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Guimeneuf, Emmanuelle. "Innovation technologique et réglementation environnementale : le cas de l'industrie automobile". Paris 9, 1998. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1998PA090036.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the greening of business perceptive, we have investigated the way a competitive advantage would stem from the technological innovation-environmental regulation relationship. First, environmental regulation is considered as a spur to technological innovation. Regulation may, thus, induce a change in the technological trajectory of the firm, leading to a bunch of innovations. Actually, the European vehicle emission standards did compel the adoption of the electronic injection device and the catalytic converter. This theoretical stance does not provide a relevant analytical framework to describe the lobbying behavior of carmakers, though. Consequently, environmental regulation should be perceived as a selection criterion of technological innovation. In this perspective, the evolutionist model is enriched by the dynamic capacity’s analysis, which provides a convenient microeconomic foundation through a strategic behavior. The existence of integrative and traductive dynamic capacities of environmental regulation is, then, stated. These competencies allow the firm to cope with regulation variations and provide the basis of a competitive advantage
COURVOISIER, THIERRY. "Effets de l'environnement thermique et de la nature du siege sur les temperatures corporelles et les reponses subjectives de sujets en situation de conduite automobile simulee". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR13078.
Pełny tekst źródłaJamal, eddine Abdul Karim. "Sources vibratoires et effets sur l'environnement". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1111/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaGround vibration is an increasingly important environmental problem. This study investigates multiple aspects of ground vibration. Local site conditions and the related amplification of seismic waves represent a widely studied topic in seismology and earthquake engineering. While most of the studies are dedicated to engineering seismology and earthquake engineering, similar approaches for soil classification and site amplification have not been yet fully established in the field of urban vibrations.First an improvement strategy for absorbing layer method was developed in order to enhance precision of the FEM models. The design of simple absorbing layers in FEM through the nullification of the real part of reflected waves in the complex number domain proved to be efficient when coupled with the stiffness reduction of the absorbing layer. Excessive reduction of the stiffness along with the excessive increase of the stiffness factor in the attenuation matrix enabled a large reduction in the size of the absorbing layer and therefore the design of an inexpensive absorbing layer.Afterwards an important part of the work was dedicated to the derivation of a new set of parameters of the velocity-gradient type that controls the vibration transfer through multilayered soil. The absence of a well-structured comprehensive approach for prediction and site classification for vibration problems leaves the problem broad and complicated. Different sites with different mechanical and geometrical properties were examined using FEM and their surface response was studied. Sites responses were formulated in simple time domain and spectral approaches. The newly derived proxies along with the spectral laws serve as a classification mean for multilayered soils in the vibration problem and may even be used for design purposes.An artificial intelligence tool for predicting soil response using the previously derived proxies coupled with the geometrical properties of the surface layer was later developed. The neural networks tool was used to analyze the parametric effects of the velocity-gradient proxies versus that of the surface layer’s depth. Important conclusions were derived from the analysis regarding the mechanical and geometrical properties of multiple layers and their varying effects with distance from the source.Finally multiple sources recordings were studied through comparing them with the spectral responses of different sites defined in the previous sections. The rate of matching between the spectral content of a particular source and a given site serves as a mean to assess the vibration hazard caused by this source to the corresponding site. The vibration hazard assessment leads to a classification link between sources in one hand and sites characterized by velocity-gradient proxies on the other hand
Kammerer, Cécile. "Spectroscopie Optique de boîtes quantiques uniques: effets de l'environnement". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002361.
Pełny tekst źródłaPassicousset, Joël. "Descripteurs physico-chimiques de la biomasse lignocellulosique en hydrolyse enzymatique : vers une caractérisation in-situ". Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaOne of the paths that are envisioned to reduce the environmental footprint of human’s activities in the field of the transportation is about ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Amongst all the different processes that are projected to convert such substrates made of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the bioconversion process into ethanol represents a promising option since it is quite mature, and ethanol is readily usable in the current gas-cars fleet. The pretreatment step that aims at making cellulose more accessible and more digestible to the enzymatic hydrolysis still needs improvements in order to make this process economically viable. To study the relations between operating conditions, physicochemical modifications, and their effects on substrates’ digestibility, a wide range of samples with a high variability of their physicochemical parameters was needed. Samples were produced from a wheat straw that was dilute-acid and steam exploded with a wide range of operating conditions. Multi-technique and multi-scale analyses led to a precise characterisation of the physicochemical effects provoked by the pretreatment. These results also allowed identifying key substrate parameters that are responsible for the substrate enzymatic digestibility. Based on the observations, an empirical model was proposed to express the substrate digestibility as a function of these critical parameters. Finally, in situ monitoring of tissue degradation and enzyme adsorption-desorption on plant tissues during saccharification was carried using UV-autofluorescence microscopy. Thanks tothese experiments, hydrolysis mechanisms on pretreated matrices are now better understood, and depend upon pretreatment operating conditions
Awan, Faraz Malik. "Towards synthetic sensing for smart cities : a machine/deep learning-based approach". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022IPPAS006.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe worked on one of the most significant research directions in Smart City, i.e., Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). ITS encapsulates several domains, such as electronic vehicles notification systems, traffic information, smart parking, and environment. However, in this thesis, we target two of its important domains; i) Smart Parking, and ii) Road Traffic. We started our research with Smart Parking use case. Performing literature review, we realized that different Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) approaches have been used for smart parking solutions. In most of these proposed approaches, enclosed parking areas were targeted with different feature sets to predict the "occupancy rate" in parking areas. It inspired us to conduct a comparative analysis to answer following questions; Given the parking prediction use case, how do the traditional ML models perform as compared to complex DL models? Provided big data, can less complex, traditional ML models outperform complex DL models? How well these models can perform to predict the availability of the individual on-street parking spots rather than predicting the overall occupancy rate of an enclosed parking area. To answer these questions, we choose five well-known classical ML algorithms (K-Nearest Neighbours, Random Forest, Decision Tree) and DL algorithm (Multilayer Perceptron). To take our investigation into depth, we train Ensemble Learning Model, in which we combine all the above-mentioned ML and DL models. A huge parking dataset of city of Santander, Spain, has been used which consists of around 25 million records. We also propose to recommend available parking spots based on the current location of the driver. Moving forward with our research goals, we performed literature review on road traffic and found road traffic associated with air pollution and noise pollution often. However, to the best of our knowledge, air pollution & noise pollution have never been use d in traffic prediction problem. In this part of our research, firstly we used air pollution (CO, NO, NO2, NOx, and O3) along with the atmospheric variables, such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and pressure to improve the traffic forecasting in the city of Madrid. This successful experiment motivated us to extend our investigation to another factor, which is also strongly correlated with road traffic i.e., noise pollution. Hence, as an extension of our previous work, in this part of our research, we use noise pollution to improve the traffic prediction in the city of Madrid
Lemaître, Guillaume. "Étude perceptive de nouveaux avertisseurs sonores automobiles". Le Mans, 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2004/2004LEMA1013.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe framework of this document is based in two questions: how to create sounds which warn of the dangerous presence of a car, but which can be personalised? How to reproduce these sounds using a transducer which is far from being a perfectconverter of an electric signal to an audio signal? Three phenomena are distinguished. The first is the perception of the timbre of the sounds. After the perceptual validation of the choice of the corpus of sounds, all of the recorded sounds are categorized by the listeners. This categorization reveals nine perceptual families of car horn sounds. The perception of the timbre of the car horns is then explored and modeled as three elementary sensations, each one correlated with an acoustic descriptor. The second aspect relates to the function of the warning signal. This function is associated with the the typicality of sound within the car horn sounds familie, and is related to the acoustic descriptors of timbre. Prototypical families of sounds are defined, and described by means of the acoustic descriptors. Finally, the reproduction of the sounds by means of an electrodynamic horn loudspeaker is explored, so as to model the modifications introduced between the electric signal and the acoustic signal. The results are used for the development of a method of assisted design of new sounds. The originality of this work lies in the transverse process which was adopted to answer the problems raised by a manufacturer. The methods and concepts used arise from the fields of the psychology of hearing, and in particular of the perception of musical instruments, of electroacoustics and musical acoustics. Whatever the nature of the studied phenomenon, perceptual or physical, care was taken in the rigorous application of an experimental procedure. All the results make it possible to build an effective solution to the problem raised by the car horn manufacturer
Dubois, Nicolas. "L'automobile : un espace vécu comme un autre chez-soi". Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100005.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research was aimed at highlighting the importance of affective and symbolic dimensions of the relationship between drivers and their car. This work examines why certain kinds of drivers consider their car as a place where they feel at home. We studied the everyday experience of drivers through the relationship between the attitudes toward their car, their dwelling, appropriation of car space and the existence of home and work behaviors while in their car. An empirical assessment of this relationship was realized. The results indicate that symbolic and affective attitudes significantly influence the relationship to car. They are associated with richer everyday experiences. Concerning the feeling of being at home, it is linked to ideas such as familarity, privacy, identity, autonomy and centrality and refers to a personalized and controlled space. From this point of view, two kinds of drivers were distinguished according to their attitudes towards their dwelling
Merlin, Stéphane. "Un système de caractérisation de l'environnement de conduite à partir de règles floues : application aux boîtes de vitesses automatiques adaptatives". Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMP8515.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoemare, Catherine. "Quel système de régulation des activités polluantes? : le cas des sources mobiles de pollution atmosphérique". Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0020.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlarcon, Charles. "Cycle biogéochimique du silicium en environnement tropical : application à l'étude des sols à Mascareignite de l'île de la Réunion". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30030.
Pełny tekst źródłaFierro-Constain, Laura. "La reproduction chez Oscarella lobularis (Porifera - Homoscleromorpha) : gènes impliqués et effets de l'environnement". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4088.
Pełny tekst źródłaPorifera and Ctenophora are probably the two most ancient animal lineages. Their study therefore allows to trace back the early history of metazoans and to address the origin of the distinction between somatic and germ lines. Indeed, in sponges this distinction does not exist: archeocytes and choanocytes can give rise to both somatic cells and gametes.After establishing the list of genes considered to be involved in gametogenesis in metazoans, I searched for these candidate genes (by local blast) in the transcriptomes of two sponge species (Oscarella lobularis and Oopsacas minuta). I thereby managed to characterize their sequences (phylogenetic and protein domain analyzes) and to trace their evolution through comparative analyzes including all main animal phyla. Finally, the in situ monitoring of O. lobularis enabled me to refine its life cycle and access all key developmental stages in order to study the expression of candidate genes in order to test their possible involvement in gametogenesis in this species.I have shown that 18 GMP (Germline Multipotency Program) genes are present ancestrally in animals. Among them, at least 11 are expressed not only during gametogenesis but also during embryogenesis, asexual reproduction and regeneration. Finally, in situ monitoring showed the influence of temperature variations and organic matter availability on gametogenesis.My work suggests, firstly that the specification of germ cells is controlled by common genetic mechanisms across metazoans, and secondly that these ancestral genes might be involved in pluripotency. These results reinforce the hypothesis suggesting a common origin of the germline and somatic stem cells
Berger, Cyrille. "Perception de la géométrie de l'environnement pour la navigation autonome". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/830/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe goal of the mobile robotic research is to give robots the capability to accomplish missions in an environment that might be unknown. To accomplish his mission, the robot need to execute a given set of elementary actions (movement, manipulation of objects. . . ) which require an accurate localisation of the robot, as well as a the construction of good geometric model of the environment. Thus, a robot will need to take the most out of his own sensors, of external sensors, of information coming from an other robot and of existing model coming from a Geographic Information System. The common information is the geometry of the environment. The first part of the presentation will be about the different methods to extract geometric information. The second part will be about the creation of the geometric model using a graph structure, along with a method to retrieve information in the graph to allow the robot to localise itself in the environment
Azarian, Armin. "Contribution au diagnostic automatique des défaillances, des causes et des effets, application au domaine automobile". Paris, ENSAM, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENAM0029.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation explores the field of diagnosis applied to the automotive industry based on SIDIS Enterprise developed by Siemens AG. At the beginning we analyzed the importance of the after-sale world for car manufacturers and in the automotive value chain, as well as the requirements of manufacturers for computer assisted diagnostic tools. One important requirement for manufacturers was to limit the post development cost of models for the diagnosis. Furthermore, the analysis shows that electronic failures increase as well as electronic equipment with the consequences that the failure localization becomes more and more complex. The need for computer assisted tools for car manufacturers was therefore essential in order to save time for the fault localization, for the client’s satisfaction, and for the image of the brand. This thesis leads to a global modular framework for automotive diagnosis composed by: a perceived symptom search engine, an automatic ODX exchange system, a hybrid heuristic and model based diagnostic strategy, a feedback engine. The first module is concerned with the interpretation and mapping of qualitative failure descriptions in natural language. The second module allows authors of the database and knowledge network to automatically import Electronic Control Units description files. The last ones are concerned with the development of a diagnosis algorithm, which combines all different knowledge sources and benefits from the return of experience for the auto completion of the models. All these modules contribute to the overall reduction of the costs of models for the diagnosis
Bongiovanni, Alessandro. "Etude des effets promoteurs dans les réactions catalytiques de dépollution par l'argent et l'or". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210682.
Pełny tekst źródłaLors de ce travail nous nous sommes intéressés à ces sujets. Tout d'abord, nous avons étudié l'effet du SO2 sur la réduction catalytique sélective des NOx sur des catalyseurs Ag/Al2O3 dans les conditions des moteurs Diesel. Le dioxyde de soufre est reconnu comme un poison de catalyseurs. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié un effet promoteur du SO2. Les catalyseurs qui ont fait l’objet de ce travail ont été préparés au laboratoire. Nous avons fait varier différents paramètres tels que la température, la nature de l'hydrocarbure ou encore la concentration de SO2 afin de mieux cerner cet effet promoteur. Nous avons mis en évidence que cet effet promoteur est observable lorsque le propène est utilisé comme réducteur, alors qu'avec le propane il s'agit plutôt d'un effet négatif du SO2.
Le deuxième sujet étudié dans ce travail est l'oxydation du CO sur des catalyseurs Au/TiO2, soit préparés au laboratoire, soit fournis comme référence du World Gold Council. Ces catalyseurs offrent l’avantage de pouvoir oxyder le CO à basse température, ce qui pourrait résoudre le problème de la pollution liée au démarrage à froid des automobiles. Ces catalyseurs subissent une désactivation que nous avons analysée par spectroscopie infrarouge (DRIFT et FTIR). Une étude XPS-SIMS de catalyseurs ayant des activités différentes nous a permis de mettre en évidence des concentrations de sodium différentes sur ces catalyseurs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés à l'influence du potassium. Pour mettre en évidence l'influence de celui-ci sur l'activité catalytique, des catalyseurs Au/TiO2 furent préparés en absence stricte d'alcalins et d'alcalino-terreux pour ajouter par après, de manière contrôlée, les quantités souhaitées de potassium. La composition des catalyseurs préparés fut contrôlée par XPS-SIMS. Il s'avère que la présence de potassium permet d'accroître l'activité catalytique, néanmoins il semble y avoir une concentration optimale de potassium qui varie en fonction de la composition/morphologie du catalyseur Au/TiO2 au départ, c'est-à-dire sans modification par ajout de potassium.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Caussanel, Matthieu. "Tenue au rayonnement de composants optoélectroniques destinés à l'environnement spatial : L'amplificateur optique à fibre dopée erbium". Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20055.
Pełny tekst źródłaBichet, Coraline. "Ecologie évolutive de la malaria aviaire : effets des caractéristiques de l'hôte et de l'environnement". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907956.
Pełny tekst źródłaTremblay, Réjean. "Analyse du lixiviat d'un ancien dépotoir et de ses effets potentiels sur l'environnement immédiat". Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1995. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/5075/1/000623584.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaCassan, Delphine. "Santé et qualité de l'environnement de piscines publiques chlorées". Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON14001.
Pełny tekst źródłaNakhili, Nadia. "L'environnement scolaire, quels effets sur les aspirations "individuelles" ? Le cas de l'entrée dans l'enseignement supérieur". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00260955.
Pełny tekst źródłaLoup, Benoît. "Étude des effets des contaminants chimiques de l'environnement chez les bivalves : approche de toxicogénomique fonctionnelle". Le Havre, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LEHA0008.
Pełny tekst źródłaResearch in Distributed artificial intelligence, and more particulary on multiagent system are interested in the resolution of complex systems thanks to a set of interacting agents. As it is performed for softwares developed using the object paradigm, multiagent programming needs to validate and verify multiagent systems developed. This thesis discusses about a new approach for this issue. This approach deals with an online verification of properties of the system. These properties are central in our research and are widely studied. In particular, we study and formalize the concept, we propose a model and we show how to extract these properties when designing a system. Moreover, we show how to transform these properties in order for them to be used by software entities. We also present a multiagent architecture that we have developed and which will help validate a system during its execution. Relying on the properties identified during the design stage, the validator agents try to identify any deviant behavior of the system
Tanvez, Aurélie. "Effets maternels et qualité de l'oeuf chez le canari domestique commun et le goéland leucophée". Paris 10, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA100119.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this thesis was to study some aspects of maternal effects in birds. It has been demonstrated that the direct environment of the mother may influence the quality of her eggs and the development of her young. In the first part, I studied the influence of mate attractivity, dominance and breeding density on yolk testosterone, and the physiological mechanisms related to the deposition of this hormone. Then, I studied the effect of a carotenoid, the beta-carotene, on egg composition and on young's development. The results clearly emphasise the key role of the maternal investment on egg composition. This variation of egg composition might be an adaptive mechanism allowing the mother to increase their reproductive success and fitness with regard to the environmental conditions
Baril, Eugénie. "Quantification de l'influence de l'environnement sur la formation et la thermo-résistance des spores bactériennes". Brest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BRES2047.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this PhD study was to quantify the influence of the sporulation environment (temperature, pH and aw) on the spore formation of Bacillus weihenstephanensis and B. Licheniformis and on their heat resistance. A two-step sporulation methodology was developed to study sporulation in environmental conditions close to growth boundaries. Sporulation boundaries (temperature, pH and aw) were observed inner growth boundaries. A primary model was proposed to quantify the influence of the environment on spore formation. A decrease in sporulation temperature and pH delayed the time to first spore per ml. The maximal spore heat resistance was observed for spores produced at temperature and pH close to the optimal growth values. A secondary model was then proposed and validated to estimate the spore heat resistance as function of the sporulation and heat treatment environments. Finally, this study allows defining control points in foodstuff to prevent spores in food products. A relationship between the influence of environmental temperature and pH on growth and sporulation was pointed out
Khodja, Mohamed. "Les fluides de forage : étude des performances et considérations environnementales". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7728/1/khodja.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaSavine, Christine. "Etude de la fonction de luminosité de l'amas de COMA". Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX11011.
Pełny tekst źródłaLoulidi, Souad. "Les barrages et l'environnement au Maroc : aspects juridiques". Paris 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA020130.
Pełny tekst źródłaDams in Morocco are a privileged means for water management. They are also an instrument of development securing several benefits through the domestication and the management of a valuable resource. However, their impact on the environment cannot be neglected. Despite a recent preoccupation, its importance is nevertheless a major one because it conditions the accomplishment of the objectives and even the benefit of these works. In which judicial and institutional frames has the building of dams been undertaken? What are the judicial aspects and their repercussions on the environment, and what could be the role of the law in preventing this impact and controlling a posteriori the damages they cause? These are the questions to which the present study intends to provide an answer. The first part analyses the normative plurality, which characterises water law and retraces its evolution, which has been preliminary to the building of dams (chapter1). It also presents the role of the competent administrations in matters of construction and their action in the exploitation of these works (chapter 2). The second part examines the repercussions of dams on the environment and their judicial consideration. It highlights, on the one hand, the disturbances, which these works might cause in the sites to which they are attached (chapter 1). On the other hand, it describes the gaps in the Moroccan environmental law as far as prevention and reparation are concerned, indicating the perspectives for the expansion of this law (chapter 2)
Chapuis-Goudy, Catherine. "Etude quantitative des effets inhibiteurs de l'environnement sur la croissance des flores microbiennes sur milieu solide". Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10282.
Pełny tekst źródłaBion, Thierry. "Modélisation des effets singuliers induits dans les composants électroniques par les protons rapides de l'environnement spatial". Toulouse, ENSAE, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ESAE0006.
Pełny tekst źródłaNakhili, Nadia. "L'environnement scolaire, quels effets sur les aspirations "individuelles" ? : le cas de l'entrée dans l"enseignement supérieur". Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL028.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe object of this study is to analyze differences in aspirations and choice of course of study at the outset of higher education. More particularly it aims to determine if the "individual" choices, which have an impact on the construction of educational inequalities, depend on school environment. Since the diversified character of school environment is an established fact in France, the first part of this work, based on a review of the sociology of education literature, draws attention to contextual dimensions as possible factors influencing educational and vocational aspirations. This question, which has remained unexplored at this level of the educational system in France, is dealt with empirically in the second part of the study. Based on a quantitative analyse of the data of a Panel of pupils in secondary education and on an original survey, the study shows that school environment is a significant predictor of the educational aspirations of high-school pupils (probability of applying for course of study of higher education and desired length of studies). School environment significantly explains the choice of courses of study of pupils with comparable school attainment and social background. The origin of this contextual effect is twofold: the social composition of the high school and the local supply of higher education (mainly the local presence of preparatory programmes for the elite sector of grandes écoles (‘higher schools’)). In many cases, the effect of school context is at least as important as the effect of social background. The “individual” preferences, located in unequal contexts, are thus tinged with the organization of the educational system
Mailly, Sandrine. "Effets de la température et de l'environnement sur la résistance à la fatigue d'alliages de titane". Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2262.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbdel, Moeti Gamal El sayed Abdel baki. "L'érosion du sol et effets sur l'environnement à Aix-en-Provence, au sud de la France". Aix-Marseille 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX10012.
Pełny tekst źródłaBascove, Matthieu. "Etude du système immunitaire d'un amphibien et analyse des effets de l'environnement sur sa réponse humorale". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10129/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDurant ma thèse, j'ai participé à la caractérisation des isotypes de chaînes lourdes d'anticorps chez le pleurodèle (Pleurodeles waltl, amphibien urodèle) et à la mise en évidence d'un nouvel isotype d'anticorps : les IgP. J'ai également montré que chaque chaîne lourde a son équivalent humain. Les IgM du pleurodèle sont l'équivalent des IgM humaines. Les IgY sont exprimées principalement au niveau des muqueuses tout comme les IgA humaines. Enfin, les IgP sont observées majoritairement chez les larves et ont une diversité plus faible que les IgM. Ces deux caractéristiques sont partagées avec les anticorps produits par les cellules B1. Ces travaux m'ont ensuite permis d'aborder l'impact d'un séjour de longue durée dans l'espace sur la réponse immunitaire humorale, c'est-à-dire la réponse médiée par les anticorps qui, jusqu'à présent, a été très peu étudiée. L'équipe Développement et Immunogénétique, JE 2537, a immunisé des pleurodèles lors d'un séjour de 5 mois à bord de la station spatiale Mir et a montré que les chaînes lourdes d'IgM produites en réponse à la stimulation antigénique sont fabriquées à partir de gènes des familles VHII et VHVI. Cependant ces familles sont utilisées dans des proportions différentes chez les animaux immunisés dans Mir. Mes travaux ont permis d'approfondir ces résultats par une étude des gènes VHII et VHVI utilisés dans ces chaînes lourdes. J'ai ainsi montré qu'un seul gène VHII et quatre gènes VHVI (A, B, C et D) sont utilisés par les animaux immunisés. Les gènes VHII, VHVI.C et VHVI.D sont plus exprimés chez les animaux immunisés dans Mir alors que l'expression des gènes VHVI.A et VHVI.B est fortement diminuée chez ces mêmes animaux. Ces résultats démontrent clairement que le séjour dans Mir a affecté la réponse immunitaire humorale de ces animaux. Ces observations pourraient résulter d'un changement de la distribution et de sélection des lymphocytes B dans l'espace. Par ailleurs, j'ai décrit pour la première fois les effets d'un séjour dans l'espace sur les hypermutations somatiques. Avant d'étudier ce phénomène, j'ai isolé et caractérisé chez le pleurodèle l'ARNm codant l'effecteur indispensable pour ces mutations : la protéine AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase). J'ai ainsi montré que cette protéine est bien présente et conservée dans cette espèce. J'ai ensuite mis en évidence et caractérisé pour la première fois le phénomène des hypermutations somatiques chez le pleurodèle. Pour cela, j'ai étudié les profils des mutations observées, cartographié ces dernières et calculé leur fréquence. Ces différents critères ont été comparés entre les animaux immunisés sur Terre et les animaux immunisés à bord de la station Mir. Ainsi, j'ai pu montrer que la fréquence des hypermutations somatiques est diminuée chez les pleurodèles immunisés dans Mir. Cette diminution n'est pas due à un changement de la transcription d'AID mais pourrait être due à une diminution de la survie des lymphocytes B dans l'espace
Dassonville, Claire. "Evaluation de l'environnement domestique de nouveau-nés franciliens". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05P618.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of our study was to estimate the levels of biological contaminants and chemical pollutants in the indoor air and then to identify their determinants. We carried out an environmental study in 196 dwellings of newborn babies recruited from a birth cohort, combining questionnaire and repeated measurements. Biological contaminants concentrations (endotoxins, fungi, house dust mites) were low, close to background level. As for aldehydes, levels were in line with previous studies. Analysis also helped to highlight the housing factors associated with aldehyde concentrations in homes: apart from comfort and aeration parameters, the main indoor aldehyde sources were either continuous (age and type of building materials and coverings), or discontinuous (smoking, use of air fresheners and cleaning products, DIY. . . ). However not possible for airborne biological contaminants, the extrapolation of theses models to the whole infants’ cohort may be interesting for aldehydes
Malotaux, Christophe. "Les Triazines-atrazine entre autres, présences dans l'environnement et dans l'eau". Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P242.
Pełny tekst źródłaLorrillière, Romain. "Effets des variations temporelles et spatiales des contraintes sur les systèmes écologiques, implications pour l'étude des scénarios de biodiversité". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066345.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaigné, Frédéric. "Une nouvelle approche de la sélection des composants de type mos pour l'environnement radiatif spatial". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20218.
Pełny tekst źródłaGarel, Mathieu. "Conséquences de la chasse et des contraintes environnementales sur la démographie des populations d'ongulés : l'exemple du mouflon méditerranéen (Ovis gmelini musimon x Ovis sp.) en France et de l'élan (Alces alces) en Norvège". Lyon 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/33/64/PDF/MGThesis.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaSeveral vertebrate populations have to face indirect and direct human pressures. Our aim here is to show how these pressures influence ungulate population dynamics beyond environmental factors commonly accounted for, such as habitat quality or climate. We present two case studies : Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp. ) in France and moose (Alces alces) in Norway. We analyzed a long term study (30 years) of a mouflon population located in southern France (Hérault). Our study on moose was based on a transversal and comparative analysis of several populations inhabiting contrasted environments in Norway along a latitudinal gradient. Our study on mouflon highlighted the advantages and limits of commonly used survey methods for ungulate population monitoring. We then showed that the dynamics of this population was influenced by (1) habitat closure, resulting from the reduction of pastoral activity, leading to the use of sub-optimal resources by mouflon, (2) selective hunting on trophy males, (3) the recent history of mouflon from which our population originated, (4) summer drought. These processes influence the dynamics of the mouflon through (1) a decrease in phenotypic quality as measured by body mass and trophy size (processes 1 and 2), (2) variation in reproductive output of females (processes 3 and 4), (3) and variation in lamb summer survival (process 4). In moose, we showed that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) increases with increasing environmental seasonality, probably caused by higher resource quality when the growing season was short and intense. Selective hunting against males also shapes SSD by decreasing the proportion of adult males in the population. A low proportion of adult males could lead to a higher proportion of young males involved in reproduction, which in turn may have a negative impact on their body growth. Based on two cases studies at different spatial scales, our results highlighted the existence of specific biological characteristics in harvested populations. In addition to the environmental constraints under which these populations evolve, we demonstrated that man can have a strong impact on their demography
Capron, Michael. "Étude de l'interaction entre ions multichargés et systèmes complexes d'intérêt biologique : effets de l'environnement à l'échelle moléculaire". Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741879.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoschetti, Laura. "Police et sécurité : les effets de l'environnement local sur les pratiques policières en France et en Italie". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENH027.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn my research I have compared the relationships between police and local organizations in France and Italy. From May 2008 to May 2012, I conducted a field research at the Direction Départementale de la Sécurité Publique de l'Isère, the Police Municipale de Grenoble, the Questura di Bergamo and the Polizia Locale di Bergamo. The hypothesis is that at a local level security policies are the result of the co-production and the negotiation between the internal police organization and the relationship between public and local organizations. The research takes into consideration the effects of these relationships and permits us to analyse a complex system, which integrates public and local organization needs with police needs and organizational ties. Citizens' participation and the involvement of local organizations have a significant influence in the process of defining problems and priorities. However, their solution depends on the internal police organization. This doesn't encourage integrated policies nor the development of control mechanisms , both in France, where specific measures have been taken to improve the direction of local policies, and in Italy, where these measures are less developed
Le, Duff Louis. "Les effets de levier de la franchise : un mode d'organisation pour les entrepreneurs et pour l'environnement social". Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN1G018.
Pełny tekst źródłaFellous, Simon. "Variabilité phénotypique au sein des interactions hôte - parasite : les effets de l'environnement et leurs conséquences pour l'évolution". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066430.
Pełny tekst źródłaWerno, Jérôme. "Les poils urticants des Lépidoptères (insectes) dans l'environnement atmosphérique : effets urticants et allergisants chez l'homme et l'animal". Bordeaux 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR30200.
Pełny tekst źródłaJacopin, Rachel. "Paysages et pratiques des agriculteurs dans le Sud du Plateau Lorrain : logiques d'organisation et effets sur l'environnement". Thesis, Nancy 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN21026/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research about rural geography is to describe lanscape units of the watershed of the Madon located on the left bank of the Moselle river. To provide an understanding of the link between these lanscape units and the country population (mainly agricultors) activities. The first part of this research will present the tools and the methods used. It is mainly based on the description of the landscape of the watershed of the madon. From this description is drawn a lanscape map, allowing to differentiate precise lanscape typologies and identities for each village based on their landscape features. The second part of this research focus on explaining the historical and technical reasons which led to the differentiation of landscapes, showing the rules linking human activity and landscape and demonstrating the importance of agricultural activities in shaping landscapes. The third part will focus on the impact of agricultural practices on landscape and on water quality. Finally, I explained the future challenges of agriculture, teared between conflicting priorities
Pham, Mac Thu Trang. "Données récentes sur la toxicité de l'arsenic : son comportement dans l'environnement et ses effets biologiques chez l'homme". Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P179.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaporthe, Stéphanie. "Contribution à la qualification des systèmes de ventilation des bâtiments". Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0086.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of a ventilation system is to provide new air and to evacuate pollutants from a room. Furthermore, it contributes strongly to thermal comfort in this room according to the activities, which are realized there. Ventilation constitutes so an important part of the internal climate quality. Works presented in this report study the internal atmospheres quality of the services industries buildings (offices essentially) through two criteria: ventilation efficiency and thermal comfort. It is about an essentially experimental work operated on a full-size cell in steady state. Several heating systems, called "disturbing element', are integrated in order to observe their influence on ventilation efficiency and thermal comfort. The first part of this document is devoted to a bibliographical study on indoor air quality and the parameters relating to thermal comfort rt. Definitions concerning ventilation systems and their efficiency criteria are also given. The second part of this report presents the experimental cell. We present in a third part the results and the analysis of the experimentations. One- and two-zone tests are made. Air temperatures, air velocities and tracer gas concentration fields are established and investigated. From realized measurements, we determine ventilation efficiency and PMV- and PPD-index. Finally, we compare an experimentation case with the results given by a CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code. We use FLUENT for this work
Dardalhon, Muriel. "Contribution à l'analyse de la fiabilité de microsystèmes : prise en compte des contraintes liées à l'environnement spatial". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20198.
Pełny tekst źródłaCherrier, Richard. "Impact sur l'environnement de deux herbicides du maïs : la sulcotrione et l'atrazine : influence du changement d'apports organiques". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPL076N.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis study investigates the process at the origin of the become of sulcotrione in soil. We did investigate also the effect of various agricultural amendments on the dynamic of the molecule, in comparison to atrazine's. Adsorption characteristics of the molecules on soil were determined by the experiments led in batch. Degradation was followed through time in controlled conditions with incubation as weil as in natural conditions thanks to soil columns. These last were used to assess also leaching of the molecules. Results show a weak affinity of the sulcotrione with soil constituents (23% of the applied dose) as well as an easy desorption (99% of the applied dose) leading a weak hysteresis. It degradation in controlled conditions as well as natural was fairly rapid (20% mineralization, 40% of extractible residues and 30% of bound residues after 60 days). This led to the apparition of two metabolites with mainly CMBA. Percolates obtained in soil columns did confmn the mobility properties of the sulcotrione (14% of the applied dose) after a period of one month. The changes in organic amendments highlighted that the aggregates of soils amended with compost manure, in comparison to traditional amendment, showed a higher stability and a less developed network of interconnected macro-pores. These modifications decrease the availability of the intraaggregates adsorption sites towards pesticides. Our results hypothesize that we would tend towards same environmental difficultes if the sulcotrione was as much applied as atrazine
Laval, Lucie. "Les intégrons comme marqueurs de pollution anthropique dans l'environnement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LIMO0083.
Pełny tekst źródłaAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health issue. It is now necessary to tackle AMR globally, in humans, animals and in the environment (« One Health » approach). Among genetic elements involved in AMR, integrons play a key role. Integrons are bacterial genetic elements able to capture and express antibiotic resistance genes in the form of gene cassettes and are distinguished according to several classes. In the environment, class 1 integrons are considered as a good marker of anthropogenic pollution and are used to study AMR dissemination; however, little is known about their genes cassettes content (or « cassettome »). In the first part of this thesis, we studied the « cassettomes » of integrons in the effluents of healthcare facilities of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine Region and showed that they were stable over times and similar to each other despite large differences in healthcare activities between the facilities. The « cassettomes » were mainly composed of aminoglycosides and β-lactams resistance gene cassettes, the last one being the main antibiotics delivered in hospitals. We also characterized the « cassettomes » of slaughterhouse effluents and showed that the « cassettomes » of class 1 integrons were different from those of healthcare facilities effluents. The second part of this thesis work showed different prevalences of integrons in Aeromonas strains infecting/colonizing fish subjected to different antibiotic selective pressures. We showed that integrons were more prevalent in fish populations subjected to stronger antibiotic selective pressure contrary to Aeromonas from wild fish where they were not detected. Our work shows that integrons and more specifically « cassettomes » are good markers in the environment to differentiate different types of effluents (healthcare facilities versus slaughterhouses) and secondly to reflect an antibiotic selective pressure exerted on fish
LACROIX, GHISLAINE. "Etudes experimentales sur les effets biologiques de polluants lies aux emanations de moteurs automobiles (ozone, particules diesel)". Paris 7, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA077129.
Pełny tekst źródłaOueslati, Walid. "Croissance économique et préoccupations environnementales : une contribution à l'étude des effets dynamiques de la politique fiscale de l'environnement". Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100117.
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