Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „AUXILIARY SIGNALS”

L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une nouvelle méthodologie pour la détection active de défaillances, basée sur approche multimodèle et robuste des fautes. Ce travail prolonge des recherches effectuées dans le projet Metalau de l'Inria. L'apport essentiel de cette thèse est la prise en compte de modèles évoluant en boucle fermée. On utilise une approche multi-modèle pour modéliser le modèle en fonctionnement normal et le modèle défaillant. Les avantages potentiels de l'utilisation d'un feedback dynamique linéaire et ses propriétés de robustesse sont analysés dans la construction de signaux de détection auxiliaires. On compare les résultats obtenus avec ceux du cas boucle ouverte. La formulation du problème de détection active dans le cas d'un modèle en boucle fermée est nouvelle et repose sur la prise en considération de la norme du signal de détection auxiliaire comme critère d'optimisation. On considère aussi des fonctions coût plus générales, telles celles qui sont utilisées pour mesurer la performance de feedbacks dans des problèmes de la théorie de la commande linéaire robuste. La solution complète repose sur la résolution de plusieurs problèmes d'optimisation non standards
The aim is to develop a novel theory of robust active failure detection based on multi-model formulation of faults. The original method was already proposed by the Metalau group of INRIA. We have continued to work on the extension of this approach to more general cases. The focus is on the effects of feedback on the previous approach. The multi-model approach is still used to model the normal and the failed systems; however the possible advantages of using linear dynamic feedback in the construction of the auxiliary signal for robust fault detection is considered and the results are compared to the previously developed open-loop setup. An original formulation of the active fault detection problem using feedback is developed. The norm of the auxiliary signal is considered as a possible cost criterion. Also, we have considered a more general cost function that has already been used for measuring the performance of feedback configurations in Linear Control Theory. We have given a complete solution to this problem. In order to find a complete solution, several mathematical problems are solved

[EN] ABSTRACT Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling plays a critical role in regulating root growth and root system architecture. ABA-mediated growth promotion and root tropic response under water stress are key responses for plant survival under limiting water conditions. In this work, we have explored the role of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors (PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 (PYR1)/PYR1 LIKE (PYL)/REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS) for root ABA signaling. As a result, we discovered that PYL8 plays a nonredundant role for the regulation of root ABA sensitivity. Unexpectedly, given the multigenic nature and partial functional redundancy observed in the PYR/PYL family, the single pyl8 mutant showed reduced sensitivity to ABA-mediated root growth inhibition. This effect was due to the lack of PYL8-mediated inhibition of several clade A phosphatases type 2C (PP2Cs), since PYL8 interacted in vivo with at least five PP2Cs, namely HYPERSENSITIVE TO ABA1 (HAB1), HAB2, ABAINSENSITIVE1 (ABI1), ABI2, and PP2CA/ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION3 as revealed by tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry proteomic approaches. Membrane-delimited abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction plays a critical role in early ABA signaling, but the molecular mechanisms linking core signaling components to the plasma membrane are unclear. We show that transient calciumdependent interactions of PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors with membranes are mediated through a 10-member family of C2-domain ABA-related (CAR) proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Specifically, we found that PYL4 interacted in an ABA-independent manner with CAR1 in both the plasma membrane and nucleus of plant cells. CAR1 belongs to a plant-specific gene family encoding CAR1 to CAR10 proteins, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that PYL4-CAR1 as well as other PYR/PYL-CAR pairs interacted in plant cells. The crystal structure of CAR4 was solved, which revealed that, in addition to a classical calcium-dependent lipid binding C2 domain, a specific CAR signature is likely responsible for the interaction with PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors and their recruitment to phospholipid vesicles. This interaction is relevant for PYR/PYL/RCAR function and ABA signaling, since different car triple mutants affected in CAR1, CAR4, CAR5, and CAR9 genes showed reduced sensitivity to ABA in seedling establishment and root growth assays. In summary, we identified PYR/PYL/RCAR-interacting partners that mediate a transient Ca2+-dependent interaction with phospholipid vesicles, which affects PYR/PYL/RCAR subcellular localization and positively regulates ABA signaling.
[ES] RESUMEN La señalización por la hormona vegetal ácido abscísico (ABA) desempeña un papel crítico en la regulación del crecimiento de la raíz y en la arquitectura del sistema radical. La promoción de crecimiento de la raíz en condiciones de estrés hídrico mediada por ABA es clave para la supervivencia de las plantas bajo condiciones limitantes de agua. En este trabajo, hemos explorado el papel de los receptores PYR/PYL/RCAR (PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 (PYR1)/PYR1 LIKE (PYL)/ REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS) de Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) en la ruta de señalización de ABA en raíz. Así, hemos descubierto que el receptor de ABA PYL8 juega un papel no redundante en la regulación de la percepción de ABA en raíz. Inesperadamente, dada la naturaleza multigénica y la redundancia funcional parcial observada en la familia PYR/PYL/RCAR, el mutante pyl8 fue el único mutante sencillo de pérdida de función de los receptores PYR/PYL/RCAR que mostraba una sensibilidad reducida a la inhibición del crecimiento mediada por ABA en raíz. Este efecto se debe a la falta de inhibición mediada por PYL8 de varias fosfatasas del grupo A tipo 2C (PP2Cs), ya que PYL8 es capaz de interactuar in vivo con al menos cinco PP2Cs, denominadas HYPERSENSITIVE TO ABA1 (HAB1), HAB2, ABAINSENSITIVE1 (ABI1), ABI2, and PP2CA/ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION3 según lo han revelado la purificación por afinidad en tándem (TAP por sus siglas en inglés) y estudios proteómicos de espectrometría de masas. La transducción de la señal del ABA localizada en la membrana plasmática celular juega un papel crucial en los pasos iniciales de la señalización de la fitohormona, pero los mecanismos moleculares que unen los componentes básicos de la señalización y la membrana plasmática no están claros. Estudiando las interacciones de los receptores del ABA PYR/PYL/RCAR con la membrana plasmática hemos encontrado que éstos pueden interaccionar transitoriamente con ella de forma dependiente de calcio gracias a una familia de proteínas con dominios C2 relacionadas con la ruta de señalización de ABA (denominadas C2-domain ABA-related (CAR) proteins). Específicamente, se encontró que PYL4 interacciona de manera independiente de ABA con CAR1 tanto en la membrana plasmática como en el núcleo de las células vegetales. La proteína CAR1 pertenece a una familia multigénica constituida por 10 miembros en Arabidopsis thaliana, desde CAR1 hasta CAR10, y que solo se encuentra en plantas. Los ensayos de complementación bi-molecular de fluorescencia y de co-immunoprecipitación confirmaron la interacción en células vegetales tanto de PYL4-CAR1 como de otras parejas de PYR/PYL-CAR. La cristalización de la proteína CAR4 reveló que, además de un dominio C2 clásico de unión a lípidos dependiente de calcio, las proteínas de la familia CAR presentan un dominio específico que probablemente es responsable de la interacción con los receptores PYR/PYL/RCAR y de su posterior reclutamiento a las vesículas de fosfolípidos. Esta interacción es relevante para la función de los receptores PYR/PYL/RCAR en la señalización del ABA, ya que diferentes mutantes triples car de pérdida de función, que tienen afectados los genes CAR1, CAR4, CAR5, y CAR9, demostraron una reducción de la sensibilidad al ABA en ensayos de establecimiento de plántula y crecimiento de la raíz. En resumen, hemos identificado nueva familia de proteínas que son capaces mediar las interacciones transitorias dependientes de Ca2+ con vesículas de fosfolípidos, lo que a su vez afecta localización de PYR/PYL/RCAR y regula positivamente la señalización de ABA.
[CAT] RESUM La senyalització per l'hormona vegetal àcid abcíssic (ABA) exerceix un paper crític en la regulació del creixement de l'arrel i també en l'arquitectura del sistema radical. La promoció del creixement de l'arrel en condicions d'estrés hídric, regulada per ABA és clau per la supervivència de les plantes sota condicions limitants d'aigua. Amb aquest treball, hem investigat el paper dels receptors PYR/PYL/RCAR (PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE1 (PYR1)/PYR1 LIKE (PYL)/ REGULATORY COMPONENTS OF ABA RECEPTORS) d'Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) en el camí de senyalització d'ABA en arrel. Així, hem descobert que el receptor d'ABA PYL8 exerceix un paper no redundant en la regulació de la percepció d'ABA en arrel. Inesperadament, donada la naturalesa multigènica i la redundància funcional parcial que s'observa en la família PYR/PYL/RCAR, el mutant pyl8 va ser l'únic mutant senzill de pèrdua de funció dels receptors PYR/PYL/RCAR que mostrava una sensibilitat reduïda a la inhibició del creixement mitjançada per l'ABA en l'arrel. Doncs aquest efecte es deu a la falta d'inhibició regulada per PYL8 de diverses fosfatases del grup A tipus 2C (PP2Cs), ja que PYL8 té la capacitat d'interactuar in vivo almenys amb cinc PP2Cs, anomenades HYPERSENSITIVE TO ABA1 (HAB1), HAB2, ABAINSENSITIVE1 (ABI1), ABI2, and PP2CA/ABAHYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION3 segons ho han revelat per una banda la purificació per afinitat en tàndem (TAP són les seues sigles en anglés) i per altra banda, estudis proteòmics d'espectrometria de masses. Pel que fa a la transducció del senyal del l'ABA, la qual es localitza en la membrana plasmàtica cel¿lular, juga un paper molt important en els primers instants de la senyalització de la fitohormona, no obstant això els mecanismes moleculars que uneixen els components bàsics d'aquesta senyalització amb la membrana plasmàtica, no es troben del tot clars. Per tant, s'han estudiat les interaccions que tenen els receptors del ABA PYR/PYL/RCAR amb la membrana plasmàtica, i hem trobat que aquests tenen la capacitat d'interaccionar transitòriament amb la membrana de forma dependent al calci, gràcies a una família de proteïnes amb domini C2, les quals es troben relacionades amb la ruta de senyalització d'ABA(anomenades C2domain ABArelated (CAR) proteins).Específicament, es va trobar que PYL4 interacciona d'una manera independent al ABA amb CAR1, tant en la membrana plasmàtica, com en el nucli de les cèl¿lules vegetals. La proteïna CAR1 pertany a la família multigènica constituïda per 10 components en Arabidopsis thaliana, des de CAR1 fins CAR10, que tan sols es troba en plantes. Els assajos de complementació bimolecular de fluorescència i de co-immunoprecipitació, van confirmar la interacció en cèl¿lules vegetals, tant de PYL4CAR1 com d'altres parelles de PYR/PYL-CAR. La cristal¿lització de la proteïna CAR4 va revelar que, a més d'un domini C2 clàssic de unió a lípids dependent del calci, les proteïnes de la família CAR presenten un domini PYR/PYL/RCAR, i del seu posterior reclutament a les vesícules fosfolipídiques. Doncs, aquesta interacció és rellevant en la funció dels receptors PYR/PYL/RCAR, ja que participa en la senyalització del l'ABA. Aquesta interacció es clau per a la funció dels receptors, ja que diferents mutants triples car de pèrdua de funció, els quals posseïxen afectats els gens CAR1, CAR4, CAR5 i CAR9, van mostrar una reducció de la sensibilitat a l'ABA en assajos d'establiment de plàntula i creixement de l'arrel. En conclusió, hem identificat una nova família de proteïnes amb la capacitat d'organitzar les interaccions transitòries dependents del calci amb vesícules de fosfolípids, fet que al seu torn afecta la localització de PYR/PYL/RCAR i regula positivament la senyalització d'ABA.
Rodríguez Solovey, LN. (2015). IDENTIFICATION OF TARGETS AND AUXILIARY PROTEINS OF PYR/PYL/RCAR ABA RECEPTORS: PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES TYPE 2C (PP2Cs) AND C2-DOMAIN ABA-RELATED PROTEINS (CARs) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58862
TESIS

A criança com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural apresenta uma maior dificuldade para compreender a fala em meio ao ruído em comparação à criança normo-ouvinte. Portanto é importante considerar o uso de recursos, como o sistema de frequência modulada (FM), que auxiliam os usuários de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual (AASI) e implante coclear (IC) no reconhecimento de fala no ruído. OBJETIVO: verificar o benefício do sistema de FM em crianças com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural usuárias de AASI e/ou IC. METODOLOGIA: Participaram do estudo 30 crianças com idades entre 6 e 13 anos divididas em três grupos: grupo 1 (adaptação bimodal), grupo 2 (adaptação bilateral de AASI) e grupo controle (normo-ouvintes). Os sujeitos foram submetidos a uma avaliação do reconhecimento de fala no ruído, sendo que os sujeitos do grupo de estudo 1 e 2 foram submetidos a avaliação com e sem o sistema de FM. RESULTADOS: O sistema de FM apresentou benefícios estatisticamente significantes para os usuários de AASI e IC. A média de melhora com o sistema de FM foi de 9,7dB relação S/R para o grupo 1 e 17,2dB relação sinal/ruído para o grupo 2. A comparação com o grupo controle evidenciou que para uma criança usuária de AASI e/ou IC pode ser necessário uma melhora na relação S/R maior que 10dB a fim de alcançar o mesmo grau de reconhecimento de fala de crianças normo-ouvintes. CONCLUSÃO: O Sistema de FM beneficia crianças com deficiência auditiva usuárias de AASI e/ou IC no reconhecimento de fala no ruído.
The child with sensorineural hearing loss presents more difficulty to understand speech in noise compared with children with normal hearing. Therefore, it is important to consider the use of resources, such as the frequency modulation (FM) system, which help users of hearing aids (HA) and cochlear implants (CI) in speech recognition in noise. OBJECTIVE: verify the benefit of the FM system in children with sensorineural hearing loss users of hearing aid and/or CI. METHOD: We studied 30 children aged between 6 and 13 years divided into three groups: group 1 (bimodal fitting), group 2 (binaural fitting of hearing aids) and control group (normal hearing). The subjects were evaluated as to speech recognition in noise, and subjects of group 1 and 2 underwent evaluation with and without the FM system. RESULTS: The FM system showed statistically significant benefits for users of hearing aid and CI. The mean improvement in the FM system was 9.7 dB signal/noise ratio for group 1 and 17.2 dB signal/noise ratio for group 2. The comparison with the control group showed that for a child user of hearing aid and/or CI it may be necessary an improvement in S/N ratio greater than 10dB in order to achieve the same degree of speech recognition of normal hearing children. CONCLUSION: The FM system benefits children with hearing loss users of hearing aid and/or CI in speech.

Orientadores: Everardo Andrade da Costa, Christiane Marques do Couto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A investigação do reconhecimento da fala na presença de ruído competidor, em situações de escuta assemelhadas às do dia a dia, torna-se cada vez mais necessária. Atualmente, na rotina audiológica nacional, esta avaliação ainda é realizada sem ruído, limitando as informações sobre o desempenho dos indivíduos em condições de vida real. Este problema se agrava nas perdas auditivas sensorioneurais, de alta ocorrência na sociedade. O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar o reconhecimento da fala sem e com ruído competidor, em diferentes grupos populacionais, com o teste - Hearing in Noise Test - HINT BRASIL - Um total de 268 sujeitos, 180 do gênero masculino e 78 do feminino, foram avaliados e divididos em: 66 normo-ouvintes; 70 normo-ouvintes com história de exposição a ruído ocupacional; 80 com perda auditiva sensorioneural, com história de exposição a ruído ocupacional e 52 usuários de próteses auditivas. O HINT Brasil foi aplicado com fones de ouvido e em campo livre nas condições: sem ruído (S); com ruído frontal (RF); ruído à direita (RD); ruído à esquerda (RE). Além disso, o programa fornece uma média ponderada das condições com ruído, a qual denomina Ruído Composto (RC). Os resultados foram computados em dB(A) na condição sem ruído e em dB Relação Sinal/Ruído nas condições com ruído. Nos testes com ruído, os valores obtidos em campo livre foram piores do que os obtidos com fones de ouvido. O grupo de normo-ouvintes exposto a ruído ocupacional apresentou pior desempenho ao HINT Brasil, na condição RC, em relação aos normo-ouvintes não expostos. O grupo de sujeitos com perda auditiva sensorioneural apresentou respostas piores em todas as condições de aplicação do HINT Brasil quando comparados aos normo-ouvintes com e sem exposição. No grupo de usuários de próteses auditivas, o desempenho para o HINT Brasil foi melhor com o uso das próteses em relação a não utilização delas
Abstract: The investigation to recognize speech in day-to-day conditions becomes increasingly necessary. Currently, on the national routine audiological, this evaluation is still performed without noise, limiting the information about the performance of individuals in real-life conditions. This problem is aggravated on sensorineural hearing loss, which has high prevalence in society. The purpose of this research is to evaluate speech recognition with and without noise in different population groups, using the HINT Brazil (Hearing in Noise Test - Portuguese version of Brazil). A total of 268 people, 180 males and 78 females were evaluated: 66 normal hearing, 70 normal hearing individuals with a history of occupational noise exposure, 80 with sensorineural hearing loss, with a history of occupational noise exposure and 52 users hearing aids. The HINT Brazil was applied, with headphones and soundfield on conditions: quiet (Q); Noise Front (NF) Noise Right (NR); Noise Left (NL). Additionally, the program provides an average of the noise conditions called Noise Composed (NC). The results were calculated on dB (A) with no noise conditions and dB Signal to Noise Ratio (S/R) in noisy conditions. On the tests with noise, the values obtained in soundfield were worse than the ones with headphones. The normal hearing group exposed to occupation noise presents worse performance with the HINT Brazil, in the condition RC, comparing to the ones not exposed. The sensoneural hearing loss group presented worse performance in all the conditions of the HINT Brazil comparing to the normal hearing with and without exposure. On the hearing aid users group, the HINT performance was better using the hearing aids
Doutorado
Epidemiologia
Doutora em Saúde Coletiva

O esforço auditivo é definido como o esforço cognitivo e de atenção necessários para compreender a fala em ambiente ruidoso. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o esforço auditivo e fadiga em adolescentes com deficiência auditiva, usuários de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual (AASI), sem e com sistema de frequência modulada (FM), e comparar com adolescentes com audição normal, por meio do desenvolvimento de uma plataforma para execução da tarefa secundária em teste de dupla tarefa; analisar o impacto do ruído na aprendizagem pela perspectiva dos participantes; e investigar a opinião dos usuários sobre o impacto do uso do sistema FM na sala de aula. Participaram 18 adolescentes com audição normal e 13 adolescentes com deficiência auditiva sensorioneural, bilateralmente, de grau moderado e severo usuários de AASI e sistema FM, com média de idade de 14 anos. O esforço auditivo foi avaliado por meio do paradigma da dupla tarefa, a fadiga por meio de escala, o impacto do ruído na aprendizagem por meio de uma questão e foi aplicado um questionário sobre o uso do sistema FM em ambiente educacional. Foram utilizados para análise dos resultados o teste T (p< 0,01), Anova, qui-quadrado de Pearson (p<0,05) e análise descritiva. Foi elaborada uma plataforma para auxiliar a execução do teste de dupla tarefa, denominada PALETA, com um teste de memória de reconhecimento de cores. A diferença do esforço auditivo com base no número de respostas corretas foi estatisticamente significativa entre os participantes do grupo com audição normal e os participantes do grupo com deficiência auditiva na condição apenas com AASI, o que não ocorreu quando analisado o tempo de resposta. Os resultados sugerem que o desempenho do grupo com audição normal foi próximo ao do grupo com deficiência auditiva na condição com AASI e sistema FM, sendo que na condição de uso apenas do AASI apresentou um esforço auditivo maior. Os resultados obtidos na escala de avaliação da fadiga não revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre nenhum dos grupos. Sobre o impacto no ruído na sala de aula, os resultados revelaram que o grupo usuário de AASI e sistema FM relataram menor queixa quanto ao ruído interferir na aprendizagem do que seus pares ouvintes e na condição apenas com seus AASI. O questionário aplicado forneceu informações sobre as perspectivas do usuário de sistema FM, que em sua maioria encontravam-se satisfeitos e faziam o uso efetivo de seus dispositivos em sala de aula. Conclui-se que a PALETA é considerada uma ferramenta efetiva para auxiliar na cução de teste de dupla tarefa quando considerado o número de respostas corretas; o uso do sistema FM foi efetivo para reduzir o esforço auditivo; não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto à fadiga; a queixa dos adolescentes com deficiência auditiva quanto ao impacto do ruído na aprendizagem diminui significativamente com o uso do sistema FM, e a maioria dos adolescentes usuários de sistema FM encontravam-se satisfeitos e faziam o uso efetivo de seus dispositivos em sala de aula.
Listening effort is defined as the cognitive effort and the attention required to understand speech in a noisy environment. This study aims to analyze listening effort and fatigue in hearing impaired adolescents, users of HA, with and without a FM system, and to compare them with adolescents with normal hearing, through development of a platform for performing the secondary task in a dual-task test; analyze the impact of noise on learning from the participants perspective; and investigate users\' opinions on the impact of using the FM system in the classroom. A total of 31 adolescents participated in this study: 18 with normal hearing and 13 with moderate to severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, users of HA and FM system. The mean age of the adolescents was 14 years. Listening effort was evaluated using dual task paradigm; fatigue, using a scale; the impact of noise on learning, using a question; and the use of the FM system in an educational environment, using a questionnaire. The results were statistically analyzed using t-test (p<0.01), Anova, chisquare of Pearson (p<0.05) and descriptive analysis. A platform was developed to assist in the execution of the dual task test. The platform was named PALETA and consisted of color recognition memory test. Based on the number of correct responses, the difference in listening effort was statistically significant between the participants of the normal hearing group and the participants of the hearing-impaired group when these participants were using HA; but the difference was not statistically significant when comparing response times. The results suggest that the performance of the normal hearing group was similar to the hearing-impaired group when these participants were using a HA and a FM system. When the participants of the hearingimpaired group were using only the HA, the results showed a greater listening effort. The results obtained in the fatigue assessment scale did not reveal statistically significant differences in any of the groups. On the impact of noise in the classroom, the results revealed that the hearing-impaired group users of hearing aid and FM system reported less complaints about noise interfering in learning than their normal hearing peers and in the condition only with their HA. The questionnaire applied provided information on the user\'s perspectives of FM system, which showed that the users were mostly satisfied and made effective use of their devices in the classroom. It is concluded that PALETA is considered an effective tool to assist in the execution of dual task test when considering the number of correct answers; the use of the FM system was effective in reducing listening effort; no significant differences were found between the groups regarding fatigue; the complaint of adolescents with hearing loss about the impact of noise on learning diminishes significantly with the use of the FM system; and the majority of adolescents using FM systems were satisfied and made effective use of their devices in the classroom.

O ruído é um fator que contribui negativamente para a habilidade de compreensão da fala, o que pode prejudicar o desenvolvimento da criança com deficiência auditiva. Nas salas de aula, a fala raramente é transmitida a criança sem que haja interferência do ruído de fundo. Ao mesmo tempo, a efetiva transmissão da informação auditiva é imprescindível para um melhor desempenho acadêmico. Na maioria dos ambientes de aprendizagem, o que mais interfere para que haja uma boa percepção da fala é a relação sinal/ruído (S/R). O Sistema de Frequência Modulada (FM) funciona como o meio mais efetivo para melhorar a captação do sinal da fala e eliminar os efeitos da distância, ruído e reverberação em ambiente educacional. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação S/R a que crianças com deficiência auditiva estão expostas em ambiente escolar e comparar com o limiar de recepção da fala no ruído. Métodos: O trabalho foi realizado com crianças com deficiência auditiva e com linguagem oral estabelecida, usuárias de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual (AASI) e/ou implante coclear (IC) acoplados ao Sistema FM. A mensuração da relação sinal ruído foi realizada através da utilização de um gravador digital portátil e um programa de processamento de áudio para computador. Para avaliação da percepção da fala no ruído, foi aplicada a versão brasileira do teste Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), em campo livre em dois momentos: primeiramente com a criança utilizando apenas seus AASIs e/ou IC e em um segundo momento com o Sistema FM acoplado ao dispositivo individual. Resultados: Todas as crianças apresentaram melhor percepção da fala no ruído com o uso do Sistema FM. Apenas em uma sala de aula a relação sinal/ruído está adequada. Observou-se que a posição do aluno na sala de aula realmente influencia na qualidade da relação S/R a qual o mesmo está exposto. Também foi comprovado que, quanto maior o número de alunos, mais baixa é a relação S/R da sala de aula. Conclusão: A relação S/R da sala de aula em situação real de ensino mostrou-se com um valor mais próximo à relação S/R em que o paciente consegue compreender o discurso com o uso do Sistema FM, demonstrando que o uso do dispositivo é essencial para melhor compreensão da fala nesse ambiente.
Noise is a factor that contributes negatively to the ability to understand speech, which can harm the development of children with hearing impairment. In classrooms, speech is rarely transmitted to children without interference from background noise. At the same time, the effective transmission of auditory information is essential for better academic performance. In most learning environments, which further interferes so there is a good speech perception is the signal/noise ratio (S/N). The Personal Frequency Modulation (FM) Systems serves as the most effective way to improve the uptake of speech signal and eliminate the effects of distance, noise and reverberation in the educational environment. Objective: To evaluate the S/N ratio that hearing impaired children are exposed in a school environment and compare with the speech reception threshold in noise. Methods: The study was conducted with children with hearing impaired and spoken language established, users of a hearing aids and/or cochlear implant (CI) coupled to FM system. The measurement of signal to noise ratio was achieved by the use of a portable digital recorder and an audio processing program for computer. To assess speech perception in noise was applied the Brazilian version of the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), in two stages: first with the child using only their hearing aid\'s and/or CI and a second time with FM system coupled to individual device. Results: All children had better speech perception in noise using the FM system. Only in a one classroom the S/N ratio is adequate. It was observed that the position of the student in the classroom really affect the quality of the S/N ratio to which it is exposed. It was also proven that the higher the number of students, the lower the S/N ratio of the classroom. The S/N ratio of the classroom in a real school showed up with a value closer to the S/N ratio in which the patient can understand speech using the FM system, demonstrating that the use of this device is essential to better understand speech in these environments.

碩士
國立交通大學
網路工程研究所
99
Location tracking has become a popular application for mobile computing.While surveying existing localization approaches (e.g., AoA, ToA, TDoA,GPS, RF-based solutions), we observed that most of them rely on different auxiliary signals at certain distances to assist a device in self localization. This constrains the availability of location-based services (LBSs) when mobile devices can not receivethese auxiliary signals. For example, a well-known limitation of GPS is its function in an indoor environment. A``self-contented'' device can determine its own location without relying on an auxiliary signal. In this paper, we show this to be feasible by using IMU and visual sensors in a smart phone. A concept called {\em inertial sensor-assisted localization}(ISAL) is proposed. As an example, through augmented reality techniques, objects captured by the camera of a smart phone can be ``taged'' either manually or automatically by image process technique.At the same time, angles of these tagged objects are measured by the e-compassof the smart phone. We then proposed an angulation algorithm, which can measure the location of the phone given at least three tagging objects. We demonstrate several use cases of this technique and present several indoor and outdoor testing results to verify the proposed technique.

Transmission systems are being restructured to provide increased power transfer capability to accommodate a much wider range of possible generation patterns, due to the present pace of power system. The power transfer in the integrated power system is impeded by transient stability, voltage stability, and small signal stability. To enhance the power transfer capability, Series compensation has been widely used. The fast acting power electronic converters, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices with their equally fast and efficient controlling capabilities are becoming the pillars of support of such a highly integrated power systems. FACTS devices are very effective and capable for increasing loadability, reducing system loss, improved stability of network and reduced cost of production. However, presence of series compensation gives rise to the problems of dynamic instability and sub synchronous resonance (SSR). SSR is basically an electrical power system condition where the electrical network exchanges energy with the turbine generator at one more natural frequencies of the combined system below the synchronous frequency of the system. A number of power electronic devices have been proposed for dynamic compensation, improving system stability, directing power flows, etc. One of the power electronic devices used for reactive power compensation is a Static VAR Compensator (SVC). Such a system when connected in shunt with a power system is referred to as a static VAR System. An idea of the thesis is to damp SSR by adding static var compensator (SVC). This thesis shows that by using different auxiliary controllers of SVC, damping performance is enhanced. The major objective is to compare various auxiliary controllers of SVC. The results are obtained by modelling a linearized system in MATLAB. A detailed system model has been developed. The study system consists of a generator supplying power to an infinite bus over a long transmission line. IEEE type-1 excitation system is considered for the generator. The SVC of switched capacitor-thyristor controller reactor (SC-TCR) type provides dynamic voltage support at the midpoint of line. A lumped parameter T-circuit represents the network. The SVC and series compensation are located at the centre of transmission line in order to optimize the performance of these devices. Different SVC auxiliary controllers are compared and evaluated for enhancement of dynamic stability of a series compensated power system by computing the eigenvalues of linearized system model. The performance of combined reactive power frequency controller (CRPF) and combined voltage angle and reactive power controller (VARP) has been compared and it is found that the combined voltage angle and reactive power (VARP), SVC auxiliary controller is the most effective for system damping at a given operating point.

Recurrent Neural Networks(RNNs) are powerful models that have obtained outstanding achievements in many sequence learning tasks. Despite their accomplishments, RNN models still suffer with long sequences during training. It is because error propagate backwards from output to input layers carrying gradient signals, and with long input sequence, issues like vanishing and exploding gradients can arise. This thesis reviews many current studies and existing architectures designed to circumvent the long-term dependency problems in backpropagation through time (BPTT). Mainly, we focus on the method proposed by Trinh et al. (2018) which uses semi- supervised learning method to alleviate the long-term dependency problems in BPTT. Despite the good results Trinh et al. (2018)’s model achieved, we suggest that the model can be further improved with a more systematic way of balancing auxiliary signals. In this thesis, we present our paper – RNNs with Private and Shared Representations for Semi-Supervised Learning – which is currently under review for AAAI-2019. We propose a semi-supervised RNN architecture with explicitly designed private and shared representations that regulates the gradient flow from auxiliary task to main task.
Les réseaux neuronaux récurrents (RNN) sont des modèles puissants qui ont obtenu des réalisations exceptionnelles dans de nombreuses tâches d’apprentissage séquentiel. Malgré leurs réalisations, les modèles RNN sou˙rent encore de longues séquences pendant l’entraî-nement. C’est parce que l’erreur se propage en arrière de la sortie vers les couches d’entrée transportant des signaux de gradient, et avec une longue séquence d’entrée, des problèmes comme la disparition et l’explosion des gradients peuvent survenir. Cette thèse passe en revue de nombreuses études actuelles et architectures existantes conçues pour contour-ner les problèmes de dépendance à long terme de la rétropropagation dans le temps (BPTT). Nous nous concentrons principalement sur la méthode proposée par cite Trinh2018 qui utilise une méthode d’apprentissage semi-supervisée pour atténuer les problèmes de dépendance à long terme dans BPTT. Malgré les bons résultats obtenus avec le modèle de cite Trinh2018, nous suggérons que le modèle peut être encore amélioré avec une manière plus systématique d’équilibrer les signaux auxiliaires. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons notre article - emph RNNs with Private and Shared Representations for Semi-Supervised Learning - qui est actuellement en cours de révision pour AAAI-2019. Nous propo-sons une architecture RNN semi-supervisée avec des représentations privées et partagées explicitement conçues qui régule le flux de gradient de la tâche auxiliaire à la tâche principale.

碩士
國立中央大學
通訊工程研究所
99
As the rapid development in wireless technology, Location-Based Service (LBS) is widely used in the various areas; civil navigation, public safety, and military. It provides many mobile services; neighbor information searching, pedestrian navigation, personal security, personnel and fleet management, location status of friends, and regional advertising. Navigation is one of the most common applications. However, any kind of LBS is relying on to identify the user’s location. When developing the indoor or outdoor positioning algorithm, the accuracy is the primary concern. Several useful positioning algorithms have been published for performing LBS. In open sky environments, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is the well-known navigation system. GNSS is the generic name given to the satellite-based navigation systems including global positioning system (GPS), global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), and Galileo. When using GPS without extra assistance, such as A-GPS or indoor GPS beacon, there are some existing drawbacks; for example, the precision will be degraded in the Non-Line-of-Sight (NLoS) environment such as dense metropolis, and the location will not be able to perform in the weak signal environment such as indoor. In order to solve the problem and improve the positioning accuracy, the mobile devices use Bluetooth to exchange GPS iv position information (such as: latitude and longitude) and use signal strength of Bluetooth to estimate the distance between the group members. This thesis proposes using GPS with auxiliary Bluetooth signal strength to improve the accuracy of position to provide relative permutation between the group members. We propose a group positioning algorithm to obtain the relative permutated location, which is particularly used for application such as a bicycle team, climber team and so on.