examine cooperative banking.

Cooperative credit banks were established in the mid-19th century to overcome problems of opportunistic behaviour by borrowers. In Italy, they are currently playing a major role for the financial system and for the economy. They provide credit to individuals and households, as well as capital to small firms from sectors such as agriculture. These banks relate to a cooperative credit network that grants them an adequate level of competitiveness in the market. By effectively implementing democratic principles of governance and by focusing on relationship banking, they foster responsible behaviour, a crucial concept in times of crisis. This paper accounts for both the competitive advantages and the challenges faced by Italian cooperative credit banks. It suggests that a better understanding of their specifics would help to highlight the contribution of a sound cooperation to economics. Finally, it provides policy recommendations for a qualitative supervision of cooperative banks in order to increase the stability of the financial system.

In India, the banking business is become more and more complex and tremendously changes from the liberalization and globalization. Rural development is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well being of people living in rural areas. In past decades, the government has taken initial steps of accelerating the rural areas development and welfare activities. The opening of new bank, the customer creation is very important one and develops to maintain the relationship is difficult. Customer relationship management is helpful to remove these difficulty in various aspect of services provided to the people. CRM facilitates the cooperative banks to provide one to one services and also maintain the transactions security of the customers. The main purpose of CRM in cooperative banking sector is to create and keep customer and view the entire banking transactions as consisting of highly integrated effort to create and satisfy the customer needs. A customer satisfaction is silent advertiser of cooperative banks product. In this study, the researcher has analyze the customer satisfaction of cooperative banking services in rural areas and what they are expecting form cooperative banks etc. It helps to bring out the results related to benefit cooperative banks to build better CRM services to rural areas. CRM facilitates the cooperative banks to provide one to one services and also maintain the transactions security of the customers.

This paper focuses on bank-firm relationship in an economic deeply changing environment. The objectives of the paper are two-fold: to understand, compared to the overall banking system, if the lending activities and economic-financial performances of Italian local banks have changed after the outbreak of the financial crisis; and to understand what are the conditions that allow to develop a model of a local bank capable of supporting the development routes of SMEs, by an appropriate risk/return profile. In order to answer the first research question, the paper presented an empirical analysis, covering the period 2007-2011, of Italian Cooperative Credit Banks (a particular category of local banks) compared with the system of bank groups with operability spread over much of the Italian territory and not. The empirical comparative analysis has the aim to see the effects of the crisis on the relationship bank-firm through the reading of the impact on the dynamics of lending and on the profiles of structure, riskiness, profitability and efficiency of the banks under examination. In order to provide an answer to the second research question, the paper provides some insight of evolutionary nature reflection in the bank-firm relationship. In accordance with the doctrinal postulates of the relationship lending the empirical analysis shows how the financial then real crisis has not induced Cooperative Credit Banks to restrict credit to local firms. The survey evidences have however highlighted some critical elements that are reflected inevitably on the local bank’s risk-return profile. Based only on quantitative data of statement, the empirical analysis represents a limit in this kind of research. This paper is useful to stimulate the debate of experts as well as to focus on the studies of local banks in particular in the light of their anti-cyclic role. Even if abounding in subjects about local banks and relationship lending literature faces only marginally the effects of global crisis on business profiles of local banks.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of financial inclusion on poverty alleviation through cooperative banks. Design/methodology/approach In order to fulfil the objectives of the study, primary data were collected from 540 beneficiaries of cooperative banks operating in three northern states of India, i.e., J&K, Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Punjab using purposive sampling during July-December 2015. The technique of factor analysis had been used for summarisation of the total data into minimum factors. For checking the validity and reliability of the data, the second-order CFA was performed. Statistical techniques like one-way ANOVA, t-test and SEM were used for data analysis. Findings The study results reveal that financial inclusion through cooperative banks has a direct and significant impact on poverty alleviation. The study highlights that access to basic financial services such as savings, loans, insurance, credit, etc., through financial inclusion has generated a positive impact on the lives of the poor and help them to come out of the clutches of poverty. Research limitations/implications The study was conducted amidst few limitations. First, the in-depth analysis of the study is restricted to three northern states only because of limited resources and time availability. Second, the study is limited to the perception of financial inclusion beneficiaries only, which, in future, could be carried further on the perception of other stakeholders such as bank officials, business correspondents, village panchayats, etc. Originality/value The study makes contribution towards the financial inclusion literature relating to poverty alleviation and fulfils the research gap to some extent by assessing the impact of financial inclusion on poverty alleviation through cooperative banks. This paper can help the policymakers and other stakeholders of cooperative banks in promoting banking habits among poor rural households both at the national and international level.

The recent issue of the journal Corporate Governance and Sustainability Review is devoted to the issues of corporate governance and value of family-owned businesses, cooperative banks’ M&A, CG and sustainability for businesses and for social development etc.

The main source of growth for Indian Economy is Banks. Everyone has different needs like someone require loan to buy a house, to buy an equipment for farming etc. and these needs are fulfilled by the financial sector of India which comprises of banks, NBFC, cooperative societies etc. NPA (Non-Performing Asset) is a critical factor which has adversely impacted the development and growth of the economy. This research discusses the impact of NPAs on the profits of banks. This research attempts to analyze the impact of few important financial heads on NPAs of banks and to suggest on effective management of NPAs. According to RBI data, five banks (public and private) with highest NPAs were taken for the study for period 2014-2015 to 2018-2019. The research applied correlation analysis to compute the relationship between net profits and NPAs and multiple regression analysis to determine the impact of important financial heads on NPAs.

Recent work by Robert Putnam has revived a contentious debate about the role of culture in Italian regional disparities. Southern Italy is argued to have been locked in an impoverishing, no-trust equilibrium. This article explores an apparent exception to Putnam's historical evidence: the South's late-nineteenth-century cooperative banks (banche popolari). Econometric investigation reveals important differences in the strategy and performance of these banks in North and South during the crucial decade of the 1890s, and shows that these differences cannot be attributed to differences in the local environment. In fact, the evidence is broadly consistent with Putnam's hypothesis.

PURPOSE: The paper aims to identify the characteristics of the entities involved, the motivations and the processes of forming strategic alliances between a small cooperative bank and a fintech start-up. The paper bridges the research gap in the literature and explains the success factors of strategic alliance between considered entities. METHODOLOGY: We applied a typical qualitative research approach that consists of two steps. The first step was to develop an analytical framework to understand the critical success factors for the strategic alliance formation between banks and fintech start-ups. In the second step, we applied the analytical framework for a case study analysis, considering the strategic alliance between the Banca Popolare di Cortona and the NetFintech start-up. FINDINGS: Our research shows that there are different motives for strategic alliance formation for banks and fintech start-ups. From a theoretical point of view, banks’ motivations are based on outsourcing, innovation, the evolution of the business model, competitive advantage, saving costs, improving service quality, and learning. The main motives for fintechs include access to customers, loans, banking license, economies of scale, trust, and credibility. In the empirical part, we found that the crucial success factors are strategic alignment and hybridization, competence and experience, cultural value and territorial closeness, and professionalism. IMPLICATIONS: The results develop the knowledge about the best conditions for cooperative banks and fintech start-ups strategic alliances. The main limitation is that the paper is based only on one case study and it is related to cooperative banks and does not embrace other groups of banks. For this reason, it can be a basis for further research in this area. The described case study can be a good example to compare other cases of such alliances. Cooperative banks and fintech start-ups involved in a strategic alliance should share the commitment at the governance level. Critical are also the procedures of the alliance formation. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: This article provides two main contributions to the literature on the technology-driven transformations of the banking sector. First, we elaborated a theoretical framework of the critical success factors for the bank and fintech start-up strategic alliance formation. Second, we applied the framework with the bank–fintech start-up cooperation in the local market in Italy. Contrary to previous research, which focuses mainly on commercial banks, this article presents the relationship between cooperative banks and fintech start-ups.

Small Italian banks have experienced a substantial growth since the mid-1990s and have not disappeared in the wave of the liberalization process that started in 1992. Two main reasons have emerged to explain their growth: (i) the consolidation process of larger banks that disregards smaller customers and (ii) their lending strategy based on localism, proximity, small dimensions, and peer monitoring. Small banks could exploit their ability in collecting soft information and they often use them along with hard information to reduce the asymmetries of information and moral hazard issues in transactions. Among the small banks, cooperative banks have an additional advantage due their member-based ownership structure. They use this to increase the quantity and quality of the soft information compared to other small banks. Italian Credit Cooperative Banks (Banche di Credito Cooperativo, hereafter CCBs) have performed particularly well in expanding their business and in increasing both members and branches, largely due to the weakening of their legal constraints in 1992. However, this growth has not been homogenous and there are differences in growth patterns at the dimensional and the geographical levels. This dissertation focuses on three research questions concerning CCBs: 1. The role of size in the recent growth of CCBs: the literature on bank’s growth has shown mixed results on the relationship between growth and size. In particular, two main features have been studied: (i) the role of size in the growth of loans, assets and members by testing the Law of Proportionate Effect (LPE); (ii) the role played by other covariates in the growth of loans, assets and members by testing a multivariate regression model. Applying these models to CCBs, the results show that LPE is rejected in favour of a negative relation between size and growth—i.e., smaller CCBs have grown faster. Their faster growth is related to the financial variables— the cost-income level and average earnings (or costs) from interest rates. Moreover, environmental variables play a significant role in explaining the growth. 2. The impact of social capital on the performance of CCBs: given their cooperative form, lending technology, and control mechanisms, the presence of CCBs are expected to be higher in areas where people are more connected and the level of trust is higher. This assumption is related to a small but growing literature on the effects of trust and social capital on the viability and growth of cooperatives at the macro-level. The impact of social capital variables (number of people joining associations and the trust level) on the market share of CCBs at province level turn out to be positive and significant. The results for the market share hold for both the overall credit market and the specific SME credit market. Moreover, the higher presence universalistic associations (associations pursuing general goals – e.g. environmental protection) as compared to particularistic association (those with a particularistic goal, e.g. sports club) have a positive impact on the market share. Finally, only CCBs seem to gain from the presence of larger social capital in comparison to other local banks 3. The relation between the governance structure and interest rate pricing as a way to reward members: CCB members do not usually receive dividends, instead benefit from better financial conditions—i.e., better interest rates. However, while the borrowers are interested in reduced interest rate on loans, the depositors prefer an increase in the interest rate on their deposits. The reward choices of CCBs are described using a model based on the bank’s rewarding priorities and the median voter framework is suitably adapted for the CCBs governance structure. An empirical investigation on the impact of the majority composition in the general assembly on the interest rates pricing is attempted. The tests show that the interest rates policies of CCBs match with the median voter prediction in the case of a borrower majority, while a depositor majority kept the interest rates on deposits lower. This could be seen as a way to control the costs. CCBs follow a strategy to benefit both types of members and to be consistent with their balance sheet constraints.

Small Italian banks have experienced a substantial growth since the mid-1990s and have not disappeared in the wave of the liberalization process that started in 1992. Two main reasons have emerged to explain their growth: (i) the consolidation process of larger banks that disregards smaller customers and (ii) their lending strategy based on localism, proximity, small dimensions, and peer monitoring. Small banks could exploit their ability in collecting soft information and they often use them along with hard information to reduce the asymmetries of information and moral hazard issues in transactions. Among the small banks, cooperative banks have an additional advantage due their member-based ownership structure. They use this to increase the quantity and quality of the soft information compared to other small banks. Italian Credit Cooperative Banks (Banche di Credito Cooperativo, hereafter CCBs) have performed particularly well in expanding their business and in increasing both members and branches, largely due to the weakening of their legal constraints in 1992. However, this growth has not been homogenous and there are differences in growth patterns at the dimensional and the geographical levels. This dissertation focuses on three research questions concerning CCBs: 1. The role of size in the recent growth of CCBs: the literature on bank’s growth has shown mixed results on the relationship between growth and size. In particular, two main features have been studied: (i) the role of size in the growth of loans, assets and members by testing the Law of Proportionate Effect (LPE); (ii) the role played by other covariates in the growth of loans, assets and members by testing a multivariate regression model. Applying these models to CCBs, the results show that LPE is rejected in favour of a negative relation between size and growth—i.e., smaller CCBs have grown faster. Their faster growth is related to the financial variables— the cost-income level and average earnings (or costs) from interest rates. Moreover, environmental variables play a significant role in explaining the growth. 2. The impact of social capital on the performance of CCBs: given their cooperative form, lending technology, and control mechanisms, the presence of CCBs are expected to be higher in areas where people are more connected and the level of trust is higher. This assumption is related to a small but growing literature on the effects of trust and social capital on the viability and growth of cooperatives at the macro-level. The impact of social capital variables (number of people joining associations and the trust level) on the market share of CCBs at province level turn out to be positive and significant. The results for the market share hold for both the overall credit market and the specific SME credit market. Moreover, the higher presence universalistic associations (associations pursuing general goals – e.g. environmental protection) as compared to particularistic association (those with a particularistic goal, e.g. sports club) have a positive impact on the market share. Finally, only CCBs seem to gain from the presence of larger social capital in comparison to other local banks 3. The relation between the governance structure and interest rate pricing as a way to reward members: CCB members do not usually receive dividends, instead benefit from better financial conditions—i.e., better interest rates. However, while the borrowers are interested in reduced interest rate on loans, the depositors prefer an increase in the interest rate on their deposits. The reward choices of CCBs are described using a model based on the bank’s rewarding priorities and the median voter framework is suitably adapted for the CCBs governance structure. An empirical investigation on the impact of the majority composition in the general assembly on the interest rates pricing is attempted. The tests show that the interest rates policies of CCBs match with the median voter prediction in the case of a borrower majority, while a depositor majority kept the interest rates on deposits lower. This could be seen as a way to control the costs. CCBs follow a strategy to benefit both types of members and to be consistent with their balance sheet constraints.

Abstract This study of the founding of Italian Rural Cooperative Banks is intended to contribute to the integration of ecological and institutional theories of organization. Specifically, we propose a model according to which institutional practices and expectations related to abstract principles and moral (or noneconomic) values materialize in concrete features of the organizational structure. These constrain the competitive behavior of the organizations assuming that form. These behavioral constraints produce immediate ecological consequences at the industry level in terms of niche width and resource partitioning, which have implications for the persistence (or change) of the original institutionalized practices. Following the law and economics literature (Jensen and Meckling, 1976a, 1979; Williamson, 1985; Hansmann, 1990) organizational forms, and hence organizational diversity, are conceptualized here in terms of alternative property rights arrangements chosen by organizational members to coordinate activities, mediate their personal interests, and resolve potential conflicts. As we explain in detail later, doing so has the advantage of defining the “unobservable blueprint” underlying the notion of organizational form (Hannan and Freeman, 1977) in terms of observable organizational characteristics.

Automated vehicles are rapidly invading our everyday mobility reality. Systems of lower automation levels are already installed in many private cars’ models – some also at more advanced levels – while automated shuttles are in operation in several cities across Europe and beyond. Moreover, automation is also becoming a reality in several rail and maritime operations, along with drones’ applications. In this context, a crucial parameter for the success of such applications is the acceptance of users, either as passengers, drivers or operators of these vehicles, or as stakeholders in a decision-making position for the deployment of such vehicles. To achieve this, training is essential in order to make users accustomed to the new functionalities and operation modes, while making them aware of the benefits and gains resulting from the introduction of such technologies. Drive2theFuture Horizon 2020 project aims to prepare “drivers”, travelers and vehicle operators of the future to accept and use connected, cooperative and automated transport modes and the industry of these technologies to understand and meet their needs and wants. Among its other activities, an e-learning tool has been developed, including courses for all transport modes and for different user groups, with the aim to train the future users of automated mobility means. The tool is structured in a way that the user or the trainer can choose the desired course or group of courses and form a training session customized to their needs and purposes. Different means of visualization are offered, including texts, pictures, real life and simulator videos, etc. Moreover, quiz feature is included, to assess the user’s acquired knowledge after completing each course. The tool has been used and assessed in six pilot sites across Europe (Italy, Austria, Belgium, Germany and Denmark) addressing road, rail, maritime and air mobility. The contents of the training courses include Human Machine Interface (HMI), general knowledge on transport automation, conspicuity issues, in-vehicle and remote operation, safety and security issues and many more; moreover, they address not only private vehicle users but also operators of bus, train, vessel as well as drones. In this paper the development of the Drive2theFuture e-learning tool will be presented.

The prediction of the performance of HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator) by means of CFD codes is of great interest, since HRSGs are crucial elements in gas turbine combined cycle power plants, and in CHP (combined heat and power) cycles. The determination of the thermo-fluid dynamic pattern in HRSGs is fundamental in order to improve the energy usage and limit the ineffectiveness due to non-homogeneous flow patterns. In order to reduce the complexity of the simulation of the fluid flow within the HRSG, it is useful modeling heat exchangers as porous media zones with properties estimated using pressure drop correlations for tube banks. Usually, air-side thermo-fluid dynamic characteristics of finned tube heat exchangers are determined from experimental data. The aim of this work is to develop a new procedure, capable to define the main porous-medium non-dimensional parameters (e.g., viscous and inertial loss coefficients; porosity; volumetric heat generation rate; etc...) starting from data obtained by means of accurate three-dimensional simulations of the flow through tube banks. Both finned and bare tube banks will be considered and results presented. The analysis is based on a commercial CFD code, Fluent v.6.2.16. In order to validate the proposed procedure, the simulation of an entire fired HRSG of the horizontal type developed by Ansaldo Caldaie for the ERG plant at Priolo (Italy) has been performed and results have been compared with their data.

Semiotics is the study of symbol systems, first proposed at the beginning of this century by the Swiss linguist Saussure, the American philosopher and founder of the philosophy of pragmatism Pierce. Semiotics is the study of the theory of symbols, and its scope of study involves the nature, characteristics, and meaning of the symbols of things, as well as the relationship between symbols and human beings. Design is a discipline closely related to "meaning", so the theory of semiotics is bound to have a strong guiding effect on design.Objectives This paper mainly researches the application of Semiotics in design by answering the following three questions: (1) Which countries and institutions are the application subjects of Semiotics in design? (2) What are the hotspot research topics of Semiotics in design? What are the future frontier trends? (3) What are the topics and paradigms of Semiotics in design high-impact literature research?Methods This paper uses the methods of bibliometrics and information visualization. To obtain more rigorous and comprehensive data indicators, VOS viewer and Cite Space (two pieces of bibliometric visualization software) were used to draw a map of scientific knowledge such as cooperative countries co-occurrence network, keywords co-occurrence clustering network and reference co-citation clustering network so as to conduct an empirical analysis on the retrieved data. In this paper, the Web of Science database is selected to retrieve the journal and paper data related to Design semiotics. In order to ensure the authority and research value of literature data, only SCI, SSCI and A&HCI were selected as the search source, with (Topic= (" semiotics ") AND Title= ("design")) as the search criteria and an unlimited time span. Finally, 407 retrieved papers published from 2000 to 2023 were exported as TXT files in the format of "fully recorded and cited references" to generate a visual knowledge map for quantitative analysis.Results (1) The output of papers related to design semiotics is generally on the rise, with the main output countries are China, Brazil, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Australia. Among them, China has the largest share of relevant research volume, indicating that China attaches great importance to research in this field and has a wide range of application areas. In addition, Research related to design semiotics is distributed, i.e. many schools and organizations are doing related research, but there are no very prominent institutions yet. (2) Nowadays, the research hotspots of Design semiotics include Computer Science, Engineering, Education Educational Research, Social Sciences, Business Economics, etc., which are mainly applied to "Provide a semiotic methodology primarily for problem solving", thus demonstrating its theoretical value. We can see that the combination of design semiotics with other approaches mainly involves sensory experience and cognitive science, user interface design, affective design and psychology, making design semiotics an interdisciplinary property.(3) At present, a bulk of influential and highly-cited literature on Design semiotics has been generated. For example, some literature has examined Gender and design cultures in information and communication technologies. Some literature has examined the Semiotic Approach to Information Systems Design. They constitute the classic cases and knowledge base of the application of Design semiotics and provide a research basis for the subsequent application of Design semiotics.