Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Average daily gain”
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Ribeiro, Diogo Alexandre Carreira. "Efeito do rácio valina:lisina em regimes de baixa proteína no crescimento de suínos entre os 12-30 kg de peso vivo". Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/9231.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe effect of different digestive ileal standart of valine:lysine ratios on low crude protein content, on the zootecnic performances of 12 to 30 kg piglets was studied using 180 piglets, on a 4 week trial. Those 180 piglets were distributed on 5 different experimental diets, with 36 animals each and installed on a 3 piglets per cage. The diets were elaborated with a 15, 5% crude protein content with a digestive ileal standart of valine:lysine ratio of 60, 65, 70, 75 and 80%, diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The average daily gain was higher on the piglets with a 70% ratio (diet 3), comparatively with diets 2, 4 and 5 (P=0, 0597). The final weight, average daily intake and feed convertion ratio were not significantly different a mong diets. These results show that the best digestive ileal standart ratio of valine:lysine is the 70% for piglests with live weight of 12 to 30 kg
Pitcher, Lance R. "Beef average daily gain and enteric methane emissions on birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch and meadow brome pastures". Thesis, Utah State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1584437.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis project explored the use of perennial legumes, including the non-bloating birdsfoot trefoil (BFT; Lotus corniculatus L.) for beef production. In 2011 and 2012, cattle averaged approximately 300 kg at the beginning of the grazing season, and approximately 450 kg in 2013. Average daily gain on pastures ranged from a low of 0.63 kg d-1 on cicer milkvetch (CMV; Astragalus cicer L.) in 2011 and 2013 to a high of 1.03 kg d-1 on Norcen BFT in 2013. Feedlot gains ranged from 1.14 to 1.57 kg d-1. Blood plasma fatty acids did not differ when feeding treatments were imposed, but at the end of each grazing season saturated and omega-6 fatty acids were elevated in feedlot-fed cattle compared with pasture-fed cattle, while trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) and omega-3 fatty acids were elevated in pasture-fed cattle. The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids was always higher in feedlot-fed cattle at the end of the grazing season, but in 2013, when all cattle were nearing slaughter weight, the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was 50% higher for feedlot-fed than for BFT-fed cattle and double that of grass-fed cattle. Digestive (enteric) methane (CH4) production of beef cows was lower when cattle grazed BFT and CMV pastures (167 and 159 g CH4 per cow per d, respectively) compared to cows on meadow bromegrass (MB; Bromus riparus Rehmann) (355 g CH4 per cow per d). Meadow bromegrass has more fiber than legume forages, which will increase the proportion of acetate to propionate created by microbial digestion in the rumen, increasing the production and release of CH4. Perennial legume forages fix nitrogen, eliminating the need for chemical nitrogen fertilizer, and tannin-containing legumes can be grazed without risk of bloat. These forages will play an important role in developing more environmentally and economically sustainable agricultural production systems.
Retallick, Kelli June. "Genetic variance and covariance compenents for feed intake, average daily gain, and postweaning gain and indices to improve feed efficiency in growing beef cattle". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19049.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnimal Sciences and Industry
Jennifer M. Bormann
Feed is the single most expensive cost related to beef cattle production. Currently a 70 d performance test is recommended for accurate calculation of efficiency. Previous research has suggested intake tests can be limited to 35 d. Objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters for growth and intake traits, compare two alternative indices for feed efficiency, and quantify the genetic response to selection for feed efficiency combining an intake test with two types of gain data. On–test average daily feed intake (ADFI), on-test average daily gain (ADG), and postweaning gain (PWG) records on 5,606 growing steers and heifers were obtained from the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, NE. On-test ADFI and ADG data were collected from a minimum of 62 to 148 d testing days. Independent quadratic regressions were fitted for body weight on time, and on-test ADG was predicted from the resulting equations. PWG was calculated by subtracting adjusted 205-d weights from 365-d weights and dividing by 160. Genetic correlations were estimated using multiple trait animal mixed models with ADG, ADFI, and PWG for both sexes as dependent variables. The genetic correlations between ADG and PWG for both steers (0.81) and heifers (0.65) were strong. This indicates PWG is a strong proxy for ADG on-test and long test periods may not be necessary. Indices combining EBVs for ADFI and ADG and for ADFI and PWG were evaluated. For each index, the weighting of gain was arbitrarily set to 1.0 and the weighting for ADFI was the negative of the average of the intra-contemporary group ratio of mean gain divided by mean ADFI. Values were combined with EBV to compute two index values per animal. Pearson correlations for steers (0.96) and heifers (0.45) indicated a strong relationship for steers between the indices. Because more animals can be measured for intake, using PWG increases genetic progress of selection for feed efficiency by 15-17% per year. These findings support using PWG data in combination with ADFI to determine efficient animals, lessen costs, and increase annual feed efficiency genetic change.
Somavilla, Adriana Luiza. "Prediction of genomic-enabled breeding values and genome-wide association study for feedlot average daily weight gain in Nelore cattle /". Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128158.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoorientador: Luciana Correia de Almeida Regitano
Coorientador: Fabiana Barichello Mokry
Banca: Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
Banca: Rogério Abdallah Curi
Banca: Marcos Vinicius Gualberto Barbosa da Silva
Banca: Nedenia Bonvino Stafuzza
Resumo: A seleção para taxa de crescimento utilizando o número de dias para atingir determinado peso ou ganho de peso médio resultaria em menores ciclos de produção. Manter o aumento da produtividade exige, entre outros fatores, a utilização de animais melhorados, tanto nos sistemas de pastagem quanto de confinamento. Além disso, as informações genômicas podem ser usadas para predizer os valores genéticos genômicos (GEBVs) mais cedo na vida dos animais, o que reduziria os intervalos de geração e aumentaria os ganhos de produtividade. Inúmeros trabalhos tem sido conduzidos para identificar metodologias apropriadas à determinadas raças e características, o que irá resultar em GEBVs mais acurados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar a acurácia de predição dos GEBVs e a habilidade de identificar regiões genômicas e genes relacionados ao ganho de peso médio diário em bovinos da raça Nelore, pela aplicação de diferentes modelos de regressão e densidades genotípicas. Informações genômica e fenotípica de 804 novilhos nascidos em três safras, filhos de 34 touros, foram utilizadas para predizer GEBVs por meio de três modelos (Bayesian GBLUP, BayesA e BayesC ), quatro densidades genotípicas (Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, TagSNPs, GeneSeek indicus de alta (HDi) e baixa (LDi) densidades) e dois fenótipos ajustados. A estrutura de família foi considerada por meio da análise de componentes principais. Os animais foram distribuídos em subconjunto de treinamento (safras 1 e 2) ou validação (safra 3) para realização da análise de validação cruzada. Estimativas de correlação de Pearson, coeficientes de regressão e erro quadrado médio foram usados para avaliar acurácia, inflação e viés dos GEBVs estimados, respectivamente. O estudo de associação ampla do genoma (GWAS) também foi realizado nos mesmos conjuntos de dados, entretanto, os resultados foram comparados com...
Abstract: Selection for fast growth rates using number of days to achieve specific weights or average weight gain would result in shorter production periods. Maintaining the rate of productivity increasing will demand, among other factors, genetically improved animals in both pasture and feedlot systems. Besides, genomic information could be used to predict genomic-enabled breeding values (GEBVs) earlier in animals' life, which would reduce generation intervals and increase productivity gains. Numerous studies have been conducted in order to identify appropriate methodologies to specific breeds and traits, which will result in more accurate GEBVs. The aim of this study was to compare the prediction accuracy of GEBVs and the ability to identify genomic regions and genes related to average weight daily gain in Nelore cattle, by applying different regression models and genotypes densities datasets. Genomic and phenotypic information of 804 steers born in three season, offspring of 34 bulls, were used to predict GEBVs through three models (Bayesian GBLUP, BayesA and BayesC ), four genotypic densities (Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, TagSNPs, GeneSeek Genomic Profiler High (HDi) and Low (LDi) density indicus) and two adjusted phenotypes. Family structure was accounted by using principal component analysis. Animals were assigned either to training (seasons 1 and 2) or testing (season 3) subsets to perform the cross-validation analysis. Estimates of Pearson correlation, regression coefficients and mean squared errors were used to access accuracy, inflation and bias of the estimated GEBVs, respectively. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was also performed on above datasets, however, results were compared based on ...
Doutor
Somavilla, Adriana Luiza [UNESP]. "Prediction of genomic-enabled breeding values and genome-wide association study for feedlot average daily weight gain in Nelore cattle". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/128158.
Pełny tekst źródłaA seleção para taxa de crescimento utilizando o número de dias para atingir determinado peso ou ganho de peso médio resultaria em menores ciclos de produção. Manter o aumento da produtividade exige, entre outros fatores, a utilização de animais melhorados, tanto nos sistemas de pastagem quanto de confinamento. Além disso, as informações genômicas podem ser usadas para predizer os valores genéticos genômicos (GEBVs) mais cedo na vida dos animais, o que reduziria os intervalos de geração e aumentaria os ganhos de produtividade. Inúmeros trabalhos tem sido conduzidos para identificar metodologias apropriadas à determinadas raças e características, o que irá resultar em GEBVs mais acurados. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar a acurácia de predição dos GEBVs e a habilidade de identificar regiões genômicas e genes relacionados ao ganho de peso médio diário em bovinos da raça Nelore, pela aplicação de diferentes modelos de regressão e densidades genotípicas. Informações genômica e fenotípica de 804 novilhos nascidos em três safras, filhos de 34 touros, foram utilizadas para predizer GEBVs por meio de três modelos (Bayesian GBLUP, BayesA e BayesC ), quatro densidades genotípicas (Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, TagSNPs, GeneSeek indicus de alta (HDi) e baixa (LDi) densidades) e dois fenótipos ajustados. A estrutura de família foi considerada por meio da análise de componentes principais. Os animais foram distribuídos em subconjunto de treinamento (safras 1 e 2) ou validação (safra 3) para realização da análise de validação cruzada. Estimativas de correlação de Pearson, coeficientes de regressão e erro quadrado médio foram usados para avaliar acurácia, inflação e viés dos GEBVs estimados, respectivamente. O estudo de associação ampla do genoma (GWAS) também foi realizado nos mesmos conjuntos de dados, entretanto, os resultados foram comparados com...
Selection for fast growth rates using number of days to achieve specific weights or average weight gain would result in shorter production periods. Maintaining the rate of productivity increasing will demand, among other factors, genetically improved animals in both pasture and feedlot systems. Besides, genomic information could be used to predict genomic-enabled breeding values (GEBVs) earlier in animals' life, which would reduce generation intervals and increase productivity gains. Numerous studies have been conducted in order to identify appropriate methodologies to specific breeds and traits, which will result in more accurate GEBVs. The aim of this study was to compare the prediction accuracy of GEBVs and the ability to identify genomic regions and genes related to average weight daily gain in Nelore cattle, by applying different regression models and genotypes densities datasets. Genomic and phenotypic information of 804 steers born in three season, offspring of 34 bulls, were used to predict GEBVs through three models (Bayesian GBLUP, BayesA and BayesC ), four genotypic densities (Illumina BovineHD BeadChip, TagSNPs, GeneSeek Genomic Profiler High (HDi) and Low (LDi) density indicus) and two adjusted phenotypes. Family structure was accounted by using principal component analysis. Animals were assigned either to training (seasons 1 and 2) or testing (season 3) subsets to perform the cross-validation analysis. Estimates of Pearson correlation, regression coefficients and mean squared errors were used to access accuracy, inflation and bias of the estimated GEBVs, respectively. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was also performed on above datasets, however, results were compared based on ...
Jochims, Felipe. "Métodos de pastoreio e ofertas de forragem para otimização da utilização de pastagem natural com ovinos". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/60485.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe main objective was to evaluate strategies to manage the grassland during the winter season to feed ewes at the early pregnancy and determine the best method for this purpose, through the animal production characteristics, their ingestive behavior as well as modification of the structure and quality of the pasture. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with four treatments and three replicates, two grazing methods (continuous (CS) and rotational (RS)) and two levels of herbage allowance (HA; 12 - and 18% LW). The variables used to describe the animals performance were: average daily gain of sheep and lambs, ewes body condition score and weight gain in unit area of the sheep, lambs and total gain per area. It was also assessed parameters of ingestive behavior as the diurnal grazing time, ruminating and other activities, number , size and range of meals, number, time and step number between feeding stations and biting rate. The variables measured in the pasture was: herbage mass, accumulation rate, height, mass of green leaves, stems, legumes and 'other species' and nutritive characteristics values (crude protein, NDF, etc.) of the pasture over all time of duration of the experiment. The results showed that the HA, although cause some significant changes in herbage mass and sward height, had little influence on animal behavior parameters and little influence on the productive performance of animals, probably due to the low contrast that intermediate herbage allowance provided. The grazing methods also had no significant influence on the performance of the sheep, but dramatically changed the ewes grazing behavior. The smaller area in the RS promoted a shorter grazing time than the time observed on a CS, and the grazing time on RS also varied during the days. The interaction of the two factors did not influence the weight of lambs at birth, however, influence the structural and chemical characteristics of the pasture. Where the management in winter was constituted by CS and 12% HA, the pasture had a lower amount of other species, being “cleaner” and, also presents a better nutritional quality in the subsequent spring. This improved nutritional quality, in turn, while not significantly modify the ewes and lambs individual gains, changed the amount of weight produced on unit of area, been more productive than other combinations.
Guma, José Mauro Costa Rodrigues. "Produção animal em pastagem nativa diferida e adubada com nitrogênio, no outono-inverno". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/21626.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe experiment was conducted at the Agronomic Experimental Station of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, at Eldorado do Sul district, during the autumn-winter seasons of 2003, aiming the evaluation of the parameters of natural pasture and animal production at different levels of nitrogen fertilization and submitted to deferment. Soil fertility was amended seven years before this trial (1996) with limestone and P and K fertilizers. Experimental area was mowed and deferred in 15/01/2003, when three levels of nitrogen fertilization (zero, 50, 100 kg N/ha) were applied. Evaluation period extended from April 15th (beginning of grazing period) to September 1st (final of winter), using eighteen months steers in continuous grazing an variable stocking in order to maintain average dry matter (DM) allowance of 10 kg DM/100 kg LW/day. A randomized complete block design with two replications was utilized, with time considered as main plot and N as sub-plot. Deferring fertilized native pasture at mid summer by 90 days make possible to maintain high stocking rates during the critical autumn-winter period dependent on nitrogen level (958, 1072 e 1443 kg LW/ha, for zero, 50 e 100 kg N/ha respectively). This differential effect is due to the forage growth rate verified during rest period. Animal performance was adequate only during the first month of pasture utilization and losses occur after mid may. The utilized N levels do not contribute to avoid these losses. Instead the observed weight losses, it is possible to keep the animals with the same initial weight of the beginning of autumn by the final of the winter. Deferring areas of natural pasture is a useful strategy inside animal production systems, if integrated on a global feed budget.
Merlin, Aurélie. "Optimisation de l’usage des antiparasitaires chez la génisse d’élevage en vue de prévenir le risque d’émergence de populations de strongles digestifs résistants : développement d’une stratégie durable de traitement sélectif". Thesis, Nantes, Ecole nationale vétérinaire, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ONIR093F/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn first grazing season calves (FGSC), the anthelmintic (AH) treatments used to control the negative impact of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) on growth must be rationalized to preserve their long-term efficacy. The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop and assess targeted selective treatment (TST) strategies based on growth in FGSC, in order to preserve GIN populations in refugia i.e. not exposed to AH, and thus delay the emergence of AH resistance. Firstly, the relation growth/GIN infection at housing was demonstrated in different environments which allowed identifying groups, and within groups, the most infected animals. Then, a tree treatment decision at housing was proposed combing grazing management indicators to identify the groups at risk, and several average daily weight gain (ADWG) thresholds to identify, within groups, the animals suffering the most of infection. A TST strategy based on mid- season mean ADWG was assessed in field survey in comparison with whole group treatment (WGT). No significant difference, in terms of growth and GIN infection, was observed at housing between the TST and the WGT groups. Lastly, the veterinarians’ behaviors and perceptions about the control of GIN in dairy cattle farming, including a more rational AH management, were assessed. The veterinarians recognize the need to consider the sustainability of the AH treatment but identify serval obstacles as the development of advices and the availability of simple, reliable and cheap tools.The results of this thesis show that it is possible to target the use of AH in FGSC basing on individual and group indicators
Roxo, Alexandre Manuel Delgado. "Efeito do rácio triptofano:lisina em regimes de baixa proteína no crescimento de suínos entre os 20-40 kg de peso vivo". Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8211.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe effect of different standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratios, in diets with low crude protein on the zootechnical performances of pigs between 20 and 40 kg, was studied using 120 pigs in a five week trial. The 120 pigs were allotted to four experimental diets, 30 animals per diet and placed in cages in groups of 3 pigs per cage. Diet 1 was the control diet, with a level of 16,5% crude protein and standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio of 20,7%; diets 2, 3 and 4 were diets with a low crude protein level (14,5%) and the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratios were 17,4%, 20,5% and 23,5%, respectively. The average daily feed intake and the average daily gain decreased in pigs fed diet 2 compared to pigs fed diet 1 (P=0,0432; P=0,0187, respectively). The average daily feed intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different between diets 1 and 3 and between diets 3 and 4. These results suggest that it is possible to reduce the level of crude protein in two percentage points, as long as balance is maintained in the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan:lysine ratio at 20,5%
Perez, Henrique Leal. "Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de ovinos lanados /". Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96544.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbstract: The demand for products originated from animals, mainly meat, has been increasing and it is clear that efforts are being made to improve the productivity in ovine cattle. Aiming to study productive and reproductive performance of crossbred sheep, data from the sheep recording of the ovine cattle from Paulista State University, FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil were used. The record data came from 312 sheep (129 of Polwarth breed, 44 1/2 Ile de France 1/2 Polwarth, 98 3/4 Ile de France 1/4 Polwarth e 41 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Polwarth) submitted to absorber crossbreeding for Ile de France. The sheep were kept in semi-extensive raising system; they were taken to the field in the morning and returned to the shelter late in the afternoon. The breeding season happened from November until January. After birth, the sheep were weighted and marked with the identification number and the information registered in individual forms that were later transcripted to Microsoft ExcelÒ. Productive characteristic analysis: body weight at birth (BWB), body weight at weaning (BWW), body weight with 180 days (BW180), daily weight gain average (DWGA) and necessary period for animals to get 32 kg of body weight (BW32) were carried out at SAS statistical analysis (1996), based on the Chi-square method, using the GLM procedure and the Tukey test for average comparisons. The non linear model of Van Bertalanffy was used to analyse growth pattern and the adjustment was accomplished by the NLIN procedure using the DUD method. It was used the GLM procedure for the reproductive characteristics, the Tukey test to analyse age at the first birth (AFB) and the Chi-square test to analyse fertility, weaning rate and prolificacy. None significant alterations were observed for the following productive characteristics, BWB, BWW, and BW32 (p>0.05), with composition genetic averages... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Coorientadora: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz
Banca: Humberto Tonhati
Banca: Cledson Augusto Garcia
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Timmers, Jennifer. "Effects of Growth Implants on the Average Daily Gain of Suckling Calves Rotationally Grazing ‘Ky-31’ Endophyteinfected Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea) and Non-Endophyteinfected Tall Fescue". TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1740.
Pełny tekst źródłaFernandes, Lúcia Maria da Costa Gomes Rodrigues. "Avaliação de um programa de vacinação de circovirose suína numa exploração de produção intensiva". Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13182.
Pełny tekst źródłaO circovírus porcino tipo 2 (PCV2), pertence à família Circoviridae e está difundido por todo o mundo, sendo considerado um importante agente patogénico emergente associado a diversas doenças nos suínos, coletivamente agrupadas como doenças do circovirus porcino (PCVD). A síndrome multissistémica de emagrecimento pós-desmame (PMWS) é a mais comum e é a responsável pelas maiores perdas económicas causadas por PCVD na indústria de suinicultura. Vários estudos serológicos demonstram a presença de anticorpos anti-PCV2 de forma global na população suína mundial, atingindo até 100% dos indivíduos analisados, facto compatível com o caráter ubiquitário do vírus. No entanto, a prevalência de animais com sinais clínicos é geralmente baixa, variando entre 4 e 30%. Neste sentido questiona-se se a vacinação contra o PCV2, se torna necessária quando existe uma boa implementação de regras na prevenção e controlo dos fatores que influenciam a progressão da doença nomeadamente: as deficiências de biossegurança, a presença de coinfeções e o estatuto imunitário e infecioso das reprodutoras. O presente trabalho foi realizado numa exploração suinícola em que a maioria dos animais analisados eram sero-positivos para PCV2, sem sinais clínicos da infeção, nem de síndrome reprodutiva e respiratória porcina (PRRS) e onde não se tinha, até à data, utilizado qualquer vacina contra o PCV2. Neste contexto, realizou-se um estudo comparativo de diferentes parâmetros de produção após a aplicação de vacina inativada contra PCV2. A resposta produtiva de grupos de animais vacinados e não vacinados foi obtida pelo peso total (PT), peso médio (PM) e ganho médio diário (GMD) dos animais, tendo-se ainda registado a mortalidade nos dois grupos em estudo. O estudo foi realizado em 336 animais divididos em 10 lotes, dos quais 5 (total de 169 leitões) foram vacinados e 5 não vacinados (total de 167 leitões). Ao desmame foi administrada uma vacina inativada (CIRCOVAC®). Os animais foram pesados por três vezes: no momento da aplicação da vacina (28 dias de idade), à saída da unidade de recria (~70 dias de idade) e à saída da engorda (150-180 dias de idade). Pela análise dos resultados obtidos constatou-se que os parâmetros produtivos não variaram significativamente entre os animais vacinados e não vacinados. Através da análise para o apuramento de eventuais diferenças relativas à produtividade entre os grupos de ensaio nesta exploração, e atendendo às suas condições relativas a medidas gerais de maneio e biossegurança, verificou-se ainda que existe uma relação de baixo lucro relativamente ao custo-benefício da vacinação de PCV2 e que, tanto animais vacinados como não vacinados, apresentam um crescimento equivalente.
ABSTRACT - Evaluation of a swine circovirosis vaccination program in intensive production operation - The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), belongs to the family Circoviridae and is widespread worldwide, being considered an important emerging pathogen associated with several diseases in pigs, also known as porcine circovirus (PCVD) diseases. Post-weaning weight loss syndrome multisystemic (PMWS) is the most common and is responsible for the greatest economic losses caused by PCVD in the pig industry. Several serological studies demonstrate the presence of anti-PCV2 antibodies globally in the world's swine population, reaching up to 100% of the individuals analyzed, which is compatible with the ubiquitous nature of the virus. However, the prevalence of animals with clinical signs is generally low, ranging from 4 to 30%. In this sense it is questioned if vaccination against PCV2 becomes necessary when there is a good implementation of rules in the prevention and control of the factors that influence the progression of the disease namely: biosafety deficiencies, the presence of coinfections and the immunological and infectious status of the breeding grounds. The present study was carried out on a pig farm in which the majority of the animals analyzed were seropositive for PCV2, showed no clinical signs of infection with this virus, nor of reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), and to date, any PCV2, vaccine was used. In this context a comparative study of different production parameters was carried out after the application of inactived vaccine against PCV2. The productive response of groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated animals was obtained by the total weight (PT), mean weight (PM) and mean daily gain (ADG) of the animals. Mortality was also observed in the two groups under study. The study was conducted in 336 animals divided into 10 lots, of which 5 (total of 169 piglets) were vaccinated and 5 non-vaccinated (total of 167 piglets). At weaning, an inactivated vaccine (CIRCOVAC®) was administered. The animals were weighed three times: at the time of application of the vaccine (28 days of age), at the exit of the rearing unit (~70 days of age) and at the exit of fattening (150-180 days of age). By the analysis of the obtained results it was verified that the productive parameters did not very significantly between vaccinated and non vaccinated animals. By examining any differences in productivity between the test groups on this holding and taking into account their conditions for general management and biosafety measures, it was found that there is a low-cost-benefit ratio of PCV2 vaccination and that both vaccinated and non vaccinated animals show equivalent growth.
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Wommer, Tatiana Pfuller. "CONSUMO DE NUTRIENTES, PRODUÇÃO E COMPOSIÇÃO DO LEITE DE OVELHAS E DESEMPENHO DE CORDEIROS ORIUNDOS DE PARTO SIMPLES OU DUPLO". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2010. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10755.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe experiment was conducted in the Sheep Division of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) to determine nutrient intake, and yield and composition of milk from ewes, as well as its relationship with performance and carcass characteristics of either single or twin lambs. Sixteen multiparous ewes from an alternate crossing between Texel and Ile de France breeds were used. Eight ewes supported single lambs, and the others supported twin lambs. Animals (ewe + lambs) were allocated in individual stalls immediately after parturition, and the milk production was then estimated weekly. Protein, fat, lactose, total solids, and milk density were determined in the milk samples. At 56 days of age all animals were weaned and 16 lambs (8 single and 8 twin lambs) were randomly selected and maintained in individual stalls until reaching a pre established slaughter weight, which was approximately 28 kg of body weight. Qualitative and quantitative measures were then done on the carcasses and on every other body component. There was no effect (P<0.05) of the number of suckling lambs on nutrient intake, milk yield and composition of the ewe s milk. However, nutrient intake linearly increased (P<0.05) as a function of the time in the experiment. Single lambs presented higher body weights at both birth and weaning (P<0.05), as well as they had greater average daily gain from the birth to the weaning (P<0.05). The better performance of these animals, however, was not maintained after the weaning. Twin lambs presented greater nutrient intake when it was calculated as a percentage of the BW and in g/kg BW0.75, resulting in a highest proportion (P<0.05) of rumen in relation to the body weight of the animals. On the other hand, single lambs had more elevated values of carcass dressing percentage (P<0.05). Results showed that due the similarity between milk yields of ewes supporting either single or twin lambs, before the weaning single lambs present a potential of growth higher than that of twin lambs, once the individual milk intake is also more elevated for these animals. Thus, the slaughter weight is reached early and the carcasses have better quality.
O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) com o objetivo de determinar o consumo de nutrientes, a produção e composição do leite de ovelhas e sua relação com o desempenho e características da carcaça de cordeiros oriundos de parto simples ou duplo. Foram utilizadas 16 ovelhas multíparas provenientes do cruzamento alternado entre as raças Texel e Ile de France, sendo oito paridas de cordeiros gêmeos e oito de cordeiros simples. Os animais (ovelha + cordeiro(s) foram alojados em baias individuais imediatamente após o parto, procedendo-se a estimativa da produção de leite semanalmente. Foram determinados os teores de proteína, gordura, lactose e sólidos totais e a densidade do leite. Aos 56 dias os animais foram desmamados e 16 cordeiros foram mantidos em confinamento, em baias individuais, sendo oito nascidos de parto simples e oito de parto gemelar. Os cordeiros permaneceram confinados até atingirem o peso de abate pré-estabelecido de aproximadamente 28 kg de peso corporal. Foram feitas, então, mensurações qualitativas e quantitativas da carcaça e dos componentes do peso corporal. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) do tipo de parto sobre o consumo de nutrientes, a produção e a composição do leite das ovelhas. O consumo de nutrientes, contudo, aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) em função do tempo em que as ovelhas permaneceram no confinamento. Cordeiros nascidos de parto simples apresentaram peso superior ao nascimento e ao desmame (P<0,05), bem como maior ganho de peso médio diário no período pré desmame (P<0,05). O melhor desempenho destes animais, entretanto, não foi sustentado no período pós desmame. Cordeiros nascidos de parto gemelar apresentaram maior consumo de nutrientes (P<0,05) quando expressos em % do PV e em g/kg PV0,75, o que resultou em maior proporção (P<0,05) de rúmen em relação ao peso corporal destes animais. Por outro lado, cordeiros oriundos de parto simples apresentaram superioridade nos rendimentos da carcaça (P<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que, devido à similaridade na produção de leite de ovelhas amamentando um ou dois cordeiros, cordeiros oriundos de parto simples apresentam potencial de crescimento superior aos nascidos de parto gemelar no período pré-desmame, em função de um maior consumo individual de leite, vindo a atingir o peso de abate mais precocemente e com carcaças de melhor qualidade.
Perez, Henrique Leal [UNESP]. "Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de ovinos lanados". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96544.
Pełny tekst źródłaConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
A demanda por produtos de origem animal, tem aumentado, paralelamente a este crescimento, observam-se esforços para promover melhorias na produtividade de carne dos rebanhos ovinos. Com o objetivo de estudar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de cruzas de ovinos lanados, foram utilizados os dados da escrituração zootécnica do rebanho, pertencente ao Setor de Ovinocultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV/Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP. Os dados da escrituração foram oriundos de 312 ovelhas, sendo 129 da raça Ideal, 44 1/2 Ile de France 1/2 Ideal, 98 3/4 Ile de France 1/4 Ideal e 41 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Ideal, submetidas ao cruzamento absorvente para a raça Ile de France. As ovelhas foram mantidas em sistema de criação semi-extensivo, levadas ao pasto pela manhã e recolhidas ao aprisco no final da tarde. A estação de monta aconteceu nos meses de novembro a janeiro. Após o nascimento, as crias eram pesadas e marcadas com número de identificação e as informações registradas em fichas individuais, que posteriormente foram transcritas para planilhas do Microsoft ExcelÒ. As análises das características produtivas: peso ao nascer (PN), peso ao desmame (PD), peso aos 180 dias (P180), ganho médio diário (GMD) e tempo para o animal atingir 32 kg de peso corporal (D32), foram realizadas no SAS, (1996) baseadas no método dos quadrados mínimos, utlizando o procedimento GLM e o teste Tukey para comparação das médias. Para as curvas de crescimento foi utilizado o modelo não-linear Von Bertalanffy, sendo o ajuste realizado pelo procedimento NLIN, utilizandose o método de DUD. Para as características reprodutivas foram utilizados o procedimento GLM e o teste Tukey, basedo no método dos quadrados mínimos para idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e o teste de qui-quadrado para fertilidade, taxa de desmame, e prolificidade...
The demand for products originated from animals, mainly meat, has been increasing and it is clear that efforts are being made to improve the productivity in ovine cattle. Aiming to study productive and reproductive performance of crossbred sheep, data from the sheep recording of the ovine cattle from Paulista State University, FCAV/Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil were used. The record data came from 312 sheep (129 of Polwarth breed, 44 1/2 Ile de France 1/2 Polwarth, 98 3/4 Ile de France 1/4 Polwarth e 41 7/8 Ile de France 1/8 Polwarth) submitted to absorber crossbreeding for Ile de France. The sheep were kept in semi-extensive raising system; they were taken to the field in the morning and returned to the shelter late in the afternoon. The breeding season happened from November until January. After birth, the sheep were weighted and marked with the identification number and the information registered in individual forms that were later transcripted to Microsoft ExcelÒ. Productive characteristic analysis: body weight at birth (BWB), body weight at weaning (BWW), body weight with 180 days (BW180), daily weight gain average (DWGA) and necessary period for animals to get 32 kg of body weight (BW32) were carried out at SAS statistical analysis (1996), based on the Chi-square method, using the GLM procedure and the Tukey test for average comparisons. The non linear model of Van Bertalanffy was used to analyse growth pattern and the adjustment was accomplished by the NLIN procedure using the DUD method. It was used the GLM procedure for the reproductive characteristics, the Tukey test to analyse age at the first birth (AFB) and the Chi-square test to analyse fertility, weaning rate and prolificacy. None significant alterations were observed for the following productive characteristics, BWB, BWW, and BW32 (p>0.05), with composition genetic averages... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Ribeiro, Ticiany Maria Dias [UNESP]. "Produção intensiva de cordeiros suffolk em pastagem com ou sem desmama e comportamento seletivo de ovelhas coopworth em pastejo". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104097.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O trabalho objetivou avaliar as características da pastagem de Azevém sobressemeada em Tifton-85 e a produtividade de cordeiros desmamados submetidos a três níveis de suplementação. Os cordeiros pastejaram azevém sobressemeado em Tifton-85 e foram avaliados de acordo com a suplementação recebida: sem suplementação, suplementação em 0,9% do peso corporal (PC), suplementação em 1,8% PC e suplementação ad libitum. Os cordeiros foram pesados a cada 14 dias com jejum prévio de 16 horas. O método de utilização da pastagem foi o de pastejo com lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável, procurando manter a altura da pastagem em 15 cm, sendo mensurada a cada 7 dias. A taxa de crescimento da pastagem foi mensurada pela técnica do triplo emparelhamento. Foi calculada a disponibilidade de forragem, o número de cordeiros/ha e a carga animal. O ganho de peso médio diário aumentou linearmente com a elevação do nível de suplementação concentrada oferecida aos cordeiros. Os níveis de suplementação concentrada tiveram relação linear negativa com a taxa de acúmulo, a matéria seca acumulada e a disponibilidade de matéria seca da forragem; e relação quadrática com a altura da pastagem, a taxa de lotação de cordeiros/ha e a carga animal (kgPC/ha). Concluise que a suplementação dos cordeiros em pastagem proporcionou melhor ganho de peso diário dos animais. Os níveis de suplementação interferem na altura e na disponibilidade de forragem. O efeito de substituição da pastagem pelo concentrado promoveu diminuição do crescimento da pastagem e da produção acumulada de forragem. Níveis de suplementação ad libitum possibilitaram aumentar o número de animais/ha e a carga animal
This study objected to evaluate ryegrass pasture characteristics oversowned on Tifton-85 and the performance of grazing weaned lambs supplemented in three levels of concentrate. The lambs grazed in ryegrass oversowned on Tifton-85 and were evaluate according to the supplementation that they had fed: no supplementation (control), 0,9% of body weight (BW), 1,8% of BW and ad libitum. The animals were weighted to each 14 days with 16 hour of water fasting. Grazing management was continuous variable stocking to keep pasture in 15 cm, being taken every 7 days. The herbage accumulation rate was measuredby triple cage technique. Availability of forage, number of lambs per hectare and animal stocking were calculated. The average daily weight gain increase linearly with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation offered to lambs. The level of concentrate supplementation had a negative linear relation with herbage growth rate, accumulated dry mater and available forage dry matter; and a quadratic relation with pasture height, number of lambs per hectare and animal stocking rate (kgBW/ha). It could be concluded that supplementation for grazing lambs provided better daily weight gain animals. The levels of supplementation interfered in height and availability of forage. The effect of substitution of grazing for concentrate promoted decreased of pasture daily growth and availability of forage dry matter. Levels of supplementation ad libitum increase number of animal/ha and animal stocking
Walter, Marina Patrícia. "Desempenho reprodutivo até o primeiro parto de leitoas selecionadas com baixas taxas de crescimento". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178233.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of gilts selected with low average daily gain (ADG) at 160 days of age. Camborough® gilts (n = 3301) were allocated into four groups according to ADG at selection: G1 (n = 799) represented the group of gilts with ADG ≥480-≤ 530g/day, G2 (n = 978) corresponded to gilts with >530- ≤ 580g/day, G3 (n = 916) represented the gilts with > 580-≤ 630g/day and G4 (n = 608) gilts with > 630-≤ 810g/day. There were no differences in the age at the onset of boar exposure and first estrus expression among groups (P> 0.05). Age and weight at insemination were different (P< 0.05) among groups. Gilts from G4 were inseminated earlier and heavier. The ADG from selection until mating was different among the groups, and G1 had greater weight gains when compared to G3 and G4 (P< 0.05). Total number of piglets born, number of piglets born alive and weaning to oestrus interval were not different among classes (P> 0.05). The removals since the selection until post-weaning insemination were higher in G1 and G2 when compared to G4 (P< 0.05). When gilts from G1 and G2 were grouped and categorized into two classes according to the weight at insemination (≤ 130 kg and > 130 kg), the heavier group (> 130 kg) had an increasing of 0.93 total born piglets at first farrowing (P< 0.05). The results of this study suggest that gilts selected with low ADG (less than 630g/day) could be incorporated into the breeding herd with no reproductive performance losses until the first farrowing if they reach 130 kg at insemination.
Gonçalves, Ricardo Pereira. "Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos manejados sob diferentes métodos de pastoreio e intensidades de pastejo em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163277.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe understanding of the relationships between sward characteristics and the animals' ingestive behavior responses is fundamental for the improvement of sward management innovations, making pastoral systems more efficient and competitive. In this study, we compared two stocking methods (Continuous and Rotational) and two grazing intensities (Moderate and Low) to understand how the sward characteristics of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) influence the ingestive behavior and the average daily gain of sheep. We observed that the stocking method affect the quantity of leaf blades and inflorescences influenced forage chemical composition, as well as the bite rate and grazing time of sheep. On the other hand, grazing intensities had influence the bites by feeding station and meals number. Moreover, variables as feeding station per minute, meals duration and grazing time were positively correlated with the average daily gain, thus, they can be used as predictors for the average daily gain of sheep. We found evidence that both grazing intensities studied promote a grazing down around 45% of pre-grazing sward height in rotational stocking. Sward structure and forage chemical composition, were adequate for sheep grazing until the beginning of the sward reproductive stage. However, from the stage 2 of grazing down at the end of the sward reproductive stage, both grazing intensities apparently restricted the sheep‟s ingestive behavior patterns in the larger spatial and temporal scales of grazing. Therefore sheep‟s behavioral response depends on: (i) stocking rate, (ii) canopy defoliation level, (iii) period of sward reproductive stage and forage structural composition during grazing down.
Missio, Regis Luis. "Cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada armazenada sob diferentes períodos na alimentação de novilhas da raça Nelore /". Jaboticabal :, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104078.
Pełny tekst źródłaBanca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel
Banca: Atushi Sugohara
Banca: André de Faria Pedroso
Banca: Flávia Fernanda Simili
Resumo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar o armazenamento da cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com 0,5% de cal hidratada sobre o consumo das frações alimentares, desempenho animal, viabilidade econômica, comportamento ingestivo, características nutritivas da forragem e aspectos da digestão de novilhas confinadas. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro (Capítulo 2 e 3), foram utilizadas 24 novilhas da raça Nelore distribuídas inteiramente ao acaso nos tratamentos formados por dietas com cana-de-açúcar in natura (tempo zero), cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada e armazenada por 24, 48 ou 72 horas. No segundo (Capítulo 4), foram utilizadas quatro novilhas da raça Nelore delineadas num quadrado latino 4x4, onde foram avaliadas as dietas anteriormente descritas. No primeiro experimento, verificou-se variação cúbica (P < 0,05) em função do tempo de armazenamento da cana-de-açúcar da maioria das variáveis relacionadas ao consumo das frações alimentares e desempenho animal, apresentando melhores resultados para novilhas alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar in natura. O armazenamento da cana-de-açúcar até 72 horas proporcionou aumento linear (P < 0,05) da fração de carboidratos potencialmente degradáveis e diminuição dos custos de produção. Novilhas alimentadas com dietas a base de cana-de-açúcar in natura apresentaram maior tempo de ruminação (P < 0,05). No segundo experimento, verificou-se que o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o balanço de nitrogênio, a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e o nitrogênio amoniacal não foram influenciados (P > 0,05) pelas dietas. O armazenamento da cana-de-açúcar com adição de 0,5% de cal hidratada até 72 horas deprime o consumo e desempenho de novilhas jovens da raça Nelore
Abstract: This study evaluated the effect of storage of hydrolyzed sugarcane with .5% hydrated lime the dietary fractions intake, animal performance, economic viability, ingestive behavior, nutritional characteristics of forage and digestion aspects of confined heifers. Two experiments were conducted. In the first (Chapter 2 and 3), 24 Nellore heifers were used and randomly distributed in treatment formed by diets constituted by fresh sugarcane (zero time), hydrolyzed sugarcane and stored for 24, 48 or 72 hours. In the second (Chapter 4), four heifers were used constituting a 4x4 latin square, with similar diets previous. In the first experiment, there was variation cubic (P < .05) according the storage time of most variables related to dietary fractions intake and animal performance, with better results for heifers fed with fresh sugarcane. Storage of sugarcane until 72 hours promoted linear increased (P < .05) in the carbohydrate fraction potentially degradable and decreased production costs. Heifers fed diets with fresh sugarcane presented higher time ruminating (P < .05). In the second experiment, it was found that the intake and digestibility of nutrients, the nitrogen balance, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and the ammonia nitrogen were not affected (P > .05) by diets. The storage of hydrolyzed sugarcane with .5% of hydrated lime up to 72 hours depresses intake and performance of young Nellore heifers
Doutor
Prestes, Alan Miranda. "Avaliação genética de uma população multirracial angus-nelore". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2017. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11335.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this study was to evaluate the best model for the genetic evaluation for the trait average daily gain of weaning to post weaning (ADGWP), of a multiple-breed Nellore and Angus population, comprised of 49.634 animals sired by 34.006 dams and 793 sire, born between 1986 and 2015. The genetic evaluation for this population was performed through the methodology of Bayesian inference with the animal model and the criteria of choice were the Number of Parameters (Np), Deviance Information (DIC) and the conditional predictive ordinate (CPO). In the first chapter three models were tested: Traditional Animal Model (TAM), Multiple-Breed Animal Model With (MBAMW) and without segregation (MBAMWS). Based on the selection criteria, the MBAMW was chosen because it presents better adjustments, besides presenting the smallest number of parameters, thus reducing the computational demand. In the second chapter, heteroscedastic multiple-breed models (HMBM) were tested. A 2×2 factorial scheme of two residual variance models (homoscedastic (HO) or heteroscedastic (HE)) was used based on two distributive assumptions (Gaussian (G) and Student’s t (T)). The HMBM-T-HE presented the best fit for the population in question. The Spearman's ordering correlations of the breeding values predicted for the sires were high when all animals were considered (0.93 to 0.99). However, when these sires were separated in TOP (10%) these correlations were reduced drastically (from 0.05 to 0.96). These results support the implementation of robust multibreed models that account for sources of heteroscedasticity to increase the accuracy of genetic assessments of multiple-breed populations.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o melhor modelo para a avaliação genética para a característica de ganho médio diário da desmama ao sobreano (GMDD) de uma população multirracial Nelore e Angus formada por 49.634 animais filhos de 34.006 matrizes e 793 touros, nascidos entre 1986 e 2015. A avaliação genética para esta população foi realizada através da metodologia de inferência Bayesiana por meio de um modelo animal e os critérios de escolha foram o Número de Parâmetros (Np), de Informação da Deviance (DIC) e Ordenada Preditiva (CPO). No primeiro capítulo foram testados três modelos: Modelo Animal Tradicional (MAT), Modelo Animal Multirracial sem (MAMRSS) e com segregação (MAMRCS). Com base nos critérios de escolha, o MAMRSS foi escolhido por apresentar melhores ajustes, além de apresentar o menor número de parâmetros, reduzindo assim a demanda computacional. No segundo capítulo foram testados modelos multirraciais (MAMR) homo e heteroscedástico. Foi utilizado um esquema fatorial 2×2 de dois modelos de variância residual (homoscedástica (HO) ou heteroscedástica (HE)) baseado em dois pressupostos distributivos (Gaussiano (G) e t de Student (T)). O MAMR-T-HE foi o que apresentou melhor ajuste para a população em questão. As correlações de ordenamento de Spearman dos valores genéticos preditos, para os reprodutores, foram altas quando consideradas todos animais (0,93 a 0,99). No entanto, quando separados estes reprodutores em TOPs (10%) estas correlações foram reduzidas drasticamente (de 0,05 a 0,96). Estes resultados apoiam a implementação de modelos multirraciais robustos que contabilizam fontes de heteroscedasticidade para aumentar a precisão de avaliações genéticas de populações multirraciais.
Missio, Regis Luis [UNESP]. "Cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada armazenada sob diferentes períodos na alimentação de novilhas da raça Nelore". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104078.
Pełny tekst źródłaConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este estudo objetivou avaliar o armazenamento da cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada com 0,5% de cal hidratada sobre o consumo das frações alimentares, desempenho animal, viabilidade econômica, comportamento ingestivo, características nutritivas da forragem e aspectos da digestão de novilhas confinadas. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro (Capítulo 2 e 3), foram utilizadas 24 novilhas da raça Nelore distribuídas inteiramente ao acaso nos tratamentos formados por dietas com cana-de-açúcar in natura (tempo zero), cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada e armazenada por 24, 48 ou 72 horas. No segundo (Capítulo 4), foram utilizadas quatro novilhas da raça Nelore delineadas num quadrado latino 4x4, onde foram avaliadas as dietas anteriormente descritas. No primeiro experimento, verificou-se variação cúbica (P < 0,05) em função do tempo de armazenamento da cana-de-açúcar da maioria das variáveis relacionadas ao consumo das frações alimentares e desempenho animal, apresentando melhores resultados para novilhas alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar in natura. O armazenamento da cana-de-açúcar até 72 horas proporcionou aumento linear (P < 0,05) da fração de carboidratos potencialmente degradáveis e diminuição dos custos de produção. Novilhas alimentadas com dietas a base de cana-de-açúcar in natura apresentaram maior tempo de ruminação (P < 0,05). No segundo experimento, verificou-se que o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o balanço de nitrogênio, a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana e o nitrogênio amoniacal não foram influenciados (P > 0,05) pelas dietas. O armazenamento da cana-de-açúcar com adição de 0,5% de cal hidratada até 72 horas deprime o consumo e desempenho de novilhas jovens da raça Nelore
This study evaluated the effect of storage of hydrolyzed sugarcane with .5% hydrated lime the dietary fractions intake, animal performance, economic viability, ingestive behavior, nutritional characteristics of forage and digestion aspects of confined heifers. Two experiments were conducted. In the first (Chapter 2 and 3), 24 Nellore heifers were used and randomly distributed in treatment formed by diets constituted by fresh sugarcane (zero time), hydrolyzed sugarcane and stored for 24, 48 or 72 hours. In the second (Chapter 4), four heifers were used constituting a 4x4 latin square, with similar diets previous. In the first experiment, there was variation cubic (P < .05) according the storage time of most variables related to dietary fractions intake and animal performance, with better results for heifers fed with fresh sugarcane. Storage of sugarcane until 72 hours promoted linear increased (P < .05) in the carbohydrate fraction potentially degradable and decreased production costs. Heifers fed diets with fresh sugarcane presented higher time ruminating (P < .05). In the second experiment, it was found that the intake and digestibility of nutrients, the nitrogen balance, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and the ammonia nitrogen were not affected (P > .05) by diets. The storage of hydrolyzed sugarcane with .5% of hydrated lime up to 72 hours depresses intake and performance of young Nellore heifers
Domingues, António Manuel Silveiro. "Efeito do sexo e do peso ao desmame sobre a performance de leitões de genótipos de produção intensiva durante a primeira fase da recria". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/22916.
Pełny tekst źródłaCosta, João Luiz Benavides. "Estratégias de diferimento na produção primária e secundária da pastagem natural". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/128130.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe natural pastures are the main food resource for most portion of the beef cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, even though, this environment to be susceptible to seasonal climatic variations that affect vegetation growth, namely the low winter temperatures and water stress in summer. In order to minimize the deleterious effects provided for vegetation by unfavorable climatic periods, this thesis aims to evaluate the effect of two deferral strategies in animal and plant production of natural pasture in the Campanha physiographic region. The study was conducted in Embrapa South Livestock located natural in the municipality Bagé, where were evaluated two deferral periods: spring and summer-autumn, and a control treatment without deferral, during two years of treatment application. The design was completely randomized with repeated measurements over time (year) and three replications per treatment. Braford steers were used in continuous stocking with variable load in order to maintain an average forage allowance of 10 kg DM/100 kg Life Weight per day. The accumulation forage average rate and the net forage production was similar between treatments, with averages of 14.7 kg DM/ha/day and 4648 kg DM/ha/year, respectively. The average forage mass was 27% higher in treatments with deferral. Regarding to animal production, the first year had an average stocking rate 14% higher than the second year and the average of the years the spring deferral was 21% superior to the others. The average daily gain and animal production by area showed interaction between year of assessment and treatment, being observed greater average daily gain in the first and second year for without deferral and summer-autumn deferral, averaging 0.321 and 0.340 kg, respectively. In general way which explains that interaction is the difference in the number of days that animals were grazing each treatment and the structure of pasture at post deferral period. The deferral strategies did not show superiority in the production of pasture in front of the control treatment due to non-occurrence of normal adverse weather conditions in the evaluated years. Still, the spring deferral in the first year and the summerautumn deferral in the second year showed similar performance to treatment without deferral, even these having considerably less grazing period.
Capoulas, Joaquim Izá. "Efeitos de duas idades de desmame (21 e 28 dias) na produtividade dos leitões e das porcas". Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária. Instituto Superior de Agronomia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7895.
Pełny tekst źródłaO objectivo deste trabalho foi comparar as performances zootécnicas de leitões submetidos a duas idades de desmame diferentes (21 vs 28 dias), as performances reprodutivas das porcas que originaram esses leitões e, posteriormente, analisar qual destas opções é a mais rentável, nas condições da exploração onde foi realizado o ensaio. Foram constituídos dois grupos: um com 5 porcas e os respectivos leitões (60) que foram desmamados aos 21 dias (D21) e outro com 6 porcas e os respectivos leitões (67) que foram desmamados aos 28 dias (D28). A partir do desmame, os leitões foram divididos em 4 grupos por critérios de idade ao desmame e sexo e alojados em 4 parques. Os leitões foram pesados ao nascimento e aos 7, 14, 21 e, no caso dos desmamados mais tarde, aos 28 dias. A partir do desmame, os porcos foram pesados uma vez por mês até aos 6 meses de vida, idade de abate. O alimento distribuído aos animais durante todo o período de ensaio foi pesado e, em cada mês, durante 5 dias consecutivos, foi também pesado o refugo a fim de avaliar a ingestão de alimento por parque. Verificou-se que não houve diferenças entre tratamentos em relação aos produtos dos partos, nos quais tiveram origem os leitões utilizados neste ensaio, bem como nos produtos da parição seguinte. Observou-se também que todas as porcas de ambos os tratamentos ficaram gestantes, apresentando um intervalo desmame-cobrição fecundante de 4 dias. Verificou-se que o PV dos leitões do tratamento D21 até ao desmame foi superior (P<0,05) a partir do 17º dia de idade. Desde o desmame até ao abate os PV dos porcos do tratamento D21 foram sempre superiores (P<0,05). Ao nível da ingestão de alimento, observou-se que os valores para os dois tratamentos não diferiram, apesar de os animais desmamados mais cedo terem apresentado uma tendência para uma maior ingestão. Verificou-se também que, aparentemente, o IC foi melhor nos animais do tratamento D28. Economicamente, verificou-se um acréscimo de +0,96€/porco a favor do desmame aos 21 dias. Conclui-se, então, que, não tendo havido diferenças significativas entre os dois desmames no crescimento dos leitões/porcos e na eficiência reprodutiva das porcas, o desmame aos 21 dias poderá ser mais vantajoso dado que permitirá que as porcas produzam mais leitões na sua vida útil.
ABSTRACT - The aim of this study was to compare the zootechnical performances of piglets subjected to two different weaning ages (21 vs 28 days), the reproductive performance of their sows and analyze which of these options is the most profitable in the conditions of the farm where the trial was performed. Sows and their piglets were randomly assigned to two groups: one with 5 sows and their piglets (60), weaned at 21 days (D21) and the other with 6 sows and their piglets (67), weaned at 28 days (D28). After weaning, the piglets were divided in 4 groups by criteria of weaning age and sex and housed in 4 pens. Piglets were weighed at birth and at 7, 14, 21 and, in the case of those weaned later, at 28 days. After weaning, pigs were weighed once a month until 6 months of age, when they were slaughtered. All food distributed to animals during the trial was weighed and, in each month for 5 consecutive days, leftovers was also weighed to assess the intake per pen. There weren´t any differences between the two groups in what refers to the prolificacy of sows in the farrowing where those piglets were born that as well as in the following farrowing. It was also observed that all sows of both treatments became pregnant after weaning, showing a weaning-mating interval of 4 days. It has been found that the D21 piglets weight was higher (P <0.05) from day 17 of age to weaning. From weaning to slaughter, the D21 pigs weight were also always higher (P <0.05). In terms of food intake, we observed that the values for the two treatments didn´t differ, although the animals early weaned presented a trend ford a higher intake. It was also found an apparent better feed conversion in D28 animals. Economically, there was an increase of +0.96€/pig in favor of 21 days weaning. Given the absence of substantial differences between the two weaning ages in the growth of piglets/pigs and in the reproductive efficiency of sows, it was concluded that weaning at 21 days may be more beneficial since it will allow sows to produce more piglets in their productive life.
Rocha, Lemar Maciel da. "Altura de manejo do pasto e suas conseqüências sobre a produção animal e a dinâmica de pastagens anuais de inverno". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15596.
Pełny tekst źródłaAiming to comprehend and quantify the structural changes in typical temperate annual pastures from RS and evaluate the potential production and characteristics of young beef steers carcass, this experiment was conducted at Fazenda Espinilho, located in São Miguel das Missões. Treatments were four sward height management targets (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm), using continuous variable stocking. A completely randomized block design with three replicates was applied. Beef steers weighting 190 Kg were used and they were ten months old, non-castrated males with no defined breed. The investigated variables were herbage mass (HM), herbage growth rate (GR), total dry matter production (TDMP) and laminae/stem+sheath relation, average daily gain (ADG), gain per area (GPA). Results indicated a linear increase relating herbage mass and sward height, where each cm on sward height above 10 cm increases herbage mass in 108 kg/ha. Treatments did not differ in GR and the TDMP, average values being 55,8 kg DM/ha and 8210 kg DM/ha, respectively. The increase on the average daily gain (ADG) was due to the increase of quality/amount of available forage and the herbage allowance for the treatments of 10, 20, 30, 40 cm, was 6, 7, 13, 19 DM kg/ 100 kg LW, respectively. So, the ADG was 0.96 and 1.24 kg/animal for the treatments of lowest and highest ADG, which corresponds to 10 cm and 20 cm. Once ADG was low, the highest GPA observed on the 10 cm treatment (515 Kg PV/ha) was due to a higher stocking rate and both presented a negative linear response, decreasing with the increase in sward height. Concerning final live weight there was no difference with increasing sward height (P>0,05). A pronounced decrease in laminae/stem+sheath relation for 30 and 40 cm treatments occurred by September. In addition, four theoretical distributions were fitted to sward height data for each treatment in six different sample dates. Sward frequency height distributions fitted Normal distribution only in one of ninety six data series analyzed. Gamma distribution was more frequently adjusted to sward height data, however, once grazing started, pasture heterogeneity was so increased that sward height did not fitted neither of the investigated models. It is suggested that sward height targets should be variable along the grazing season aiming to manage the heterogeneity caused by the animal.
Ribeiro, Ticiany Maria Dias 1980. "Produção intensiva de cordeiros suffolk em pastagem com ou sem desmama e comportamento seletivo de ovelhas coopworth em pastejo /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104097.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbstract: This study objected to evaluate ryegrass pasture characteristics oversowned on Tifton-85 and the performance of grazing weaned lambs supplemented in three levels of concentrate. The lambs grazed in ryegrass oversowned on Tifton-85 and were evaluate according to the supplementation that they had fed: no supplementation (control), 0,9% of body weight (BW), 1,8% of BW and ad libitum. The animals were weighted to each 14 days with 16 hour of water fasting. Grazing management was continuous variable stocking to keep pasture in 15 cm, being taken every 7 days. The herbage accumulation rate was measuredby triple cage technique. Availability of forage, number of lambs per hectare and animal stocking were calculated. The average daily weight gain increase linearly with increasing levels of concentrate supplementation offered to lambs. The level of concentrate supplementation had a negative linear relation with herbage growth rate, accumulated dry mater and available forage dry matter; and a quadratic relation with pasture height, number of lambs per hectare and animal stocking rate (kgBW/ha). It could be concluded that supplementation for grazing lambs provided better daily weight gain animals. The levels of supplementation interfered in height and availability of forage. The effect of substitution of grazing for concentrate promoted decreased of pasture daily growth and availability of forage dry matter. Levels of supplementation ad libitum increase number of animal/ha and animal stocking
Orientador: Ciniro Costa
Coorientador: Alda Lucia Gomes Monteiro
Banca: Cledson Garcia
Banca: Wagner dos Reis
Banca: Paulo Meirelles
Banca: Mario Arrigoni
Doutor
Lupatini, Flaviana. "Avaliação do efeito de variáveis produtivas na conversão alimentar de frangos de corte". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4610.
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The feed conversion is one of the more indexes monitored by poultry agroindustry, in order to keep their production costs within bounds economically viable. The present study was conducted in order to identify which variables productive have the greatest impact on feed conversion of broilers. Was used production data of poultry agroindustry in the central-west of Brazil. The field results were collected from January 2012 to September 2013, a total of 2,978 broilers flocks. The sample is composed of lots of commercial strains Cobb and Hubbard, not sexed. Was made analysis of variance with Tukey Test (P> 0.05), and analysis of variance in mixed model for the following qualitatives variables: year period, commercial strains, hatchery, incubator type, type of poultry house, homogeneity of flock weight at birth. The correlation and regression polynomial for the following quantitative variables: birth weight, weight to 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days, weight slaughter, slaughter age, mortality, average daily gain and time interval between flocks on the field. Statistical analysis was made through the statistical program R. The sum of squares in the mixed model, the variables that presented the greatest impact on feed conversion were: period of the year with 39.90%, type of poultry house with 35.70% and lineage with 17.80%. Between quantitative variables that had a greater correlation with the feed conversion ratio is the average daily gain,-0.57 (P < 0.01). Each gram in average daily gain results in nine grams in feed conversion. Flocks that showed lower mortality rate, showed greater correlation between average daily gain and feed conversion. Thus, in the present study, the variables that presented the greatest impact on feed conversion were: average daily gain and period of the year.
O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar quais variáveis produtivas apresenta maior impacto na conversão alimentar de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados dados de produção de uma agroindústria do centro-oeste do Brasil. Foram coletados resultados de campo no período de janeiro de 2012 a setembro de 2013, totalizando 2.978 lotes de frangos de corte. A amostra era composta de lotes da linhagem Cobb e Hubbard, não sexados. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (5%). Foi realizada a análise de variância em modelo misto para as seguintes variáveis qualitativas: ano, período do ano, linhagem, incubatório, tipo de incubadora, tipo de aviário e homogeneidade de peso dos lotes ao nascimento. Os dados das variáveis quantitativas: peso ao nascimento, peso aos 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias, peso ao abate, idade de abate, mortalidade, ganho médio diário e tempo de intervalo de lotes foram submetidos à análise de correlação e regressão polinomial. Na soma de quadrados no modelo misto, as variáveis que apresentaram maior impacto na conversão alimentar foram: período do ano com 39,90%, tipo de aviário com 35,70% e linhagem com 17,80%. Entre as variáveis quantitativas a que apresentou maior correlação com a conversão alimentar foi o ganho médio diário, - 0,57 (P<0,01). Cada grama a mais no ganho médio diário resulta em nove gramas a menos na conversão alimentar. Lotes que apresentaram menor taxa de mortalidade, mostraram maior correlação entre ganho médio diário e conversão alimentar. Assim, no presente estudo, as variáveis que apresentaram maior impacto na conversão alimentar foram: ganho médio diário e período do ano.
Pompeu, Roberto ClÃudio Fernandes Franco. "SubstituiÃÃo do farelo de soja pela torta de mamona destoxificada em dietas para ovinos: valor nutritivo e desempenho bioeconÃmico". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6058.
Pełny tekst źródłaEste trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo e desempenho bioeconÃmico de ovinos alimentados com quatro nÃveis de substituiÃÃo (0; 33; 67 e 100%) do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD), no perÃodo de agosto de 2008 a marÃo de 2009. O experimento foi conduzido no NÃcleo de Ensino e Estudos em Forragicultura (NEEF), pertencente ao Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do CearÃ, localizada em Fortaleza, CearÃ. Utilizou-se 40 ovinos mestiÃos de Morada Nova, machos, inteiros, com peso vivo inicial de 18,7  1,62 kg e idade de 6,5 meses, sendo 20 animais para o ensaio de digestibilidade e 20 para o ensaio de consumo de nutrientes, comportamento e desempenho. O delineamento experimental para os dados de consumo, digestibilidade de nutrientes, balanÃo energÃtico e nitrogenado, desempenho produtivo e caracterÃsticas da carcaÃa foi o de blocos completos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetiÃÃes. O delineamento utilizado para os dados de comportamento ingestivo foi o de parcelas subdivididas, com nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sendo as parcelas e o perÃodo do dia, as subparcelas, com cinco repetiÃÃes (ovinos) por tratamento. O volumoso utilizado foi o feno de capim-tifton 85. Observou-se efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD para o CMS e CMO. A equaÃÃo de regressÃo apresentou efeito linear decrescente no CPB. Observou-se efeito quadrÃtico dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo sobre o CFDN, com o mÃximo de 1,77% PV com 70% de substituiÃÃo. Observou-se efeito linear crescente dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo da TMD pelo FS sobre o CFDA. O consumo de EE em g/dia, nÃo foi influenciado pela adiÃÃo da TMD Ãs dietas, com mÃdia de 46,55 g/dia. Houve reduÃÃo linear no consumo de carboidratos nÃo-fibrosos (CCNF), 0,12 g/kg0,75 para cada 1% de adiÃÃo de TMD Ãs dietas. Observou-se efeito (P<0,05) linear decrescente dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de mamona destoxificada (TMD) sobre DMS e DMO. NÃo foi observado efeito (P>0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD na DPB, com mÃdia igual a 76,63%. NÃo houve efeito (P>0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre a DFDN e DFDA, com mÃdia igual a 55,36 e 50,86%, respectivamente. A elevaÃÃo da DEE com o aumento de TMD Ãs dietas deveu-se ao elevado teor de EE da TMD (6,10%), contra 1,8% do FS. Observou-se reduÃÃo linear (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre a DCT. NÃo foi verificado efeito dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre a DCNF, com mÃdia igual a 84,68%. Observou-se reduÃÃo linear (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre o NDT. Os consumos de energia bruta (CoEB), energia digestÃvel (CoED), energia metabolizÃvel (CoEM) e energia lÃquida de mantenÃa (CoElm), apresentaram efeito linear decrescente (P>0,05) com a elevaÃÃo dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD. Foi observado efeito linear decrescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre o N ingerido, N fecal e N urinÃrio, com estimativas de 0,06 g/dia, 0,02 g/dia e 0,04 g/dia, respectivamente, para cada 1% de adiÃÃo de TMD Ãs dietas. NÃo foi observada interaÃÃo (P>0,05) entre nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD para a variÃvel ingestÃo de raÃÃo (IR). Entretanto, quanto ao perÃodo do dia, observou-se maior tempo de IR entre 8-11 h. O tempo de ruminaÃÃo nÃo foi afetado (P>0,05) pelos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD. Quanto à variÃvel TA, o nÃvel de 67% TMD foi superior Ãquele de 100%. Quanto Ãs variÃveis Ãcio acordado e dormindo, nÃo foram observados efeitos dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD. O parÃmetro freqÃÃncia de ingestÃo de Ãgua foi afetada (P<0,05) apenas pelos perÃodos do dia, e predominou entre 8 e 11 h e 14 Ãs 17 h. A freqÃÃncia de micÃÃo e de defecaÃÃo foi elevada no nÃvel 67% de substituiÃÃo do farelo de soja pela torta de mamona destoxificada. Os parÃmetros TMT, MMnd, MMnb, MMtb e NRD nÃo foram afetados (P>0,05) pelos diferentes nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD. Observou-se efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre a duraÃÃo mÃdia por refeiÃÃo. Verificou-se que nÃo houve efeito (P>0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre o peso vivo ao abate, bem como para o GPT durante o confinamento. Entretanto, observou-se reduÃÃo linear decrescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo da TMD pelo FS no GMD e da CA. O nÃmero de dias para os ovinos ganharem 12 kg elevou-se linearmente (P<0,05) à medida que aumentou a TMD na dieta. Os nÃveis de substituiÃÃo FS pela TMD estudados nÃo influenciaram (P>0,05) as medidas biomÃtricas dos ovinos, que correspondem ao comprimento corporal, altura anterior e posterior, largura do peito e da garupa, perÃmetro torÃcico e compacidade corporal. NÃo foi observado efeito (P>0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre o PVf, PVAJ, PCVZ, PCQ e PCF. O RCQ foi afetado (P<0,05) pelos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo, apresentando resposta linear decrescente. O mesmo comportamento foi observado para o RCF. Observou-se ainda efeito quadrÃtico (P>0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD sobre PR, com ponto de mÃnimo de 1,43% com 75% de substituiÃÃo. Os nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD estudados nÃo influenciaram (P>0,05) as medidas morfomÃtricas dos ovinos (P>0,05), que correspondem ao comprimento externo da carcaÃa, comprimento e perÃmetro da perna, largura e perÃmetro da garupa, largura do tÃrax e Ãndice de compacidade da carcaÃa. A Ãrea de olho-de-lombo (AOL) apresentou efeito linear negativo (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD. O peso da costela e os rendimentos da costela e da paleta foram influenciados (P<0,05) de forma linear e decrescente pelos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo do FS pela TMD, enquanto o peso e o rendimento das demais regiÃes nÃo apresentaram efeito (P>0,05) dos nÃveis de substituiÃÃo. ProjeÃÃes econÃmicas indicaram que somente o sistema que nÃo utilizou torta de mamona destoxificada em dietas para ovinos apresentou Ãndices econÃmicos viÃveis, com venda de R$ 5,20/kg PV; R$ 15,00/kg de carcaÃa e 16,90/kg de corte comercial. ProjeÃÃes econÃmicas indicaram que à medida que à incluÃda torta de mamona destoxificada na dieta dos ovinos, Ãndices econÃmico-financeiros diminuem, proporcionando decrÃscimos na lucratividade.
To evaluate the nutritive value and bioeconomic performance of sheep fed with four substitution levels (0; 33; 67 e 100%) of soybean meal (SM) by detoxified castor cake (DCC), from 2008 August to 2009 March, this research was undertaken. The research was conducted at Forage Science Education and Study Center (NEEF), belonging to the Animal Science Department at Federal University of Ceara, and located at the city of Fortalezaâ CE. The animals were acquired by NEEF own herd and constituted of 40 lambs, crossbred, male, whole, live weight of 18.7 Â 1.62 kg and average age of 6.5 months, being 20 lambs to the digestibility assay and 20 lambs to the nutrients intake, behavior and productive performance. A completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates (lambs) was used to the intake, nutrient digestibility, energy and nitrogen balance, performance, and carcass characteristics. To the animal behavior it was used a split plot design, with substitution level of SM by DDC being parcels and periods sub-parcels, with five replicates (sheep) by treatment. The roughage used consisted of Tifton-85 grass, cut at 50 days-old. It was observed decreasing linear effect of substitution levels of SM by DCC to the DMI and OMI. The regression equation presented decrescent linear effect to the CPI. It was observed square effect of substitution levels to the NDFI, with maxim point of 1.77% LW with 70% substitution level. There was observed increasing linear effect of substitution levels of SM by DCC to the ADFI. The EEI (g/day) was not affected by addition of DCC to the diets, with average of 46.55 g/day. To the NFC, threre is a linear reduction with 0.12 g/kg0,75 to each 1% of addition of DCC to the diets. It was observed decreasing linear effect (P<.05) of substitution levels of SM by DCC to the DMD and OMD. The CPD, NDFD and ADFD were not affected (P>.05) by addition of DCC to the diets, with average of 76.63, 55.36 and 50.86%, respectively. The elevation of EED by addition of DCC to the diets was due to the high level of EE on DCC (6.10%), against 1.8% of SM. It was observed decreasing linear effect (P<.05) of substitution levels of SM by DCC on TCD. The NFCD was not affected (P>.05) by addition of DCC to the diets, with average of 84.68%. It was observed decreasing linear effect (P<.05) of substitution levels of SM by DCC on TDN. The gross energy, digestible energy, metabolizable energy and maintenance energy presented linear effect (P<.05)with increase of substitution levels of SM by DCC. It was observed decreased linear effect (P<.05) of substitution levels of SM by DCC on intake N, fecal N, urinary N, estimated .06 g/day, .02 g/day and .04 g/day, respectively to the each percent of DCC additional to the diets. There is not observed interaction (P>.05) between SM and DCC substitution levels to the IR. However, to the periods, it was observed the biggest IR (P<.05) between 8-11h. The TR wasnât affected (P>.05) by substitution levels. The 67% DCC level was highest in relation to the 100% DCC to the TA variable. The OA and OD variables werenât affected (P>.05) by substitution levels. The water ingestion was affected (P<.05) only by day periods, and prevailed among 8 and 11 h and from14 to 17 h. The urination and defecation frequencies were highest at 67% substitution level of soybean meal by detoxified castor cake. The parameters TMT, MMnd,MMnb, MMtb and NRD were not affected (P>.05) by different substitution levels of SM by DCC. It was observed crescent linear effect (P<.05) of substitution levels of SM by DCC over DMR. There were no effect (P>.05) of the substitution levels of SM by DCC on final live weight and total weight gain during the feedlot, however it was observed decreasing linear effect (P<.05) of the substitution levels of SM by DCC on average daily gain and ration: gain ratio. The days to reach 12 kg increased linearly when the DCC was increased in diet. The substitution levels of SM by DCC did not affect (P>.05) the in vivo traits. There were no effect of the substitution levels of SM by DCC on BWf, LWF, EBW, HCW and CCW. The HCY was affected (P<.05) by substitution levels, showing decreasing linear (P<.05) response. The same behavior was observed to the CCY. It was observed a quadratic effect of the substitution levels of SM by DCC on CL, with a minimum point of the 1.43% with 75% substitution level. The substitution levels of SM by DCC did not affect (P>.05) the morphological traits. The loin eye area presented negative linear effect (P<.05) of substitution levels of SM by DCC. The rib weight and yield and shoulders yield had linear decreases of substitution levels of SM by DCC, while the weight and yield of the others regions did not present effect (P>.05) of the substitution levels. The financial-economic analysis showed that when is incorporated DCC in sheep diet, the economic indicators decrease,proportionating profitability reduction.
Beserra, Liandro Torres. "Casca de mamona em dietas para ovinos de corte". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2010. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/18894.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate four substitution levels (0, 33, 67 and 100%) of Tifton 85 hay by castor hulls on the diet of Morada Nova, males, non-castrated, crossbred sheep on average aged 7 months and weighting 20.3 kg so that it was possible to compare bioeconomic performance of each diet. The experimental design was established with four treatments and five repetitions. It has been used a 50% ratio between roughage and concentrated feed. Confinement lasted 70 days: 14 days of adaptation and 56 of data collection. It has been observed reductions on both progressive intake nutrient and animal performance, however, from 67% substitution level on, biological performance has dropped drastically. Increasing the percentage of substitution level has not resulted in significant changes on feedlot sheep behavioral characteristics. It has been observed both higher food and rumination efficiency with lower levels of castor hulls and also differences between on morphometric measures: body weight (PC), body weight at slaughter (PVA), empty body weight (PCV), hot carcass weight (PCQ), cold carcass weight (PCF) and empty body performance (RCV). Analyses on cut weights made on the carcass have presented differences on: half carcass, leg, loin back, shoulder, flank and neck. Concerning cut economic returns, leg and loin cuts later have presented differences between different substitution levels and regarding on non-carcass treatments, it has been observed economic differences for skin, head, feet, trachea/ lung/ tongue, diaphragm, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, omasum, rumen/ reticulum and for perirenal fat. Concerning to nutrients, 0-33% substitution level has presented best results followed by 67% substitution level, which has presented intermediate values, and 100% substitution level, with the worst results. Finally, it has been made technical, zootechnical and economical analysis based on both costs of each diet and dry matter (MS) consumption. Daily production (kg / PV) and productivity (kg / day x sheep) have been higher in production systems with smaller amount of castor hulls on the diet due to the higher consumption of dry matter (MS) which has resulted in: increased animal performance; higher number of animals with ideal weight to be slaughtered per year; and in higher gross income kg/ PV (R$/ month). On the other hand, total cost (R$/ month) decreases while increasing substitution levels, mainly because of the low prices of castor hulls. Results pointed on drastically feed decreasing costs on systems with higher castor hulls. 67% substitution level have presented the highest liquid income per year (R$ 4,600.00); a 1.04 cost-benefits relation; a 23% internal return rate (TIR); and a Liquid Present Value (VPL) of R$ 22,888.97.
Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a influência de quatro níveis de substituição (0; 33; 67 e 100) do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona em rações sobre o desempenho bioeconômico de ovinos mestiços de Morada Nova, machos, inteiros, com peso vivo médio de 20,3 kg e idade média de 7 meses. O delineamento experimental empregado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. A ração formulada possuía uma relação volumoso (feno de capim-tifton 85 e/ou a casca de mamona): concentrado de 50%. O confinamento durou 70 dias, sendo 14 de adaptação e 56 de coleta. Houve redução progressiva no consumo dos nutrientes e no desempenho dos animais com a substituição do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona na dieta, no entanto, só partir do nível 67% de substituição do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona o rendimento biológico diminuiu acentuadamente. O aumento do percentual de substituição do feno de capimtifton 85 pela casca de mamona não propiciou grandes mudanças comportamentais dos ovinos confinados. Apenas nas eficiências de alimentação e de ruminação observou-se diferença nos níveis com menor porcentagem de casca de mamona na dieta dos animais, acarretando maiores eficiências. Foram obtidas diferenças entre os níveis de substituição sobre peso vivo (PV), peso vivo ao abate (PVA), peso de corpo vazio (PCV), pesos de carcaça quente (PCQ) e carcaça fria (PCF) e rendimento do corpo vazio (RCV). Também houve diferença para as medidas morfométricas. Em relação aos pesos dos cortes feitos na carcaça os que apresentaram diferenças foram os da meia carcaça, da perna, do lombo posterior, da paleta, da fraldinha e do pescoço. Quanto aos rendimentos dos cortes, a perna e o lombo posterior apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Para o peso dos constituintes não-carcaça, foram obtidas diferenças para pele, cabeça, pés, traquéia/pulmão/língua, diafragma, coração, fígado, rins, baço, omaso, rúmen/retículo e para gorduras perirenal, omental e mesentérica. Em geral, os níveis 0 e 33% de substituição foram os que apresentaram os melhores resultados, seguido do nível 67%, com valores intermediários, sendo o nível de 100% de casca de mamona o que apresentou os piores resultados. De posse do custo de cada ração e do consumo de matéria seca das mesmas, foram analisados os indicadores técnicos, zootécnicos e econômicos. A produção diária (kg/PV) e a produtividade (kg/ovino x dia) foram maiores nos sistemas de produção com menor porcentagem de casca de mamona na dieta dos animais, consequência do maior consumo de MS, resultando em um maior desempenho dos animais e um maior número de animais terminados por ano, gerando maior renda bruta kg/PV (R$/mês). Em contrapartida, o custo total (R$/mês) diminui com o aumento da substituição do feno de capim-tifton 85 pela casca de mamona na dieta animal, principalmente pelo baixo valor de aquisição da casca de mamona, reduzindo drasticamente os custos com alimentação nos sistemas com maior porcentagem de casca de mamona. O nível de substituição 67% de casca de mamona foi o que apresentou maior renda líquida anual (R$ 4600,00), relação benefício custo (1,04), valor presente líquido (R$ 22888,97) e taxa interna de retorno (23%).
Mari, Lucas José. "Desempenho de bovinos de corte alimentados com rações contendo cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) fresca ou ensilada e o padrão de fermentação e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens aditivadas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-16072008-120405/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objectives of these studies were to evaluate chemical and microbial additives in sugar cane silages and their effects on chemical composition, fermentative losses and aerobic stability, as well as the effects on the animal performance. In the first trial sugar cane silages were compared to green-chopped sugar cane as part of total mixed rations used to feed ruminants. The forage sources also were tested for chemical composition and aerobic stability. Sixty-three Nellore beef bulls fed with 40% of forage in TMR, in a completely randomized block design, with three treatments and six replications each. The treatments used were: green chopped sugar cane (FR), sugar cane silage without additive (CT) and sugar cane silage with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB). The silage groups (CT and LB) revealed similar performance as green chopped sugar cane group. Eventough, they have showed better results in the aerobic stability test, the LB group did not show better results than the control group. NRC (1996) underestimated daily gains and overestimated DM intake in all treatments. In the second experiment chemical, microbial additives as well as their association were tested in lab-scale sugar cane silages. It was analyzed as a completely randomized design, with eight treatments and four replications each. The treatments were: no additive (CT), L. buchneri applied at 5x104 cfu/g of forage (LB), 1% of CaO in powder form (CLs), 1% of CaO diluted in water (CLa), 1% of CaCO3 in powder form (CCs), 1% of CaCO3 diluted in water (CCa), association of LB and CLs (CLsLB) and association of LB and CLa (CLaLB). The calcium oxide treatment turned out to be a good option in sugar cane silages by enhancing the chemical composition, the nutritive value and the aerobic stability. In the third experiment, four of those eight treatments previously tested were evaluated in animal performance level. The forage sources have been also tested for chemical composition and aerobic stability. For this trial 59 three-cross breed beef bulls were fed TMR with 40% of forage, in a completely randomized block design, with four treatments and five replications each. The treatments were: sugar cane silage without additive (CT) and sugar cane silage with Lactobacillus buchneri (LB) and chemical treatments, 1% of calcium oxide (CL) and 1% of calcium carbonate (CC), both applied in a powder form. The chemical additives led to lower ADG than CT and LB animals. However, the CL treatment showed the best results in terms of chemical composition and aerobic stability among all four treatments. As observed previously NRC (1996) underestimated daily gains and overestimated DM intake.
Andrade, Ederson Américo de. "Consumo de forragem, desempenho animal e emissão de metano entérico por bovinos em pastos de capim-elefante anão com ou sem acesso a amendoim forrageiro". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2013. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/898.
Pełny tekst źródłaManagement strategies for increasing legumes I the ruminant diets and mitigate methane emissions on tropical livestock production systems need to b better studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate herbage intake, animal performance and enteric methane of cattle grazing dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv BRS Kurumi) pastures with or whithout access to an exclusive area of peanuts (Arachis pintoi cv Amarillo) pastures. The experimental treatments were: dwarf elephant grass (DEG) pastures in extreme cultivation receiving nitrogen fertilization (150 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) and DEG intercropped with peanuts (Arachis pintoi cv Amarillo) plus an adjacent area formed by the same legume which was allowed to be accessed by grazing animals for 5 h/day (from 7 to 12 am). Twelve Charolais steers (213 +- 8.9 kg of body live weight, LW) were assigned in four groups, two per treatment. The animals were managed according to a intermittent grazing method with an herbage allowance of dry leaf of 6.0 kg/100 kg of LW. Both, average daily gain and DM herbage intake were higher (P<0.05) while morning and total grazing time were lower (P<0.001) for animals grazing legume pastures. The daily methane emissions was higher (P<0.05) in animals grazing legume pastures, whereas methane emission by kg of DM intake was not affected by treatments. Steers grazing DEG with access to peanut pastures can improve their performance without increased methane production by kg of DM intake
O uso eficiente das leguminosas tropicais na produção de ruminantes a pasto pode ser uma alternativa para melhoria dos índices zootécnicos, agronômicos e ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consumo de forragem, o desempenho animal e a emissão de metano entérico por bovinos pastejando capim-elefante anão (Pennisetum purpureum cv. BRS Kurumi) com ou sem acesso a uma área exclusiva de amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv amarillo). Os tratamentos experimentais foram: pasto de capim elefante anão em cultivo estreme (CEA) recebendo adubação nitrogenada (150 kg/há de N na forma de nitrato de amônio) e capim elefante anão consorciado com amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi cv Amarillo), mais uma área adjacente formado pela mesma leguminosa com acesso dos animais no pasto por 5 h/dia (7-12 horas) (CEL). Doze bovinos Charolês (213 + - 8,9 kg de peso vivo, PV) foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, dois por tratamento. Os animais permaneciam em pastejo intermitente, com uma oferta de MS de folhas verdes de 6,0 kg/100 kg de PV. O ganho médio diário (P<0,01) e consumo de MS (P < 0,05) foram maiores, enquanto o tempo de pastejo pela manhã e tempo total de pastejo foram menores (P < 0,001) nos animais que tiveram acesso à leguminosa. A emissão diária de metano foi superior (P < 0,05) nos animais com acesso à leguminosa, enquanto a emissão de metano por kg de MS consumida não foi afetada pelos tratamentos. Bovinos pastejando capim-elefante anão com acesso horário a amendoim forrageiro melhoram seu desempenho e a eficiência do tempo alocado para atividade de pastejo sem aumentar a produção de metano por kg de MS ingerida
Pacheco, Rangel Fernandes. "PARÂMETROS PRODUTIVOS E MORFOGÊNICOS DE PASTAGENS DE MILHETO OU CAPIM SUDÃO EM PASTEJO DE VACAS DE DESCARTE". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10822.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this study was to evaluate the productive and morphogenesis in pastures sudan grass or millet, on the behavioral aspects and performance of cull cows. Were used 22 cull cows from the cross between Charolais and Nellore, age and average initial live weight of 8 years and 448 kg, kept under continuous grazing pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) or sudan grass (Sorghum bicolor cv. sudanense). The experimental period was 63 days, divided into 3 periods (21 days each). The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and five repetitions (area) for the variables related to the productive pastures; ten replicates (animals) to behavioral parameters, and three replications (area) for the morphogenesis of grasses. There were no differences (P<0.05) for the productive and behavioral function in animal treatments. Pastures millet showed higher (P<0.10) canopy height (32.69cm vs 20.29 cm), number of leaves per tiller (4.74 vs 3.06), number of green leaves (4.26 vs 2.55), number of adult leaves (2.34 vs 1.08), number of young leaves (1.92 vs 1.47) and leaf appearance rate (0.147 vs 0.080), compared to pastures sudan grass. The rates of dry matter, crude protein and supply of leaf blade, were higher in the first 21 days of use of pastures (130.77 kg/ha of dry matter (DM), 170.4 g / kg DM and 3.63%; respectively). The stocking was similar in the first two periods (2329.2 and 1843.5 kg / ha PV), and over the last experimental period (1261.5 kg / ha of PV). Average daily gain and gain body condition score were similar across periods (mean of 1.00 kg/day and 0.23 points, respectively). The time devoted to grazing (613 minutes), number of steps per minute (8.8) and number of feeding stations per minute (10.9) were higher in the first experimental period, while the rate of bites per minute (47.41) was higher in the third trial. Sudan grass pastures are similar regarding the parameters of productive grazing millet with similar reflections on the performance and behavior of animals. However, the present potential of millet pastures above the vegetative sudan grass. With the advance of the growing season pastures for significant changes in the structures of pastures, which reflect the performance and behavior of animals.
O objetivo desse trabalho foi de avaliar os parâmetros produtivos e morfogênicos de pastagens de milheto ou capim sudão, sobre os aspectos comportamentais e de desempenho de vacas de descarte. Foram utilizadas 22 vacas de descarte oriundas do cruzamento entre as raças Charolês e Nelore, de idade e peso vivo médios iniciais de 8 anos e 448 kg, mantidas sob pastejo contínuo em pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) ou capim sudão (Sorghum bicolor cv. sudanense). O período experimental foi de 63 dias, divididos em 3 períodos (21 dias cada). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e cinco repetições (área) para as variáveis relacionadas aos parâmetros produtivos das pastagens; dez repetições (animais) aos parâmetros comportamentais e três repetições (área) para as características morfogênicas das gramíneas. Não houve diferenças (P<0,05) para os parâmetros produtivos e comportamentais dos animais em função dos tratamentos. Os perfilhos de milheto demonstraram maiores (P<0,10) altura de dossel (32,69 cm vs 20,29 cm), número de folhas por perfilho (4,74 vs 3,06), número de folhas vivas (4,26 vs 2,55), número de folhas adultas (2,34 vs 1,08), número de folhas jovens (1,92 vs 1,47) e taxa de aparecimento foliar (0,147 vs 0,080), em relação as pastagens de capim sudão. As taxas de acúmulo de matéria seca (130,77 kg de matéria seca (MS)/ha), proteína bruta (170,4 g/kg de MS) e oferta de lâminas foliares (3,63%), foram maiores nos primeiros 21 dias de utilização das pastagens. A carga animal foi semelhante nos dois primeiros períodos experimentais (2329,2 e 1843,5 kg/ha de PV), sendo essas superiores a do último período de utilização das pastagens (1261,5 kg/ha de PV). O ganho médio diário de peso vivo não alterou com o avançar do ciclo vegetativo das pastagens (média de 1,00 kg/dia). O tempo destinado ao pastejo (613 minutos), número de passos por minuto (8,8) e número de estações alimentares por minuto (10,9), foram maiores no primeiro período experimental; enquanto a taxa de bocados por minuto (47,41) foi maior no terceiro período experimental. Pastagens de capim sudão são semelhantes quanto aos parâmetros produtivos em relação a pastagens de milheto condicionando igualdade no desempenho e comportamento dos animais. Entretanto, as pastagens de milheto apresentam potenciais forrageiro superiores ao capim sudão. Com o avançar o ciclo vegetativo das gramíneas há mudanças expressivas nas estruturas das pastagens, as quais refletem no desempenho e comportamento dos animais.
Crestani, Steben. "Introdução do Amendoim Forrageiro em pastos de Capim Elefante Anão: consumo de forragem, desempenho animal e fixação biológica de nitrogênio". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2011. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/836.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this study was to quantify the effect of introduction of Arachis pintoi in dwarf elephant grass pastures (Pennisetum purpureum) on herbage production and animal performance. The treatments were dwarf elephant grass (PG) fertilized with 200 kg N / ha and a mixed pasture of dwarf elephant grass and Arachis without the use of nitrogen fertilization (PAG). The animals used were 12 cross steers of Charolais (BW = 288 ± 5.2 kg) divided into four groups (two per treatment). The pastures were managed under intermittent stocking with an average herbage allowance of 5.4 kg of dry matter of green leaves/100 kg of bodyweight. The forage intake was estimated using the n-alkanes technique (C31-C32) and by disappearance of forage. The determination of the 15N (d15N) showed that 75% of N present in the Arachis was derived from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The herbage accumulation rate (95.5 kg DM/ ha.day), as well as green leaves biomass (GLB) (2310 kg DM / ha) were not affected by treatments. The methodology of herbage disappearance has proved an effective method to estimate forage intake. The DM disappearance (mean = 2.44% BW), average daily gain (mean = 0.76 kg) and stocking rate (mean = 3.8 AU / ha.day) were similar between treatments. In conclusion, the presence of Arachis in dwarf elephant grass pasture, at the proportion of 9.2% of total DM, was sufficient to maintain herbage production, but did not increased the herbage intake and animal performance. Future works should be conducted to evaluate animal response when the legume is provided at different spatial distribution
O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o efeito da introdução do amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) em pastos de capim elefante anão (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) sobre a produtividade primária de forragem e o desempenho animal. Os tratamentos experimentais foram capim elefante anão (CEA) adubado com 200 kg de N/ha e uma pastagem consorciada de capim elefante anão e amendoim forrageiro sem o uso de adubos industriais (CEL). Os animais utilizados foram 12 novilhos cruza Charolês (PV = 288 ± 5,2 kg) divididos em quatro lotes (dois por tratamento). Os pastos foram manejados sob lotação intermitente com oferta diária média de 5,4 kg de MS de folhas verdes/100 kg de peso vivo. O consumo de forragem foi estimado por meio das técnicas de pares de n-alcanos (C31-C32) e por desaparecimento da forragem. A determinação do 15N (d15N) revelou que 75% do N presente no amendoim forrageiro foi oriundo da fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN). A taxa de acúmulo total de matéria seca (média = 95,5 kg/ha.dia), bem como a matéria seca de biomassa verde (BVS = 2310 kg MS/ha) não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. A metodologia de desaparecimento de forragem demonstrou ser um método eficaz na estimativa do consumo de forragem. O desaparecimento de MS (média = 2,44 % PV), o ganho médio diário (média = 0,76 kg) e a taxa de lotação (média = 3,8 UA/ha.dia) foram semelhantes entre os pastos estudados. Em conclusão, a presença do amendoim forrageiro em pastos de pastos de capim elefante anão, na proporção de 9,2% da MS total, foi suficiente para manter a produtividade primária, mas não possibilitou incrementos no consumo de forragem e no desempenho animal. Trabalhos futuros devem ser conduzidos para avaliar a resposta animal quando a leguminosa é fornecida em condições de mais fácil acesso aos animais
Tambara, Antônio Augusto Cortiana. "Estudo meta-analítico do desempenho de bovinos de corte em pastagens tropicais". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4324.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnimal performance was evaluated in bovine cattle livestock systems using tropical pasture based diets through a meta-analysis process, which included a database of scientific articles, dissertations and theses. Data was tabulated and categorized identifying the scientific work, the experiment, animals, animal performance, pasture, supplements and grazing. The conversion efficiency of supplement use was evaluated in the studies containing control (no supplementation), and calculated as the change in average daily gain of individual weight (CoEfADGan) or area (ha, CoEfADGha) per kg of supplement offered. Data distribution from a general database was assessed. To analyze the factors affecting animal performance variables the general database was sub-divided into two sub-bases, rainy and dry season. To evaluate the factors affecting animal performance variables data was weighted by n treatments and analysis of variance and covariance was used. The average daily gain of body weight per animal (ADGan, 0.870 vs. 0.611 kg / animal / day) and per hectare (ADGha vs. 5.76. 4.59 kg / ha / day), as well as daily animal load per hectare (DALha, 1483 vs. 1211 kg / ha / day) were higher (P <0.05) during the rainy season than during the dry season. During the rainy season, ADGan was lower in the genus Brachiaria and superior in the Panicum (P <0.05), but the DALha and ADGha were higher (P <0.05) in Cynodon. In dry season, ADGan was lower (P <0.05) in the Brachiaria than in Cynodon and Panicum, and ADGha was higher (P <0.05) in Panicum. In both dry and rainy seasons, ADGan, ADGha and DALha increased linearly (P <0.01) with increasing levels of supplementation, which ranged from zero to 1.6% of live weight (LW). The ADGan increased linearly (P <0.05) and DALha decreased linearly (P <0.05), while ADGha was quadratically (P <0.05) related to the increased availability of herbage. Animal performance was linear and positively correlated with leaf: stem proportion from pastures (P <0.05), both in the rainy and dry seasons. During the rainy season the best responses in ADGan and ADGha were obtained from the use of protein supplement compared with supplemental energy or proteinated salt (P <0.05), while the use of energy supplement enabled a higher DALha (P <0,05). During the dry season, ADGha was not affected by supplement type, but the best responses were obtained for ADGan with energy supplement (P <0.05) while protein supplementation, either through proteinated salt or protein supplement, was associated with a higher DALha (P <0.05). During the rainy season animal performance was quadratically (P <0.05) related to live weight (LW) of animals, and ADGan maximized in animals weighing about 380 kg and ADGha maximized in animals weighting about 400 kg. In the dry season, ADGan and ADGha were linearly and positively related animal LW (P <0.05). Pasture neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content ranged from 46 to 82% in dry matter (DM) and was quadratically related to ADGan (P <0.05) being that maximum gain was obtained with NDF content around 66%. Crude protein (CP) of pasture ranged from 1.9 to 21.6% in DM and was linear and positively correlated with ADGan (P <0.05). The ADGan was linear and negatively associated with the value obtained by the ratio between the content (% DM) of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP of pasture (P <0.05). Nitrogen fertilizer was linearly (P <0.05) associated with increased DALha, both in the rainy and dry seasons. The CoEfADGan and the CoEfADGha decreased lineally (P <0.05) with increasing animal LW during the rainy season, becoming negative from around 360 kg. In the rainy season as well as in the dry season, both efficiencies were also negatively (P <0.05) related to the CP content of pasture, being also negative from 10% CP, and positive and quadratically (P <0.05) related to the leaf: stem ratio of the pastures. Highest efficiencies were observed with leaf: stem ratio 3.7:1. During the dry season EfCoGMD and EfCoGAD decreased (P < 0.05) with the increasing the value obtained by the TDN: CP supplement ratio, becoming negative from 4,3:1. In conclusion, the meta-analysis enabled the identification of beef cattle performance in tropical pastures showing that it is influenced in an integrated manner by factors associated with several features such as climate, pasture, animal, handling and supplementation. However, the degree to which each factor influences animal performance could be more accuratelly assessed if publications were standardized and contained essential information regarding more detailed methodological descriptions and basic statistical information.
Foi avaliado o desempenho animal em sistemas pecuários bovinos utilizando dietas à base de pastagens tropicais através de processo meta-analítico, que incluiu na base de dados artigos científicos, dissertações e teses. Foram tabulados e categorizados dados de identificação do trabalho científico, do experimento, dos animais, do desempenho animal, da pastagem, dos suplementos e do método de pastejo. A eficiência de conversão do uso do suplemento foi avaliada nos estudos contendo tratamento testemunha (sem suplementação), e calculada como a variação do ganho médio diário de peso individual (EfCoGMD) ou por área (EfCoGAD) por kg de suplemento ofertado. Foi avaliada a distribuição dos dados da base geral e, para analisar os fatores que afetam as variáveis de desempenho animal, a base geral foi subdividida nas sub-bases águas e secas. Para avaliação dos fatores que afetam as variáveis de desempenho animal os dados foram ponderados pelo n dos tratamentos e utilizado análise de variância e covariância. O ganho médio de peso individual (GMD, 0,870 vs. 0,611 kg/animal/dia) e o ganho por área (GAD, 5,76 vs. 4,59 kg/ha/dia), assim como a carga animal (CAD, 1483 vs. 1211 kg/ha/dia) foram maiores (P<0,05) no período das águas que no período das secas. No período das águas o GMD foi menor na Brachiaria e superior no gênero Panicum (P<0,05), mas a CAD e GAD foram superiores (P<0,05) no Cynodon. Nas secas, o GMD foi menor (P<0,05) na Brachiaria que no Cynodon ou Panicum, e o GAD foi maior (P<0,05) no Panicum. Independentemente do período do ano, o GMD, o GAD e a CAD aumentaram linearmente (P<0,01) com o aumento do nível de suplementação, o qual variou de zero a 1,6% do peso vivo (PV). O GMD aumentou linearmente (P<0,05) e a CAD diminuiu linearmente (P<0,05), enquanto o GAD foi quadraticamente (P<0,05) relacionado com o aumento da oferta de forragem total. O desempenho animal foi linear e positivamente relacionado com proporção folha:colmo das pastagens (P<0,05), tanto no período das águas quanto no período das secas. No período das águas as melhores respostas em GMD e GAD foram obtidas com o uso de suplemento protéico quando comparado com suplemento energético ou sal proteinado (P<0,05), enquanto o uso de suplemento energético possibilitou maior CAD (P<0,05). No período das secas o GAD não foi afetado pelo tipo de suplemento, mas as melhores respostas para GMD foram obtidas com suplemento energético (P<0,05) enquanto que a suplementação proteica, seja através de sal proteinado ou suplemento proteico, foi relacionada com maior CAD (P<0,05). No período das águas o desempenho animal foi quadraticamente (P<0,05) relacionado com o peso vivo (PV) dos animais, sendo o GMD maximizado com animais pesando em torno de 380 kg e o GAD maximizado com animais de 400 kg. Nas secas o GMD e o GAD foram linear e positivamente relacionados com o PV dos animais (P<0,05). O teor de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) da pastagem variou de 46 a 82 % na matéria seca (MS) e foi quadraticamente relacionado com o GMD (P<0,05) sendo que o máximo GMD foi obtido com teor de FDN em torno de 66%. O teor de proteína bruta (PB) da pastagem variou de 1,9 a 21,6 % na MS e foi linear e positivamente relacionado com GMD (P<0,05). O GMD foi linear e negativamente associado com o valor obtido pela razão (relação) entre o teor (% na MS) de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e PB da pastagem (P<0,05). A adubação nitrogenada foi linearmente (P<0,05) relacionada com aumento da CAD tanto no período das águas como no período das secas. A EfCoGMD e a EfCoGAD diminuíram linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento do PV dos animais no período das águas, passando a serem negativas a partir de em torno de 360 kg. Tanto nas águas como nas secas, ambas as eficiências também foram negativamente (P<0,05) relacionadas com o teor de PB da pastagem, passando a serem negativas a partir de 10% de PB, e positiva e quadraticamente (P<0,05) relacionadas com a relação folha:colmo das pastagens. Máximas eficiências foram observadas com relação folha:colmo em torno de 3,7:1. No período das secas a EfCoGMD e a EfCoGAD diminuíram linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento do valor observado na relação NDT:PB do suplemento, passando a serem negativas a partir de 4,3:1. Em conclusão, a meta-análise possibilitou identificar que o desempenho de bovinos de corte em pastagens tropicais é influenciado de forma integrada por fatores associados às características do clima, das pastagens, dos animais, do manejo e da suplementação. Contudo, o grau de influência de cada fator seria melhor definido se as publicações nessa área de conhecimento fossem padronizadas e contivessem informações mínimas tanto em relação à descrição da metodologia como em relação à presença de informações estatísticas básicas.
Thomas, Craig W. "Current practices and future possibilities of performance recording extensively-grazed commercial beef herds in New Zealand". Diss., Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/844.
Pełny tekst źródłaNenad, Katanić. "Повезаност особина из перформанс теста назимица са величином легла код крмача". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101699&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Pełny tekst źródłaIspitivanje povezanosti osobina iz performans testa nazimica saveličinom legla krmača, obavljeno je na sedam genotipova životinja (čistihrasa: danski landras, holandski landras, nemački landras, švedski landras iveliki jorkšir i programskih meleza: meleza čija je majka landras i meleza čijaje majka veliki jorkšir).Fenotipska povezanost osobina iz performans testa (ekterijer, masa nakraju testa, starost na kraju testa, dnevni prirast u testu, debljina slanineu slabinskom delu, debljina slanine u leđnom delu, dubina MLD-a, broj legla,priplodna vrednost nazimica procenjena selekcijskim indeksom i procenat mesau trupu) i dva osnovna reproduktivna parametra (broj živorođene prasadi i brojzalučene prasadi), statistički je analizirana softverskim paketom „Statistika13“ i „SPSS verzija 23“. Ispitano je postojanje/nepostojanje uticaja svakepojedinačne osobine iz performans testa na reproduktivne osobineNije utvrđena opšta povezanost svih osobina performans testa ireproduktivnih osobinaAnalizirane osobine pokazale su veliku zavisnost od genotipaispitivanih životinja.
Bento, Paulo Filipe Lopes. "Infeção por Eimeria e a sua relação com o ganho médio diário numa exploração de caprinos". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/24506.
Pełny tekst źródłaEimeria spp. is a gastrointestinal parasitic disease that can lead to clinical or subclinical disease. This is dependent on the parasitic load in one given animal, pathogenicity of the infecting species, different production systems and animal management. Average daily gain is impacted in either clinical presentation, with young animals being more susceptible to infection. The goal of the present study is to determine the Eimeria spp. infection presence and intensity in a caprine dairy farm in the central region of Portugal and the potential associations between infection with one or more species and it’s effect on the average daily gain. A total of 105 kids were studied over a period of 21 days. Fecal samples were collected on two different periods and analyzed by the McMaster and Willis methods (quantitative and qualitative methods, respectively). Individual weight was obtained at the beginning and at the end of the study period, and average daily gain for each kid was determined. Average daily gain and remaining data were subjected to a variance analysis using General Linear Model Procedure (PROC GLM) of Statistical Analysis System®, 2017. Eimeria spp. infection was found in 87.62% (92/105) of the kids, with an average of 453.10 oocysts per gram of feces. Seven different species of Eimeria were detected: E. caprina (39.05%), E. arloingi (38.10%), E. caprovina (36.19%), E. alijevi (29.52%), E. christenseni (29.52%), E. ninakohlyakimovae (20.95%) and E. hirci (15.24%). Infections by a single specie were present in 24.76% (26/105) of cases, which impacted significantly the average daily gain (p=0.012), while mixed infections were found in 62.86% (66/105) of the total population studied.Average daily gain was 20.17% higher in non-infected kids when compared with positive cases. Infection with Eimeria spp. was found to significantly affect this variable (p=0.034) for p<0.05. Of the seven species detected in this study, only the infection by E. alijevi and E. ninakohlyakimovae showed to be statistically significant to the variable average daily gain (p=0.005 and p=0.033, respectively), when compared to the negative animals group.
BRŮHA, Karel. "Analýza stáda masného skotu". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-115853.
Pełny tekst źródłaTOMKOVÁ, Kateřina. "Analýza masného stáda skotu chovaného v ekologickém systému hospodaření". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-115847.
Pełny tekst źródłaSTRNADOVÁ, Eva. "Vyhodnocení výsledků odchovu plemenných býků masných plemen skotu". Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-49952.
Pełny tekst źródłaBÍNOVÁ, Hana. "Masná užitkovost u plemene Salers". Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-317708.
Pełny tekst źródłaKOLOUŠKOVÁ, Martina. "Analýza chovu masného stáda skotu". Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-46108.
Pełny tekst źródłaTaniças, Ana Filipa Amiguinho. "Caracterização produtiva e reprodutiva das raças Merina Branca e Merina Preta em Portugal". Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2039.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this study, growth and reproductive records from two Portuguese breeds of sheep - Merino Branco (MB) and Merino Preto (MP) were analyzed by linear model methodologies to assess the importance of systematic environmental factors on these traits. Data were gathered from flocks registered in the Herd Books owned by the Portuguese Merino Breeders Association from 1995 to 2008. Growth traits evaluated were adjusted weights at 30 (PA30), 60 (PA60) and 90 (PA90) days of age and average daily weight gains from birth to 30 (GMD30), 60 (GMD60) and 90 (GMD90) days of age. A total of 36029 weighing records were used for MB and 16098 records for MP. To evaluate prolificacy, 29008 and 12827 records were analyzed for MB and MP, respectively. Separated statistical analyses were performed for each breed. Growth data were analyzed as a trait of the lamb and models included the fixed effects of sex, type of birth, age of dam, season of birth and the interactions sex * type of birth, year of birth * breeder, age of dam * type of birth and type of birth * season of birth and ewe and residual as random effects. Prolificacy was evaluated as a repeated trait of the ewe and the model contained the fixed effects of season of birth of the ewe, lambing season, age of ewe at lambing and the interactions year of lambing * breeder and age of ewe at lambing * lambing season and the residual as random effect. Adjusted weights for MB single born lambs were 11,12±0,03 Kg for PA30, 17,74±0,06 Kg for PA60 and 24,20±0,09 Kg PA90. Corresponding weights for MP were 11,17±0,04 Kg for PA30, 17,40±0,08 Kg for PA60 and 23,42±0,13 Kg PA90, respectively. MB twin lambs weighted 1,85 Kg, 2,71 Kg and 3,16 Kg less than singles (p <0,001), for PA30, PA60 and PA90, respectively. On average, single born MP lambs were 14% heavier than twins and, as observed for MP lambs, differences increased with age. Males were significantly heavier than females (p < 0,001). Observed differences were 0,4 Kg for PA30, 0,7 Kg for PA60 and 1,0 Kg for PA90 in the MB breed and 0,5 Kg for PA30, 0,9 Kg for PA60 and 1,3 Kg for PA90 for MP. For both breeds, ewes of intermediate ages (4 and 5 years old) had in general heavier lambs than younger or older ewes (p < 0,001). Lambs born in the Fall were lighter as compared to those born in Winter (p < 0,001) (11% for MB and 13% for MP). Average daily gains for MB singles were 220±0,001 gr/day for GMD30, GMD60 and GMD90, respectively. Corresponding values for MP were 230±0,001 gr/day, 220±0,001 gr/day and 210±0,001 gr/day. In both breeds, differences between singles and twins (p < 0,001) ranged from 20 to 30 gr/day for all growth intervals. Males grew faster than the females (p < 0,001), with differences of 8 gr/day for GMD30 and 10 gr/day for GMD60 and GMD90 in the MB. For MP larger differences were observed between sexes (10 gr/day for GMD30 and GMD60 and 20 gr/day for GMD90). As for fixed age weights, a quadratic effect of age of dam was also observed for all weight gains in the two breeds. Consistently higher weight gains were obtained in lambs born in Winter than in the Fall (range 20 to 50 gr/day). Prolificacy was low for both breeds (average 1,10 lambs/ewe lambing). For MB, most of the variation was due to the interactions year of lambing * breeder and age (P<0,001) of ewe at lambing * lambing season (P<0,001) reflecting probably large management differences. In the MP breed,besides these effects, age of ewe at lambing was significant (p< 0,001). Four year old and older ewes showed higher prolificacies (range 1,14 to 1,16) than younger ewes (range 1,06 to 1,10). The results of this study show that the same environmental factors affect growth performance in both breeds. Growth rate is slower than typical meat sheep breeds, but having in perspective that animals are raised in extensive grazing conditions, the growth potential shown by both breeds is reasonable. In terms of reproduction, prolificacy is rather low, showing however an increase with increasing age. The combined results of growth and reproductive performance reveal that these genotypes show great longevity and adaptability to local production systems.------------------------------Procedeu-se à análise, pelo método dos quadrados mínimos, de alguns efeitos ambientais sistemáticos sobre caracteres produtivos e reprodutivos de ovinos das raças Portuguesas Merina Branca e Merina Preta. Os dados foram recolhidos nos efectivos dos criadores inscritos na ANCORME, entre 1995-2008. Os pesos ajustados aos 30, 60 e 90 dias para os borregos da raça MB e nascidos de partos simples foram 11,12±0,03 Kg; 17,74±0,06 Kg; 24,20±0,09 Kg, respectivamente e 11,17±0,04 Kg; 17,40±0,08; 23,42±0,13 Kg para borregos MP. Para as duas raças em estudo, os machos superiorizaram-se significativamente (P <0,001) às fêmeas e borregos nascidos no Inverno foram sempre mais pesados (P <0,001) comparativamente aos nascidos na época do Outono. Observou-se que borregos MB e MP, oriundos de partos simples fizeram ganhos médios diários de 220 gr/dia. O valor da prolificidade foi baixo para as duas raças, relativamente a outras raças de ovinos (valor médio de 1,10 borr. /parto) aumentando com a idade da ovelha. Este estudo revela que estas raças possuem uma taxa de crescimento mais lento relativamente a outras raças vocacionadas para a produção de carne, assim como a baixa prolificidade registada. O potencial produtivo e reprodutivo dos genótipos MB e MP avaliado neste trabalho é revelador de grande longevidade e adaptabilidade às condições de exploração.
LESKOVSKÁ, Kateřina. "Analýza užitkových vlastností základního stáda prasnic". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-115346.
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