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Duggan, Ian C., Colin DA van Overdijk, Sarah A. Bailey, Philip T. Jenkins, Helene Limén i Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Invertebrates associated with residual ballast water and sediments of cargo-carrying ships entering the Great Lakes". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, nr 11 (1.11.2005): 2463–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-160.
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Most ships entering the Great Lakes carry cargo and declare “no-ballast-on board” (NOBOB) status. Approximately 250 of these vessels annually load Great Lakes’ ballast water when they offload inbound cargo and then discharge this water (which has now mixed with residual water previously present in the tanks) when they load outbound cargo. This procedure potentially allows nonindigenous species present in ballast residuals to invade the Great Lakes. We collected residual sediment, water, and associated organisms from 38 NOBOB ships entering the Great Lakes. We recorded seven established Great Lakes’ nonindigenous species, including some discovered since ballast water exchange was implemented. Occurrences of species not yet invaded indicate that this vector provides further opportunity for invasion. Collectively, NOBOB vessels appear to constitute a greater risk than ballasted vessels, as they make up a greater proportion of the traffic entering the lakes (~90%), and they do not undergo ballast exchange. Invertebrates in residual water appear to have a greater opportunity for discharge than those in sediments, although most in the water fraction have already invaded this system. Invertebrate numbers in residual freshwater ballast could be dramatically lowered if these vessels flushed with open-ocean water prior to entering the Great Lakes.
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Diasamidze, M., i A. Shotadze. "Ballast water management and their system processing". Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 31, nr 1 (28.02.2019): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2019.1.11.
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Ballast water provides stability and maneuverability to a ship. Large ships can carry millions of gallons of ballast water. Ballast water discharged by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. There are thousands of marine species that may be carried in ships’ ballast water; In order to reduce the risk of new introductions of exotic species, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) has adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments in 2004. This Convention aims ‘to continue the development of safer and more effective Ballast Water Management options that will result in continued prevention, minimization and ultimate elimination of the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens’. To prevent possible invasions, organisms should not be discharged from ballast tanks. This can be achieved by treating the ballast water, for instance by killing organisms that are travelling in the ballast water.
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Gollasch, Stephan, i Matej David. "Sampling Methodologies and Approaches for Ballast Water Management Compliance Monitoring". PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 23, nr 5 (26.01.2012): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v23i5.158.
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The human-mediated transfer of harmful organisms via shipping, especially via ballast water transport, has raised considerable attention especially in the last decade due to the negative associated impacts. Ballast water sampling is important to assess the compliance with ballast water management requirements (i.e. compliance monitoring). The complexity of ballast water sampling is a result of organism diversity and behaviour which may require different sampling strategies, as well as ship design implications including availability of ballast water sampling points. This paper discusses the ballast water sampling methodologies with emphasis on compliance monitoring by the Port State Control officers according to the International Convention on the Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004. KEY WORDS: maritime transport, compliance control, port state control, ballast water sampling, ballast water management
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Liu, Hangning. "Study on Ship Ballast Water Treatment Methods". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 72 (15.12.2023): 783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/kyy8mm53.
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With the rise of the world's maritime industry, the ecological and environmental concerns produced by ballast water discharges from ships are growing more and more significant, and can be hazardous to marine ecosystems, the marine economy, and human health. The ballast water management (BWM) convention from the International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets the rules for ballast water discharge and the two methods of ballast water exchange and ballast water treatment. Common types of ballast water management technology are introduced in this paper and the pros and cons of specific types of technology are explained. The research of this paper demonstrates that it is difficult for a single ballast water treatment system to achieve the D-2 discharge standard established in the BWM. More and more countries are increasingly supporting more efficient and environmentally friendly ballast water combination treatment systems. This paper may offer a reference for the development of ballast water treatment technology.
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Duc Bui, Viet, Phuoc Quy Phong Nguyen i Dinh Tuyen Nguyen. "A STUDY OF SHIP BALLAST WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES". Water Conservation & Management 5, nr 2 (2021): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2021.121.130.
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Ballast is a commonly used solution to ensure the stability and balance of ships during voyages. The volume of ballast water that is circulated by ships between different seas is extremely large, with which a lot of creatures move along. Organisms that follow the ballast water to a new environment mostly have a negative impact on the ecosystem there. Good ballast water management is an important measure to ensure that organisms do not migrate with the ballast water to other areas. Ballast water management requires specific regulations and regulatory policies that are relevant and applicable globally. The International Convention on the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Ship Sediments, adopted in 2004, has specified issues for ballast water management. Ballast water treatment technologies and techniques need to be studied so that the ballast water after treatment meets the requirements of the convention. This paper presents an overview of the technological and technical solutions currently being applied to treat ballast water to meet the requirements of the convention and points out the advantages and limitations of each solution. In the discussion, the authors also present a solution that combines many different ballast water treatment methods. This is a very effective solution, both technically and cost-effectively. The combined solution can be applied in the future to effectively treat ship ballast water.
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Dachev, Yuriy, Miroslav Tsvetkov i Valentin Zlatev. "Ship Ballast Water Treatment". WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (2.02.2021): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.11.
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Ships use ballast water to ensure their buoyancy and stability. A significant amount of them is transported in various water basins of the World Ocean. Thus, together with ballast water, many microorganisms, phytoplankton and zooplankton are transported. The constant increase in the number of ships in the World Merchant Navy increases the risk of the spread of these invasive species in the local aquatic environment. This led to the decision of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to legalize the control and treatment of ships' ballast water in order to minimize the risks of the spread of these invasive species.. Their transfer through ballast water to a new water environment is estimated as one of the 4 largest treats for the World Ocean. The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Sediments plays an essential role in the control of ballasting and de-ballasting processes. It regulates the D-1 and D-2 standards, as well as various ballast water treatment systems. Improving the possibility of subsequent change in the application of invasive species, the only way to solve this problem, is to fully prepare for ballast water and to develop alternative methods to ensure the buoyancy and resilience of ships.
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Krishnamrthy, Venkat, Subhash Sawant i Arga Chandrashekar Anil. "Ballast Water Risk Assessment: the Indian experience". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, nr 1-2 (15.09.2018): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.469.
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The Ballast Water Risk Assessment serves as a “Decision Support System” for any given port to take appropriate ballast water management actions. Risk assessment involves collation of data from the ballast water reporting forms to identify the source of ballast water. The environmental characteristics of the source and recipient ports are utilized to evaluate the similarities. This is then combined with other risk factors, including voyage duration and risk species to gain a preliminary indication of the overall risk posed by each source port. The results will help in evaluating the risk posed by ballast water introductions, and decide whether to apply a blanket or selective ballast water management regime. The experience in India with ballast water risk assessment showed that manually submitted ballast water reporting forms were ridden with inaccuracies. Self-validating electronic ballast water reporting forms (e-BWRF) were introduced to overcome such inaccuracies. Our experience with the risk assessment conducted in an Indian port Visakhapatnam, suggests that the local ports pose higher risk of introduction. However, under such circumstances a risk reduction factor was introduced in the method to counter geographical proximities. The paper provides lessons learnt through ballast water risk assessment and the necessary corrective actions taken thereof.
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Iswantoro, A., Semin, T. Pitana, M. B. Zaman i F. I. Ahsan. "Ballast Water Treatment with Heat Exchanger Modeling Simulation". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1198, nr 1 (1.06.2023): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1198/1/012026.
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Abstract Pollution of the marine environment has become a global issue, including marine pollution from ballast water. The impact is it can damage ecosystems and even affect humans. Therefore, pollution from ballast water is something that must be prevented by ballast water treatment. In this research, the author carried out a modeling simulation on a heat exchanger with a mechanical-type ballast water treatment method by utilizing the heat generated by the ship’s engine. Heat is used to kill microorganisms. So that the ballast water becomes cleaner than without treatment. In this research, the calculation of the need for heat exchangers on certain types of ships with certain sizes is carried out. In this calculation, the ship used is a container type with 3 categories based on cargo capacity and ballast tank capacity. Then the heat from the exhaust gases is used to heat the ballast water of the ship. The simulation results show that the maximum ballast water temperature of each ship category is in the range of 68-75 C. With this temperature, it is sufficient to kill and reduce microorganisms in the ballast water.
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., Nurfadillah, Haeruddin . i Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo. "Ecosystem-based merchant ship ballast water management strategy in Soekarno Hatta Port Makassar, Indonesia". International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation 4, nr 6 (2023): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2023.4.6.419-424.
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Soekarno Hatta International Port is located in Makassar city, South Sulawesi province. Many national and international ships carry out operational activities at the port. Ballast water on ships is used as ballast to maintain ship stability when the cargo is empty or half filled. Ballast water exchange is still carried out when the ship is docked and carrying out operational activities at the port. This process has potential environmental impacts, because the disposal of ship ballast water is classified as waste. Ship ballast water often contains contaminated oil, harmful pathogens, and the exchange of marine organisms that have different habitats. The purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate alternative strategy in the management of ship ballast water in port of Soekarno Hatta. This research is descriptive qualitative, which is research that intends to describe a phenomenon and the research technique used is SWOT analysis. Based on the SWOT analysis, the management of commercial ship ballast water at Soekarno Hatta Port Makassar is in the first quadrant, namely the aggressive strategy. The position of internal and external factors in the ballast water management sub-sector in this quadrant shows that strengths and opportunities are more dominant than weaknesses and threats. The resulting strategies include: carrying out training and training for ship crews on the importance of commercial ship ballast water management, checking ballast water carried out regularly by stakeholders, socializing the management of commercial ship ballast water by stakeholders, and confirming the rules related to the management of commercial ship ballast water at Soekarno Hatta Port in order to maintain its ecosystem.
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Arif, Mohammad Sholikhan, Hesty Anita Kurniawati i M. Nurul Misbah. "ANALISA TEKNIS DAN EKONOMIS PEMILIHAN MANAJEMEN AIR BALLAS PADA KAPAL (SHIP BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT) DI INDONESIA". Kapal 13, nr 3 (19.11.2016): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/kpl.v13i3.12351.
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Peraturan yang mengatur dan manajemen dari air ballas dikeluarkan oleh IMO (International Maritime Organization) melalui konvensi Manajemen air ballas. Konvensi tersebut menyatakan bahwa organisme yang berbahaya terhadap lingkungan, kesehatan manusia, properti atau sumber daya merusak keanekaragaman hayati atau mengganggu pemanfaatan terhadap suatu area jika dilepaskan di air laut. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia mengeluarkan Peraturan Presiden No. 132 tahun 2015 mengenai pengesahan Konvensi internasional untuk pengendalian dan manajemen air ballas dan sedimen dari kapal 2004 (The International Convention for the control and management of ships ballast water and sediment’s 2004). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa sejauh mana kesiapan Indonesia dalam ratifikasi peraturan (come into force) Ballast water Management serta dampak yang diakibatkan setelah peraturan tersebut diratifikasi. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan 3 pendekatan yaitu dari aspek hukum, aspek teknis dan aspek ekonomis. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 21 Tahun 2010 tentang Perlindungan Lingkungan Maritim sebagai jabaran dari Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran, telah sejalan dengan Konvensi Internasional untuk Pengendalian dan Manajemen Air Ballas dan Sedimen dari Kapal, 2004 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 1985 tentang pengesahan United Nations Convention on the LAW of the Sea (UNCLOS). Serta Penggunaan sistem manajemen air ballas untuk kapal di perairan Indonesia lebih efektif dan efisien menggunakan filtration + electrolysis
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Ndlovu, F. P. "The marine environment and ballast water management law". Water Policy 18, nr 4 (15.03.2016): 964–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2016.105.
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This article contains a study of international and national measures dealing with the potential threat of pollution and the introduction of alien species that may come from the discharge of improperly treated ballast water. Ballast water management policy, law and coastal biosecurity strategies are considered. There are challenges to achieving the ideals of ballast water laws, as correctly pointed out by President Denholm of the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO), such as the cost of achieving these measures in today's economic climate; however, this article emphasizes the long-term effects of ignoring proper ballast water management. This article encourages a sustained commitment to strategies aimed at dealing with pollution and the harm that may be caused by marine invasive species that often find their way around the world as a result of ballast water discharges. With the imminent implementation of international law on ballast water and a federal court of appeals in the United States ordering the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to rewrite a portion of its ballast water dumping rules, ballast water policy justly deserves unrelenting global attention.
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Elkady, Hesham, Duan Feng Han i Liang Gao Gao. "The Alternatives of Ballast Water System". Applied Mechanics and Materials 627 (wrzesień 2014): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.627.347.
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To eliminate the introduction of invasive marine species and the disadvantages of ballast water (BW) treatment systems a new concept in ship design was developed to be alternative of ballast water system. Non-Ballast ships were rarely mentioned in China even they were studied widely worldwide. In this paper, the different types of non-ballast water ship were reviewed, to be classified in order to facilitate the study of such types of vessels and serve as a base for the development.
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Vorkapić, Aleksandar, Ivan Komar i Gorana Jelić-Mrčelić. "Shipboard Ballast Water Treatment Systems on Seagoing Ships". Transactions on Maritime Science 5, nr 1 (20.04.2016): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v05.n01.003.
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This review paper summarizes the legislative framework and the available technologies for ballast water treatment with regard to the approval process and relevant issues. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) sets the limits of organism concentration in ballast water allowed to be discharged into the sea. The 2004 International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is the first international document that introduced obligatory ballast water management and control. Even though ballast water treatment systems are not 100 % effective, they significantly reduce the risk of spreading of invasive species through ballast water exchange. An increased manufacturer interest in the system’s approval or development of new technologies is not expected in future because the procedure is time-consuming and expensive. The final choice of optimal ballast water treatment system depends on the ship owner or operator taking into account the price, type of the ship, whether it is a newbuilding or an existing ship, ballast system capacity and the seas where ships ply as well as harbours at which they call.
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Rup, Michael P., Sarah A. Bailey, Chris J. Wiley, Mark S. Minton, A. Whitman Miller, Gregory M. Ruiz i Hugh J. MacIsaac. "Domestic ballast operations on the Great Lakes: potential importance of Lakers as a vector for introduction and spread of nonindigenous species". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, nr 2 (luty 2010): 256–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-180.
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Ballast water is recognized globally as a major vector of aquatic nonindigenous species (NIS) introductions; domestic ballast water transfers, however, have generally been considered low risk in North America. We characterize ballast operations of domestic ships in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence River system (Lakers) during 2005–2007 to examine the risk of primary and secondary introductions associated with ballast water transfers over short distances. Results indicate that Lakers transported at least 68 million tonnes of ballast water annually. Approximately 71% of ballast water transfers were interregional, with net movement being from lower to upper lakes. A small proportion of ballast water discharged in the Great Lakes (<1%) originated from ports in the St. Lawrence River that may serve as sources for new NIS. These results indicate that domestic ballast water transfers may contribute to NIS introductions and are likely the most important ballast-mediated pathway of secondary spread within the Great Lakes. Future efforts to reduce invasion impacts should consider both primary and secondary introduction mechanisms.
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Tjahjono, Agus, Wisnu Handoko i Sri Purwantini. "Operation ballast water of commercial vessels in Port of Tanjung Emas Semarang". MATEC Web of Conferences 181 (2018): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818107003.
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The commercial vessel uses sea water to stabilty a vessel when the vessel is not loading a cargo. The water stabilized for the vessel is known as ballast water. The activity of loading the ballast water for the ship from origin port and dissposal to the distination port has caused impact on spreading the unidenfied organism the local port. Aim of the study to determine disposal value of water ballast either from a foreign merchant vessel or domestic merchant vessel so that Port of Tanjung Emas Semarang (PTES) is able to determine a policy on ballast administration from merchant vessel include a data of Arrival and Departure Report of the Vessels (ADRV) documents for the last five years (2009-2014). Disposal ballast water of domestic vessel to PTES is average about 37,036 m3 and increased by 76.68% in a year. Yearly ballast water disposed from the foreign commercial vessels has reached 576.045 m3 for the last 5 years. The increasing of ballast water is about 122.19%. Level of vunerability on the PTES waters is due to ballast water dissposal caused mainly from foreign commercial vessels. The PTES administration should provide water reservoir and and water ballast treatment of commercial vessels which has 51,090 m3/per month or 81,744 kl/month.
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Reshnyak, Valeriy Ivanovich, Alexander Ivanovich Kalyaush i Dmitry Igorevich Rochev. "Technology of purifying and disinfecting ballast water". Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, nr 1 (26.02.2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-1-32-38.
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The paper considers the problem of transferring microorganisms with ballast water used in the ship operation. It is noted that the search for a solution to the above problem takes a significant amount of time and requires developing special purifying equipment for disinfecting ballast water. Currently, there are various plants ensuring the decreased number of microorganisms in the process of disinfection. There has been proposed a new technology for ballast water treatment and decontamination that involves depositing microorganisms, removing them from the total volume of ballast water followed by ozone treatment. Actually, the volume of water containing sediment and decontaminated with ozone is significantly less than the total volume of ballast water and makes up about 3-5% of it. Microorganisms depositing takes place due to coagulation and sedimentation. The diagram of the ballast water purification and disinfection technology has been presented. The basic circuit of the ballast water disinfection plant includes a ship's ballast tank, receiving pipeline, reagent tank, metering pump, coagulant, collector, bulkhead, contact column, ozone generator, dehydration device and ultraviolet lamps. The operating conditions of the ship plants have space and time limits. The above technological solutions infer carrying out some operations (coagulation, sedimentation) and disinfection by using the ultraviolet lamps inside the ballast tanks for saving space. The proposed technology can be applied both on board a ship and in the floating or onshore environmental protection equipment, for example, in the port facilities.
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Reshnyak, Valerii I., Aleksandr I. Kaliaush i Ksenia V. Reshnyak. "DEVELOPMENT OF BALLAST WATER PURIFICATION AND DISINFECTION TECHNOLOGY". Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, nr 3 (2.09.2022): 365–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-3-365-373.
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The technology of purification and disinfection of ballast water developed by the authors is presented in the paper. Based on the results of a systematic analysis of the problem and on research experience in this field, it has been shown that the quality of ballast water discharged overboard after its use as ballast is determined by such basic factors as purification technology and design features of treatment devices, as well as conditions for operations with ballast water. The technology of ballast water purification as a complex of operations for purification, treatment and disinfection is determined by environmental requirements for the quality of purified and discharged overboard water, as well as the properties of the initial ballast water. The analysis of modern environmental requirements for the discharge of ballast water is given. It is shown that these requirements establish the level of permissible bacteriological danger of the discharged ballast water, taking into account the dispersed characteristics of the bacteriologically dangerous substance. These requirements determine the composition of operations that should be included in the technology of purification and disinfection of ballast water. Based on the results of the analysis of environmental requirements for the quality of purified ballast water, which determine the required water quality, a number of technological solutions collectively representing the technology of water purification and disinfection are proposed and justified. As disinfection, the use of ozone as an effective oxidizer is proposed. The use of sedimentation is proposed to regulate the content of dispersed particles of pollutants. Technological solutions also take into account the need for operations with a large amount of ballast water, as well as high reception and discharge capacity. It is proposed to carry out the disinfection process in small volumes of sediment, which is a concentrated mass of bacteriological substance obtained during preliminary coagulation and sedimentation, for which ship ballast tanks can be used. The proposed technology can be applied both in ship installations and in offshore environmental protection equipment - floating or coastal, for example, port facilities.
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Wang, Jun. "Equipment and Technology Research of Ballast Water Treatments". Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (lipiec 2014): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.414.
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Biological invasions caused by Ballast water is always one of the diffcult problems of marine environmental protection, and the technology of ballast water treatment is an effective way to solve biological invasion. This article introduce many equipments of ballast water treatment, introduce physical ballast water treatment, chemical treatment and comprehensive treatment, then describes the advantages and disadvantages of these metheods.
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Maslov, I. Z., A. H. Danilian, N. B. Tiron-Vorobiova, O. R. Romanovska i A. O. Babak. "Ballast water treatment plant". Ecological Sciences 2 (2019): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.32846/2306-9716-2019-2-25-16.
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Christen, Kris. "States tackle ballast water". Environmental Science & Technology 35, nr 1 (styczeń 2001): 14A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es012245x.
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Nguyen, T. H., T. H. Le, T. M. H. Dong i V. V. Le. "A STUDY ON SELECTION OF BALLAST WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES TO MEET BWM 2004 CONVENTION". Water Conservation & Management 5, nr 1 (2021): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2021.53.59.
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Ballast water is essential for ship operation. However, it also carries potential risks of contamination and disease transmission. The Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) was introduced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to minimize the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms to ecologically sensitive marine areas, through ballast of ocean-going ships. Therefore, thorough research and analysis of ballast water treatment technologies are essential. This paper summarizes the existing technologies applied for ballast water treatment. These technologies can be port-based or ship-based, with the latter being easier to implement. Particular attention is given to onboard processing methods, which can be classified as physical separation, mechanical or chemical methods. This work describes recent ballast water treatment studies from the scientific and academic communities since the last IMO Convention in 2004, and the treatment methods that have been approved by the IMO substantially and ultimately. We have examined the various methods currently available in scientific means for ballast water treatment and we conclude that standardization of ballast water treatment still has to be done to ensure IMO Standards.
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Li, Xiao Yan, Sha Liu i Zhi Min Zhou. "Ballast Water Discharge and the Influence of Seawater Environment". Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (lipiec 2014): 1161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1161.
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Ships have carried solid ballast for thousands of years in the form of rocks, sand or metal. In modern times, ships use water as ballast. It is more easier to load on and off a ship and more efficient and economical than solid ones. Ship fills with ballast water when it is empty of cargo, and the ballast water is discharged when it loads cargo. In ballast water ,there are hundreds of organisms carried that cause problematic ecological effects outside of their natural range. Preventing the transfer of invasive species and coordinating a timely and effective response to invasions require cooperation and collaboration between governments. Considerable efforts had already made to formulate appropriate standards for ballast water management during the convention development process. Overview
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Wijaya, Haryadi, Kawilarang Warouw Alex Masengi, Lefrand Manoppo, Deiske Adeleine Sumilat, Rizald Max Rompas, Heffry Veibert Dien i Vivanda Octova Joulanda Modaso. "Modification of Ballast Filtering Device on John Lie Training Ship to Prevent Marine Pollution". Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education 5, nr 1 (18.05.2023): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.asci1736.
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This study aims to present appropriate selection methods for evaluation, analysis, and comparison between different ballast water treatment technology systems in order to make good decisions in selecting the most optimal treatment system. This research designed a ballast water filter device on the John Lie training ship to prevent marine pollution due to species movement through the ballast water transfer process by referring to the D2 standard of the IMO Ballast Water Management Convention. During the ballasting process, ballast water contains thousands of species of marine animals and plants that are carried in ballast tanks, causing problems for the marine environment and human health. The modification of the filtration tool designed by the researcher used a 0,1 mm and 0,01 mm net tied to the ballast tank inlet pipe using a clamp on the ballast pipe of the John Lie training ship. This can fully be used during the process of filling ballast water from port seawater to enter the ballast tank through this filtration system. The results shown after passing the filter with a total plate count of 36 microorganisms indicate that the filtration system designed by the researcher can meet the D2 standard of the IMO BWM Convention Regulation.
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EFFENDI, Irwan, Muhammad Fadil GHIFARI, Syahril NEDI i Sania EFFENDI. "ELECTROCOAGULATION SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF BALLAST WATER". Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 19, nr 2 (25.03.2024): 217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26471/cjees/2024/019/293.
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This study aimed to determine the removal of hazardous materials in ballast water by using an electrocoagulation (EC) system. This research was carried out on January 16 – June 15 2023 in Batam City. Ballast water was supplied by tanker ships anchored at 5 ports in Batam Island, namely Batam Centre, Sekupang, Nongsapura, Telaga Punggur, and Batu Ampar. The ballast water was collected and processed through an electrocoagulation system at PT. Batam Air Cargo Village, Batam. Meanwhile, the quality of the treated ballast water was examined by PT. Mutuagung Lestari Batam, Batam, Indonesia. If the laboratory test results meet the requirements, then the remaining ballast water can be disposed of into nature. However, if the test results are not met, then the ballast water is re-processed and channeled to the mixing tank. The physical parameters of the treated ballast water showed a temperature of 28oC, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of around 140 and 11 mg/L respectively. The main heavy metal content of ballast water after the electrocoagulation process showed cadmium (< 0.001 mg/L), chrome (< 0.02 mg/L), mercury (< 0.0001 mg/L), lead (< 0.005 mg/L), copper (0.14 mg /L), zinc (0.31 mg/L), and arsenic (< 0.0001 mg/L). The physical parameters of the treated ballast water showed a temperature of 28oC, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS) of around 140 and 11 mg/L respectively. The main heavy metal content of ballast water after the electrocoagulation process showed cadmium (< 0.001 mg/L), chrome (< 0.02 mg/L), mercury (< 0.0001 mg/L), lead (< 0.005 mg/L), copper (0.14 mg /L), zinc (0.31 mg/L), and arsenic (< 0.0001 mg/L). Other chemical and biological parameters that were also measured included sulfide (< 0.002 mg/L), fluoride (0.11 mg/L), chlorine (0.05 mg/L), ammonia (0.78 mg/L), nitrate (< 0.05 mg/L), nitrite (< 0.004 mg/L), total nitrogen (0.78 mg/L), BOD5 (22.69 mg/L), methylene blue active compound (0.732 mg/L), phenol (0.001 mg/L), oil and fat (1.032 mg/L), pH (7.13), and total coliform (615 MPN/100). All parameters showed that the hazardous content of electrocoagulated ballast water waste has met the quality standards for ballast water waste. It has also been tested to process other liquid waste. So, it is very promising to be developed for other waste processing needs in the future.
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Locke, A., D. M. Reid, H. C. van Leeuwen, W. G. Sprules i J. T. Carlton. "Ballast Wafer Exchange as a Means of Controlling Dispersal of Freshwater Organisms by Ships". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, nr 10 (1.10.1993): 2086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-232.
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During May–December 1990 and March–May 1991, 546 foreign ocean-going vessels entered the Laurentian Great Lakes and upper St. Lawrence River, areas protected by the Great Lakes Ballast Water Control Guidelines. Between 88 and 94% of the vessels exchanged their ballast water with seawater as required by the guidelines. Living representatives of 11 invertebrate phyla were sampled from ballast tanks. Between 14 and 33% of ships that exchanged freshwater ballast in midocean carried living freshwater-tolerant zooplankton at the time of entry to the Seaway, although these included many taxa already found in the Great Lakes. Four freshwater-tolerant zooplankton species that were identified as living specimens in ballast water have apparently not been recorded from the Great Lakes. Voluntary ballast water controls reduced but did not eliminate the risk of species invasion, since some ships did not comply with the guidelines, and even ships that did exchange ballast water could introduce viable freshwater-tolerant organisms into the Great Lakes. About half of the ballast water carried into the Seaway by ocean-going vessels and lakers each year originates from the St. Lawrence River, portions of which are not yet protected by any ballast controls.
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Kaewunruen i Tang. "Idealisations of Dynamic Modelling for Railway Ballast in Flood Conditions". Applied Sciences 9, nr 9 (29.04.2019): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091785.
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As the main component of a ballasted railway system, railway ballast is frequently used by the railway industry to enhance constructability and practicality. Numerous studies into train–track interactions focused on ballast modelling and idealisation in completely dry environments, but recent studies have found that, in extreme weather such as floods, water can clog natural ballast beds and change the initial state of their properties. Ballast models used in multi-body simulations have been mostly developed based on the instrumented impact hammering method considering the ballast as a spring/dashpot. The single degree of freedom (SDOF) idealization for ballast enables a non-destructive field testing technique for monitoring of railway components in practice. In this study, the suitability of the idealization of ballast for dynamic characteristics has been evaluated. A series of experiments have been performed with a variety of ballast conditions in flooding levels from 0 to 40 cm, with a frequency range of 0–500 Hz. The results clearly show that the increase in the flood level will result in increasing dynamic damping of more than 50% of dry natural ballast whilst reducing its stiffness and natural frequency. The novel insights are of great significance for exploring the non-linear dynamic traits of ballast in extreme environments, which can be integrated into the coupled train–track analysis that can better express more realistically the dynamic train–track interaction and load transfer mechanism of flooded railway tracks.
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YANG, XIUFENG, SHILIU PENG, MOUBIN LIU i JIARU SHAO. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF BALLAST WATER BY SPH METHOD". International Journal of Computational Methods 09, nr 01 (marzec 2012): 1240002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219876212400026.
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Ballast water has frequently been used in ships to provide stability and adjust trim, stress, and torsion for optimal steering and propulsion. Numerical simulation of the movement of ballast water and its interaction with the solid walls of operating ships are very difficult for traditional grid-based numerical models. In this paper, the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is applied to simulate water tank sloshing and the movement of ships carrying ballast water in three cases. Numerical results of water tank sloshing are compared with experimental ones. Numerical results of ships indicate that carrying ballast water in several separated small tanks generally makes a ship more stable, but keeping ballast water in one big tank generally makes a ship more unstable.
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Li, Xiao Yan, Yang Chen, Sha Liu i Zhi Min Zhou. "Flocculation Process for the Treatment of Ballast Water Application Research Process". Applied Mechanics and Materials 654 (październik 2014): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.654.39.
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Flocculation process is a method of ballast water treatment process which can satisfy the security, effective, environmental protection, operation and economic request , on the treatment of ballast water has been studied widely at home and abroad .The paper summarizes the flocculation process application treatment about ballast water of ship, introduced the affecting flocculation process factors , and discussed the application prospect of flocculation technology in ballast water treatment application field .
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Laksono, Fajar Budi, Dian Majid i Aditya Rio Prabowo. "System and eco-material design based on slow-release ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound for ballast water treatment". Open Engineering 12, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0042.
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Abstract Background The problem of ballast water is caused by microorganisms. The solution to solve this problem is ballast water disinfection. Until the recent day, there have not been many practical solutions. Usually, ozone, chlorine, and UV treatments were used for disinfection. However, these methods still have many weaknesses in treating ballast water. Methods The ferrate(vi) system proposed in this paper is liquid ferrate(vi) produced on-site using a slow-released system and combined with ultrasound. This paper investigated the optimum time to produce liquid ferrate(vi), pH, and temperature. Results The optimum synthesis time has been observed to be 10 min with the produced ferrate(vi) of 42,000 ppm. The optimal pH and temperature to make ballast water harmless have been observed to be the neutral pH condition at 25°C, respectively. The design of ballast water treatment using ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound has also been proposed in this paper. Conclusions Ferrate(vi), as the primary material in ballast water treatment, has been successfully synthesized. The process of ballast water treatment using ferrate(vi) combined with ultrasound can be performed automatically using a time sensor and a mass sensor. With the proposed design, it can be a promising solution to solve the problems related to ballast water.
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Maglić, Lovro, Damir Zec i Vlado Frančić. "Effectiveness of a Barge-Based Ballast Water Treatment System for Multi-Terminal Ports". PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 27, nr 5 (28.10.2015): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i5.1812.
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The paper presents outcomes of the discrete event simulation of the ballast water management in a multi-terminal port. The simulation includes ship’s manoeuvring, cargo and ballast operations and a barge-based ballast water treatment system operating within all terminal areas. The barge-based ballast water treatment system is used by ships unable to use their own equipment, not equipped with an appropriate ballast treatment system or non-compliant with the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention 2004 for whatever reason. The main goal is to estimate the productivity and cost effectiveness of such systems as an option to support ships not able to comply with the BWM Convention, once it enters into force. The model was built and tested in Arena simulation software. Process parameters are based on real traffic data for the port of Rijeka. The results indicate that barge-based ballast treatment facility will be heavily underutilized, and that such systems are cost-effective only in ports where large volumes of ballast water need to be delivered to shore treatment systems.
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Simeonova, Anna, i Petar Kralev. "Onshore ballast water management systems: National perspectives". ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 7, nr 1 (13.06.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol7.iss1.288.
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The present paper focuses on ballast water management systems (BWMS) in line with the Ballast Water Management Convention, aiming to prevent marine pollution from harmful alien species transported through ships’ ballast water. Three approaches of BWMS are considered: Ballast water exchange, Onboard and Onshore systems. Solutions regarding ballast water reception and treatment are proposed, including several options: for ports that are equipped with ballast water reception facilities (BWRFs); for ports not equipped with BWRFs and for companies with onshore facilities (OBWRFs).Thoroughly examined in the paper is the applicability of national onshore BWMS inclusive specifically of the expected users of the OBWRFs; suggested stakeholder groups involved in the process and their responsibilities; step by step procedure; documentation of the procedure related to the main parties - the Shipowner/ captain, Port authority, the company with OBWRFs. It has been found out that OBWRFs are more suitable to be applied on national level, bearing in mind that most of the Bulgarian ports are limited to increase their working area. Further research should be carried out about the possible location of the OBWRFs with regard to the necessary infrastructure, equipment, restricted zones, etc.
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Song, Xueguan, Maosen Cao, Wonhyup Shin, Wenping Cao, Sanghoon Kang i Youngchul Park. "Numerical Investigation of a Liquid-Gas Ejector Used for Shipping Ballast Water Treatment". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/259593.
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Shipping ballast water can have significant ecological and economic impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Currently, water ejectors are widely used in marine applications for ballast water treatment owing to their high suction capability and reliability. In this communication, an improved ballast treatment system employing a liquid-gas ejector is introduced to clear the ballast water to reduce environmental risks. Commonly, the liquid-gas ejector uses ballast water as the primary fluid and chemical ozone as the secondary fluid. In this study, high-pressure water and air, instead of ballast water and ozone, are considered through extensive numerical and experimental research. The ejector is particularly studied by a steady three-dimensional multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis with commercial software ANSYS-CFX 14.5. Different turbulence models (including standardk-ε, RNGk-ε, SST, andk-ω) with different grid size and bubble size are compared extensively and the experiments are carried out to validate the numerical design and optimization. This study concludes that the RNGk-εturbulence model is the most efficient and effective for the ballast water treatment system under consideration and simple change of nozzle shape can greatly improve the ejector performance under high back pressure conditions.
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Le, Hoang Mai, Cong Minh Nguyen, Thanh Ca Vu, Thanh Thuy Tran, Van Dien Nguyen i Huy Ram Dang. "Simulation of Ballast Water Dispersion in the Gulf of Tonkin and Offshore Waters of Hai Phong Port, Vietnam". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, nr 1-2 (15.09.2018): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.486.
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Transfer of invasive alien organisms and their negative impacts have been recorded around the world. It is estimated that approximately 7,000 species of marine creatures are silently moved around the world by ballast water every hour. Recently, discharge of ballast water in the coastal area has become a serious concern. The movement of discharged ballast water and accompanying alien organisms largely depends on the preveiling hydrodynamics of the receiving water body. Dynamics simulation models for marine environment provide sound prediction of dispersion of ballast water. The study was undertaken in the seas of the Gulf of Tonkin and in the offshore area of Hai Phong Port using the MIKE 21 model – a two-dimensional hydrodynamics model. The yearly-mean wind field was used in the model to generate the circulation. Ballast water discharged to the three sites in the study area was simulated by using dispersal-advection model. The outputs showed that ballast water discharged near the coast tends to move along the coastline. Ballast water discharged at 200 NM seaward from the coast is still able to influence the coastal zone of Vietnam.
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Lu, Kun-Tu, Hon-Kit Lui, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Li-Lian Liu, Lei Yang, Cheng-Di Dong i Chiu-Wen Chen. "Using Onboard-Produced Drinking Water to Achieve Ballast-Free Management". Sustainability 13, nr 14 (8.07.2021): 7648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147648.
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Based on the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (the Ballast Water Management Convention, or BWM Convention) of the International Maritime Organization, from 8 September 2017, all ships must have an approved Ballast Water Management Treatment System (BWTS) to prevent the invasion of alien species through the discharge of ballast. Generally speaking, the need for an approved BWTS is limited to large vessels, as they are too large or too expensive for small vessels to install. This study aims to propose a simple ballast-free approach for small vessels (e.g., tugs, workboats, research vessels) that require ballast to compensate for the weight loss of fuel when sailing. Our approach involves refitting the dedicated ballast tank of these small vessels to be drinking water tanks and filling the tanks with onboard-generated distilled or reverse osmosis water to adjust the stability of the ships. We assessed our approach using three vessels. Two ships using our proposed method were certified by the American Bureau of Shipping as containing no ballast water tank, and not being subject to the BWM Convention. This study provides an environmentally harmless, easy to use, and economical approach for small vessels to comply with the BWM Convention.
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Bakalar, Goran, i Vinko Tomas. "Possibility of Using Flow Cytometry in the Treated Ballast Water Quality Detection". Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 51, nr 1 (marzec 2016): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2016.51.03.
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In this article, monitoring of ballast water after its treatment by any of BWTS (Ballast Water Treatment System) on board ships has been analyzed. The efficiency of those systems has shown to be the major problem as there are no systems for tracking ship ballast operations. The overall aim of the study was to emphasize the necessity of monitoring the ballast water treatment on board ships and to propose a solution. The flow cytometry technology and applications of flow cytometers have been analyzed as well. The functionality and possibility of using this technology for detection of the treated ballast water quality has been explained. The results of the flow cytometry detection have been confirmed mathematically. The possibility of finding the remaining microorganisms in the treated ballast water has been calculated and the result was a very high percentage of 82%. The study presented in this paper aids in the understanding of how important it is for results of the ballast water treatment systems operation to be monitored since such monitoring is also in the interest of protecting the environment.
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Pereira, Newton Narciso, Hernani Luiz Brinati i Rodrigo Pereira Antunes. "Onshore Reception Facilities for ballast water". Ciencia y tecnología de buques 10, nr 20 (30.01.2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25043/19098642.148.
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This paper completes an exploration analysis of onshore ballast water treatment alternatives at major ports. e authors had presented results for option (1) ballast water treatment onshore installed in two iron ore ports in 2012 applying the discrete events simulation model. Now, two more options are presented: (2) mobile and (3) desalination reception facilities. e previous simulation model developed called TRANSBALLAST, was adapted to consider these two new alternatives. is model was applied to the same ports presented in 2012 and this evaluation also includes one more port with 50 million tons annually (Mta) of iron ore transport capacity. e results uncovered that for (2) there is an increase of 1.90 days on the average waiting time of ships that moored at Port 1. In (3), the average waiting time and berth occupation rates were observed to remain the same presented in (1). One of the major differences between the systems consists in catching sea water to increase the desalination plant operational capacity. Among those three onshore ballast water treatment alternatives, (2) does not impact port terminals infrastructure. Additionally, option (2) could be offered to ports users as a ballast water treatment service and ship-owners might not need any onboard ballast water treatment system. (3) Might be feasible to ports regions without enough water supplies solving two issues: transfer of invasive species from ballast water and water recycling.
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Balaji, Rajoo, Omar Yaakob i Kho King Koh. "A review of developments in ballast water management". Environmental Reviews 22, nr 3 (wrzesień 2014): 298–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0073.
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Transportation and translocation of non-native species by ships through ballast water is one of the current issues the shipping industry is trying to address. The Ballast Water Convention is nearing full ratification after which treatment of ballast water will become mandatory for most of the trading merchant vessel categories. Ballast water management systems employing various technologies are commercially available but at high costs. Economics apart, the efficiency of these technologies and realistic ways to ensure compliance with stricter requirements of some Administrations are issues that need to be focussed upon. With the report of the Environmental Protection Agency as an assessment reference, this paper reviews the treatment technologies. Juxtaposing reports of Lloyd’s Register on the status, a concise overview of the technologies has been projected. A sustainable ballast water management based on data and assessments is proposed. The management must be extended to both shore and on-board platforms for practices, treatment, sampling, testing, and recycling. An exemplar system harvesting shipboard waste heat is projected as a route for thermal treatment in combination with technologies showing potential for optimized ballast water management.
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Chan, Farrah T., Hugh J. MacIsaac i Sarah A. Bailey. "Relative importance of vessel hull fouling and ballast water as transport vectors of nonindigenous species to the Canadian Arctic". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, nr 8 (sierpień 2015): 1230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0473.
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Ships’ hull fouling and ballast water are leading vectors of marine nonindigenous species globally, yet few studies have examined their magnitude in the Arctic. To determine the relative importance of these vectors in Canada’s Arctic, we collected hull and ballast water samples from 13 and 32 vessels, respectively, at Churchill, Manitoba. We compared total abundance and richness of invertebrates transported on hulls versus those in ballast water. We found that hull fouling was associated with higher total abundance and richness of nonindigenous species when compared with ballast water. Additionally, a significant positive richness–total abundance relationship for nonindigenous species for hull fouling but not for ballast water assemblages suggests that the likelihood of a high-risk (i.e., species-rich and high abundance) introduction event is greater for the former than the latter vector. The discovery of viable, widespread nonindigenous barnacles in hull samples further underscores the prominence of hull fouling over ballast water as a vector of nonindigenous species. Our study demonstrates that hull fouling is a more important vector for transfer of nonindigenous species to the Canadian Arctic than ballast water based on abundance and richness of nonindigenous species transported by the two vectors.
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Rahman, Sohanur. "Implementation of Ballast Water Management Plan in Ships Through Ballast Water Exchange System". Procedia Engineering 194 (2017): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.152.
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Satir, Tanzer, i Bhaskar Kura. "Ship Ballast Water Management in Turkish Ports and Waterways". Marine Technology Society Journal 45, nr 2 (1.03.2011): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.2.6.
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AbstractThe introduction of invasive marine species into a new environment by ballast water attached to ship hulls has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world’s oceans. The other three are land-based sources of marine pollution, overexploitation of living marine resources, and physical alteration/destruction of marine habitat. Ballast is any material used to add weight to balance an object. One example includes the sandbags carried on conventional hot air balloons, which can be discarded to lighten the balloon’s load, allowing it to ascend. Ballast water is water carried by ships to ensure stability, trim, and structural integrity. Shipping moves over 80% of the world’s commodities and transfers approximately 3‐5 billion tons of ballast water internationally each year. A similar volume may also be transferred domestically within countries and regions each year. Ballast water is absolutely essential to the safe and efficient operation of modern shipping, providing balance and stability to unladen ships. However, it may also pose a serious ecological, economical, and health threat to the marine environment.Turkey is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and southeastern Europe. Turkey is surrounded by three seas: the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Aegean Sea. The Turkish straits that separate Europe and Asia are one of the busiest waterways of the world. Turkey has several ports and berthing facilities. The number of ships coming to ports or passing through the straits has been increasing in the last decade. Half of these ships are carrying ballast water. Turkey has not ratified the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM) as yet but will soon prepare ballast water strategies. This paper discusses two different topics: ship ballast water management strategies and treatment technologies. The authors recommend the best strategies for prevention of ship ballast water pollution in the Turkish straits and ports.
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Bielski, Marcin, Jacek Wachowicz, Ryszard Bielski, Arkadiusz Adamczyk i Hendra Jantanata. "Diagnostics in ballast water management". MATEC Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818202004.
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Diagnostics in ballast water management is the main remedy to protect against the threat of spreading invasive species that can be carried in ships' ballast tanks. This phenomenon is getting better known and understood. New and more effective methods of preventing threats related to this are being developed. Procedures are created to ensure environmental safety in the face of ever-increasing transport by sea. The article characterizes both the background of the problem, basic diagnostic medics used in ballast water management, as well as procedures and basic techniques used to ensure the safety of the natural environment..
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El Husna, Iksiroh, Nasri, Anissofiah Azise Wijinurhayati i Widya Putri. "The cadets' understanding of the ballast water management convention". E3S Web of Conferences 359 (2022): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235902028.
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The International Maritime Organization (IMO) since September 8, 2017, has implemented the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention as an effort to protect the maritime environment from ballast water pollution. The ballast water is water used by ships to maintain stability when the ship is unloaded to sail safely. This study aims to determine to what extent the understanding of PIP Semarang cadets in the 7th and 8th semesters of Post Sea Project to the BWM Convention. The research method used is an analytic description with a cross-sectional approach using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The sample consisted of 49 cadets majoring in the Deck and Engine departments. The study results indicated that most of the respondents do not understand the BWM Convention correctly. On the question of when BWM was enacted, the correct answer was 2.04%. On the question of when Indonesia ratified the BWM, the correct answer was 0%. On the question of how the implementation of BWM for the D-1 standard (ballast exchange) was 2.04% and the D-2 standard (ballast treatment) is 4.08%. However, on the question about the importance of handling ballast water 34.69% answered correctly, which means that they know the dangers of ballast water and it is very important to handle it so as not to impact health and environment. The suggestion is to disseminate the information to cadets through seminars, including marine pollution courses or special training on ballast water.
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Hasanspahić, Nermin, Marijana Pećarević, Niko Hrdalo i Leo Čampara. "Analysis of Ballast Water Discharged in Port—A Case Study of the Port of Ploče (Croatia)". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, nr 11 (9.11.2022): 1700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111700.
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Ballast water is recognized as a major vector for the transfer of Harmful Aquatic Organisms and Pathogens (HAOP) and a source of sea pollution that negatively affects the environment and human health. Therefore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship’s Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) in 2004. The BWM Convention introduced two standards, Ballast Water Exchange Standard (Regulation D-1) and Ballast Water Performance Standard (Regulation D-2). Ships are required to install Ballast Water Treatment (BWT) equipment in order to comply with Regulation D-2. However, the deadline for the installation of BWT is prolonged until September 2024, and many ships are still complying only with Regulation D-1. In addition, there are specific sea areas where Regulation D-1 cannot be complied with, and hence, HAOP could be easily transferred between ports. Consequently, it is essential to develop a system to protect the marine environment, human health and economy in coastal areas from the introduction of HAOP. This paper analyses ballast water discharged in the Port of Ploče (Croatia) according to ship type, age and flag they are flying. It was found that general cargo ships and bulk carriers discharged most of the ballast (87% of the total quantity) in the Port of Ploče. Moreover, discharged ballast water was analysed according to the origin, and it was found that 70% of discharged ballast originates from the Adriatic Sea. Based on the analysis of the research results and literature review, the ballast water risk assessment (BWRA) method was adopted, however, with certain modifications. The adopted method is modified by an additional risk factor (the deballasting ship’s age), different risk scoring of the deballasting ship type and adding Paris MoU Grey and Black lists flag ships as high-risk ships. As a result, the BWRA method presented in the paper could be used as an early warning system and to facilitate the implementation of adequate measures to prevent pollution by discharged ballast water.
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Animah, Isaac. "A fuzzy analytical hierarchy process–weighted linear combination decision-making model for prioritization of ballast water treatment technologies by ship owners in Ghana". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 233, nr 4 (6.12.2018): 1276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090218817041.
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Giving the ratification of the ballast water management convention, a number of ballast water treatment technologies are emerging in the maritime industry; however, choosing the most appropriate technology has been a big challenge for ship owners because it is a very complex and critical task. The aim of this article is to propose a multi-attribute decision analysis model which integrates the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and the weighted linear combination method into a more comprehensive approach to select the most appropriate ballast water treatment technology for ship owners. The proposed model consists of 6 attributes (i.e. technological readiness, commercial readiness, operational readiness, seafarer’s skills readiness, biological efficacy readiness and cost of ballast water treatment technologies) and 17 ballast water treatment technologies among which ship owners can choose the best. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy process is used to obtain more realistic weights of the attributes, while the weighted linear combination is applied to prioritize the technologies. To demonstrate the applicability of the model, it is applied to select the best ballast water treatment technology for a ship owner in Ghana. The result shows that the ballast water treatment technology which uses membrane filter is selected as the best. Sensitivity analysis is then carried out to determine the effect of changing attributes’ weights on the final priority rankings of the ballast water treatment technologies. Finally, the model is validated by comparing the obtained results to those from the PROMETHEE model and both results are consistent.
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Jing, Liang, Bing Chen, Baiyu Zhang i Hongxuan Peng. "A review of ballast water management practices and challenges in harsh and arctic environments". Environmental Reviews 20, nr 2 (czerwiec 2012): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a2012-002.
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Ballast water is carried by cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers to acquire the optimum operating depth of the propeller and to maintain maneuverability and stability. Recently, ballast water has been recognized as wastewater that is responsible for ocean pollution due to the worldwide transfer of non-indigenous species, pathogenic bacteria, and other pollutants via ballast water discharge. This poses serious environmental, ecological, and economic threats to both coastal communities and the marine environment. To address these negative impacts and concerns, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has codified and adopted a series of guidelines to minimize pollution and adverse effects caused by ballast water. A number of treatment technologies have been developed and applied in field practices to remove solids, particulates, organic pollutants, and organisms from ballast water, showing certain advantages and limitations. Many other management practices, such as ballast water exchange (BWE), shipping routes optimization, treatment process modeling, and risk assessment are in high demand to aid onboard treatment systems. However, knowledge and technical gaps still exist regarding the implementation of ballast water management practices especially in the context of arctic and harsh environments under changing climatic conditions. Records indicate that most coastal regions in the north have been invaded by unwanted species via ballast water discharge in the past decades. The North Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans have much colder climates and more extreme weather conditions than low latitudes. The discharge of untreated or less treated ballast water could cause much more severe damage to the local environment and hence pose higher risks to ecosystems and even human health, particularly in the context of climate change. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this study proposed a risk-based fuzzy–stochastic–interval programming decision support system to help eliminate environmental, ecological, as well as health threats from the discharge of ballast water, particularly in the north where weather, space, timing, maintenance, and cost are major concerns.
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Parsons, Michael G. "Considerations in the Design of the Primary Treatment for Ballast Systems". Marine Technology and SNAME News 40, nr 01 (1.01.2003): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2003.40.1.49.
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Investigations are currently underway to establish effective primary and secondary ballast water treatment methods to minimize the potential for the introduction of additional nonindigenous aquatic species into the Great Lakes and other U.S. coastal waters. This treatment could be used in place of mid-ocean ballast exchange currently required by the U.S. Coast Guard for all vessels entering the Great Lakes in ballast from beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Primary and secondary treatment could provide environmental protection for both Ballast On Board (BOB) vessels, which are required to perform mid-ocean ballast exchange before entering the Great Lakes, and No Ballast On Board (NOBOB) vessels, which are currently exempt from any ballast exchange requirements. Primary treatment using some form of mechanical separation to 100 urn or 50 um followed by secondary treatment using 254 nm UV irradiation or some form of chemical treatment are currently leading candidates. Over the past six years, the Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project (GLBTDP) has undertaken the full-scale evaluation of 340 m3/h (1500 U.S. gpm) ballast water mechanical separation using an automatic backwashing screen filter, hydrocyclone, and automatic backwashing disk filter. This experience provides the basis for the investigation of various ballast system design issues that must be considered in the selection and design of the primary ballast water treatment. This investigation is based upon the ballast system of a typical Seaway size bulk carrier using port and starboard 2000 m3/h (8800 U.S. gpm) main ballast pumps. A discrete multicriterion optimization tradeoff study using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is also presented to illustrate a rational method for determining the best choice for primary ballast water treatment for such a Seaway size bulk carrier.
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Arpianto, Yulian, i Hanna. "Ballas Water and Sediment Control and Management on Ship Using Method D-2: Auto Filter and UV Disinfection Treatment Methods". INFLUENCE: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE REVIEW 5, nr 1 (21.02.2023): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/influencejournal.v5i1.118.
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This study aims to protect the maritime environment from the spread of foreign species or harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens due to the discharge of ballast water from ships in order to prevent, minimize and completely eliminate risks to the environment, human health, wealth and resources arising from the transfer of aquatic organisms. harmful and pathogenic through the control and management of ballast water and sediment from ships, as well as to avoid unwanted side effects from such control and to encourage the development of related science and technology. The problems raised in this study are (1) What is the Ballast Water Exchange Standard (Reg. D-1), (2) What is the Ballast Water Performance Standard (Reg. D-2)?, (3) What is the Ballast Water Management Plan (BWMP) (Rule B-1) and (4) What is the combination of treatment technology. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method using data reduction analysis techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions as a method to determine the causes and efforts to overcome them. The results show that by applying the Ballast Water Performance Standard (Reg.D-2) with a combination of treatment technology, it can protect the maritime environment with the required ballast water performance standards. As required in the convention concerning the control and management of ballast water and sediment from ships/The International Convention for The Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004, in this convention it is required that ships of 400 gross tonnage and above are subject to this convention, not including floating platforms, FSUs and FPSOs are required to participate in the survey determined and meet the requirements of the BWM Convention. The conclusion of this study is that by installing BWMT to meet Reg. D-2 can protect the maritime environment from the spread of foreign species or aquatic organisms and pathogens.
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Jolkifli, Hjh Zuliza Hj, i Ranimah H. A. Wahab. "Ballast Water Control and Management in Brunei Darussalam". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 35, nr 1-2 (15.09.2018): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.466.
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The ongoing transfer of non-indigenous organisms through shipping, especially via ballast water transport, is placing marine and coastal resources under increased threat. The transport of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) is a critical issue which may cause irreversible consequences to receiving environments and economies needing particular attention. The main objective of this paper is to highlight the importance for implementation of ballast water management measures in Brunei Darussalam. This paper recognised IAS intrusion via ballast water has high probability to have direct effects on the economic value of fisheries sector, thus the need for an effective ballast water management strategy. Management of ballast water is a complex issue and horizontal policy is the appropriate approach for building this management framework in addition to valid baseline and efficient monitoring. Further studies such as development risk assessment model and assessment of different management measures are critical for an effective prevention, eradication and control strategy.
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El Husna, Iksiroh, Nenik Kholilah, Anissofiah Azise i Widya Putri Idayatma. "The Student Officer's Understanding of Ballast Water Treatment According to The Ballast Water Management (BMW) Convention". Dinamika Bahari 4, nr 2 (29.10.2023): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46484/db.v4i2.445.
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The ballast water used as a ship's stabilizer when it is not loaded has a negative impact on health and the environment and even causes economic losses. One of them is caused by the pathogenic microbes in it. Therefore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) enacted the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention to prevent the spread of pathogenic microbes that are very dangerous to health and the environment. The purpose of this study is to find out the extent of understanding of BWM Convention of the Deck and Engine Officer Class I and II in PIP Semarang. An analytical description and an overlap approach, including questionnaires, and in-depth interviews were applied to the research method. A total of 27 students from the deck and engine departments were included in the sample. According to the survey's findings, most participants don't fully comprehend the BWM contract. When being asked whether BWM was regulated, the correct answer was 0%. The right response when being asked whether Indonesia ratified the BWM was 0%. When being asked how the efficiency of BWM was 3.7% for the D-1 standard (ballast replacement) and 11.1% for the D-2 standard (ballast handling). However, 44.4% of respondents correctly identified the significance of treating ballast water, indicating that they are worried about the threat posed by this substance and that immediate action is required. The idea is to provide the student officers with knowledge via seminars, which could include training on maritime pollution or special ballast water training.
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Linh Le, Nguyen Viet, Dinh Tung Vo, Abdel Rahman M. Al-Tawaha i Dinh Tuyen Nguyen. "A STUDY ON LEGAL POLICIES AND SOLUTIONS FOR SHIP BALLAST WATER TREATMENT". Water Conservation & Management 5, nr 2 (2021): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2021.114.120.
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Shipping plays a very important role in the movement of most goods in the world. Ships are a means of transport used to transport goods at sea. Every day, there are many ships moving back and forth between different seas at a high frequency. Each ship’s voyage can be full, low-load, or no-load. Using ballast water is a long-standing solution used to balance and stabilize ships during voyages. Ballast water is taken into the ship and discharged anywhere in the sea. This means that the organisms in the ballast water can also migrate to any part of the sea. There are beneficial organisms and harmful organisms for the ecosystem in the waters they are brought in. Organisms that grow unprofitably will destroy the stable ecology of the seas they reach. To solve this problem, it is necessary to have appropriate legal policies and solutions to treat ballast water. This short review presents current regulatory policies and solutions for ballast water treatment. Some challenges and prospects for future regulatory policies and solutions for ballast water treatment are also outlined.