Artykuły w czasopismach: „Ban Non Wat”

1

Higham, C. F. W. "Ban Non Wat: a great site reviewed". Antiquity 87, nr 338 (22.11.2013): 1246–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0005016x.

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Barribeau, Tim. "The Bronze Age Mortuary Vessels of Ban Non Wat". Asian Perspectives 50, nr 1-2 (2011): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asi.2011.0002.

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Higham, Charles Franklin, Thomas F. G. Higham i Katerina Douka. "THE CHRONOLOGY AND STATUS OF NON NOK THA, NORTHEAST THAILAND". Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 34 (31.12.2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v34i0.14719.

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Excavations at Non Nok Tha, in Northeast Thailand in 1965-1968 revealed for the first time in Southeast Asia, a stratigraphic transition from the Neolithic into the Bronze Age. Based on conventional charcoal radiocarbon determinations, early reports identified fourth millennium bronze casting. The proposed length of the prehistoric sequence, and the division of the Neolithic to Bronze age mortuary sequence into at least 11 phases, has stimulated a series of social interpretations all of which have in common, a social order based on ascriptive ranking into at least two groups which saw increased hierarchical divisions emerge with the initial Bronze Age. This paper presents the results of a new dating initiative, based on the ultrafiltration of human bones. The results indicate that the initial Neolithic occupation took place during the 14th century BC. The earliest Bronze Age has been placed in the 10th centuries BC. These dates are virtually identical with those obtained for the sites of Ban Chiang and Ban Non Wat. Compared with the elite early Bronze Age graves of Ban Non Wat, Non Nok Tha burials display little evidence for significant divisions in society.

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Higham, Charles Franklin, i Rachanie Thosarat. "An early hunter-gatherer site at Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand". Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 43 (19.12.2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v43i0.15413.

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The inland plains of Southeast Asia are a void in terms of early occupation by hunter gatherers. Two radiocarbon determinations from basal Ban Non Wat on the Khorat Plateau date a shell midden and possibly associated human and deer remains between 18000-20000 years ago.

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Kanthilatha, N. "Chronology of the Occupation Pattern Distribution: A Case Study At The Mun River Valley Prehistoric Settlement Site, Northeast Thailand". Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 07, nr 01 (2022): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v07i01.07.

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Chronological framework can be used to identify the distribution of occupation patterns. This study was based on fourteen radiocarbon samples from the eight excavation pits at Ban Non Wat and Nong Hua Raet archaeological sites. The chronology of the cultural layers was developed using AMS radiocarbon dating to supplement existing data, specifically to examine the dating of the end of the Iron Age occupation. The objective of this study was to continue testing the premise that the end of the Iron Age on the Mun river floodplain in Northeast Thailand that is better defined as either a singular more or less contemporaneous de-population event characterized by widespread abandonment of settlements or a gradual transition from dispersing a rural settlement to more concentrated urban style of settlement. The results support the existing chronological framework of the study area and suggest that the end of the Iron Age in the Mun River valley is better defined as a gradual transition from dispersed rural settlements to a more concentrated urban style settlement. Occupation commenced at the center of the mound of Ban Non Wat during the Neolithic period, and gradually spread radially to the margin by the Iron Age. Occupation at the neighboring site of Nong Hua Raet commenced during the Iron Age period, parallel to that at Ban Non Wat.

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Bellwood, Peter. "Ban Non Wat: crucial research, but is it too soon for certainty?" Antiquity 89, nr 347 (październik 2015): 1224–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.105.

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As Charles Higham so rightly states, chronology is a major key to unlocking the prehistoric past, perhaps even the master key. Most readers nowadays will agree that the chronologies for the inceptions of farming and bronze working in north-east Thailand, as put forward in the 1970s, were in error, for the simple reason that archaeologists at that time were prone to sending small scattered fragments of charcoal to C14laboratories without really trying to understand exactly how and where the charcoal originated. I am sure I have been guilty of similar lapses, so apportioning blame is not on my mind and would indeed be pointless.

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Higham, Charles, i Thomas Higham. "A new chronological framework for prehistoric Southeast Asia, based on a Bayesian model from Ban Non Wat". Antiquity 83, nr 319 (1.03.2009): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00098136.

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AbstractThe authors offer a new chronological framework for prehistoric Southeast Asia, based mainly on the Bayesian modelling of 75 radiocarbon dates from well-stratified excavations at Ban Non Wat. The results are revolutionary. Neolithic practice now begins in the second millennium and hierarchical state-forming activity is dated to a ‘starburst’ around 1000 BC. The authors reflect on the social implications of the new model – and on the criteria for an ever stronger chronology.

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Pryce, Thomas Oliver. "Ban Non Wat: mainland Southeast Asian chronological anchor and waypoint for future prehistoric research". Antiquity 89, nr 347 (październik 2015): 1227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.107.

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The timing and nature of Southeast Asia's Neolithic and Bronze Ages have been the source of global archaeological intrigue, scepticism (on occasion) and even notoriety for some five decades (e.g. Muhly 1981). Being asked to review an account of what has been an emotive topic provoked a personal response, which I hope may contribute to highlighting the impact of Charles Higham's work and that of his many colleagues.

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Higham, C. F. W. "Debating a great site: Ban Non Wat and the wider prehistory of Southeast Asia". Antiquity 89, nr 347 (październik 2015): 1211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.113.

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Almost half a century has elapsed since the first area excavation of a prehistoric site in north-east Thailand at Non Nok Tha (Bayard & Solheim 2010) (Figure 1). A long and still unresolved debate has ensued, centred on the chronology of the establishment of rice farming and bronze casting, that has dovetailed with further controversies on the pace and nature of social change. Results obtained during the past 20 years of fieldwork focused on the upper Mun Valley of north-east Thailand, together with a new series of AMS radiocarbon determinations from key sites, have thrown into sharp relief contrasting interpretations of two issues: one centres on the timing and origin of the Neolithic settlement; the other on the date and impact of copper-base metallurgy. A consensus through debate would bring us to a tipping point that would see Southeast Asian prehistory turn to more interesting issues of cultural change.

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Harris, N. J., i N. Tayles. "Burial containers – A hidden aspect of mortuary practices: Archaeothanatology at Ban Non Wat, Thailand". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31, nr 2 (czerwiec 2012): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2012.01.001.

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Higham, Charles. "The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: New Insight on Social Change from Ban Non Wat". Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21, nr 3 (20.09.2011): 365–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774311000424.

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The expansion of copper-base metallurgy in the mainland of Eurasia began in the Near East and ended in Southeast Asia. The recognition of this Southeast Asian metallurgical province followed in the wake of French colonial occupation of Cambodia and Laos in the nineteenth century. Subsequently, most research has concentrated in Thailand, beginning in the 1960s. A sound chronology is the prerequisite to identifying both the origins of the Bronze Age, and the social impact that metallurgy may have had on society. This article presents the revolutionary results of excavations at the site of Ban Non Wat in northeast Thailand within the broader cultural context of Southeast Asian prehistory, concluding that the adoption of copper-base metallurgy from the eleventh century BC coincided with the rise of wealthy social aggrandizers.

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Oxenham, Marc F., i H. Matsumura. "Letter to the editor: Ban Non Wat as a test of the two-layer hypothesis". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159, nr 2 (26.09.2015): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22872.

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White, Joyce. "Comment on ‘Debating a great site: Ban Non Wat and the wider prehistory of Southeast Asia’". Antiquity 89, nr 347 (październik 2015): 1230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.109.

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Many of the components of this argument can be seen as a matter of debate; for example, the occurrence at sites in north-east Thailand of indisputably Bronze Age flexed burials contradicts Higham's contention that flexed graves represent earlier indigenous hunter-gatherer populations. The occurrence of tin-bronze artefacts in ordinary graves at other sites in north-east Thailand belies the proposed scenario that bronze was necessarily a ‘prestige valuable’ that generated a competitive milieu, particularly as the early metal artefacts at Ban Non Wat are unalloyed copper. It is my view that although the argument may initially appear convincing, it is based on selected, simplified and flawed data chosen to fit pre-determined social and chronological models.

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Duke, Belinda Joy, Alison K. Carter i Nigel J. Chang. "The Excavation of Iron Age Working Floors and Small-Scale Industry at Ban Non Wat, Thailand". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology 20 (22.12.2010): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pia.345.

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Smith, Baylee A., Tilman M. Davies i Charles F. W. Higham. "Spatial and social variables in the Bronze Age Phase 4 cemetery of Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 4 (grudzień 2015): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.10.003.

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Kanthilatha, Nelum, William Boyd i Nigel Chang. "Sedimentary Landscape of Mun Valley Prehistoric Site: Construction History of Moated Site of Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand". Quaternary 3, nr 1 (20.01.2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat3010003.

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This research examines the sedimentological evidence of human occupation on different cultural layers at the prehistoric archaeological sites in northeast Thailand. This study focuses on the sedimentological characters of stratigraphic layers identified at the prehistoric occupation sites of Ban Non Wat and Nong Hua Raet, to demonstrate the capacity of such analyses to elucidate the modification of sediments by past anthropogenic activity, and eventually to contribute to an enhanced understanding of the behaviour of ancient people. The primary intention of this paper is, therefore, to point out potential uses of particle analysis in identifying human–landscape interventions, testing whether meaningful differentiation is possible, and if not, whether this may nevertheless be used to understand the sedimentological relationships between different features. The study finds that although there is relatively little differentiation between sediments across the archaeological site, some insight is possible in identifying relationships between the natural sediments of the floodplain, the channels associated with the archaeological sites, and the archaeological sediments themselves. It is, for example, now possible to raise new questions regarding the construction history of the sites, the history of human behaviour at these sites, socio-spatial relationships between paleo-social activity and natural resources, and fine-scale landscape associations between sites.

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Clark, A. L. "Health and sexual dimorphism at Ban Non Wat: The effects of the intensification of agriculture in prehistoric Southeast Asia". BMSAP 26, nr 3-4 (październik 2014): 196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13219-014-0113-2.

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Higham, Charles F. W., Yaroslav V. Kuzmin i G. S. Burr. "The AMS 14C dating of Iron Age rice chaff ceramic temper from Ban Non Wat, Thailand: First results and its interpretation". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, nr 7-8 (kwiecień 2010): 1022–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.087.

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Duke, Belinda, Nigel J. Chang, Ian Moffat i Wayne Morris. "THE INVISIBLE MOATS OF THE MUN RIVER VALLEY, NE THAILAND: THE EXAMINATION OF WATER MANAGEMENT DEVICES AT MOUNDED SITES THROUGH GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR)". Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology 40 (13.04.2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v40i0.14895.

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The Mun River valley is well known for its moat-bound mounded archaeological sites that are usually associated with Iron Age occupation (~500BC- AD500). The investigation of these sites has provided a wealth of information on the changing social and environmental conditions during prehistory. In recent years, research has identified a greater diversity of site morphologies in the region, many of which, importantly, do not appear to have moats surrounding them. This paper seeks to investigate whether the apparently ‘non-moated’ mound site of Non Klang (Nong Hua Raet village) was actually moated in the past, and if such, now in-filled features can be investigated through non-destructive Ground Penetrating Radar methodology. Additionally, while large external moats can be observed in the modern day topography at sites such as Ban Non Wat, excavation has demonstrated that further, invisible, water management features exist beneath the surface within the current mound boundary of the site. These are probably Iron Age precursors to the later more extensive and still visible moats. This paper seeks to answer several fundamental questions: What application can GPR have at mounded sites in Southeast Asia? Do invisible moats exist? How will this affect our understanding of the broader prehistoric landscape in the Upper Mun River Valley?

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Kanthilatha, Nelum, William Boyd i Nigel Chang. "Multi-element characterization of archaeological floors at the prehistoric archaeological sites at Ban Non Wat and Nong Hua Raet in Northeast Thailand". Quaternary International 432 (marzec 2017): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.067.

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Kanthilatha, Nelum, William Boyd, Jeffery Parr i Nigel Chang. "Implications of phytolith and diatom assemblages in the cultural layers of prehistoric archaeological sites of Ban Non Wat and Nong Hua Raet in Northeast Thailand". Environmental Archaeology 22, nr 1 (2.01.2017): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1749631415y.0000000026.

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Kanthilatha, Nelum, William Boyd, Ashley Dowell, Alice Mann, Nigel Chang, Hans Wohlmuth i Jeff Parr. "Identification of preserved fatty acids in archaeological floor sediments from prehistoric sites at Ban Non Wat and Nong Hua Raet in northeast Thailand using gas chromatography". Journal of Archaeological Science 46 (czerwiec 2014): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.03.033.

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Tavares, Vanessa Sant’Anna Bonifacio. "The Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, a legal anomaly?" Military Law and the Law of War Review 59, nr 1 (2.06.2021): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/mllwr.2021.01.04.

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It is well-recorded that nuclear attacks happened twice in history, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but it is often overlooked that nuclear explosions were more frequent, with over 2,000 tests taking place in more than 60 locations worldwide. These special circumstances prompted the General Assembly to adopt a comprehensive ban treaty (CTBT) in 1996, which has yet to enter into force. Borrowing from Kelman’s social conformity theory, this article explains how and why states chose to conform to a non-binding agreement. It argues that, as interested parties developed an anti-testing narrative that seemed simultaneously hopeful and realistic, they stabilized actor’s reaction and catalyzed a shift in attitudes towards nuclear testing from forbearance to an authoritative global moratorium, which accounts for the complete eradication of the atmospheric experiments. C’est un fait bien établi que l’histoire a connu deux attaques nucléaires, à Hiroshima et Nagasaki. Ce que l’on sait moins, c’est que les explosions nucléaires étaient bien plus fréquentes, avec plus de 2 000 tests effectués sur une soixantaine de sites de par le monde. Ces circonstances particulières ont poussé l’Assemblée générale des Nations unies à adopter, en 1996, un traité d’interdiction complète des essais nucléaires (TICE), qui n’est pas encore entré en vigueur. S’inspirant de la théorie du conformisme social de Kelman, cet article explique comment et pourquoi des États ont choisi de respecter un accord non contraignant. Il avance que, à mesure que les parties intéressées développaient un discours anti-essais nucléaires qui paraissait à la fois réaliste et porteur d’espoir, elles ont stabilisé les réactions des acteurs et déclenché un changement des mentalités à l’égard des essais nucléaires, passant de l’indulgence à un moratoire général faisant autorité, ce qui explique la disparition complète des essais atmosphériques. Het is algemeen bekend dat er in de geschiedenis twee kernaanvallen zijn geweest, in Hiroshima en Nagasaki, maar vaak wordt over het hoofd gezien dat er nog andere kernexplosies hebben plaatsgevonden, met ruim 2000 proeven op meer dan 60 locaties over de hele wereld. Deze bijzondere omstandigheden hebben de Algemene Vergadering ertoe aangezet om in 1996 een alomvattend verbodsverdrag (CTBT) goed te keuren, dat nog steeds niet in werking is getreden. Aan de hand van de sociale-conformiteitstheorie van Kelman wordt in dit artikel uitgelegd hoe en waarom staten ervoor kiezen zich te conformeren aan een niet-bindende overeenkomst. Het betoogt dat, naarmate de betrokken partijen een narratief tegen kernproeven ontwikkelden dat tegelijk hoopvol en realistisch leek, zij de reactie van de actoren stabiliseerden en als katalysator werkten voor de verschuiving in de houding ten opzichte van kernproeven van gedoging naar een wereldwijd officieel moratorium, wat de volledige uitroeiing van de atmosferische experimenten verklaart. Está bien documentado que los ataques nucleares han sucedido dos veces en la historia, en Hiroshima y Nagasaki, pero en ocasiones pasa desapercibido que las explosiones nucleares han sido más frecuentes, con más de 2.000 ensayos llevándose a cabo en más de 60 emplazamientos a escala mundial. Estas circunstancias especiales llevaron a la Asamblea General a adoptar el tratado de prohibición completa (TPCEN) en 1996, el cual aun no ha entrado en vigor. Basándose en la teoría de la conformidad social de Kelman, este artículo explica cómo y porqué los Estados eligieron conformarse con un acuerdo no vinculante. Se argumenta que a medida que las partes interesadas desarrollaron una narrativa anti-ensayo que parecía esperanzadora y realista a la vez, ello mismo llevó a apaciguar la posible reacción de los actores y a catalizar un cambio en relación a los ensayos nucleares que fuera de la tolerancia a una moratoria global fidedigna, lo cual equivale a una completa erradicación de los experimentos atmosféricos. É ben noto che nella storia siano avvenuti due attacchi nucleari, a Hiroshima e Nagasaki, ma è spesso trascurato che le esplosioni nucleari siano state molto più frequenti, con oltre 2000 test che hanno avuto luogo in più di 60 sedi nel mondo. Queste circostanze speciali hanno indotto l'Assemblea generale nel 1996, ad adottare un trattato di messa al bando globale (CTBT), che deve ancora entrare in vigore. Prendendo spunto dalla teoria della conformità sociale di Kelman, questo articolo spiega come e perché gli Stati hanno scelto di conformarsi a un accordo non vincolante. Sostiene che, dato che le parti interessate hanno sviluppato una narrativa anti-test che sembrava allo stesso tempo speranzosa e realistica, esse hanno stabilizzato la reazione degli attori e catalizzato un cambiamento negli atteggiamenti nei confronti dei test nucleari dalla tolleranza a un'autorevole moratoria globale, che spiega la completa eliminazione degli esperimenti atmosferici. Es ist bekannt, dass es in der Geschichte zweimal zu nuklearen Angriffen kam, in Hiroshima und Nagasaki. Es wird aber oft übersehen, dass es häufiger nukleare Explosionen gegeben hat, mit über 2.000 Tests an mehr als 60 Orten weltweit. Diese besonderen Umstände veranlassten die Generalversammlung 1996 zur Verabschiedung eines umfassenden Verbotsvertrags (CTBT), der noch nicht in Kraft getreten ist. In Anlehnung an die soziale Konformitätstheorie von Kelman erklärt dieser Artikel, wie und warum Staaten sich dafür entschieden haben, sich einem unverbindlichen Abkommen zu fügen. Er argumentiert, dass je nachdem die beteiligten Parteien ein Anti-Test-Narrativ entwickelten, das gleichzeitig hoffnungsvoll und realistisch erschien, diese die Reaktion der Akteure stabilisierten und eine Verschiebung in der Haltung gegenüber Atomtests von der Duldung zu einem autoritativen globalen Moratorium herbeiführten, was die vollständige Abschaffung der atmosphärischen Experimente erklärt.

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Dhavale, Neha, Siân E. Halcrow, Hallie R. Buckley, Nancy Tayles, Kate M. Domett i Andrew R. Gray. "Linear and appositional growth in infants and children from the prehistoric settlement of Ban Non Wat, Northeast Thailand: Evaluating biological responses to agricultural intensification in Southeast Asia". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 11 (luty 2017): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.12.019.

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White, Joyce C. "Ban Non Wat: new light on the Metal Ages of Southeast Asia - C.F.W Higham & A. Kijngam (ed.). Origins of the civilization of Angkor, volume 4. The excavation of Ban Non Wat: Part 2: the Neolithic occupation. xiv+223 pages, 257 colour and b&w illustrations, 40 tables. 2010. Bangkok: Thai Fine Arts Department; 978-974-417-389-8 hardback £ 50. - C.F.W Higham & A. Kijngam (ed.). Origins of the civilization of Angkor, volume 5. The excavation of Ban Non Wat: Part 3: the Bronze Age. xxiv+598 pages, 665 colour and b&w illustrations, 46 tables. 2012. Bangkok: Thai Fine Arts Department; 978-974-417-627-1 hardback £ 100. - C.F.W Higham & A. Kijngam (ed.). Origins of the civilization of Angkor, volume 6. The excavation of Ban Non Wat: Part 4: the Iron Age, summary and conclusions. xviii+403 pages, 369 colour and b&w illustrations, 36 tables. 2012. Bangkok: Thai Fine Arts Department; 978-616-283-009-9 hardback." Antiquity 87, nr 337 (1.09.2013): 909–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049619.

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Moore, Elizabeth. "C.F.W. Higham & A. Kijngam (ed.). The origins of the civilization of Angkor, volume 3. The excavations of Ban Non Wat: introduction. xvi+264 pages, 322 colour & b&w illustrations, 25 tables. 2009. Bangkok: Thai Fine Arts Department; 978-974-417-997-5 hardback £50 (available through Oxbow)." Antiquity 85, nr 328 (maj 2011): 677–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00068149.

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MAYASARI, KORIA, Bambang Djunaidi i Suryadi. "ANALISIS KATA SAPAAN KEKERABATAN DAN NONKEKERABATAN PADA SUKU LEMBAK DI KABUPATEN BENGKULU TENGAH". Jurnal Ilmiah KORPUS 6, nr 2 (18.01.2023): 226–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jik.v6i2.21037.

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AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan kata sapaan kekerabatan dan nonkekerabatan pada bahasa Lembak yang digunakan oleh masyarakat Suku Lembak di Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah. Penelitian ini termasuk pada penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif. Langkah pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode simak (observasi) dan metode cakap (wawancara). Langkah analisis dilakukan melalui tahap pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, verifikasi dan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penggunaan kata sapaan kekerabatan dan nonkekerabatan pada bahasa lembak yang digunakan oleh masyarakat suku lembak di kabupaten Bengkulu tengah. Sapaan kekerabatan kategori vertikal meliputi sapaan untuk orang tua dari moyang (moneng) hingga sapaan untuk anak dari cicit (cicit), serta sapaan untuk kakak ayah dan ibu (pak wo, bak dang,mak wo, mak dang, wak) dan sapaan untuk adik ayah dan ibu (bak cik, mak cik, wan, cik, wancik, muwan, bucik, mak bungsu, bicik, bungsu). Sapaan kekerabatan kategori horizontal meliputi sapaan untuk saudara kandung dan sepupu (dang, do, wo, docik, donga, wocik, wonga, inga, dodo, adik, adi’, anak pisat, bungsu, pangil nama) serta sapaan untuk kemenakan (nakan, nak, kan, yung, pik, ponakan). Sapaan nonkekerabatan kategori vertikal meliputi sapaan untuk laki-laki dan perempuan yang usianya setara kakek/nenek dan ayah/ibu (datuk, nek, pak wo, mak wo, wak, wan, cik). Sapaan nonkekerabatan kategori horizontal meliputi sapaan untuk laki-laki dan perempuan yang usianya setara kakak dan adik (do, wo, cik), dan sapaan untuk laki-laki dan perempuan yang usianya setara (seumuran penulis: panggil nama, denga, nga, sanak, panggilan penghormatan). Sapaan nonkekerabatan berdasarkan kaitannya dengan status sosial dalam masyarakat meliputi sapaan untuk tokoh-tokoh masyarakat (pak kades, pak imam, ketue adat) dan juga sapaan karena pencapaian tertentu (pak guru, buk bidan, pak polisi, pak ustad, pak aji).Kata Kunci: Sapaan, Kekerabatan, Nonkekerabatan, Suku Lembak AbstractThis study aims to describe the use of kinship and non-kinship greeting words in the Lembak language used by the Lembak people in Central Bengkulu Regency. This research is included in qualitative research with descriptive method. The steps of data collection were carried out using the listening method (observation) and the speaking method (interview). The analysis step is carried out through the stages of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, levers and conclusions. The results showed the use of kinship and non-kinship greeting words in the Lembang language used by the Lembak people in Central Bengkulu Regency. The vertical category of kinship greetings includes greetings for parents from ancestors (moneng) to greetings for children from great-grandchildren (cicit), as well as greetings for father and mother (pak wo, bak dang, mak wo, mak dang, wak) and greetings for father and mother (bak cik, mak cik, wan, cik, wancik, muwan, bucik, mak bungsu, bicik, bungsu). The horizontal category of kinship greetings includes greetings for siblings and cousins (dang, do, wo, docik, donga, wocik, wonga, inga, dodo, adik, adi', anak pisat, bungsu, call by name) as well as greetings for nephew (nakan, nak, kan, yung, pik, ponakan). Non-kinship greetings in the vertical category include greetings for men and women of the same age/grandmother and father/mother (datuk, nenek, pak wo, mak wo, wak, wan, cik). Horizontal non-kinship greetings include greetings for men and women who are the same age as brother and sister (do, wo, cik), and greetings for men and women of the same age (the author's age: call by name, denga, nga, sanak, call of respect). Non-kinship greetings based on social status in the community include greetings for community leaders (pak kades, pak imam, ketue adat) as well as greetings for certain supervisors (pak guru, buk bidan, pak polisi, pak ustad, pak aji). Keywords: Greeting, Kinship, Non-kinship, Lembak Tribe

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Lalli, Chiara. "Turnaways. Quando le donne non possono interrompere la gravidanza". SOCIETÀ DEGLI INDIVIDUI (LA), nr 47 (październik 2013): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/las2013-047007.

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What happens to women who are denied abortions? Abortion is a very controversial issue, and there are many attemps to restrain or ban safe and legal access to it. A few studies claim to demonstrate a connection between abortion and mental - and even physical - health. Politicians and pro-lifers use this kind of misleading arguments to justify unfair limitations to abortion access. Not many people ask themselves what happens to those women who would want to get an abortion but are turned away. The Turnaways Study is the first study on the consequences of denied abortions.

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Aryal, A., i A. Sathasivan. "Importance of the order in enhancing EfOM removal by combination of BAC and MIEX®". Water Science and Technology 64, nr 11 (1.12.2011): 2325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.817.

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Biological activated carbon (BAC) is operationally a simple treatment which can be employed to remove effluent organic matter (EfOM) from secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE). Unfortunately, BAC removes only a limited amount of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Thus, maximizing DOC removal from SWWE using BAC is a major concern in wastewater reuse. This study has investigated a hybrid system of BAC and Magnetic Ion Exchange Resin (MIEX®) for the enhanced removal of DOC. Performance of both BAC prior to MIEX® (BAC/MIEX®) and reverse (MIEX®/BAC) combination was evaluated in terms of DOC removal. The BAC/MIEX® showed much better DOC removal. This is because microbial activity in the BAC bed converted MIEX® non-amenable DOC to MIEX® amenable DOC. As a result, BAC/MIEX® combination synergised DOC removal. In addition, BAC was also found to be highly effective in reducing MIEX® dose for a given DOC removal from SWWE.

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Aryal, A., A. Sathasivan i S. Vigneswaran. "Synergistic effect of biological activated carbon and enhanced coagulation in secondary wastewater effluent treatment". Water Science and Technology 65, nr 2 (1.01.2012): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.816.

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The use of secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE) is an essential strategy for making better use of limited water resources. However, a wide range of organic compounds eventually renders them unsuitable for recycling. In water treatment processes, biologically activated carbon (BAC) is adopted after physicochemical treatment. However, the effectiveness of such combination for SWWE remains poorly understood. This study investigates the effectiveness of various combinations: BAC/enhanced coagulation (EC) or EC/BAC, especially in terms of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal. The results showed that distinct advantage could be obtained by adopting BAC/EC combination rather than EC/BAC, as microbes in BAC not only remove non-coagulable compounds but also synergize the removal efficiency by releasing some coagulable humic substances.

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Freeman, Rebecca. "Marine Mystery Organisms: Learning Marine Ecology with Whales, Not Flashcards". Oceanography 34, nr 3 (1.09.2021): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.304.

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My college introductory oceanography students—mostly non-science majors—think scientists sit around making up new terms. Despite my teasing warnings that I want to ban flashcards (and online versions such as Quizlet) from my classroom, my students enthusiastically embrace the cards as a study method for learning all those new words. And indeed, we must learn the definitions of words before we can use them. But memorizing definitions is a lowest-level activity in Bloom’s influential taxonomy of learning (Bloom et al., 1956), updated by Anderson et al. (2001). My students don’t aspire to be scientists, but I aspire for them to learn at a higher level. I don’t just want “remembering,” I want “comprehending,” “applying,” and maybe even a touch of “analyzing.” I want them to practice as they learn, a point emphasized over and over again in my class.

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Murphy, Stephen A. "The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor. Volume 1: The Excavation of Ban Lum Khao. Edited by C F W Higham and R Thosarat. 300mm. Pp xvi + 343, 301 col and b&w ills, 85 tables. The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, 2004. isbn9744176881. Price not given (hbk). - The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor. Volume 2: The Excavation of Noen U-Loke and Non Muang Kao. Edited by C F W Higham, A Kijngam and S Talbot. 300mm. Pp xxiv + 361, 536 col and b&w ills, 101 tables. The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, 2007. isbn9789744178237. Price not given (hbk). - The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor. Volume 3: The Excavation of Ban Non Wat: Introduction. Edited by C F W Higham and A Kijngam. 300mm. Pp xvi + 264, 332 col and b&w ills, 25 tables. The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, 2009. isbn9789744179975. Price not given (hbk). - The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor. Volume 4: The Excavation of Ban Non Wat. Part 2: The Neolithic Occupation. Edited by C F W Higham and A Kijngam. 300mm. Pp xiv + 223, 257 col and b&w ills, 40 tables. The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, 2010. isbn9789744173898. £50 (hbk). - The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor. Volume 5: The Excavation of Ban Non Wat. Part 3: The Bronze Age. Edited by C F W Higham and A Kijngam. 300mm. Pp xxiv + 598, 665 col and b&w ills, 46 tables. The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, 2012. isbn9789744176271. £100 (hbk). - The Origins of the Civilization of Angkor. Volume 6: The Excavation of Ban Non Wat. Part 4: The Iron Age, Summary and Conclusions. Edited by C F W Higham and A Kijngam. 300mm. Pp xviii + 403, 369 col and b&w ills, 36 tables. The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, Bangkok, 2012. isbn9786162830099. £100 (hbk)." Antiquaries Journal 95 (3.08.2015): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581515000232.

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He, Qiang, Yinying Zhu, Leilei Fan, Hainan Ai, Xiaoliu Huangfu i Mei Chen. "Effects of C/N ratio on nitrous oxide production from nitrification in a laboratory-scale biological aerated filter reactor". Water Science and Technology 75, nr 6 (25.11.2016): 1270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.447.

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Emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) during biological wastewater treatment is of growing concern. This paper reports findings of the effects of carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio on N2O production rates in a laboratory-scale biological aerated filter (BAF) reactor, focusing on the biofilm during nitrification. Polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and microelectrode technology were utilized to evaluate the mechanisms associated with N2O production during wastewater treatment using BAF. Results indicated that the ability of N2O emission in biofilm at C/N ratio of 2 was much stronger than at C/N ratios of 5 and 8. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the microbial community structures differed completely after the acclimatization at tested C/N ratios (i.e., 2, 5, and 8). Measurements of critical parameters including dissolved oxygen, oxidation reduction potential, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and NO2−-N also demonstrated that the internal micro-environment of the biofilm benefit N2O production. DNA analysis showed that Proteobacteria comprised the majority of the bacteria, which might mainly result in N2O emission. Based on these results, C/N ratio is one of the parameters that play an important role in the N2O emission from the BAF reactors during nitrification.

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Puznava, N., M. Payraudeau i D. Thornberg. "Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in biofilters with real time aeration control". Water Science and Technology 43, nr 1 (1.01.2001): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0057.

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The aim of this article is to present a new biological aerated filter (BAF) for nitrogen removal based on simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. Contrary to the systems which integrate both an aerated and a non-aerated zone to allow complete nitrogen removal in one compact or two different units (pre-denitrification and nitrification), this upflow BAF system is based on the principle of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification since the filter is completely aerated. The denitrification process is possible due to the diffusion effect which dominates biofilm processes. The real time aeration control allows us to maintain a low dissolved oxygen value (0.5 to 3 mg O2/l). In this case, the biofilm will not be fully (or less) penetrated with oxygen and denitrification will be carried out in a large part of the biofilm. Therefore, nitrification and denitrification is running simultaneously in different depths of the biofilm. By using 50% less air this BAF gave the same results (less than 20mg TN/l) on pilot plant as a classical nitrification and denitrification BAF (Toettrup et al., 1994). Less recirculation was necessary to achieve the same denitrification.

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Nishijima, Wataru, i Mitsumasa Okada. "Particle separation as a pretreatment of an advanced drinking water treatment process by ozonation and biological activated carbon". Water Science and Technology 37, nr 10 (1.05.1998): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0390.

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The role of particle separation on the performance of ozone-biological activated carbon (BAC) was evaluated based on the analyses of the fate of organic substances in the process. Pilot plant studies were carried out using eutrophic lake water as raw water. The ozonation not only converted refractory organic matter into biodegradable matter but also particulate organic carbon (POC) into dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Total decrease in adsorbable and non biodegradable DOC fraction (ADOC) after ozonation was only 16% of the influent into the biofiltration process followed by ozonation. However, the ozone-BAC process before membrane separation could reduce organic loading to membrane system. The smaller loading to microfiltration will result in long intervals of back washing and less frequent membrane fouling. Membrane separation before ozonation removed not only POC but also a part of DOC and could prevent dissolution of POC during ozonation. The decreases in ADOC by membrane and ozonation were 20% and 37% of the influent ADOC, respectively. The total decrease in ADOC for membrane process followed by ozonation was 57%. The separation of particulate matter will decrease loading of ADOC onto BAC significantly and, therefore, will extend service life of BAC.

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Vigne, E., J. M. Choubert, J. P. Canler, A. Héduit i P. Lessard. "Toward an operational dynamic model for tertiary nitrification by submerged biofiltration". Water Science and Technology 55, nr 8-9 (1.04.2007): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.271.

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This work deals with the methodology put in place to fit and validate the parameters of a biofiltration model (BAF) in tertiary nitrification treatment and dynamic conditions. For an average loading rate of 0.65 kg NH4-N/m3 media/d, different time loading rates are applied inside a filtration-backwash run using a semi-industrial pilot. Comparisons between predicted and observed values on the NH4-N, NO3-N and TSS in treated water and the total head loss ΔP are carried out firstly using default values of BAF parameters. Model predictions overestimate values measured but trends are well reproduced. A sensitivity analysis is carried out and the hierarchy of BAF parameters has been set up classifying them into strong and low influence on the effluent concentrations. Among parameters revealing the strongest influence are those of the filtration module and the mean density of biofilm for the TSS effluent and the total ΔP, the specific autotrophic growth rate, the maximum biofilm thickness and the reduction coefficient of diffusivity in the biofilm for the NH4-N, NO3-N effluent. Finally, this classification leads to setting a calibration procedure, thanks to specific experimental tests directly measuring some BAF parameters.

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Kim, Duk-Jin, Takashi Miyahara i Tatsuya Noike. "Effect of C/N ratio on the bioregeneration of biological activated carbon". Water Science and Technology 36, nr 12 (1.12.1997): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0453.

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To obtain insight into the role of biological activated carbon (BAC) in the operation of the denitrification process using external carbon source, the effect of C/N ratio on bioregeneration of BAC was investigated using a fluidized bed reactor. The C/N ratio was controlled by the semi-continuous mode in which NO3-N was continuously supplied to each column. The supply of sucrose as a sole organic carbon was controlled during the experimental period. The BAC under steady state of the continuous experiments was supplied to the semi-continuous experiment. The organic carbon was supplied to each column for 20 minutes in all semi-batch experiments, but the intervals were varied from 8 to 24 hours. The influent organic carbon concentrations were controlled to maintain the average C/N ratio at 7.06 for all semi-batch experiments. In the semi-continuous experiment, the five columns have achieved an average denitrification efficiency ranging from 71% to 99%, though the influent C/N ratios were varied from 0 to 508. This is due to the adsorption and desorption capacities of BAC. BAC plays a role as a storage tank for the residual sucrose using its micropore during the time when sucrose was supplied, and BAC supplied the sucrose to the denitrifying bacteria as a carbon source so as to keep high nitrogen removal rate when sucrose was not fed to the columns. These results suggest that bioregeneration may be influenced by the C/N ratio in the environment around BAC.

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Chudoba, P., i R. Pujol. "A three-stage biofiltration process: performances of a pilot plant". Water Science and Technology 38, nr 8-9 (1.10.1998): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0814.

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A three-stage biological aerated filter (BAF) pilot plant has been run, fed with a mechanically pre-treated municipal wastewater. The pilot plant consisted of a physico-chemical lamella sedimentation unit for suspended solids removal and soluble phosphorus precipitation, followed by three stages of up-flow biofilters: a BAF C for organic carbon removal, a BAF N for nitrification and a biological anoxic filter (BaF DN) for post-denitrification with methanol as an external organic carbon source. The main objective of the experiments was to study the process limits of this pilot plant under overloading conditions, and to evaluate the time necessary for recovery of normal operation after a period of strong overloading. The pilot plant was first operated at a nominal wastewater flow rate of 12 m3/h (according to previous conventional design rules for first generation of up-flow BAF), which was progressively increased up to 25 m3/h, a maximum value still enabling us to achieve the final effluent standards. Beyond this flow rate, a high organic carbon load applied to the BAF C was only partially removed by this filter, the rest had to be eliminated in the BAF N unit. Consequently, the factor directly limiting the tested pilot plant was the COD overloading of the BAF C, which indirectly influenced the nitrification in the BAF N. The maximum applied load eliminated by the pilot plant, at a wastewater flow rate of 25 m3/h, was 2 times higher than the nominal applied load at a wastewater flow rate of 12 m3/h. In the second experimental period, short-term strong overloadings were applied to the pilot plant operating in steady state conditions at a nominal flow rate, and the limiting process parameters were detected. A lower short-term overloading (32 m3/h = 2.66 times the nominal flow rate) had no effect on the quality of the final effluent, and different filters were able to remove short-term loadings as high as 25 kg COD/m3.d (BAF C), 1.6 kg NH4-N/m3.d (BAF N) and 3.2 kg NO3-N/m3.d (BaF DN). These loadings represent respectively 1.33 times the maximum applied load found in the first set of experiments and 2.66 times the nominal load at a wastewater flow rate of 12 m3/h. A higher short-term overloading (40 m3/h = 3.33 times the nominal flow rate) led to the same consequences as in the first period: a high organic load (up to 32 kg COD/m3.d for the BAF C) was partially removed in the BAF N, decreasing thus its nitrification capacity. The recovery of normal operation after the period of overloading was almost immediate. This study showed that it is very important to maintain the specific populations in separate reactors, in order to reduce the competition between different bacterial species and to enable the microorganisms to grow under optimal conditions. The tested treatment configuration is particularly suited for treating peak flow with high removal rates.

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Weiß, G., H. Brombach i B. Haller. "Infiltration and inflow in combined sewer systems: long-term analysis". Water Science and Technology 45, nr 7 (1.04.2002): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0112.

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A study was conducted on 34 German combined sewer systems including combined sewer overflow (CSO) tanks and treatment plant to show up actual hidden reserves and bottlenecks in stormwater treatment. The study gave also a general insight into the water pathways in urban hydrology. A special focus was given to undesired non-polluted water infiltrating into the sewer, labelled infiltration and inflow (I/I) or infiltration inflows, which is widely underestimated. It leads to a bad performance of the drainage system although the parasite waters are themselves non-polluted. In existing combined systems, pollution control can be considerably improved by reducing I/I. It is equivalent to the reduction of surface runoff e.g. by a separate drainage as frequently proposed alternative. Artificial infiltration of surface runoff may even increase infiltration inflows.

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Andersen, K. B., A. Feilberg i J. A. Beukes. "Use of non-thermal plasma and UV-light for removal of odour from sludge treatment". Water Science and Technology 66, nr 8 (1.10.2012): 1656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.367.

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Non-thermal plasma (NTP) systems can be used for abatement of odour nuisances. Odour reductions are achieved by radical-initiated oxidation and dust collection in the plasma reactor. For some emissions a sequence of NTP followed by UV-light can improve the odour reduction further. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of NTP technology combined with UV-light towards odour emissions from sludge treatment. Air from a pilot sludge dryer was treated with a pilot NTP and a UV unit. The effect of using an acid scrubber upstream the NTP system was also tested. Thermal desorption gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) was used to analyse samples taken from the inlet and the outlet of the NTP system. The TD-GC/MS used was also equipped with a sniffing port that made it possible to record odour-active compounds eluting from the column. Relative amounts of odour-active compounds in the inlet and the outlet flow from the NTP system were compared. Bag samples from inlet and outlet were also separately analysed by an external lab and by two operators using a one-man olfactometer, a modified NasalRangerTM. These results indicated a significant odour removal efficiency of 70–90% depending on the settings and combinations of abatement equipment.

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Jefferson, B., A. L. Laine, T. Stephenson i S. J. Judd. "Advanced biological unit processes for domestic water recycling". Water Science and Technology 43, nr 10 (1.05.2001): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0623.

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The potential of advanced biological unit operations for the recycling of grey and black waters has been evaluated. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) demonstrated the greatest efficacy towards water recycling in terms of all the quality determinants. Both the biologically aerated filter (BAF) and the MBR were able to effectively treat the organic and physical pollutants in all the types of wastewater tested. The main difference was observed in terms of the microbiological quality, measured as total coliforms. The open bed structure of the BAF enabled passage of coliforms whereas the complete barrier of the MBR produced a non detectable level in the effluent. The MBR process complied with commonly adopted water recycling quality standards for the all determinants during the grey water trials and failed only in terms of total coliform counts once black water had been introduced into the feed. The MBR was seen as a particularly suitable advanced biological process as it was very effective at stabilising out the considerable load variations encountered during the trial.

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Maulidira, Fatty, Rizma Adlia Syakurah, Mariatul Fadilah i Hendarmin Aulia. "Pengaruh Role Model terhadap Pilihan Karir pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran". Jurnal Pendidikan Kedokteran Indonesia: The Indonesian Journal of Medical Education 4, nr 2 (29.07.2015): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpki.25273.

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Introduction: Career as a doctor is not finished after graduate from basic medical education and clerkship. It will continue and there are many career options that can be choose, divided into clinician or non-clinician. There are many factors that influencing career choice, and one of them is role model. This research aimed to know how role model influence career choicing at students’ of Medical Faculty of Sriwijaya University. Method: This research is descriptive qualitative research. Data is acquired from Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter students by survey with open questions and in-depth interview.Results: 293 students become respondents of the survey and 8 students become key informants form in-depth interview. Based from informants, positive role model’ criterias are having a good-teaching method, looking good, having a good communication method, good attitude and behavior, skilled, and success in their career so that students want to follow those positive role model. Informants also said that negative role model’ criterias are having bad teaching method, bad looking and having bad attittude and behavior so that students don't want to follow role model’ trait. Conclusion: Positive role model can make students interested to follow positve role model’ career, and negative role model make students do not want to follow negative role model’ trait.

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de Britto, E. R., S. A. S. Almeida i F. B. Gonçalves. "An Example of How Bad Public Relations Can Defeat a Good Water Pollution Control Project". Water Science and Technology 25, nr 9 (1.05.1992): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0228.

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Cedae, a Rio de Janeiro Government Agency, carefully planned and designed an ocean outfall to be built in Barra da Tijuca, one of the most valuable and beautiful dwelling regions of Rio de Janeiro. Due to the non-implementation of a public enlightening campaign, Cedae had to face radical community opposition to the outfall construction, fronted by very active persons, interested in personal promotion in a political elective period. The authors concluded that it is indispensable for any planned public work to put an action in enlightening public information program, based on fact and mutual understanding, to inform the community to be served about the various technical, economical and social questions involved and as to the facilities to be built.

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Kao, C. M., K. F. Chen, Y. L. Liao i C. W. Chen. "Water quality management in the Kaoping River watershed, Taiwan". Water Science and Technology 47, nr 7-8 (1.04.2003): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0691.

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The Kaoping River basin is the largest and the most intensively used river basin in Taiwan. It is 171 km long and drains a catchment of more than 3,250 km2. Based on the current water quality analysis, the Kaoping River is heavily polluted. Concern about the deteriorating condition of the river led the Government of Taiwan to amend the relevant legislation and strengthen the enforcement of the discharge regulations to effectively manage the river and control the pollution. Investigation results demonstrate that both point and non-point source pollutants are now the causes of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, and pathogens in the river. The main water pollution sources are livestock wastewater from hog farms, municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, non-point source (NPS) pollutants from agricultural areas, and leachate from riverbank landfills. The current daily BOD, NH3-N, and TP loadings to Kaoping River are 74,700, 39,400, and 5,100 kg, respectively. However, the calculated BOD, NH3-N, and TP carrying capacities are 27,700, 4,200, and 600 kg per day. To protect public health and improve the river water quality, a comprehensive management and construction strategy is proposed. The proposed strategy includes the following measures to meet the calculated river carrying capacity: (1) a hog ban in the entire Kaoping River basin, (2) sewer system construction to achieve 30% of connection in the basin within 10 years, (3) removal of 10 riverbank landfills, and (4) enforcement of the industrial wastewater discharge standards. After the implementation of the proposed measures, the water quality should be significantly improved and the BOD and nutrient loadings can be reduced to below the calculated carrying capacities.

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Martinez, Jayda, Midhat Jafry, Tzuan Chen, Michael Businelle, Darla Kendzor, Maggie Britton, Maya Vijayaraghavan i Lorraine Reitzel. "Guest Support for Outdoor Smoke-Free Policies within a Homeless Shelter". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 4 (19.02.2022): 2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042408.

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Roughly 70–80% of adults experiencing homelessness smoke cigarettes. Smoke-free living/workplace policies are an empirically-supported tobacco control intervention. However, homeless shelters may be reluctant to implement smoke-free policies due to fears of it discouraging current/potential shelter guests from taking refuge there. The current study was meant to characterize guest support for on-property smoke-free policies within a homeless shelter with an extant indoor tobacco use ban amongst never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers to provide data on this point. Participants comprised a convenience sample of adult guests of a homeless shelter in Texas (N = 394, 28.2% women; 10.2% former; and 75.9% current smokers). Participant sociodemographics, smoking status, behavioral health diagnoses, and support for two versions of an on-property outdoor courtyard smoke-free policy (one partial, one complete) were assessed. Data were collected in two waves in a repeated cross-sectional design. Overall, 64.0% of participants supported a partial, and 32.0% a full smoking ban. Logistic regressions, controlling for wave of data collection, age, sex, and any additional significant predictors from a semi-adjusted model, examined associations between participant characteristics and policy support. Older participants (OR = 1.024, CI0.95 = 1.005–1.044), non-veterans (OR = 2.523, CI0.95 = 1.156–5.506), former smokers (OR = 2.730, CI0.95 = 1.191–6.258), and those without severe mental illness (OR = 1.731, CI0.95 = 1.061–2.824) had significantly greater odds of supporting a partial smoking ban. Relative to current smokers, never smokers (OR = 3.902, CI0.95 = 2.133–7.137) and former smokers (OR = 8.257, CI0.95 = 3.951–17.258) had significantly greater odds of supporting a complete smoking ban. The implementation of smoke-free living/workplace policies in homeless shelters may enjoy more support from guests—specifically, non-smokers—than anticipated by shelter administrators. Aside from reducing ambient smoke exposure for never and former smokers, these policies can help to reduce ubiquitous smoking cues for those who may want to quit, are undergoing a quit attempt, or are trying to maintain abstinence. Interventionists might partner with shelter guests, particularly smokers, to inform the roll-out of such policies for maximal acceptance and adoption.

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Beld, Antonie Van Den. "Non Posse Peccare". Religious Studies 25, nr 4 (grudzień 1989): 521–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500020084.

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In a Dutch weekly it was recently stated that man's moral powers are overestimated in the christian faith. The proponent of this belief, the Dutch–American philologist and philosopher Staal seems to me to be closer to the truth of this matter than his distinguished German colleague Nietzsche. The latter used to fascinate me as a young student with his devastating criticisms of christian culture and the christian view of life. According to Nietzsche, the christian religion has not too high, but rather too low a view of mankind: it wanted man to be ugly and evil; in this way it has succeeded in making man so. The insignificance, ugliness and sinfulness of man is the outcome of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Someone who is being told again and again how insignificant, bad and sinful he is, will end up believing it and behave accordingly. A not implausible theory, I thought at that time. However, as I see the matter now, I would support Staal rather than Nietzsche (supposing that my choice would be restricted to them). The christian faith has an optimistic view of man. Does it overestimate him? Does it attribute imaginary moral powers to him? Does it demand the morally impossible? A positive answer to these questions is not unreasonable if one does not want to go beyond a secular, evolutionist or sociobiological under-standing of man and does not take into consideration the affirmations of the Church.

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Hansen, R., T. Thøgersen i F. Rogalla. "Comparing cost and process performance of activated sludge (AS) and biological aerated filters (BAF) over ten years of full sale operation". Water Science and Technology 55, nr 8-9 (1.04.2007): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.247.

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In the early 1990s, the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) of Frederikshavn, Denmark, was extended to meet new requirements for nutrient removal (8 mg/L TN, 1.5 mg TP/L) as well as to increase its average daily flow to 16,500 m3/d (4.5 MGD). As the most economical upgrade of the existing activated sludge (AS) plant, a parallel biological aerated filter (BAF) was selected, and started up in 1995. Running two full scale processes in parallel for over ten years on the same wastewater and treatment objectives enabled a direct comparison in relation to operating performance, costs and experience. Common pretreatment consists of screening, an aerated grit and grease removal and three primary settlers with chemical addition. The effluent is then pumped to the two parallel biological treatment stages, AS with recirculation and an upflow BAF with floating media. The wastewater is a mixture of industrial and domestic wastewater, with a dominant discharge of fish processing effluent which can amount to 50% of the flow. The maximum hydraulic load on the pretreatment section as a whole is 1,530 m3/h. Approximately 60% of the sewer system is combined with a total of 32 overflow structures. To avoid the direct discharge of combined sewer overflows into the receiving waters, the total hydraulic wet weather capacity of the plant is increased to 4,330 m3/h, or 6 times average flow. During rain, some of the raw sewage can be directed through a stormwater bypass to the BAF, which can be modified in its operation to accommodate various treatment needs:•either using simultaneous nitrification/denitrification in all filters with recirculation•introducing bottom aeration with full nitrification in some filters for storm treatment•and/or post-denitrification in one filter. After treatment, the wastewater is discharged to the Baltic Sea through a 500 m outfall. The BAF backwash sludge, approximately 1,900 m3 per 24 h in dry weather, is redirected to the AS plant. Primary settler sludge and the combined biosolids from the AS plant are anaerobically digested, with methane gas being used for generation of heat and power. On-line measurements for the parameters NO3, NO2, NH4, temperature as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) are used for control of aeration and external carbon source (methanol). Dosing of flocculants for P-removal is carried out based on laboratory analysis and jar tests. This paper discusses the experience gained from the plant operation during the last ten years, compiling comparative performance and cost data of the two processes, as well as their optimisation.

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Jhang, Jing-Siang, Hanoch Livneh, Shu-Yi Yang, Hui-Ju Huang, Michael W. Y. Chan, Ming-Chi Lu, Chia-Chou Yeh i Tzung-Yi Tsai. "Decreased risk of colorectal cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes receiving Chinese herbal medicine: a population-based cohort study". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 8, nr 1 (marzec 2020): e000732. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000732.

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ObjectivesPatients with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but whether Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) can reduce this risk is unknown. This study investigated the effect that CHMs have on CRC risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsThis cohort study used the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database to identify 54 744 patients, newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, aged 20–70 years, who were receiving treatment between 1998 and 2007. From this sample, we randomly selected 14 940 CHMs users and 14 940 non-CHMs users, using propensity scores matching. All were followed through 2012 to record CRC incidence. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compute the hazard ratio (HR) of CRC by CHMs use.ResultsDuring follow-up, 235 CHMs users and 375 non-CHMs users developed CRC, incidence rates of 1.73% and 2.47% per 1000 person-years, respectively. CHM users had a significantly reduced risk of CRC compared with non-CHM users (adjusted HR=0.71; 95% CI 0.60 to 0.84). The greatest effect was in those receiving CHMs for more than 1 year. Huang-Qin, Xue-Fu-Zhu-Yu-Tang, Shu-Jing-Huo-Xue-Tang, Liu-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan, Ji-Sheng-Shen-Qi-Wan, Gan-Lu-Yin, Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang and Ban-Xia-Xie-Xin-Tang were significantly associated with lower risk of CRC.ConclusionIntegrating CHMs into the clinical management of patients with type 2 diabetes may be beneficial in reducing the risk of CRC.

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Schneider, E. E., A. C. F. P. Cerqueira i M. Dezotti. "MBBR evaluation for oil refinery wastewater treatment, with post-ozonation and BAC, for wastewater reuse". Water Science and Technology 63, nr 1 (1.01.2011): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.024.

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This work evaluated the performance of a Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) in the treatment of an oil refinery wastewater. Also, it investigated the possibility of reuse of the MBBR effluent, after ozonation in series with a biological activated carbon (BAC) column. The best performance of the MBBR was achieved with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 hours, employing a bed to bioreactor volume ratio (VB/VR) of 0.6. COD and N-NH4+ MBBR effluent concentrations ranged from 40 to 75 mg L−1 (removal efficiency of 69–89%) and 2 to 6 mg L−1 (removal efficiency of 45–86%), respectively. Ozonation carried out for 15 min with an ozone concentration of 5 mg L−1 was able to improve the treated wastewater biodegradability. The treatment performance of the BAC columns was practically the same for ozonated and non ozonated MBBR effluents. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of the columns of the activated carbon columns (CAG) was in the range of 2.1–3.8 mg L−1, and the corresponding DOC removal efficiencies were comprised between 52 and 75%. The effluent obtained at the end of the proposed treatment presented a quality, which meet the requirements for water reuse in the oil refinery.

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Matsui, S. "Drainage basin security of hazardous chemical fluxe in the Yodo River basin". Water Science and Technology 49, nr 7 (1.04.2004): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0453.

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The Yodo River basin consists of three major tributary basins (and other small river basins) namely Uji, Katsura and Kizu, which overlap respectively Shiga, Kyoto and Nara prefectures' administrative areas. Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan, drains water through the Uji river. The water quality of the lake, in terms of BOD, continuously improved over the last decade. However, the quality in terms of COD did not show any improvement in spite of a large amount of infrastructure finance being introduced. Eutrophication of the lake still continues, showing no improvement in the nitrogen concentration level. Non-point as well as point source control is not strong enough. There is a gap between BOD and COD evaluations of the lake water quality. Hazardous chemical fluxes are estimated based upon PRTR reports of Japan (2001). PCBs are still discharged into the lake, although the report of Shiga Prefecture showed zero discharge. Dace fish monitoring clearly showed that PCB contamination of the fish had not changed since the 1980s in spite of a ban on use and production of PCBs in the 1970s. There is still leakage of PCBs into the lake. The major exposure of dioxins to Japanese is fish rather than meat and eggs. The risk of water contamination must take into consideration not only drinking water safety but also ecological magnification of food chains in water. The ecological health aspect of hazardous chemicals is also important, such as organotins with imposex of sea snails. Finally, public participation in hazardous chemical management is very important using the method of risk communication based upon the annual report of PRTR in Japan.

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