Artykuły w czasopismach: „Bacterial resistance”

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Venkatesan, Nandakumar, Govindaraj Perumal i Mukesh Doble. "Bacterial resistance in biofilm-associated bacteria". Future Microbiology 10, nr 11 (listopad 2015): 1743–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.15.69.

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Gentry, Layne O. "Bacterial Resistance". Orthopedic Clinics of North America 22, nr 3 (lipiec 1991): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-5898(20)31668-0.

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Bockstael, Katrijn, i Arthur Aerschot. "Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria". Open Medicine 4, nr 2 (1.06.2009): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-008-0088-9.

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AbstractThe development of antimicrobial resistance by bacteria is inevitable and is considered as a major problem in the treatment of bacterial infections in the hospital and in the community. Despite efforts to develop new therapeutics that interact with new targets, resistance has been reported even to these agents. In this review, an overview is given of the many therapeutic possibilities that exist for treatment of bacterial infections and how bacteria become resistant to these therapeutics.

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Shifa Begum, Tofa Begum, Naziza Rahman i Ruhul A. Khan. "A review on antibiotic resistance and way of combating antimicrobial resistance". GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 14, nr 2 (28.02.2021): 087–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.14.2.0037.

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Antibiotics are widely used most effective medication since the twentieth century against bacterial infections (Tetanus, Strep Throat, Urinary Tract Infections, etc.) and thus save one’s life. Before 20th-century infectious disease played the main role in the death. Thus, antibiotics opened a revolutionary era in the field of medication. These cannot fight against viral infections. Antibiotics are also known as an antibacterial that kill or slow down bacterial growth and prohibit the bacteria to harm. Resistance comes as a curse with antibiotics that occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections. It is now a significant threat to public health that is affecting humans worldwide outside the environment of the hospital. When a bacterium once become resistant to antibiotic then the bacterial infections cannot be cured with that antibiotic. Thus, the emergence of antibiotic-resistance among the most important bacterial pathogens causing more harm. In this context, the classification of antibiotics, mode of action of antibiotics, and mechanism of resistance and the process of overcoming antibiotic resistance are discussed broadly.

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Gangwar, Sonali, Keerti Kaushik i Maya Datt Joshi. "Current Mechanism of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials". SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 10, nr 01 (25.07.2018): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v10i01.8.

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Serious infectious diseases are caused by bacterial pathogens that represents a serious public health concern. Antimicrobial agents are indicated for the treatment bacterial infections.Various bacteria carries several resistance genes also called multidrug resistant (MDR). Multidrug resistant organisms have emerged not only in the hospital environment but are now often identified in community settings, suggesting the reservoirs of antibiotic resistant bacteria are present outside the hospital. Drug resistant bacteria that are selected with a single drug are also frequently multi-drug resistant against multiple structurally different drugs, thus confounding the chemotherapeutic efficacy of infectious disease caused by such pathogenic variants. The molecular mechanisms by which bacteria have common resistance to antibiotics are diverse and complex. This review highlights the mechanism of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.

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Johnson, Alan P., i Neil Woodford. "Bacterial antibiotic resistance". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 6, nr 4 (sierpień 1993): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199308000-00005.

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Taylor, Diane E. "Bacterial tellurite resistance". Trends in Microbiology 7, nr 3 (marzec 1999): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(99)01454-7.

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Tumah, H. N. "Bacterial Biocide Resistance". Journal of Chemotherapy 21, nr 1 (luty 2009): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1120009x.2009.12030920.

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Iredell, Jon. "Bacterial resistance testing". Pathology 46 (2014): S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pat.0000443500.86097.3f.

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Wilson, Fred. "Battling Bacterial Resistance". Laboratory Medicine 32, nr 2 (1.02.2001): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/734f-d2x1-37fy-499k.

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Baker, Stephen J., David J. Payne, Rino Rappuoli i Ennio De Gregorio. "Technologies to address antimicrobial resistance". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, nr 51 (17.12.2018): 12887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717160115.

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Bacterial infections have been traditionally controlled by antibiotics and vaccines, and these approaches have greatly improved health and longevity. However, multiple stakeholders are declaring that the lack of new interventions is putting our ability to prevent and treat bacterial infections at risk. Vaccine and antibiotic approaches still have the potential to address this threat. Innovative vaccine technologies, such as reverse vaccinology, novel adjuvants, and rationally designed bacterial outer membrane vesicles, together with progress in polysaccharide conjugation and antigen design, have the potential to boost the development of vaccines targeting several classes of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, new approaches to deliver small-molecule antibacterials into bacteria, such as hijacking active uptake pathways and potentiator approaches, along with a focus on alternative modalities, such as targeting host factors, blocking bacterial virulence factors, monoclonal antibodies, and microbiome interventions, all have potential. Both vaccines and antibacterial approaches are needed to tackle the global challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and both areas have the underpinning science to address this need. However, a concerted research agenda and rethinking of the value society puts on interventions that save lives, by preventing or treating life-threatening bacterial infections, are needed to bring these ideas to fruition.

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Varela, Manuel F., Jerusha Stephen, Manjusha Lekshmi, Manisha Ojha, Nicholas Wenzel, Leslie M. Sanford, Alberto J. Hernandez, Ammini Parvathi i Sanath H. Kumar. "Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents". Antibiotics 10, nr 5 (17.05.2021): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050593.

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Bacterial pathogens as causative agents of infection constitute an alarming concern in the public health sector. In particular, bacteria with resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents can confound chemotherapeutic efficacy towards infectious diseases. Multidrug-resistant bacteria harbor various molecular and cellular mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance. These antimicrobial resistance mechanisms include active antimicrobial efflux, reduced drug entry into cells of pathogens, enzymatic metabolism of antimicrobial agents to inactive products, biofilm formation, altered drug targets, and protection of antimicrobial targets. These microbial systems represent suitable focuses for investigation to establish the means for their circumvention and to reestablish therapeutic effectiveness. This review briefly summarizes the various antimicrobial resistance mechanisms that are harbored within infectious bacteria.

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Mozibuko, Joseph, Bharti Sharma i Bhawna Bhawna. "THE REVIEW ARTICLE OF BACTERIOPHAGE THERAPY AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, nr 11 (10.11.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26725.

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Antibiotic resistance is now one of the biggest challenges which has arised in the medical world. Scientist are working day and night non stop to deal with this challenge. Antibiotic resistance is when the bacteria develop characteristics and modify in its features that it is no longer affected bythe antibiotic which once worked and were effective on them. Resistance occur due to mutation of the bacteria were the bacteria modifies the antibiotic target site that when exposed to antibiotics it can no longer get affected, also by reduced permeability, the bacterial wall becomes hard and impermeable to antibiotic agents. The antibiotic resistance has read to over production and development of different antibiotics which becomes useless in a shortperiod of time , so energy resources and financial resource are lost in the way but without giving permanent solution. To deal with the problem of antibiotic resistance alternative methods for treatment of bacterial infection are developed, the development read to the rediscovery of bacteriophage therapy, which treat those bacterial infections which are antibiotic resistance .Bacteriophage therapy is the use of bacterial viruses to kill the bacteria. Phagesare the viruses that attacks specific target bacteria and burst it or kill it. The bacteriophage attack and attaches to the bacterium, then draw its DNA into the cell and destroy the bacterium to function or replicate. The bacteriophage can be used to treat different deadly bacterial infections , research are still going on to improve the effectiveness of the bacteriophage so that it can be the permanent solution to antibiotic resistance and the treatment to deadly bacterial infections. greek word which means ‘to eat’ ,then bacteriophage means to eat bacteria , bacteriophage are bacterial viruses which attacks the bacterial cells and kills or breakthe bacterium. Bacteriophages are very highly specific, theyonly affect the bacteria of a specific strain. This specificity and killing capability makesthem enermies of bacteria.

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Joo, Hwang-Soo, Chih-Iung Fu i Michael Otto. "Bacterial strategies of resistance to antimicrobial peptides". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, nr 1695 (26.05.2016): 20150292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0292.

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the host's innate immune system, targeting invasive and colonizing bacteria. For successful survival and colonization of the host, bacteria have a series of mechanisms to interfere with AMP activity, and AMP resistance is intimately connected with the virulence potential of bacterial pathogens. In particular, because AMPs are considered as potential novel antimicrobial drugs, it is vital to understand bacterial AMP resistance mechanisms. This review gives a comparative overview of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strategies of resistance to various AMPs, such as repulsion or sequestration by bacterial surface structures, alteration of membrane charge or fluidity, degradation and removal by efflux pumps. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides’.

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Editorial Staff. "Metabolite Mitigates Resistance". Molecular Medicine Communications 1, nr 1 (22.12.2021): 07–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.55627/mmc.001.01.0063.

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A growing problem that is yet to be properly addressed is the conferment of antibiotic resistance. Zhao et al. showed that in pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, increased influx and efficacy of antibiotics was seen with the use of glutamine. The mechanism involves alteration of the metabolism of nucleotides causing the bacterial membrane to have increased non-selective permeability in bacterial strains possessing diverse resistance mechanisms. In mouse models with systemic or biofilm infections, enhanced antibiotic efficacy was seen with glutamine supplementation further strengthening its potential use. Sci Transl Med. 2021 Dec 22;13(625):eabj0716.

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Russell, AD. "Bacterial resistance to disinfectants". British Journal of Infection Control 3, nr 3 (czerwiec 2002): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175717740200300306.

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A ntiseptics and disinfectants (biocides) are widely employed in controlling hospital infection. Their activity depends upon several factors, notably concentration, period of contract, pH, temperature, the type, nature and numbers of microorganisms to be inactivated and the presence of organic soil or other interfering material. Bacteria vary considerably in their response to antiseptics and disinfectants. Bacterial spores are the least susceptible, followed by mycobacteria (including glutaraldehyde-resistant Mycobacterium chelonae) and then by Gram-negative bacteria, notably pseudomonads. Gram-positive cocci, including antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, are readily inactivated by disinfectants. Enterococci, including vancomycin-resistant strains, are also susceptible but somewhat less so than staphylococci. Resistance is often intrinsic in nature, but may be acquired either by mutation or by the acquisition of genetic elements. Disinfectant rotation is practised in several hospitals but the issue remains contentious, although hospital isolates are often more resistant to biocides than laboratory or ‘standard’ strains.

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Jubeh, Buthaina, Zeinab Breijyeh i Rafik Karaman. "Antibacterial Prodrugs to Overcome Bacterial Resistance". Molecules 25, nr 7 (28.03.2020): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071543.

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Bacterial resistance to present antibiotics is emerging at a high pace that makes the development of new treatments a must. At the same time, the development of novel antibiotics for resistant bacteria is a slow-paced process. Amid the massive need for new drug treatments to combat resistance, time and effort preserving approaches, like the prodrug approach, are most needed. Prodrugs are pharmacologically inactive entities of active drugs that undergo biotransformation before eliciting their pharmacological effects. A prodrug strategy can be used to revive drugs discarded due to a lack of appropriate pharmacokinetic and drug-like properties, or high host toxicity. A special advantage of the use of the prodrug approach in the era of bacterial resistance is targeting resistant bacteria by developing prodrugs that require bacterium-specific enzymes to release the active drug. In this article, we review the up-to-date implementation of prodrugs to develop medications that are active against drug-resistant bacteria.

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García-Contreras, Rodolfo, Toshinari Maeda i Thomas K. Wood. "Resistance to Quorum-Quenching Compounds". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, nr 22 (6.09.2013): 6840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02378-13.

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ABSTRACTBacteria have the remarkable ability to communicate as a group in what has become known as quorum sensing (QS), and this trait has been associated with important bacterial phenotypes, such as virulence and biofilm formation. Bacteria also have an incredible ability to evolve resistance to all known antimicrobials. Hence, although inhibition of QS has been hailed as a means to reduce virulence in a manner that is impervious to bacterial resistance mechanisms, this approach is unlikely to be a panacea. Here we review the evidence that bacteria can evolve resistance to quorum-quenching compounds.

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Nazarov, Pavel, Marina Kuznetsova i Marina Karakozova. "Multidrug resistance pumps as a keystone of bacterial resistance". Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seria 16. Biologia 77, nr 4 (14.01.2023): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0137-0952-16-2022-77-4-215-223.

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Antibiotic resistance is a global problem of modern medicine. A harbinger of the onset of the post-antibiotic era is the complexity and high cost of developing new antibiotics, as well as their ineffi ciency due to the rapidly developing resistance of bacteria. The cornerstone of bacterial protection against antibiotics are multidrug resistance pumps (MDR), which are involved in the formation of resistance to xenobiotics, the export of toxins, the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, the formation of biofilms and persistent cells. MDR pumps are the basis for the nonspecific protection of bacteria, while modification of the drug target, inactivation of the drug, switching of the target or sequestration of the target is the second, specific line of their protection. Thus, the nonspecific protection of bacteria formed by MDR pumps is a barrier that prevents the penetration of antibacterial substances into the cell, which is the main factor determining the resistance of bacteria. Understanding the mechanisms of MDR pumps and a balanced assessment of their contribution to overall resistance, as well as to antibiotic sensitivity, will either seriously delay the onset of the post-antibiotic era, or prevent its onset in the foreseeable future

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Verma, Shrikant, Sushma Verma, Mohammad Abbas i Farzana Mahdi. "COMBATING THE ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE BY PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: A MINI-REVIEW". Era's Journal of Medical Research 10, nr 01 (czerwiec 2023): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24041/ejmr2023.14.

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The emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms has resulted in the reduced effectiveness of traditional antimicrobial therapies. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial infections as a significant global health crisis. If effective measures are not established by 2050, it is projected that annual deaths from diseases caused by drug-resistant bacteria could reach up to 10 million people. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) arises due to the transfer of bacteria and genes among humans, animals, and the environment. While there are inherent barriers that impede the unrestricted movement of bacteria and genes, the acquisition of new resistance factors from various species is a common occurrence. This phenomenon undermines our capacity to effectively prevent and treat bacterial infections, posing significant challenges. The core of the problem lies in the evolution of pathogens, which enables bacteria to rapidly adapt to the selective pressures imposed by the use of antimicrobials in medical and agricultural settings. This adaptation encourages the spread of resistance genes or alleles within bacterial populations. To combat these challenges, there is a growing focus on the development of precision antimicrobial treatments that target the key virulence characteristics of individual infections. This approach aims to tailor treatment to specific infections, considering their unique characteristics. In this article, we explore the benefits, advancements, and challenges associated with the development of precision antimicrobial medicines. The goal is to enhance our ability to effectively combat drug-resistant bacteria and mitigate the impact ofAMR on global health.

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Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan. "How Mobility of Resistance Determinants Affects the Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance?" International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health 10, nr 3 (11.07.2022): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijtmgh.2022.17.

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Antibiotic resistance is primarily propagated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs) around the world. As a result, antibiotic resistance genes can be found in a wide spectrum of environmental microorganisms. Environmental bacteria are not resistant to all antibiotics now accessible, despite long histories of antibiotic development and exposure. As a result, obtaining a complete resistance arsenal will be challenging. The goal of this study is to look at how the mobility of resistance determinants influences antimicrobial resistance spread. The sources, distribution, and development of resistance mechanisms in various microorganisms and bacterial populations are mosaic features that act as barriers to the spread of bacterial pan-resistance. This is critical information for a better understanding of the genesis of resistance in hazardous bacteria, which could lead to improved antibiotic therapy and the creation of new medications.

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Zhang, Lan, Xiaoyuan Tian, Lei Sun, Kun Mi, Ru Wang, Fengying Gong i Lingli Huang. "Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors Reduce Antibiotic Resistance". Pharmaceutics 16, nr 2 (25.01.2024): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16020170.

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Bacterial resistance is a growing problem worldwide, and the number of deaths due to drug resistance is increasing every year. We must pay great attention to bacterial resistance. Otherwise, we may go back to the pre-antibiotic era and have no drugs on which to rely. Bacterial resistance is the result of several causes, with efflux mechanisms widely recognised as a significant factor in the development of resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial medications. Efflux pump inhibitors, small molecules capable of restoring the effectiveness of existing antibiotics, are considered potential solutions to antibiotic resistance and have been an active area of research in recent years. This article provides a review of the efflux mechanisms of common clinical pathogenic bacteria and their efflux pump inhibitors and describes the effects of efflux pump inhibitors on biofilm formation, bacterial virulence, the formation of bacterial persister cells, the transfer of drug resistance among bacteria, and mismatch repair. Numerous efforts have been made in the past 20 years to find novel efflux pump inhibitors which are known to increase the effectiveness of medicines against multidrug-resistant strains. Therefore, the application of efflux pump inhibitors has excellent potential to address and reduce bacterial resistance.

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Biondo, Carmelo. "Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance: The Most Critical Pathogens". Pathogens 12, nr 1 (10.01.2023): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010116.

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Azizi, Mounia, i Souhail Mouline. "Bacterial Resistance in Nephrology". Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences 12, nr 01 (20.01.2024): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sjams.2024.v12i01.014.

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Bacterial resistance to antibiotics (ABR) is a major threat to public health, particularly in nephrology, with far-reaching consequences, including longer hospital stays, higher healthcare costs and increased mortality. Indeed, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a population at risk of developing infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs), given their overexposure to healthcare facilities and the quality of their gut microbiota already damaged by CKD. It is a population with very high rates of colonization and ARB infection worldwide. The mechanisms deployed by these AROs to counteract the effect of antibiotics are multiple. This may include the production of antibiotic-inhibiting enzyme (ATB), waterproofing of the bacterial membrane, or modification of the antibiotic target. They include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) species, and several multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms. The emergence and global spread of these ARBs is facilitated by ATB selection pressure, inter-agency transmission of resistance determinants, suboptimal infection control practices, and frequency of international travel, among other factors. The spread of this veritable pandemic highlights the urgent need for new treatment options, the implementation of awareness campaigns to properly prescribe antibiotics and improve infection prevention practices, particularly at hemodialysis centers.

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Abedon, Stephen T. "Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Hindering Phage Therapy: The Phage Tolerance vs. Phage Resistance of Bacterial Biofilms". Antibiotics 12, nr 2 (25.01.2023): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020245.

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As with antibiotics, we can differentiate various acquired mechanisms of bacteria-mediated inhibition of the action of bacterial viruses (phages or bacteriophages) into ones of tolerance vs. resistance. These also, respectively, may be distinguished as physiological insensitivities (or protections) vs. resistance mutations, phenotypic resistance vs. genotypic resistance, temporary vs. more permanent mechanisms, and ecologically vs. also near-term evolutionarily motivated functions. These phenomena can result from multiple distinct molecular mechanisms, many of which for bacterial tolerance of phages are associated with bacterial biofilms (as is also the case for the bacterial tolerance of antibiotics). The resulting inhibitions are relevant from an applied perspective because of their potential to thwart phage-based treatments of bacterial infections, i.e., phage therapies, as well as their potential to interfere more generally with approaches to the phage-based biological control of bacterial biofilms. In other words, given the generally low toxicity of properly chosen therapeutic phages, it is a combination of phage tolerance and phage resistance, as displayed by targeted bacteria, that seems to represent the greatest impediments to phage therapy’s success. Here I explore general concepts of bacterial tolerance of vs. bacterial resistance to phages, particularly as they may be considered in association with bacterial biofilms.

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Nguyen, Thi Hai Yen, Thi Be Hai Nguyen i Quoc Binh Luong. "The survey of antibiotic resistance of the bacteria that cause infections isolated at Can Tho University Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital in 2021". Tạp chí Y Dược học Cần Thơ, nr 47 (12.09.2022): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.58490/ctump.2022i47.22.

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Background: The rate of antibiotic resistant bacteria increases dramatically, therefore choosing antibiotics for treatment of bacterial infections is more and more difficult. Objectives: 1). To identify the bacterial agents which caused infectious diseases isolated from patient samples and some related factors; 2). To describe the antibiotic resistance of isolated bacteria. Materials and methods: 627 bacterial strains were isolated and identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done by MicroScan. Results: The predominance of isolated bacteria is S. aureus (22.8%). Other isolated bacteria are Staphylococcus spp. (17.4%), S. pneumoniae (16.2%), Klebsiella spp. (11.9%) and E. coli (9.7%). The resistance of S. aureus are high level with erythromycin (71.6%), clindamycin (78.7%), gentamycin (50.3%); S. aureus resistant to vancomycin are (10.4%). The resistance of Staphylococcus sp are low level with erythromycin (67.0%), clindamycin (57.5%), levofloxacin (50.5%). High level resistance of S. pneumonia is erythromycin (84.2%). High level resistance of E. coli are aztreonam (81.7%), piperacillin and levofloxacin (78.7%). High level resistance of Klebsiella spp. is piperacillin (83.8%). High level resistance of Pseudomonas spp. are ciprofloxacin (38.1%), piperacillin (38.6%) và levofloxacin (40.0%). Conclusions: S. aureus accounted for the highest percentage with 22.8%, bacterial strains with multi-antibiotic resistance accounted for a high rate.

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Dilshad, Rimsha, i Rida Batool. "Co-resistance of Antibiotics and Heavy metals in Bacterial Strains Isolated from Agriculture Farm and Soap Industry". Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 6, nr 04 (15.11.2022): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2022.0604233.

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In this study, a relationship between antibiotic and heavy metal resistance was estimated among culturable bacterial strains of agriculture farm and soap industry soil.A total of 27 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their antibiotic and heavy metal resistance by supplementing LB agar medium with variable concentrations of respectivestress. On LB-agar medium, agriculture farm soil harboured more cultivable bacterial strains (17 bacterial strains) as compared to the soap industry soil (10 bacterial strains).Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics for bacterial strains ranged from 20μg/ml to 000μg/ml while MIC of heavy metals had a range of 20μg/ml-2000μg/ml for Nickel, Copper, and Mercury whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration of lead and chromium was up to 10,000μg/ml and 250,000μg/ml respectively. A high rate of co-resistance forStreptomycin with Lead and copper and Ampicillin with lead was observed in 90% of industrial soil bacterial strains. In conclusion, multiple antibiotic resistance and antibioticheavymetal co-resistance in bacteria strains could be due to contamination of soil with any sort of heavy metals or the diversity of population inhabiting that particular site. Antibiotic resistance can also be attributed to the horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.

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Dawan, Jirapat, i Juhee Ahn. "Bacterial Stress Responses as Potential Targets in Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance". Microorganisms 10, nr 7 (9.07.2022): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071385.

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Bacteria can be adapted to adverse and detrimental conditions that induce general and specific responses to DNA damage as well as acid, heat, cold, starvation, oxidative, envelope, and osmotic stresses. The stress-triggered regulatory systems are involved in bacterial survival processes, such as adaptation, physiological changes, virulence potential, and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic susceptibility to several antibiotics is reduced due to the activation of stress responses in cellular physiology by the stimulation of resistance mechanisms, the promotion of a resistant lifestyle (biofilm or persistence), and/or the induction of resistance mutations. Hence, the activation of bacterial stress responses poses a serious threat to the efficacy and clinical success of antibiotic therapy. Bacterial stress responses can be potential targets for therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics. An understanding of the regulation of stress response in association with antibiotic resistance provides useful information for the discovery of novel antimicrobial adjuvants and the development of effective therapeutic strategies to control antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Therefore, this review discusses bacterial stress responses linked to antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria and also provides information on novel therapies targeting bacterial stress responses that have been identified as potential candidates for the effective control of Gram-negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Imran, Hassan, Zaman Khan, Fiza Saleem, Sidra Gull i Ali Tahir. "The growing threat of antibiotic resistance in wound infections: Evidence from tertiary care in Pakistan". Archives of Biological Sciences, nr 00 (2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs230313021i.

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The present study analyzed 361 non-duplicated wound swab samples from 187 males and 174 females, ranging in age from 0 to 100 years with a mean age of 37.1?1.9 years, and to determine the prevalence of bacterial wound infections and the diversity of antibacterial susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria to detect the presence of unique/rare resistance types. Of these, 53.46% (193) were found to have wound infections. Most of the infected patients fell in the age group II (21-40 years). A total of 14 bacterial species were identified, with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli being the most common Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Linezolid and vancomycin were the most effective antibiotics against the isolated Gram-positive bacteria, while most Gramnegative bacteria were sensitive against colistin and polymyxin-B. Based on antibiotic resistance, 129 types of resistance were detected. Multi-resistance was detected in 157 (81.3%) bacterial strains, while 162 strains had a multi-antibiotic resistance index (MAR) of 0.2. Simpson and Shannon diversity indices indicated high bacterial diversity in the wound samples. The study provides valuable insight into the prevalence of bacterial infections in wounds and that antibiotic resistance patterns can be useful in guiding the development of effective treatment strategies.

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FAN, Xiaojing, Tahira SALEEM i Huasong ZOU. "Copper resistance mechanisms in plant pathogenic bacteria". Phytopathologia Mediterranea 61, nr 1 (13.05.2022): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13282.

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Copper is an essential element for microbes as it is involved in many redox reactions. Numerous resistance systems have been evolved in microbes to maintain copper homeostasis under copper stress conditions. These systems are responsible for the influx and efflux of copper ions in the cells. In phytopathogenic bacteria, copper ions play essential roles during disease development in plants. Copper-based chemicals are extensively used for control of diseases caused by bacteria, which leads to induced pathogen resistance derived from various copper resistance systems. Previous studies have shown that copper ions are harnessed by host plants to protect against bacterial infections, triggering immune responses through activation of defence signalling pathways. Thus, it was anticipated that bacterial copper resistance could play an alternative role in adaptation to plant immunity. This review summarizes current knowledge of copper resistance systems in plant pathogenic bacteria, which may provide a new perspective of molecular mechanisms associated with bacterial adaptation in host plants.

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Hu, Yongfei, Xi Yang, Jing Li, Na Lv, Fei Liu, Jun Wu, Ivan Y. C. Lin i in. "The Bacterial Mobile Resistome Transfer Network Connecting the Animal and Human Microbiomes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, nr 22 (9.09.2016): 6672–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01802-16.

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ABSTRACTHorizontally acquired antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria are highly mobile and have been ranked as principal risk resistance determinants. However, the transfer network of the mobile resistome and the forces driving mobile ARG transfer are largely unknown. Here, we present the whole profile of the mobile resistome in 23,425 bacterial genomes and explore the effects of phylogeny and ecology on the recent transfer (≥99% nucleotide identity) of mobile ARGs. We found that mobile ARGs are mainly present in four bacterial phyla and are significantly enriched inProteobacteria. The recent mobile ARG transfer network, which comprises 703 bacterial species and 16,859 species pairs, is shaped by the bacterial phylogeny, while an ecological barrier also exists, especially when interrogating bacteria colonizing different human body sites. Phylogeny is still a driving force for the transfer of mobile ARGs between farm animals and the human gut, and, interestingly, the mobile ARGs that are shared between the human and animal gut microbiomes are also harbored by diverse human pathogens. Taking these results together, we suggest that phylogeny and ecology are complementary in shaping the bacterial mobile resistome and exert synergistic effects on the development of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens.IMPORTANCEThe development of antibiotic resistance threatens our modern medical achievements. The dissemination of antibiotic resistance can be largely attributed to the transfer of bacterial mobile antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Revealing the transfer network of these genes in bacteria and the forces driving the gene flow is of great importance for controlling and predicting the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the clinic. Here, by analyzing tens of thousands of bacterial genomes and millions of human and animal gut bacterial genes, we reveal that the transfer of mobile ARGs is mainly controlled by bacterial phylogeny but under ecological constraints. We also found that dozens of ARGs are transferred between the human and animal gut and human pathogens. This work demonstrates the whole profile of mobile ARGs and their transfer network in bacteria and provides further insight into the evolution and spread of antibiotic resistance in nature.

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Roque-Borda, Cesar Augusto, Patricia Bento da Silva, Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues, Ricardo Bentes Azevedo, Leonardo Di Filippo, Jonatas L. Duarte, Marlus Chorilli, Eduardo Festozo Vicente i Fernando Rogério Pavan. "Challenge in the Discovery of New Drugs: Antimicrobial Peptides against WHO-List of Critical and High-Priority Bacteria". Pharmaceutics 13, nr 6 (21.05.2021): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13060773.

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Bacterial resistance has intensified in recent years due to the uncontrolled use of conventional drugs, and new bacterial strains with multiple resistance have been reported. This problem may be solved by using antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which fulfill their bactericidal activity without developing much bacterial resistance. The rapid interaction between AMPs and the bacterial cell membrane means that the bacteria cannot easily develop resistance mechanisms. In addition, various drugs for clinical use have lost their effect as a conventional treatment; however, the synergistic effect of AMPs with these drugs would help to reactivate and enhance antimicrobial activity. Their efficiency against multi-resistant and extensively resistant bacteria has positioned them as promising molecules to replace or improve conventional drugs. In this review, we examined the importance of antimicrobial peptides and their successful activity against critical and high-priority bacteria published in the WHO list.

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Matyar, Fatih. "Hastane Kanalizasyonlarından İzole Edilen Gram-negatif Bakterilerin Tiplendirilmesi ve Çoklu Antibiyotik Dirençliliklerinin Saptanması". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 4, nr 10 (5.10.2016): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v4i10.845-849.759.

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In this study it was aimed to determine the microbial diversity and level of antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacterial isolates from the hospital sewages. The 219 Gram-negative bacterial isolates to 16 different antibiotics (belonging 10 classes), was investigated by agar diffusion method. A total of 18 species of bacteria were isolated: the most common strains isolated from all samples were Klebsiella oxytoca (27.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.5%) and Escherichia coli (20.1%). There was a high incidence of resistance to ampicillin (98.6%), streptomycin (95.9%) and erythromycin (90.0%), and a low incidence of resistance to cefepim (13.2%), imipenem (5.0%) and meropenem (3.2%). 35.6% of all bacteria isolated from hospital sewage were resistant to 9 different antibiotics. The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index ranged from 0.25 to 0.94. Results show that hospital sewages have a significant proportion of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and these bacteria constitute a potential risk for public health.

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Chen, Qingquan, Tejas Dharmaraj, Pamela C. Cai, Elizabeth B. Burgener, Naomi L. Haddock, Andy J. Spakowitz i Paul L. Bollyky. "Bacteriophage and Bacterial Susceptibility, Resistance, and Tolerance to Antibiotics". Pharmaceutics 14, nr 7 (7.07.2022): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071425.

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Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria, impact bacterial responses to antibiotics in complex ways. Recent studies using lytic bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections (phage therapy) demonstrate that phages can promote susceptibility to chemical antibiotics and that phage/antibiotic synergy is possible. However, both lytic and lysogenic bacteriophages can contribute to antimicrobial resistance. In particular, some phages mediate the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria via transduction and other mechanisms. In addition, chronic infection filamentous phages can promote antimicrobial tolerance, the ability of bacteria to persist in the face of antibiotics. In particular, filamentous phages serve as structural elements in bacterial biofilms and prevent the penetration of antibiotics. Over time, these contributions to antibiotic tolerance favor the selection of resistance clones. Here, we review recent insights into bacteriophage contributions to antibiotic susceptibility, resistance, and tolerance. We discuss the mechanisms involved in these effects and address their impact on bacterial fitness.

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Alves, Maria José, João C. M. Barreira, Inês Carvalho, Luis Trinta, Liliana Perreira, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira i Manuela Pintado. "Propensity for biofilm formation by clinical isolates from urinary tract infections: developing a multifactorial predictive model to improve antibiotherapy". Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, nr 3 (1.03.2014): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.071746-0.

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A group of biofilm-producing bacteria isolated from patients with urinary tract infections was evaluated, identifying the main factors contributing to biofilm formation. Among the 156 isolates, 58 (37.2 %) were biofilm producers. The bacterial species (P<0.001), together with patient’s gender (P = 0.022), were the factors with the highest influence for biofilm production. There was also a strong correlation of catheterization with biofilm formation, despite being less significant (P = 0.070) than species or gender. In fact, some of the bacteria isolated were biofilm producers in all cases. With regard to resistance profile among bacterial isolates, β-lactam antibiotics presented the highest number of cases/percentages – ampicillin (32/55.2 %), cephalothin (30/51.7 %), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (22/37.9 %) – although the carbapenem group still represented a good therapeutic option (2/3.4 %). Quinolones (nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors) also showed high resistance percentages. Furthermore, biofilm production clearly increases bacterial resistance. Almost half of the biofilm-producing bacteria showed resistance against at least three different groups of antibiotics. Bacterial resistance is often associated with catheterization. Accordingly, intrinsic (age and gender) and extrinsic (hospital unit, bacterial isolate and catheterization) factors were used to build a predictive model, by evaluating the contribution of each factor to biofilm production. In this way, it is possible to anticipate biofilm occurrence immediately after bacterial identification, allowing selection of a more effective antibiotic (among the susceptibility options suggested by the antibiogram) against biofilm-producing bacteria. This approach reduces the putative bacterial resistance during treatment, and the consequent need to adjust antibiotherapy.

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French, G. L., J. Ling, K. L. Chow i K. K. Mark. "Occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance and R-plasmids in gram-negative bacteria isolated from faecally contaminated fresh-water streams in Hong Kong". Epidemiology and Infection 98, nr 3 (czerwiec 1987): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026880006204x.

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SUMMARYThe bacterial populations of six freshwater streams in populated areas of the Hong Kong New Territories were studied. There is considerable faecal contamination of these streams, with coliform counts as high as 105c.f.u./ml and the contaminating organisms show a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance and multiple resistance. With direct plating of water samples onto antibioticcontaining media, an average of 49% of the gram-negative bacteria were ampicillinresistant, 3% chloramphenicol-resistant and 1% gentamicin-resistant. At individual sites resistance to these three drugs was as high as 98%, 8% and 3% respectively. More than 70% of strains were resistant to two or more antibiotics, 29% to five or more and 2% to eight or more. A total of 98 patterns of antibiotic resistance were detected with no one pattern predominating. Twenty-eight gram-negative bacterial species were identified as stream contaminants.Escherichia coliwas the commonest bacterial species isolated and other frequent isolates wereEnterobactersp.,Klebsiellasp. andCitrobactersp., but no enteric pathogens were detected. The greatest prevalence of resistance and multiple resistance was associated with the heaviest contamination byE. coli.Analysis of selected stream isolates revealed multiple plasmid bands arranged in many different patterns, but multiple antibiotic resistances were shown to be commonly mediated by single transferable plasmids. Faecally-contaminated freshwater streams in Hong Kong may be reservoirs of antibiotic resistance plasmids for clinically-important bacteria.

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Wolf, B. L. "Sinusitis and Bacterial Resistance". PEDIATRICS 111, nr 4 (1.04.2003): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.4.922.

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Wolf, Bruce L. "Sinusitis and Bacterial Resistance". Pediatrics 111, nr 4 (1.04.2003): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.4.922b.

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Carvalhães, Cecilia Godoy. "Bacterial resistance in enterobacteria". Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial 52, nr 5 (2016): 282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/1676-2444.20160048.

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Lambrecht, Randall S. "Bacterial Resistance To Antimicrobials". Shock 18, nr 5 (listopad 2002): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200211000-00021.

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Neu, Harold C. "Bacterial Resistance to Fluoroquinolones". Clinical Infectious Diseases 10, Supplement_1 (1.01.1988): S57—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.supplement_1.s57.

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Burns, Jane L. "Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance". Pediatric Clinics of North America 42, nr 3 (czerwiec 1995): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(16)38975-1.

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Ebrahim, G. J. "Bacterial resistance to antimicrobials". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 56, nr 3 (26.05.2010): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmq037.

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Percival, Steven, i Phil Bowler. "BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO SILVER". Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 31, Supplement (maj 2004): S29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152192-200405001-00083.

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Blanchard, John S. "Resisting Bacterial Drug Resistance". Chemistry & Biology 10, nr 2 (luty 2003): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00033-4.

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Brook, Itzhak. "Sinusitis — overcoming bacterial resistance". International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 58, nr 1 (kwiecień 2001): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(00)00457-2.

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de Vries, G. E. "Detoxification confers bacterial resistance". Trends in Plant Science 5, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(99)01531-9.

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PICHICHERO, MICHAEL E. "Bacterial Conjunctivitis and Resistance". Pediatric News 44, nr 5 (maj 2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-398x(10)70209-5.

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Heinemann, Jack A. "Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials". Drug Discovery Today 7, nr 14 (lipiec 2002): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02322-x.

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Amyes, S. G. B. "Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobials". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49, nr 6 (1.06.2002): 1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkf056.

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