Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Autism in children”
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Susanti, Afriyet, i Sri Indiyah. "PENGALAMAN ORANG TUA MERAWAT ANAK AUTISME USIA 15-17 TAHUN". Journal of Holistic Nursing Science 5, nr 1 (7.02.2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/nursing.v5i1.1874.
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Parents’ experience in caring for children with autism is an amazingly hard and uneasybecause parents’ roles are very important in behavioural development of children with autism.Purposes: this research is to get the overview of parents’ experience in caring children withautism in the age of 15–17 at T. C. Clinic. Methods: This research used qualitative method withphenomenology approach. Data sources are collected by in-depth interview and being analysedwith Colaizzi and soft ware N-Vivo. Sampling method in this research is purposive samplingwith 6 interviewees. Results: This research found 8 themes; parents’ knowledge of autism,mom’s feeling, mom’s way to care children with autism, obstacles in caring, readiness to acceptchildren with autism, facing the puberty, autism education and expectation in caring forchildren with autism. Conclusion: Parents believe in different parenting to be implemented tochildren with autism. Parents should understand and adapt the parenting with thedevelopmental needs of children with autism so children will not have prolonged problems intheir behaviour.
Pengalaman orangtua dalam merawat anak autis sangatlah berat dan tidak mudah karena peranorang tua sangat penting dalam perkembangan tingkah laku anak dengan autisme. Tujuanpenelitian ini untuk mendapatkan pengalaman orangtua dalam merawat anak autis usia 15-17tahun di T.C. Klinik. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatanfenomenologi. Sumber data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara mendalam dan dianalisamenggunakan Colaizzi dan software N-Vivo. Metode sampling dalam penelitian ini adalahpurposing sampling dengan 6 narasumber. Hasil: penelitian ini menemukan 8 tema;pengetahuan orangtua tentang autisme, perasaan ibu, cara ibu merawat anak autis, halangandalam merawat, kesiapan untuk menerima anak autis, menghadapi pubertas, pendidikan autismedan ekspetasi dalam merawat anak autis. Kesimpulan: Orangtua percaya dengan pengasuhanyang berbeda-beda untuk diterapkan kepada anak autis. Orangtua harus memahami danmengadaptasi cara pengasuhan dengan perkembangan kebutuhan anak autis sehingga anak-anaktidak akan memiliki masalah dalam tingkah lakunya.
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Setyoadi, Setyoadi, Indri Putri Dwioktaviani i Ahsan Ahsan. "Improved Family Coping Caring for Autistic Disorder Children with Knowledge Education: A Cross-Sectional Study". Jurnal Kesehatan Metro Sai Wawai 16, nr 1 (29.06.2023): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26630/jkmsaw.v16i1.3785.
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Background: Cognitive, communication, social interaction, behavior patterns, and activity limitations in autistic children become a source of stress for parents. Parents' negative assessment of autistic children leads to maladaptive coping and results in inappropriate parenting behavior. Objective: This study focuses on evaluating parents' knowledge of autistic disorders and their relationship to coping in caring for children with autism. Method: Cross-sectional study is the design of this study. Involving 22 respondents, namely parents of children with autism whose children attend education at Special Schools (SLB) in Malang City. The data collection instrument was developed based on the Knowledge about Childhood Autism Among Health Workers (KCAHW) questionnaire to obtain data on family knowledge variables. Family coping variables using McCubbin's F-COPES questionnaire. Both questionnaires are tools that have been tested for reliability. Analystsare statisticians using the Spearman Rank test with a significance of 5%. Results: 64% of Parisipans had high knowledge of autism and 14% of parents had maladaptive coping. The results of statistical tests found that the level of knowledge about autism was related to family coping mechanisms in children with autisme disorder (p-value 0.003; r 0.599). Conclusion: Adaptive coping of families with autistic disorder children increases with good parental knowledge. Therefore, health education about autism and its care is always informed to the public to prevent maladaptive coping in the care of children with autism disorders in the family.
Latar belakang: Keterbatasan kognitif, komunikasi, interaksi sosial, pola perilaku, dan aktivitas pada anak autis menjadi sumber stres bagi orang tua. Penilaian negatif orang tua terhadap anak autis menyebabkan koping maladaptif dan berdampak pada perilaku pengasuhan yang tidak tepat. Tujuan: Penelitian ini berfokus pada evaluasi pengetahuan orang tua tentang gangguan autis dan hubungannya dengan koping dalam merawat anak autisme. Metode: Studi cross sectional merupakan rancangan penelitian ini. Melibatkan 22 responden, yaitu orang tua dari anak dengan Autis yang anaknya mengikuti Pendidikan di Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB) di Kota Malang. Instrument pengumpulan data dikembangkan berdasarkan kuesioner Knowledge about Childhood Autism Among Health Workers (KCAHW) untuk memperoleh data variabel pengetahuan keluarga. Variabel koping keluarga menggunakan kuisioner F-COPES McCubbin. Kedua kuesioner tersebut merupakan alat yang sudah diuji reabilitasnya. Analisis statistik menggunakan Rank Spearman test dengan signifikansi 5%. Hasil: Partisipan sebanyak 64% memiliki pengetahuan yang tinggi tentang gangguan autism dan masih terdapat orang tua yang memiliki koping maladaptif 14%,. Hasil uji statistik menemukan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan tentang autisme berhubungan dengan mekanisme koping keluarga pada anak dengan gangguan autisme (p-value 0,003; r 0,599). Simpulan: Koping adaptif keluarga yang memiliki anak gangguan autis meningkat dengan pengetahuan orang tua yang baik. Edukasi tentang autisme dan perawatannya perlu selalu diinformasikan kepada masyarakat untuk mencegah koping maladaptif dalam perawatan anak dengan gangguan autisme di keluarga.
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Afnuhazi, Ridhyalla. "PENGARUH TERAPI SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING (SST) DENGAN DAN TANPA DIET CASEIN FREE GLUTEN FREE (CFGF) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN SOSIALISASI ANAK AUTISME". Jurnal Kesehatan Medika Saintika 10, nr 1 (1.06.2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30633/jkms.v10i1.309.
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ABSTRAK Jumlah penyandang autis di dunia sekitar 35 juta orang, kisaran 60.000 – 150.000 autis terjadi pada anak usia dibawah 15 tahun yang ditandai dengan adanya gangguan dan keterlambatan dalam bidang kognitif, bahasa, perilaku, komunikasi dan interaksi sosial. Terapi yang diberikan untuk peningkatan kemampuan sosial pada anak autis dilakukan terapi Social Skill Training (SST). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui Pengaruh SST dengan dan tanpa diet CFGF terhadap Kemampuan Sosialisasi Anak Autisme (6 -12 Tahun) di SLB Autis YPPA Padang Tahun 2018. Desain penelitian quasi experimental one - group pre - post test. Populasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh anak autis yang berusia 6-12 Tahun dan sampel diambil dengan convenience sampling yang berjumlah 20 orang dengan dan tanpa diet CFGF. Teknik pengolahan data univariat distribusi frekuensi dan central tedensy dan data bivariat dengan Paired T - test. Hasil penelitian terdapat pengaruh SST dengan dan tanpa Diet CFGF terhadap kemampuan sosialisasi anak autis sebelum dan sesudah diberikan terapi. Saran yang dapat disampaikan pada penelitian ini keperawatan agar dapat mendeteksi secara dini tanda gejala yang dialami oleh anak autis sehingga tidak terjadi tanda gejala berat dan melatih kemampuan sosialisasi anak autis dengan terapi SST. Kata Kunci : Kemampuan Sosialisasi, Social Skill Training (SST), CFGF, Anak Autisme EFFECT OF SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING (SST) TREATMENT WITH AND WITHOUT DIET CFGF ABILITY TO SOCIALIZATION AUTISM CHILDREN ABSTRACT Number of persons with autism in the world range of 60.000 - 150.000 autis moccurredin children aged below 15 years. Therapy was given to improvement of social skills in autistic children Social Skills Training Therapy (SST). The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of Socialization Effects of SST with and without diet CFGF for Autism Children in SLB Autism YPPA Padang 2018. Quasi – experimental design with one - group pre - post test. The population in this study all children with autism aged 6 – 12 year, and samples were taken by convenience sampling 20 people with and without diet CFGF. Univariate date processing techniques while the frequency distribution and central tedensy and Bivariate date processing techniques with paired T - test. Results of research abilities children with autism after therapy SST with and without diet CFGF with social skillsof children with autism. Suggestions can be submittedto the study of nursing in order to detect early signs of the symptoms experienced by children with autism so there is no sign of sever symptoms and train the socialization skills of children with autism with SST therapy. Key Words : Ability socialization, Social Skills Training, CFGF, autistic children
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Siti, Ai, Elly Marlina i Dudy Imanuddin Effendy. "Pengembangan Interaksi Sosial Anak Autis melalui Terapi Applied Behavior Analysis". Irsyad : Jurnal Bimbingan, Penyuluhan, Konseling, dan Psikoterapi Islam 8, nr 3 (30.09.2020): 271–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/irsyad.v8i3.1977.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi awal kemampuan interaksi sosial anak autis, proses pelaksanaan dan hasil dari bimbingan dengan metode terapi Applied Behavior Analysis. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: kondisi awal kemampuan interaksi sosial anak autis masih belum memiliki kontak mata yang fokus dan bahasa verbal yang bagus. Proses pelaksanaan bimbingan kepada anak autis usia SDLB dilakukan oleh terapis; Bimbingan kepada anak autis usia kelas vokasional oleh konselor;Bbimbingan oleh semua pegawai SLB Autisma Bunda Bening Selakshahati selama 24 jam penuh. Hasil bimbingan menunjukkan bahwa anak autis mampu memiliki kontak mata yang fokus dan bahasa verbal yang bagus.
This study aims to describe the initial conditions of social interaction skills of children with autism, the implementation process, and the results of guidance using the Applied Behavior Analysis method. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that: the initial condition of the social interaction ability of children with autism still did not have focused eye contact and acceptable verbal language. Therapists carry out implementing guidance for children with autism at SDLB age; Guidance for children with autism in a vocational class by counselors; Guidance by all employees of SLB Autism Bunda Bening Selakshahati for 24 hours straight. The guidance results show that children with autism can have focused on eye contact and acceptable verbal language.
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Sari, Ignasia Yunita, i Sumirat Putri Wibawanti. "PENGARUH STORY TELLING DENGAN MEDIA GAMBAR TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN INTERAKSI SOSIAL ANAK AUTIS DI SEKOLAH DASAR KHUSUS AUTISME BINA ANGGITA". Jurnal Kesehatan 6, nr 1 (29.06.2019): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35913/jk.v6i1.113.
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Latar Belakang: Salah satu jenis anak berkebutuhan khusus yang banyak dijumpai adalah autis. Jumlah anak autis di Yogyakarta semakin meningkat, pada tahun 2008 dari 98.000 kelahiran terdapat 196 anak yang menyandang autis, kemudian tahun 2009 dari 100.000 kelahiran terdapat 200 anak yang menyandang autis dan pada tahun 2010 tercatat dari dari 202.500 kelahiran terdapat 205 anak yang menyandang autis. Salah satu gangguan yang terdapat pada anak autis yaitu keterbatasan interaksi sosial. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh story telling dengan media gambar terhadap kemampuan interaksi sosial pada anak autis di Sekolah Dasar Khusus Autisme Bina Anggita. Metode Penelitian: Menggunakan metode Pre Experimental Design dengan rancangan one group pre-test post-test design. Populasi pada penelitian ini berjumlah 43 anak. Sampel berjumlah 15 anak diambil dengan teknik Purposive Sampling. Analisis data menggunakan Wilcoxon. Hasil: Analisa data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon pada tingkat kemaknaan 95% (α 0,05) diperoleh nilai hitung (p value=0,000). Kesimpulan: Ada pengaruh story telling dengan media gambar terhadap kemampuan interaksi sosial anak autis di Sekolah Dasar Khusus Autisme Bina Anggita. Saran: Penelitian selanjutnya supaya menambahkan jumlah sampel supaya bisa digeneralisasikan dan menambah observasi perubahan tingkah laku anak.
Kata kunci: Autis - Interaksi Sosial - Story Telling - Media Gambar
ABSTRACT
Background: One type of child with special needs has is autism. The number of autistic children in Yogyakarta increased. In 2008 from 98,000 births there were 196 children with autism, then in 2009 out of 100,000 births there were 200 children with autism and in 2010 recorded from 202,500 births there were 205 children with autism. One of the disorders that exist in children with autism is the limitation of social interaction. Objective: To identify the effect of story telling with picture on autistic child social interaction ability in Autism Special School Bina Anggita. Methods: It was a pre experimental design with one group pre-test post-test design. The population in this study amounted to 43 children. The sample was 15 children taken with purposive sampling technique. Analysis used Wilcoxon. Result: Analysis used Wilcoxon test at significance level 95% (α, 0,05) shows value count (p value = 0,000). Conclusion: There is an effect of story telling with picture on autistic child social interaction ability in Autism Special School Bina Anggita. Suggestion: Further researchers are suggested to add the number of sample to be generalized and add observation changes in children's behavior.
Keywords: Autism - Social Interaction - Story Telling - Picture Media
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Febrianto, Ade Surya, i Ira Darmawanti. "Studi Kasus Penerimaan Seorang Ayah Terhadap Anak Autis". Jurnal Psikologi Teori dan Terapan 7, nr 1 (30.08.2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jptt.v7n1.p50-61.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the process of fathers’ acceptance to their children with autism. This study used a qualitative approach. Three participants who are fathers of children with autism were involved in this study. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed using thematic analysis. This study reveals three themes, namely participants’ responses on their autistic children; the psychological experiences of having children with autism; and making efforts to accept their autistic children. In general, the result of this study shows that the participants have different experiences in raising their autistic children. This study also found various forms and aspects of acceptance that are experienced by participantsAbstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaimana proses penerimaan seorang ayah terhadap anaknya yang menyandang autisme. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Karateristik partisipan penelitian meliputi ayah yang memiliki anak dengan diagnosis autisme. Jumlah partisipan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 3 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan wawancara semi terstruktur, dan analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis tematik. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan 3 (tiga) tema yaitu tanggapan terhadap autism anaknya; pengalaman psikologis memiliki anak autis; dan upaya yang dilakukan untuk mencapai penerimaan terhadap anaknya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa secara umum ketiga partisipan memiliki pengalaman berbeda dalam merawat anak mereka yang didiagnosis autisme. Penelitian ini juga menemukan beberapa bentuk penerimaan yang dialami partisipan serta aspek-aspek penerimaan partisipan terhadap anaknya yang autis..
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Natalie, Dessyanna, i Sidhi Wiguna Teh. "OMAH RAJUT ASA". Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 4, nr 1 (17.05.2022): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v4i1.17243.
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School of Therapy for Autistic Children is an educational institution ranging from kindergarten (TK), elementary school (SD), junior high school (SMP), and senior high school (SMA) in Jakarta which is devoted to Children with Autism. The background underlying this design is because educational facilities for children with autism are classified as inadequate and have not been able to meet all the educational needs for sufferers so that they can develop their talents and potential, and obtain education that is equivalent to normal children their age. In fact, these children are considered to have no talent and potential that can be developed. Most of the general public has a negative perspective on children with autism. As a result, there are so many children with autism who have talents and potentials that, if developed, can far exceed what normal children have in general. In planning and designing this Special School, it will be interpreted through the concepts of architectural and behavioral psychology. Keywords: Autism, Psychology of Architecture, Jakarta. AbstrakSekolah Terapi Anak Autis Merupakan sebuah lembaga pendidikan mulai dari taman kanak - kanak (TK), tingkat sekolah dasar (SD), sekolah menengah pertama (SMP), dan sekolah menengah atas (SMA) di Jakarta yang dikhususkan bagi Anak Penyandang Autisme. Latar belakang yang melandasi perancangan ini yaitu karena fasilitas pendidikan bagi anak autis tergolong belum memadai dan belum dapat memenuhi segala kebutuhan pendidikan bagi penderita agar mereka dapat mengembangkan bakat dan potensi diri, serta memperoleh pendidikan yang setara dengan anak normal seusianya. Faktanya, anak- anak ini dianggap tidak memiliki bakat dan potensi yang dapat dikembangkan. Kebanyakan masyarakat umum memiliki perspektif negatif mengenai anak penyandang autisme. Hasilnya, terdapat begitu banyak anak penyandang autisme yang memiliki bakat dan potensi diri yang apabila dikembangkan, dapat jauh melebihi apa yang dimiliki anak normal pada umumnya. Dalam perencanaan dan perancangan Sekolah Luar Biasa ini akan diinterpretasikan melalui konsep Psikologi arsitektur dan perilaku.
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Lestari, Sri. "PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN PENYERTA TELEVISI/VIDEO TUTORIAL PARENTING AUTISME DENGAN METODE ABA INTERMEDIATE SUPLEMENT MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT OF AUTISM TUTORIAL VIDEO PARENTING THROUGH ABA INTERMEDIATE METHOD". Jurnal Teknodik 17, nr 4 (8.04.2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.32550/teknodik.v17i4.583.
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Bahan penyerta adalah bahan yang dirancang sebagai pendukung pemanfaatan program televisi/ video tutorial yang berguna untuk membantu kegiatan parenting autis dengan metode Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) tingkat menengah (intermediate). Dengan dukungan bahan penyerta ini, diharapkan akan meningkatkan efektivitas pemanfaatan program televisi/video tutorial parenting autis. Pengembangan bahan penyerta ini dinilai penting karena bertujuan untuk membantu kegiatan parenting autis di mana anak autis juga memiliki hak untuk mengenyam pendididikan sebagai bagian dari perkembangan diri mereka. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian pengembangan, yaitu mengembangkan bahan penyerta program televisi/video tutorial parenting autis berdasarkan model Dick dan Carey. Bahan penyerta secara umum dinilai bermanfaat untuk membantu orangtua, terapis, atau guru bagi anak autis, mengingat kekhususan anak autis, bukan pada faktor akademiknya melainkan pada faktor komunikasi dan sosial anak. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba, ahli materi, ahli media, dan sasaran (guru, terapis, orangtua anak autis) menyatakan secara umum bahan bahwa bahan penyerta program televisi/video tutorial parenting autisme dengan metode ABA tingkat menengah (intermediate) yang sedang dikembangkan layak disebarluaskan.Suplement material was designed to support the use of television programs/video tutorial. Development of video tutorial supporting learning materials is aim to help autistic parenting activities with intermediate levels of ABA method. Parenting autism is important because children with autism also have the right to acquire education as part of their own development. This type of research is the development research. Autism parenting video tutorial supporting learning materials is developed by Dick and Carey model, and useful to help parents, therapists, or teachers. Because, children with autism given the specificity not on academic factors, but communication and social development. Based on the test results of expert content, media experts, and target consist of teachers, therapists, and parents of children with autism in general expressed that video tutorial supporting learning materials of parenting autism with ABA methods level intermediate is feasible to distribute.
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Risna Esa Salsabila i Stephani Raihana Hamdhan. "Studi Literatur Stigma pada Anak Autis". Bandung Conference Series: Psychology Science 4, nr 1 (1.02.2024): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/bcsps.v4i1.10097.
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Abstract. Individuals with autism often face difficulties in social interactions and socio-emotional development, which can be influenced by societal stigma surrounding this condition. Stigma may arise from misconceptions and myths about autism. This research aims to investigate public perceptions, triggering factors of stigma, and their impact on the lives of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Indonesia. The primary data sources are scientific journals, articles, and academic materials discussing stigma towards autistic children in Indonesia. Thematic analysis was employed to identify common patterns related to public perceptions, triggering factors of stigma, and the impact of stigma on autistic children. The research findings indicate that stigma towards autism is not only public but also internal (self-stigma) and involves close associates (affiliation stigma). Stigma's impacts include difficulties in seeking assistance, hindrances in recovery, discrimination, limited opportunities, inhumane treatment, social isolation, and mental health issues. Factors such as gender, age, culture, prior experiences, and knowledge about autism influence the occurrence of stigma. Accurate understanding of autism is crucial in addressing stigma in this study. Efforts are needed to raise public awareness, dispel prevalent myths, and provide better support for individuals with autism and their families. With these measures, it is hoped that the negative impact of stigma on the lives of children with ASD in Indonesia can be reduced.
Abstrak. Individu dengan autisme sering mengalami kesulitan dalam interaksi sosial dan perkembangan sosio-emosional, yang dapat dipengaruhi oleh stigma masyarakat terhadap kondisi ini. Stigma dapat berasal dari persepsi yang keliru dan mitos seputar autisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki persepsi masyarakat, faktor-faktor pemicu stigma, dan dampaknya terhadap kehidupan anak-anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) di Indonesia. Sumber data utama berasal dari jurnal ilmiah, artikel, dan sumber-sumber akademis yang membahas stigma terhadap anak-anak autis di Indonesia. Data dianalisis secara tematik untuk mengidentifikasi pola umum terkait persepsi masyarakat, faktor-faktor pemicu stigma, dan dampak stigma pada anak-anak autis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa stigma terhadap autisme tidak hanya bersifat publik, tetapi juga internal (self-stigma) dan melibatkan orang-orang terdekat (stigma afiliasi). Dampak stigma mencakup kesulitan mencari bantuan, hambatan dalam pemulihan, diskriminasi, kurangnya peluang, perlakuan kurang manusiawi, isolasi sosial, dan masalah kesehatan mental. Faktor-faktor seperti jenis kelamin, usia, budaya, pengalaman sebelumnya, dan pengetahuan tentang autisme memengaruhi terjadinya stigma. Dalam penelitian ini pemahaman yang akurat mengenai autisme untuk mengatasi stigma. Upaya perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat, mengoreksi mitos yang berkembang, dan memberikan dukungan yang lebih baik kepada individu dengan autisme dan keluarganya. Dengan langkah-langkah ini, diharapkan dapat mengurangi dampak negatif stigma terhadap kehidupan anak-anak dengan ASD di Indonesia.
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Handayani, Poncowuri, Mazarina Devi i Agung Kurniawan. "HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN GIZI ORANGTUA DAN PENDAPATAN ORANGTUA DENGAN KEPATUHAN ORANGTUA DALAM PENERAPAN DIET AUTIS PADA ANAK AUTIS DI SLB AUTIS LABORATORIUM UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MALANG". Preventia : The Indonesian Journal of Public Health 4, nr 1 (25.06.2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um044v4i1p42-49.
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Abstract: Autism is a behavioral deviation syndrome in children that involves sensory systems, communication skills, and socialization skills in community. Parental obedience in applying the diet should be consistent in order to reduce symptoms are undergone by children with autism. This study aims to determine the relationship between parental nutrition knowledge and parental income to parent’s obedience of complience in the application of autism diet in children with autism in the SLB Autis Laboratorium Malang State University. The type of this research is quantitative research with cross sectional study design. Parental knowledge was measured from a knowledge questionnaire, and income was measured by the per-capita income category per month and parental compliance was measured from Food Frequency Questionare (FFQ). The results showed that there was a significant correlation between parent’s nutritional knowledge and parent’s obedience to the application of the autism diet at SLB Autis Laboratorium Malang State University (p = 0,004) and there was a significant correlation between parent’s income with parent’s obedience to the application of the autism diet at SLB Autis Laboratorium Malang State University (p = 0,020). Suggestions for the next research to conduct more detailed research about per capita income of family by considering another factor.Keywords: knowledge, income, obedience, autism dietAbstrak: Autisme adalah suatu sindroma penyimpangan perilaku pada anak yang melibatkan sistem sensoris, kemampuan komunikasi, serta kemampuan sosialisasi dimasyarakat. Kepatuhan orang tua dalam menerapkan diet harus konsisten agar dapat mengurangi gejala yang dialami oleh anak autis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan gizi dan pendapatan orangtua terhadap kepatuhan orangtua dalam penerapan diet autis pada anak autis di SLB Autis Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Malang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Pengetahuan orangtua diukur dari kuesioner pengetahuan, dan pendapatan diukur berdasarkan kategori pendapatan perkapita keluarga perbulan dan kepatuhan orangtua diukur dari Food Frequency Questionare (FFQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan gizi orangtua dengan kepatuhan orangtua dalam penerapan diet autis di SLB Autis Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Malang (p=0,004) serta terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pendapatan orangtua dengan kepatuhan orangtua dalam penerapan diet autis di SLB Autis Laboratorium Universitas Negeri Malang (p=0,020). Saran bagi peneliti selanjutnya agar melakukan penelitian lebih mendetail lagi mengenai pendapatan perkapita keluarga dan dengan melihat faktor lain. Kata kunci: pengetahuan, pendapatan, kepatuhan, diet autis
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Sari, Achya Puji, Dedy Kurniadi i Sam Farisa Chaerul Haviana. "SYSTEM DESIGN OF AUTHICAL DISTURBANCE DIAGNOSIS IN CHILDREN USING THE K-NEAREST NEIGHBOR METHOD". Journal of Applied Science and Technology 1, nr 01 (15.02.2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/jast.1.01.22-25.
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Autisme dapat dialami oleh anak dari berbagai ras, suku, strata sosial, dan ekonomi. Autisme merupakan gangguan perkembangan pervasif pada anak yang ditandai dengan adanya gangguan dan keterlambatan dalam bidang komunikasi, kognitif, perilaku, bahasa, dan interaksi sosial. Orang tua terkadang menganggap gangguan-gangguan tersebut sebagai keterlambatan perkembangan biasa namun pada kenyataanya jumlah penyandang spektrum autisme semakin meningkat. Menurut data dari badan kesehatan dunia (WHO) pada tahun 2009, prevalensi autis di Indonesia mengalami peningkatan luar biasa, dari 1 per 1000 penduduk menjadi 8 per 1000 penduduk. Pada tahun 2009 dilaporkan bahwa jumlah anak penderita autisme mencapai 150-200 ribu. Salah satu cara agar orang tua dapat mengetahui anaknya adalah penderita autism dengan menggunakan fasilitas pendeteksi. penelitian ini dalam mendiagnosis autism pada anak menggunakan metode K-Nearest Neighbor dengan menetukan parameter setting untuk nilai k. Di lakukan pengujian dengan black box testing dan confusion matrix, di dapat nilai akurasi tertinggi sebesar 95%, presisi 95.45%, recall 95.45%, f-measure 95.44%, pada nilai k=4.
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S, Dessy Hasanah, Meilanny Budiarti Santoso i Yessi Rachmasari. "PERAN PEKERJA SOSIAL DALAM PENANGANAN ANAK AUTIS". Share : Social Work Journal 7, nr 2 (30.12.2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/share.v7i2.15683.
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ABSTRAKAutisme adalah salah satu kelainan psikologis dan perkembangan yang dialami oleh anak. Perkembangan yang dimaksud bukan secara fisik namun lebih kepada kemampuan untuk berkomunikasi, bersosialisasi sekaligus perilaku. Gejala autis yang sangat menonjol adalah sikap anak yang cenderung tidak mempedulikan lingkungan dan orang-orang di sekitarnya, seolah menolak berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi, serta seakan hidup dalam dunianya sendiri. Penanganan yang intensif dan terpadu untuk anak autis disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan anak agar pelaksanaanya dapat memberikan hasil yang maksimal. Suatu layanan yang diberikan bagi anak autis harus disesuaikan dengan metode yang tepat sehingga dapat di terapkan secara langsung. Upaya untuk menyikapi permasalahan tersebut. Sehingga, dibutuhkan penanganan untuk anak autis yaitu peran dari professional yang terlibat. Dalam penanganan anak autis dibutuhkan profesi yang memiliki keterampilan dan pengetahuan di bidangnya. Salah satunya yaitu peran dari pekerja sosial dan profesi lainnya yang berkolaborasi dengan pekerja sosial, Pekerja sosial dalam upaya penanganan anak autis dapat melakukan assessment dan intervensi terhadap permasalahan anak autis tersebut dengan menggunakan pendekatan secara holistic dengan lingkungan sosialnya dan dengan pendekatan biopsikosial. Peran pekerja sosial juga bersama-sama dengan keluarga anak autis tersebut dapat memberikan dukungan sosial dan memotivasi anak dengan gangguan autis tersebut.ABSTRACTAutism is one of the psychological and developmental disorders experienced by children. The development is not physical, but rather the ability to communicate, socialize well as behavior. Symptoms of autism that really stood out was the attitude of children who tend not to care about the environment and the people around him, as if refusing to communicate and interact, as well as living in his own world. Handling intensive and integrated for children with autism tailored to the needs of children so that implementation can provide maximum results. A service provided for children with autism should be tailored to the exact method that can be applied directly. Efforts to address these problems. Thus, needed treatment for children with autism is the role of the professionals involved. In the treatment of autistic children who have the necessary professional skills and knowledge in the field. One of them is the role of social workers and other professionals who collaborate with social workers, social workers in handling children with autism can do an assessment and intervention for children with autism are problems with using a holistic approach with the social environment and the biopsikosial approach. The role of social workers also together with families of children with autism can provide social support and motivate the children with autistic disorder.
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Rusli, Rusdi, Rafiah Rafiah i Jehan Safitri. "Efektivitas metode Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) untuk meningkatkan perbendaharaan kata pada anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder". Procedia : Studi Kasus dan Intervensi Psikologi 11, nr 4 (29.12.2023): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/procedia.v11i4.28382.
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This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) method in increasing vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorder level 2. The hypothesis put forward in the study is that the PECS method is effective in increasing vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorder level 2. The research method was a quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest posttest design. Data were collected using, observation, and interviews. The test tools for the assessment included the Coloured Progressive Matrices (CPM) test and the Binet test, the Children Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and the Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) test. Data were analyzed using the Paired Sample t-test and the results showed a significance level of 0.02 (smaller than 0.05), Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the PECS method is effective in increasing vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorder level 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas metode Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) dalam meningkatkan kosa kata pada anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme level 2. Hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian adalah metode PECS efektif dalam meningkatkan kosa kata pada anak autis. gangguan spektrum tingkat 2. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi eksperimen dengan desain one-group pretest posttest. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan observasi dan wawancara. Alat tes yang digunakan dalam penilaian antara lain tes Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM) dan tes Binet, Children Autism Rating Scale (CARS), dan tes Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS). Data dianalisis menggunakan uji Paired Sample t-test dan hasilnya menunjukkan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0,02 (lebih kecil dari 0,05), Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode PECS efektif dalam meningkatkan kosakata pada anak autis. gangguan spektrum tingkat 2.
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Akmalovna, Usmanova Sevara. "AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN CHILDREN". European International Journal of Pedagogics 4, nr 6 (1.06.2024): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijp-04-06-07.
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Autism, more precisely, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex of neurological conditions that affect a person's socialization, communication, and behavior, characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication.
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Granddywa, Assyifa. "Penggunaan Musik Anak Untuk Meningkatkan Atensi dan Produktivitas Anak dengan Autisme di Klinik Tumbuh Kembang Sandbox Bekasi". INKLUSI 10, nr 1 (14.07.2023): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ijds.100106.
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Autism is a mental disability caused by social interaction deficits that accompanied by repetitive behaviour and stereotyped conceptions. Children with autistic disabilities require recovery to be capable to do their daily activities, have two-way communication, and live independently. Recovery of children with autism is accomplished by undergoing therapy, among other is sensory-integration therapy. This descriptive qualitative research aims to determine the processes and effects of using kid’s music to increase the attention and productivity of children with autism. The results showed that kid’s music which is used as a companion media in sensory integration therapy for children with autism affects their attention to be more focused on completing the sensory integration therapy. Focused attention makes children with autism be more productive during their therapy. Autisme merupakan disabilitas mental yang disebabkan oleh defisit interaksi sosial yang disertai dengan perilaku repetitif dan konsepsi stereotip. Anak-anak dengan disabilitas autisme memerlukan pemulihan agar mereka dapat beraktivitas sehari-hari, berkomunikasi dua arah, dan hidup secara mandiri. Pemulihan bagi anak dengan autisme dilakukan dengan menjalani terapi, salah satunya adalah terapi sensori integrasi. Penelitian kualitatif deskriptif ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses dan pengaruh penggunaan musik anak untuk meningkatkan atensi dan produktivitas anak dengan autisme. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa musik anak yang dijadikan media pendamping terapi sensori integrasi bagi anak dengan autisme mempengaruhi atensinya sehingga menjadi lebih terarah untuk dapat menyelesaikan rangkaian terapi sensori integrasi sampai tuntas. Atensi yang terarah menjadikan anak dengan autisme lebih produktif selama terapi berlangsung.
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Sari, Dewi Puspita, Ayu Novitrie i Latifah Latifah. "Analisis Penatalaksanaan Interaksi Sosial pada Anak Autis dengan Menggunakan Metode Social Story di Klinik Shally Autis Center Palembang Tahun 2020". Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi 21, nr 2 (4.07.2021): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v21i2.1400.
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Autism is a condition caused by internal disorders. A development characterized by abnormalities in social interactions, communication and very rigid behavior and repetition of behavior, while social interactions are needed in the daily life of children with autism in order to live like everyone else. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between eye contact, understanding, emotions, and speech on the social interactions of children with autism. This research is an analytic survey with a Cross sectional design. The population in this study were all 60 patients diagnosed with autism at the Shally Autis Center palembang. the sample in this study was the total of population, namely 60 children. The results of the study found that there was a relationship between eye contact, understanding, emotions, and speech with the social interaction of children with autism at the Shally Autis Center Palembang clinic in 2020. At the end of the study it is suggested that therapists in increasing social interaction of children with autism should pay attention to aye contact, understanding, emotion, and speech to be promoted for better development.
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Izzah, Alifah Fajriyyatul, Widati Fatmaningrum i Roedi Irawan. "Perbedaan Gejala pada Anak Autis yang Diet Bebas Gluten dan Kasein dengan yang Tidak Diet di Surabaya". Amerta Nutrition 4, nr 1 (15.03.2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v4i1.2020.36-42.
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Background: Autism disorders can disrupt the quality of life of autism children. One popular diet therapy for children with autism is a gluten and casein free diet. Gluten and casein free diet based on opioid theory are still pros and cons.Objective: To determine the difference of symptoms in autistic children who are free from gluten and casein and those who are not.Method: An observational analytic cross-sectional study was conducted at several autistic therapy centers in Surabaya. The study was carried out in children with autism aged 3-12 years and was diagnosed by a specialist. The research subjects were selected by purposive sampling method. Data collected, including data on the child's identity, data on the identity of parents, data on gluten and casein implementation were obtained through the FFQ questionnaire and data on symptoms of autistic children were obtained from the ATEC questionnaire.Results: Autistic symptom scores were good for communication skills, social interactions, cognitive responses, and behavioral disorders in autistic children on diets rather than those who did not. Bivariate test results showed that there were significant differences in the variable behavior disorder (p=0.021) and the total score (p=0.018).Conclusion: There are differences in symptoms in autistic children who are free from gluten and casein and those who are not especially on behavioral disorders.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Gangguan autisme dapat mengganggu kualitas hidup anak autis. Salah satu terapi diet populer bagi anak autis adalah diet bebas gluten dan kasein. Diet bebas gluten dan kasein yang didasari oleh teori opioid masih menjadi pro kontra.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan gejala pada anak autis yang diet bebas gluten dan kasein dengan yang tidak diet.Metode: Penelitian analitik observasional rancangan cross sectional dilakukan di beberapa pusat terapi autis di Surabaya. Penelitian dilakukan pada anak autis berusia 3 – 12 tahun dan telah didiagnosis oleh dokter ahli. Subyek penelitian dipilih dengan metode purposive sampling. Data yang dikumpulkan, meliputi data identitas anak, data identitas orang tua, data pelaksanaan diet bebas gluten dan kasein diperoleh melalui kuesioner FFQ serta data gejala pada anak autis diperoleh dari kuesioner ATEC.Hasil: Gambaran gejala pada anak autis yang diet bebas gluten dan kasein lebih ringan daripada yang tidak diet berupa gangguan kemampuan komunikasi, interaksi sosial, respon kognitif dan gangguan perilaku. Hasil uji bivariat menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada variabel gangguan perilaku (p=0,021) dan skor ATEC total (p=0,018).Kesimpulan: Ada perbedaan gejala pada anak autis yang diet bebas gluten dan kasein dengan yang tidak diet terutama pada gangguan perilaku.
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Abbas, Irfan, Khalid Ahmed i Muhammad Asad Habib. "Conversation Analysis: A Methodology for Diagnosing Autism". Global Language Review VII, nr II (30.06.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2022(vii-ii).01.
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The present study examines the conversational turn-taking patterns in autist-neurotypical talk. The objective of the study is to find out the distinctive features of autist-normal conversations. This study is cross-sectional, descriptive and qualitative in its nature. Recordings are done in anautism center in Lahore for a period of ten days. It is mainly a qualitative study in its nature. Five autistic children of different ages are selected from an autism center in Lahore. The data for the study is collected through video recording of the conversations between autists and speech therapists. The sample is selected through convenient sampling and analysis is done by following the methods of conversation analysis. The results of the analysis highlight certain distinct features of autist child-therapist talk which are not observed in the normal ordinary conversation. However, there is not a total violation of the conversation rules on the part of autists. Moreover, the findings of the research show that conversational patterns in autist-normal conversation are also affected by the chronological age of the autists. Finally, the research concludes that conversation analysis can be used as a tool for the identification of autism.
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Sulistyawan, Dominikus Martin, i Franky Liauw. "PENERAPAN METODE BERTAHAP DAN MEKANISME SEDERHANA UNTUK MENGGALI BAKAT ANAK-ANAK AUTISME". Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 6, nr 1 (30.04.2024): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v6i1.27191.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or autism is a group of neurological developmental disorders that impact social life and can manifest as difficulties in communication. The challenges faced by children with autism should not serve as a reason to treat them differently from parents or the surrounding community. They are entitled to a decent life and the same comfort as other typically developing children. Children with autism often exhibit remarkable potential and talent in various fields such as arts, music, mathematics, computer science, and more. Despite facing difficulties in communication and social interaction, they possess unique intelligence and creativity. According to a 2019 study conducted by the University of California, Davis, gradual methods such as observation, communication with parents, skills testing, collaboration with professionals, exploring activities, and providing support and praise have proven effective in uncovering the talents of children with autism. The ultimate goal of this research is to create an inclusive environment that supports the development of children with autism, enabling them to thrive and make meaningful contributions in various aspects of life. The study aims to discover the hidden talents and potentials of children aged 6-17 with autism, with the hope that it will contribute to enhancing their quality of life. Keywords: Autism; Potential; Talent Abstrak Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) atau autisme merupakan sekelompok gangguan perkembangan neurologis yang mempengaruhi kehidupan sosial yang dapat berupa sulit untuk berkomunikasi. Gangguan autisme yang di alami oleh anak bukan menjadi alasan bagi mereka memperoleh perlakuan yang berbeda dari orang tua maupun masyarakat sekitar. Mereka berhak mendapatkan kehidupan yang layak dan memiliki kenyamanan yang sama dengan anak normal lainnya. Anak-anak penyandang autisme sering kali memiliki potensi dan bakat yang luar biasa dalam berbagai bidang seperti seni, musik, matematika, ilmu pengetahuan komputer dan lainnya. Meskipun menghadapi kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi dan berinteraksi sosial, mereka memiliki kecerdasan dan kreativitas yang unik. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh University of California, Davis pada tahun 2019 menyatakan bahwa metode bertahap seperti observasi, komunikasi dengan orang tua, pengujian keterampilan, berkolaborasi dengan professional, eksplorasi kegiatan dan dukungan dan pujian, metode-metode tersebut terbukti efektif dalam menemukan potensi bakat pada anak penyandang autisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan akhir untuk menciptakan lingkungan yang inklusif dan mendukung anak penyandang autisme agar mereka dapat berkembang dan memberikan kontribusi yang berarti dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan tanpa dibatasi oleh spektrum autisme yang mereka miliki dan untuk menemukan bakat dan potensi anak penyandang autisme yang masih terpendam dari anak berusia 6-17 tahun dengan harapan penelitian ini dapat membantu meningkatkan kualitas hidup mereka.
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Ammara, Nafika Tsaqif, i Dyan Agustin. "PENERAPAN BEHAVIOUR SETTING PADA BANGUNAN AUTIS CENTER DI BONTANG". Mintakat: Jurnal Arsitektur 23, nr 1 (10.04.2022): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jam.v23i1.6059.
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Bangunan dan manusia adalah hal yang berhubungan. Perilaku manusia menjadi pembentuk arsitektur, tetapi arsitektur juga dapat membentuk perilaku manusia. Terutama untuk fasilitas kesehatan seperti rumah sakit dan juga pusat layanan autis memiliki perhatian khusus untuk penggunanya. Autisme sendiri menjadi perhatian walaupun tidak bisa disembuhkan, autisme dapat dilatih agar mereka dapat beradaptasi pada lingkungan sekitarnya. Perhatian khusus dapat didukung dari bentuk, sirkulasi, dan warna bagi anak autis. Unsur tersebut akan membantu mereka selama proses terapi dan juga bermain mengenal lingkungannya. Maka dari itu, bangunan yang dirancang harus dapat beradaptasi dengen perilaku – perilaku anak autis. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah Analisa deskriptif yang dapat memaparkan, menguraikan, dan menjelaskan mengenai prinsip-prinsip pendekatan behavior setting dari arsitektur perilaku. Bertujuan untuk menjadi landasan ilmu bagaimana sebuah autis center dapat dikatakan adaptif dengan para pasien autis karena sifatnya sebagai pusat terapi harus mendukung setiap elemen yang dapat terciptanya sebuah efektivitas dalam terapi. Identifikasi dilakukan melalui studi kasus Autis Center di Bontang dengan metode analisis deskriptif. Penelitian ditujukan untuk menghasilkan rangkuman pola pembentuk behavior setting yang dapat diterapkan pada perancangan fasilitas Autis Center di Bontang. Jurnal ini akan menjabarkan bagaimana hubungan antara perilaku anak autis dan bangunan kepada efektivitas mereka dalam proses terapi dengan objek yang sudah terbangun yaitu Autis Center di Bontang.Buildings and people are related. Human behavior forms architecture, but architecture can also shape human behavior. Especially for health facilities such as hospitals and also autism service centers have special attention for their users. Autism itself is a concern even though it cannot be cured, autism can be trained so that they can adapt to the surrounding environment. Special attention can be supported from the shape, circulation, and color for children with autism. These elements will help them during the therapy process and also play to know their environment. Therefore, the building that is designed must be able to adapt to the behavior of autistic children. The research method used is descriptive analysis which can describe, describe, and explain the principles of the behavior setting approach of behavioral architecture. Aims to be the basis of knowledge on how an autistic center can be said to be adaptive to autistic patients because of its nature as a therapy center that must support every element that can create an effectiveness in therapy. Identification is done through a case study of the Autism Center in Bontang with descriptive analysis method. The aim of this research is to produce a summary of patterns of behavior setting that can be applied to the design of the Autism Center facility in Bontang. This journal will describe how the relationship between autistic children's behavior and building to their effectiveness in the therapy process with an object that has been built, namely the Autism Center in Bontang.
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Ayuningtyas, Fitria, Jude William R. Genilo, Luqman Hakim, Nuril A. Misbah i Irpan Ripai Sutowo. "Sex Education to Prevalence of Sexual Harassment in Children with Autism". Amalee: Indonesian Journal of Community Research and Engagement 4, nr 1 (4.04.2023): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/amalee.v4i1.2021.
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Children with autism, like children in general, also have experienced sexual development. The unique condition of children with autism (ASD) sometimes makes them engage in inappropriate sexual behavior and become vulnerable to sexual violence. Therefore, sexual education for children with autism is crucial and urgent. A team conducted this community service in January 2020 to provide social stories and PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System) as alternative teaching materials for sex education to children with autism at Rumah Autis Depok. The methods used were pre-observation, unstructured discussion and interview, implementation preparation, implementation, and monitoring. They quickly understood the message intended from PECS and social stories. The sex education materials showed differences in male and female bodies, sexes, and reproductive functions. This material is the starting material in sex education. Continuity using the same learning tools, namely social stories and PECS, is therefore required. Our monitoring process shows that Rumah Autis Depok continues to use social stories and PECS in their sex education lessons
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Setyawan, Dody, i Dinna Puri Larasati. "Gambaran Kecerdasan Emosional Orang Tua yang mempunyai Anak Autis". Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Anak 2, nr 1 (26.05.2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32584/jika.v2i1.197.
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Orang tua dari anak autis memiliki stres yang lebih tinggi daripada mereka yang memiliki anak dengan kebutuhan khusus lainnya. Tingkat stres yang tinggi pada orang tua dapat mengganggu emosi mereka pada anak. Emosi yang tidak terkendali dapat menyebabkan anak memiliki harga diri yang rendah dan menarik diri dari lingkungan. Dampak negatif ini dapat diminimalisir ketika orang tua memiliki kecerdasan emosi yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kecerdasan emosional orang tua anak autis di Semarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif survei menggunakan kuesioner kecerdasan emosional. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah total sampling, yang melibatkan 91 orang tua sebagai responden. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis univariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mayoritas orang tua dari anak-anak dengan autisme memiliki tingkat kecerdasan emosi yang sedang (72,5%). Temuan dalam penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pertimbangan oleh para pemangku kepentingan untuk memberikan dukungan program kepada orang tua untuk berbagi pengalaman dan memberikan dukungan di antara orang tua anak-anak dengan autisme.Kata Kunci: Autis, kecerdasan intelektual, orang tuaDescribe the Emotional Intelligence of the Parents of Children with AutismAbstractParents of children with autism have higher stress than those who have children with other special needs. High levels of stress in these parents can disturb their emotion towards the children. An uncontrolled emotion can caused the children to have a low self-esteem and withdraw themselves from their environment. These negative impacts can be minimized when the parents have good emotional intelligence. This study aimed to describe the emotional intelligence of the parents of children with autism in Semarang. This study used descriptive design of the survey using a questionnaire of emotional intelligence. The sampling technique used was total sampling, which involved 91 parents as the respondents. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis. The results showed that the majority of the parents of children with autism had a moderate level of emotional intelligence (72.5%). The findings in this study are expected to be a consideration by the stakeholders to provide program support to parents to share experiences and provide support among those parents of children with autism.Key Words: Autism, Emotional intelligence, parent
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Wahyu, Haifa, Betrianita Betrianita, Melati Tridita Pramesti i Padila Padila. "Pengaruh Metode Glenn Doman (Tahap 1 dan 2) terhadap Perkembangan Komunikasi Anak Autisme di Autis Center Bengkulu". Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari 2, nr 1 (27.08.2018): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/jks.v2i1.306.
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This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Glenn Doman method stages 1 and 2 on the development of autistic children’s thinking in autis center Bengkulu.The research design was quasi experiment using two group before after or pre test and post test design group. The result showed that in univariate analysis, it was found that the majority male with speech ability in control group and treatment group is quite capable before being treaten through Glenn Doman theraphy stage 1 and 2. Then the development of the majority treatment group is increasing to capable. In bivariate analysis, it was found out that there was a significant effect of Glenn Doman therapy stage 1 and 2 on the development of autism children communication in autis centre Bengkulu with value p 0,000 < 0,0. Considering the importance of the development of children communication, especially children with autism, autism center Bengkulu is willing improve the method of Glenn Doman stages 1 and 2 in the process of education for children with autism.
Keyword : Autism, Glenn Doman
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Christopher, Sheila, i Cresenta Shakila. "Understanding Siblings of Children with Autism". International Journal of Scientific Research 2, nr 10 (1.06.2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/144.
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Ayuningtyas, Fitria, i Fatmawati Moekahar. "Sexuality Education for Children and Youth with Autism at Rumah Autis Depok". Asia Social Issues 15, nr 4 (20.04.2022): 254907. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/asi.2022.254907.
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Physical changes and sexual maturity become one of the fundamental challenges that occur in it—no exception for youth with autism. According to the National Commission on Adolescent Sexual Health (NCASH), sexuality is a natural part of life. Autism is a developmental disorder of a person's nervous system, which is mainly caused by heredity factors. The research question: How was sexuality education for children and youth with autism conducted at Rumah Autis Depok? The research method used a qualitative method with a phenomenology approach. The research result was that an introduction to the human body to children and youth with autism is significant. Detail the human body parts so that children or youth with autism can recognize well which others should not touch body parts. Sexuality education for children and youth with autism is a shared responsibility. So it is undeniable that apart from parents, teachers and therapists have a big enough contribution to this education.
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Tameon, Sance Mariana, i Talita Tlonaen. "Analisis Penerimaan Orang Tua Terhadap Anak Autis di Kecamatan Kelapa Lima Kota Kupang". Jurnal Ilmiah Religiosity Entity Humanity (JIREH) 1, nr 2 (23.12.2019): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37364/jireh.v1i2.23.
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Children who are born with a perfect condition in the sense of healthy and normal are expected by all parents. In reality, not all children are born with this condition, so that not a few parents who are shy, lack of confidence and unable to accept the situation of less normal children. One example is a child who has autism. The purpose of this study was to determine how parents' attitudes toward children with autism. Qualitative methods used in this study with data collection techniques are interviews and observation. The results of the study found that parents can accept children diagnosed with autism with a different time period from one another. This can be seen from how the subject understands the child's condition as it is good, positive, negative, strengths and weaknesses of the child and understands children's habits in their daily life such as realizing what children can and cannot do, understanding the causes of bad and good behavior done by children.
Anak yang terlahir dengan keadaan sempurna dalam artian sehat dan normal sangat diharapkan oleh semua orang tua. Kenyataannya, tidak semua anak terlahir dengan kondisi demikian, sehingga tidak sedikit orang tua yang malu, kurang percaya diri dan tidak dapat menerima keadaan anak yang kurang normal. Misalnya anak yang mengidap autisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana sikap penerimaan orang tua terhadap anak penyandang autis. Metode kualitatif dipakai dalam penelitian ini dengan teknik pengumpulan datanya adalah wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian didapati bahwa orangtua dapat menerima anak yang didiagnosa menyandang autis dengan jangka waktu yang berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya. Pasangan orang tua yang lengkap (suami istri) berbeda dengan orang tua single parent dalam proses penerimaan anak autis. Hal ini terlihat dari bagaimana subjek memahami kondisi anak apa adanya baik itu tingkah laku positif, negatif, kelemahan dan kelebihan yang anak miliki, serta memahami kebiasaan-kebiasaan anak dalam kesehariannya. Seperti menyadari apa yang telah dapatdan yang belum dilakukan oleh anak dan memahami munculnya perilaku anak yang baik dan buruk.
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Kartika, Kalpana. "PARENTS COMPLIANCE APPLYING GLUTEN AND CASEIN FREE DIET WITH AUTISM CHILD'S BEHAVIOR IN 2015 [KEPATUHAN ORANGTUA MENERAPKAN DIET BEBAS GLUTEN DAN KASEIN DENGAN PERILAKU ANAK AUTIS TAHUN 2015]". Nursing Current: Jurnal Keperawatan 5, nr 2 (26.06.2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/nc.v5i2.1702.
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<p><em>One of the causes of autism are environmental factors contaminated by toxic substances, food, nutrition, and as a result raksenasi. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of parents applying compliance gluten and casein-free diet (GFCF) by the behavior of children with autism in Bukittinggi SLB AlIkhlas 2015 years.Design of this study was cross-sectional, this research has been carried out in July 2015. The number of samples in this study as many as 47 parents of children with autism who are undergoing training in Autism Special SLB Al-Ikhlas London in 2015. Tools used to collect data in the form of questionnaires. This study uses a Chi-Square test of univariate data analysis of data obtained more than half of the 57,4% perents dutifully implement the gluten and casein free diet (GFCF) , Less than half of the 44,7% of respondents have good behavior and bivariate data analysis p= 0,034 smaller than 0,05 there is a relationship of parents applying a gluten and casein free diet (GFCF) by the behavior of children with autism. Suggestion in this research is need to develop research about influence of gluten-free diet and casein (GFCF) on autism child development as one of intervention given by health worker for deeper study and number of samples more so that accuracy of result of research more guaranteed.</em></p><p><strong>BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK </strong>Salah satu faktor penyebab autis yaitu faktor lingkungan yang terkontaminasi oleh zat-zat beracun, pangan, gizi, dan akibat raksenasi.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan kepatuhan orang tua menerapkan diet bebas gluten dan kasein (DBGK) dengan perilaku anak autis di SLB Al-Ikhlas Bukittinggi tahun 2015. Desain dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional, penelitian ini telah dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2015. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 47 orang tua dari anak autisme yang sedang menjalani pendidikan di SLB Khusus Autis Al-Ikhlas Bukittinggi pada tahun 2015. Alat yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji statistik Chi-Square dari analisa data didapatkan data univariat lebih dari separuh yaitu 57,4% orang tua patuh menerapkan diet bebas gluten dan kasein (DBGK), kurang dari separuh yaitu 44,7% responden memiliki perilaku yang baik dan hasil analisa data bivariat didapatkan p=0,034 lebih kecil dari 0,05 yaitu ada hubungan kepatuhan orang tua menerapkan diet bebas gluten dan kasein (DBGK) dengan perilaku anak autis. Saran pada penelitian ini adalah perlu dikembangkannya penelitian mengenai pengaruh dari diet (DBGK) terhadap perkembangan anak autisme sebagai salah satu intervensi yang diberikan oleh tenaga kesehatan untuk kajian yang lebih dalam dan jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak sehingga keakuratan hasil penelitian lebih terjamin.</p>
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Limmanto, Virginia, i Sutrisnowati Machdijar. "PENERAPAN DESAIN SENSORI PADA GANGGUAN HIPERSENSITIF DAN HIPOSENSITIF PADA ANAK PENYANDANG AUTISME". Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) 5, nr 2 (31.10.2023): 633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v5i2.24212.
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The design of an autism therapy center and school for special needs (Autism Spectrum Disorder) answers the lack of therapy and educational facilities for autistic children in Jakarta. Several therapy centers for autistic children in Jakarta have been closed due to Covid-19. Tthe data was acquired from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, where cases of autistic children have increased every year, including in Indonesia. In Jakarta, Cengkareng District doesn’t have many adequate facilities for children with Autism. This is because the majority of schools and therapy places are located in South Jakarta and East Jakarta. Therapy places for children with special needs in Indonesia are generally located in shophouses or residential houses that function as therapy places to accommodate these special activities. Therefore, there is a need for schools and special therapy places for children with autism in West Jakarta. The research method used in this study was a qualitative approach that relied on theories, data, and information about the program in order to gain an understanding of behavior, actions, and interests. The design method used sensory perception, where spatial perception influences the subject’s behavior in daily activities and in the learning environment. Keywords: Autism; School; Sensory; Therapy Abstrak Perancangan sekolah dan pusat terapi untuk anak berkebutuhan khusus autisme (Autism Spectrum Disorder) merupakan respon dari kurangnya fasilitas terapi dan pendidikan khusus bagi anak penyandang autisme di kota Jakarta. Beberapa pusat terapi untuk anak penyandang autisme di Jakarta telah ditutup akibat dari covid-19. Data dari Center for Disease Control and Prevention dimana kasus anak yang menyandang autisme mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya termasuk di Indonesia. Tercatat wilayah Jakarta Barat menjadi angka terbanyak untuk anak yang menyandang autisme. Di Jakarta, Kecamatan Cengkareng tidak memiliki banyak fasilitas yang memadai untuk anak penyandang autisme. Hal ini terjadi karena mayoritas sekolah dan tempat terapi untuk mereka terletak di daerah Jakarta Selatan dan Jakarta Timur. Tempat terapi untuk anak berkebutuhan khusus di Indonesia pada umumnya berada di bangunan ruko ataupun di rumah tinggal yang difungsikan sebagai tempat terapi untuk mewadahi kegiatan khusus tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, dibutuhkan adanya sekolah dan tempat terapi khusus untuk anak penyandang autisme di wilayah Jakarta Barat. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang didasari pada teori, data, dan informasi mengenai program yang bermaksud untuk memahami perilaku, tindakan, dan minat. Metode desain yang diterapkan menggunakan persepsi sensori dimana persepsi ruang berpengaruh pada perilaku subjek pada aktivitas sehari-hari maupun pada lingkungan belajar.
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Yanti, Yunita Novita, Septya Sabilatil Jannah, Soviana Nadia, Inayatul Wahdaniyah i Mutmimah Mutmimah. "Speech Therapy to Overcome Language Disorders in Autistic Children". GENIUS Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education 3, nr 1 (28.06.2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/gns.v3i1.61.
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Some children with autism spectrum symptoms have impaired language skills, resulting in impaired communication skills. They tend to be challenging to develop according to their age, like other children, due to their limitations. But that doesn't mean there isn't anything we can't do. Continuous stimulation through speech and language skills therapy is one of the essential things they need to take so that they can reduce the disorders experienced by these children. This study focuses on describing the stimulation of language development in children with symptoms of autism disorders and knowing what activities can stimulate language skills in children with autism disorders. The approach used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approach. Data mining techniques included interviews and observations at a school for children with special needs. The results of this study indicate that the stimulation of language skills in children with autism disorders can be done with speech therapy to help them develop language skills. Abstrak Beberapa anak dengan gejala spektrum autisme mengalami gangguan kemampuan berbahasa yang mengakibatkan kemampuan komunikasinya terganggu. Ia cenderung sulit berkembang sesuai usianya seperti anak-anak lainnya disebabkan oleh keterbatasannya tersebut. Namun bukan berarti tidak ada hal yang bisa diupayakan. Stimulasi yang berkesinambungan melalui terapi kemampuan berbicara dan berbahasa merupakan salah satu hal penting yang perlu ditempuh agar gangguan yang dialami oleh anak-anak tersebut dapat berkurang. Tujuan penelitian ini berfokus untuk mendeskripsikan tentang stimulasi perkembangan bahasa pada anak dengan gejala gangguan autisme dan mengetahui kegiatan apa saja yang mampu menstimulasi kemampuan berbahasa pada anak dengan gangguan autisme. Pendekatan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif. Teknik penggalian data yang dilakukan antara lain wawancara dan observasi pada sebuah sekolah anak berkebutuhan khusus. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa stimulasi kemampuan berbahasa pada anak dengan gangguan autisme dapat dilakukan dengan terapi wicara untuk membantu mereka dalam mengembangkan kemampuan berbahasa.
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Pisula, Ewa. "Interactions of fathers and their children with autism1". Polish Psychological Bulletin 39, nr 1 (1.01.2008): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-008-0005-8.
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Interactions of fathers and their children with autism1 The aim of the present study was to compare the activity of fathers and their children with autism with those of children with Down syndrome, and normally developing children during the father-child interaction. Participants were 14 children with autism and their fathers, 15 children with Down syndrome and their fathers, and 16 normally developing children and their fathers. The age of subjects was between 3.0 and 6.0 years old. The study consisted of one 15-minute free-play session in the father-child diad, taking place in the experiment room. Differences between the groups of fathers were found in terms of three variables under analysis: frequency of looking at the child, physical contact with the child and suggesting play. Children with autism brought objects to their fathers or pointed out objects and directed their fathers' attention by vocalising less frequently than children with Down syndrome and normally developing children. Moreover, children with autism exhibited the fewest vocalisations combined with looking at the father and exhibited many more behaviours involving running and moving about the room than normally developing children. Self-stimulating behaviours were the most frequent in children with autism, with no differences in that respect found between children with Down syndrome and normally developing children. The analysis of fathers' behaviour demonstrates that fathers of children with developmental disorders focus on observing their children and attempt to keep close contact with them to a larger extent than fathers of normally developing children. The pattern of differences in the activity of fathers of children with autism and children with Down syndrome does not paint a clear picture. In general, fathers from both groups actively sought to maintain contact with their children. Differences in the activity during play between children with autism and the other subjects in the study are consistent with the clinical features of autism.
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Widyandari, Ni Made Ayu Sukma, Luh Mira Puspita i Ida Arimurti Sanjiwani. "HUBUNGAN DUKUNGAN SAUDARA KANDUNG DENGAN KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL PADA ANAK AUTIS DI PUSAT LAYANAN AUTIS KOTA DENPASAR". Coping: Community of Publishing in Nursing 10, nr 6 (31.12.2022): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/coping.2022.v10.i06.p11.
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An interpersonal communication disorder is one of the problems experienced by children with autism. It causes due to the lack of development of language skills so children with autism have difficulty delivering and receiving messages from others. One of the factors that influence the development of communication in children with autism is sibling support. This study aims to determine the correlation of sibling support with interpersonal communication in children with autism at Pusat Layanan Autis Kota Denpasar. This research uses descriptive correlation design with the cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 38 children selected by total sampling technique based on the affordable population criteria. Data collection using sibling support questionnaires and Interpersonal Communication Inventory (ICI) questionnaires. The result showed that the mean of sibling support for autistic children was 22,76 and the mean of interpersonal communication in autistic children was 18,18. Data tested using Spearman Rank (rho) got a significant value of 0,00 (? = 0,05) with a correlation value of 0,794 and positive direction correlation. This shows a strong correlation with a positive direction which means the better support siblings the better interpersonal communication to the children with autism.
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Kearl, Benjamin. "Questioning Autism’s Racializing Assemblages". Research Articles 28, nr 2 (25.10.2021): 150–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1082922ar.
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This article questions the ways autism knowledge is racially assembled. Of specific interest is how clinical and cultural definitions of autism routinely deny the existence of autistics of colour and regularly instantiate autism as a White condition. Employing a contrapuntal reading of autism knowledge, which foregrounds the life-writings of autistics of colour, this article argues that disproportionality and delayed autism diagnoses for children of colour as well as autistic Whiteness habituates autism’s diagnostic space. Not only does this result in the clinical and cultural exclusion of children of colour from autism knowledge, it also hierarchically orders humanity. While autism has received recent philosophical attention from Ian Hacking, this article suggests that Hacking’s historical ontology does not adequately attend to the racializing effects of autism knowledge. As such, this article concludes by gesturing toward the need to re-assemble autism’s diagnostic shape through the invention of collective sites of expression which make possible #BlackAutisticJoy.
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Mutia Rahmi Pratiwi, Lisa Mardiana i Amida Yusriana. "Komunikasi Non Verbal Anak Autis pada Masa Adaptasi Pra Sekolah". KOMUNIDA : Media Komunikasi dan Dakwah 9, nr 1 (31.12.2019): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35905/komunida.v9i1.1131.
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Every children has distinguished life, likewise the life of the children with autism.Children with autism frequently considered as odd because they seems like havingtrouble in paying attention and are uninterested to social life. Indonesia does not have theprecise number of the children with autism and it has been increased every year.Education is one of the medium for children with autism to learn the standard way ofbehaviour that socially acceptable. The kindergarten is the first non formal school forchildren with autism. However, the autism’s disability often fails the communicationprocess at school. The rejection will be unavoidable for the first initial meetings. Thisphenomenon becomes the main attraction for the researcher to analyze the behaviour ofchildren with autism in the kindergarten. This is a qualitative research and using thephenomenology method. The objects of the research is M, W and D. They are the childrenwith autism at the informal school of Widya Bhakti Semarang. The aim of this research isto describe the non verbal communication of children with autism as the efforts ofadaptation in the kindergarten.
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Babaei Aghdam, Mahsa, Shahrokh Amiri, Naeimeh Moheb i Salman Abdi. "Severity of personality disorder symptom in parents of children with autistic disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal control". Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry 8, nr 3 (31.07.2021): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/shenakht.8.3.128.
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Introduction: Parents problems can not only lead to the occurrence or aggravation of their childrens disorders, but also affect their childrens psychological problems. Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare personality disorder symptom in parents of children with autism disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and normal control. Method: This is a cross-sectional study. The population of this study included all parents of children with autism and ADHD from Tabriz City in year 2020. 130 parents of children with autism, 170 parents of children with ADHD were selected available sampling method and were mached with 273 parents of normal control. All the clinical assessment of autism, ADHD and comorbidities were conducted by child and adolescent psychiatrists. The severity of personality disorder symptom were assessed by Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III). Kruskal-Wallis test using SPSS version 26 software was used for data analysis. Results: According to results of Kruskal-Wallis test, the mean ranking of personality disorders in the three groups respectively were parents of children with autism> parents of children with ADHD> control parents were (p<0.01). Conclusion: Parents of children with autism suffer from higher vulnerability than symptoms of personality disorders compared to parents of children with ADHD. Additional studies are needed to make clinical interventions in parents appropriate to childrens mental disorders.
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Putri, Nevy Prinanda, Samsunuwiyati Mar'at i Naomi Soetikno. "GAMBARAN DUKUNGAN SOSIAL, STRES, DAN ATTACHMENT PADA IBU DENGAN ANAK AUTISME DALAM MENGHADAPI PANDEMIK". Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 5, nr 2 (5.10.2021): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v5i2.11311.2021.
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Pandemics change a lot of activities, as well as patterns of activity of children with autism and interaction. Mothers as caregivers have to put in more effort to care for children during the pandemic so that stress levels also increase. This study aimed to see a picture of social support, stress and attachment to mothers with children with autism in a pandemic meeting. Participants in this study were 4 mothers who have children with autism. Sampling was done by convenience sampling. The method used is a qualitative method with a phenomenological design. The results shows that during the pandemic, the stress experienced by mothers with autism children who were received at a secondary assessment, understood their resources for coping and elicited emotional reactions such as anxiety that would develop rapidly. The attachment style of mothers with autism children is secure attachment based on the results of interviews, such as conducting joint interactions (meeting, playing, doing assignments, being responsive to needs and doing activities together) making necessary contact and adaptation to the pandemic. The description of social support during the pandemic of mothers with autistic children is a significant other, such as psychologists, baby sitters, and therapists. The main social support are direct assistance and information about the daily routine schedule that will be given to children Pandemik membuat banyak aktivitas berubah, begitu pula pola aktivitas anak dengan autisme dan ibunya. Ibu sebagai pengasuh utama harus mengeluarkan lebih banyak usaha untuk mengasuh anak pada masa pandemik sehingga tingkat stres juga meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran dukungan sosial, stres dan attachment pada ibu dengan anak autisme dalam menghadapi pandemik. Partisipan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 4 ibu yang memiliki anak dengan autisme. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan convenience sampling. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan desain fenomenologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gambaran stres selama pandemik yang dialami para ibu dengan anak autisme mengacu pada penilaian secondary appraisal, mengetahui sumber daya mereka untuk melakukan coping dan memunculkan reaksi emosional seperti cemas akan perkembangan anaknya. Gambaran attachment selama pandemik para ibu dengan anak autisme adalah secure attachment berdasarkan hasil wawancara, seperti melakukan interaksi bersama (kehadiran, bermain, mengerjakan tugas, responsif terhadap kebutuhan dan melakukan kegiatan bersama-sama) sehingga cenderung dapat menghadapi dan adaptasi terhadap situasi pandemik. Gambaran dukungan sosial selama pandemik para ibu dengan anak autisme adalah significant other yaitu tenaga profesional seperti psikolog, babysitter, terapis dan pihak sekolah berupa bantuan langsung maupun informasi mengenai jadwal rutinitas sehari-hari yang akan diberikan kepada anak dengan autisme sehingga ibu dengan anak autisme tetap dapat melakukan kegiatan dalam situasi pandemik secara optimal.
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Asadilloyevich, Akhmedov Shavkat, i Amirjonova Kamola Zafar Qizi. "CAUSING FACTORS AND FIRST SIGNS OF AUTISM IN CHILDREN". International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 4, nr 5 (1.05.2024): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijasr-04-05-20.
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Autism in children is a disease related to the disorder of the development of specific psychological functions, which manifests itself in various difficulties and social interactions of the child with the surrounding environment, motor-motor skills, and other conditions. All cases of pain are diagnosed when children are 3-4 years old, and in some cases, it is not possible to get rid of the first priznaki. Obshchego lecheniya patologii ne sushchestvuet: spetsialisty razrabatyvayut individualnye metody korrektsii autisma u detey, ottalkivayas ot sostoyaniya korknetnogo patsinita.
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Vieira, Beatriz Cardoso, Izabel Scarabelot Medeiros, Sonia Maria Correa, Sonia Maria Correa, Ana Regina da Silva Losso i Ana Regina da Silva Losso. "A CRIANÇA COM TRANSTORNO GLOBAL DO DESENVOLVIMENTOAUTISMO: A ATUAÇÃO DA EQUIPE MULTIPROFISSIONAL DE UMA INSTITUIÇÃO ESPECIALIZADA". Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudos em Saúde 7, nr 1 (29.11.2018): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33362/ries.v7i1.1223.
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O estudo é uma análise da assistência da equipe multiprofissional que atua em uma instituição especializada com crianças com Transtorno Global do Desenvolvimento: Autismo. O autismo é considerado uma alteração em que a criança desenvolve dificuldades de comunicação, apresenta comportamentos repetitivos e dificilmente estabelece relações sociais, o que se caracteriza como um desafio para equipe. Ainda são poucas bibliografias atualizadas sobre a atuação dos profissionais frente ao autismo infantil, ou sobre autismo, obtendo-se a grande maioria das bibliografias da década de 90. Portando está realidade resultou no interesse de investigar mais sobre o assunto com o desejo de aprofundar os conhecimentos frente à assistência para criança com autismo, buscando formas e meios para auxiliar a assistência prestada pela equipe multiprofissional, e também com o objetivo de identificar a atuação da equipe multiprofissional frente ao autismo infantil. É um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, baseado em análise de dados, levantada e obtida através de uma entrevista semiestruturada com 10 profissionais que atuam em uma instituição de ensino para crianças com autismo de um município do Extremo Sul Catarinense. A análise de dados foi realizada a partir da análise de conteúdo, categorização dos dados, ordenação, classificação e análise final dos dados pesquisados. Tendo como resultado a atuação da equipe multiprofissional em exercer intervenções que auxiliam o portador de autismo a reduzir a incidência de comportamentos inadequados, essas intervenções são realizadas através de métodos para alcançar os objetivos de ensino aprendizagem, auxiliar na interação social e estimular as limitações que as crianças autistas possuem.Palavras-chave: Autismo infantil. Transtorno Global do desenvolvimento. Equipe multiprofissional. ABSTRACT: The study is an analysis of the assistance of the multidisciplinary team in a specialized institution with Global Developmental Disorder children: Autism. Autism is considered a change in which the child develops communication difficulties, repetitive behaviors and features hardly establishes social relations, what is characterized as a challenge for the team. Yet few bibliographies updated about the activities of professionals facing the infantile autism or autism, with the vast majority of the bibliographies of the 90. Porting's reality resulted in the interest of investigating more about this with the desire to deepen the knowledge forward to assistance for children with autism, seeking ways and means to assist the assistance provided by the multidisciplinary team, and also to identify the activities of the multidisciplinary team in front of the infantile autism. Is a qualitative study, based on data analysis, lifted and obtained through a semi-structured interview with 10 professionals working in an educational institution for children with autism to a city in the extreme south of Santa Catarina. The analysis data were collected from content analysis, categorization of data, sorting, grading and final analysis of the data searched. Resulting in the multidisciplinary team in exercise interventions that assist the bearer of autism to reduce the incidence of inappropriate behaviors, these interventions are performed through methods to achieve the goals of teaching and learning, assist in social interaction and stimulate the limitations that autistic children have.Keywords: Infantile autism. Global development disorder. Multidisciplinary team.
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Sine, Juni Gressilda Louisa, i Stefanus Manongga. "KONSELING GIZI TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN, SIKAP DAN TINDAKAN IBU DALAM PERBAIKAN POLA KONSUMSI ANAK AUTISME". Penelitian Gizi dan Makanan (The Journal of Nutrition and Food Research) 41, nr 1 (28.05.2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/pgm.v41i1.1858.
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ABSTRACT
The prevalence of autism has increased significantly to 1 person with autism per 50 children in the last year compared to 2010 data on the prevalence of autism 1 per 68 children. One of the causes found in children with autism is a disorder of the immune system that underlies the occurrence of food allergies. The immune system is mostly located in the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nutritional counseling on knowledge, attitudes and actions of mothers in improving the consumption patterns of children with autism. The design of this research is quasi experimental study, with sampling technique is consecutive sampling. Based on the inclusion criteria, the mother who is willing to be a sample of 36 mothers of children with autism in Inclusion School and Special School of Kupang City. The analysis used is Paired-Sample t test and Independent-Sample t test. The results showed that mother's knowledge, attitudes and actions about food for autistic children increased significantly between before and after intervention (p <0.05). Mother knowledge, attitudes and actions increase after intervention. Effective nutrition counseling improves the average score of knowledge, attitudes and actions of mothers is high compared with the control group.
Keywords: nutritional counseling, knowledge, attitude, action of mother.
ABSTRAK
Prevalensi autisme mengalami kenaikan yang signifikan menjadi 1 penyandang autisme per 50 anak dalam kurun waktu setahun terakhir jika dibandingkan data tahun 2010 prevalensi autisme 1 per 68 anak. Salah satu penyebab yang dijumpai pada anak autisme adalah gangguan sistem imun yang mendasari terjadinya alergi makanan. Sistem imun sebagian besar berlokasi di dalam saluran cerna. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai efektivitas konseling gizi terhadap pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan ibu dalam perbaikan pola konsumsi anak autisme. Disain penelitian ini adalah studi eksperimental semu, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel consecutive sampling. Berdasarkan kriteria inklusi maka ibu yang bersedia menjadi sampel sebanyak 36 orang ibu dari anak autistik di Sekolah Inklusi dan Sekolah Luar Biasa Kota Kupang. Analisis yang digunakan adalah Paired-Sample t test dan Independent-Sample t test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan ibu tentang makanan anak autisme meningkat signifikan antara sebelum dan setelah intervensi (p<0,05). Pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan ibu meningkat setelah intervensi. Konseling gizi efektif meningkatkan rerata skor pengetahuan, sikap dan tindakan ibu yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. [Penel Gizi Makan 2018, 41(1):31-40]
Kata kunci: konseling gizi, pengetahuan, sikap, tindakan ibu
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Redshaw, Emma L., i Helen E. Smith. "Autism in children". InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 7, nr 8 (30.12.2013): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738013515453.
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Crescenzi, Victoria. "Children with Autism". Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 19, nr 2 (kwiecień 1998): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004703-199804000-00014.
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Limeres, Jacobo Referen, Javier F. Feijoo i Pedro Diz. "CHILDREN WITH AUTISM". Journal of the American Dental Association 142, nr 7 (lipiec 2011): 793–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2011.0257.
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Hoffman, Charles D., Dwight P. Sweeney, Muriel C. Lopez-Wagner, Danelle Hodge, Cindy Y. Nam i Betsy H. Botts. "Children With Autism". Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 23, nr 3 (11.06.2008): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088357608316271.
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Tudor, Megan E., Charles D. Hoffman i Dwight P. Sweeney. "Children With Autism". Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities 27, nr 4 (27.09.2012): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088357612457989.
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MARSHALL, JOE, i JOYCE Marshall. "Children with Autism". Journal of Early Intervention 15, nr 2 (kwiecień 1991): 208–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105381519101500211.
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Badzis, Mastura, i Mimi Fitriana Zaini. "Early Identification and Intervention of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Young Children". IIUM Journal of Educational Studies 2, nr 1 (30.06.2014): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/ijes.v2i1.25.
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The present study focused on the paramount importance of early identification and intervention of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) among young children. The focus of the study is on children with autism and their typical characters which are identified by adults. The study investigates the occurrence of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) among young children from the parents’ perspective. This descriptive and analytical study aimed at finding 1) parents’ perception of the need of early identification and intervention of children with autism, 2) parents’ own perception of the challenges and strategies to help students with autism increase their school performance and 3) parents’ view on strategies to help change the societal perception on ASD. There were three research questions to investigate the parents’ perception in the current study; 1) the issue pertaining to the need of early identification of children with autism, 2) the questions related to useful of identification to parents, school teachers and society, 3) the questions on the challenges and strategies parents had to help ASD children receive optimal care by adults. It was found that parents identified their children behavior as ASD, regardless its degree of severity. The behaviors such as 1) emotionally unstable with bad tempered, 2) easy to be frustrated, 3) having ritual behavior, 4) quick walking habit, 5) problem with understanding, 6) reserved personality and lonely were identified with the help of the teachers in school. Strategies to help children with autism are also discussed in this paper.
Abstrak
Fokus kajian ini adalah kepada kepentingan yang sangat utama dalam pengenalpastian dan intervensi awal bagi Gangguan Spektrum Autistik (ASD) dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Ia tertumpu kepada kanak-kanak autisme dan ciri-ciri lazim yang dikenalpasti oleh orang dewasa. Ia menyelidik kejadian ASD dalam kalangan kanak-kanak dari perspektif ibu bapa. Kajian deskriptif dan analitis ini bertujuan untuk mendalami 1) persepsi ibu bapa akan keperluan pengenalpastian dan intervensi awal bagi kanak-kanak autisme, 2) persepsi ibu bapa terhadap cabaran dan strategi bagi membantu pelajar autisme meningkatkan pencapaian di sekolah, dan 3) pandangan ibu bapa tentang strategi bagi membantu mengubah persepsi masyarakat tentang ASD. Terdapat tiga soalan penyelidikan bagi mengkaji persepsi ibu bapa dalam kajian ini: 1) isu berkenaan keperluan pengenalpastian awal kanak-kanak autisme, 2) soalan-soalan berhubung dengan faedah pengenalpastian bagi ibu bapa, guru dan masyarakat, 3) soalan-soalan tentang cabaran dan strategi ibu bapa bagi membantu kanak-kanak ASD menerima perhatian optimal daripada orang dewasa. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa ibu bapa mengenalpasti tingkahlaku anak mereka sebagai ASD, tanpa mengambilkira keseriusannya. Tingkahlaku seperti 1) tidak stabil emosi dan bengkeng, 2) mudah kecewa, 3) kelakuan ritual, 4) tabiat berjalan dengan laju, 5) bermasalah dalam memahami, 6) personaliti yang pendiam dan sepi, dikenalpasti dengan bantuan guru. Strategi bagi membantu kanak-kanak autisme juga dibincangkan dalam kertas ini.
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Rahmani, Hana Lazuardy, i Lia Mawarsari Boediman. "DIR/floortime Approach to Improve Two-way Communication Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder". Psikostudia : Jurnal Psikologi 13, nr 2 (16.05.2024): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/psikostudia.v13i2.14419.
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The limited ability to engage in two-way social communication poses a significant challenge for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Nevertheless, proficiency in two-way social communication is a crucial skill that children need to foster for their overall development. This study employs a single-subject design (n=1), focusing on early childhood and involving fathers as the primary caregivers. The primary objective is to assess the effectiveness of the DIR/Floortime approach, specifically in enhancing communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorders. This study consisted of 16 sessions which divided into pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention sessions. Measurement was conducted using the Circle of Communication (CoC) observation sheet and the Functional-Emotional Assessment Scale (FEAS) to compare participant change in score trends between pre-intervention and post-intervention phases. The research findings indicate that the application of DIR/Floortime principles effective in improving the two-way communication abilities of children with autism spectrum disorders. Consequently, this approach can be considered as an alternative consideration for the intervention of children with autism spectrum disorders.Minimnya kemampuan untuk melakukan komunikasi sosial dua arah menjadi salah satu masalah utama pada anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) atau Gangguan Spektrum Autisme. Padahal, kemampuan komunikasi sosial dua arah merupakan salah satu kemampuan penting yang perlu dimiliki oleh anak agar dapat menunjang perkembangannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian single subject design (n = 1) pada anak usia dini dan ayah sebagai pengasuh utama anak yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dari pendekatan DIR/Floortime khususnya dalam meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi pada anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme. Penelitian terdiri dari 16 sesi yang terbagi menjadi sesi pra-intervensi, intervensi, dan sesi post-intervensi. Pengukuran menggunakan lembar observasi Circle of Communication (CoC) dan Functional-Emotional Assessment Scale (FEAS) untuk membandingkan perubahan tren skor partisipan pada pra-intervensi dan post-intervensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan prinsip-prinsip DIR/floortime dapat meningkatkan kemampuan komunikasi dua arah anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme. Oleh karena itu, pendekatan ini dapat dijadikan salah satu pertimbangan alternatif penanganan anak dengan gangguan spektrum autisme.
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Tahsa, Olivia Anwar, i Yun Nina Ekawati. "DUKUNGAN SOSIAL KELUARGA TERHADAP ANAK AUTIS DALAM MENJALANI PROGRAM TERAPI DI PUSAT LAYANAN AUTIS PROVINSI JAMBI". Jurnal Psikologi Jambi 6, nr 02 (25.04.2022): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jpj.v6i02.17367.
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ABSTRACT
Introduction The health and development of autistic children are very dependent on the active role and support of the family. Family social support is very influential on the development of children with autism, the provision of appropriate social support is expected to optimize their needs and improve their quality of life. Social support consists of emotional support, instrumental support, informational support, and reward support. This research aims to see the description of the social support of families of autistic children undergoing a therapy program at the Pusat Layanan Autis Jambi Province based on predetermined aspects.
Method This research is a quantitative research using the descriptive method. The research subjects were 48 parents of PLA Jambi Province students obtained by thetotal sampling technique. Data collection is done online using Google Forms. The data analysis technique used univariate analysis with the help of the JASP application.
Results The results showed that of the 48 respondents, 39 people (81.3%) had provided social support in the good category, 9 respondents (18.7%) had provided social support in the fairly good category and 0 respondents (0.0% ) has provided social support in the poor category.
Conclusions and Recommendation Reward support is the biggest support given by parents to their children who have autism disorders in undergoing the PLA therapy program in Jambi Province.
Keywords: Children with autism disorders, family social support.
ABSTRAKPendahuluan Kesehatan dan perkembangan anak dengan gangguan autisme sangat bergantung pada peran aktif dan dukungan dari keluarga. Dukungan sosial keluarga sangat mempengaruhi perkembangan anak dengan gangguan autisme, memberikan dukungan sosial yang tepat diharapkan dapat mengoptimalkan kebutuhan dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup mereka. Dukungan sosial terdiri dari dukungan emosional, dukungan instrumental, dukungan informasi, dan dukungan penghargaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran dukungan sosial keluarga terhadap anak autis dalam menjalani program terapi di Pusat Layanan Autis Provinsi Jambi berdasarkan aspek-aspek yang telah ditentukan.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan metode deskriptif. Subjek penelitian sebanyak 48 orang tua peserta didik PLA Provinsi Jambi yang diperoleh dengan teknik total sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara online menggunakan google form. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis univariat dengan menggunakan bantuan program aplikasi JASP.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa dari 48 responden, sebanyak 39 orang (81,3%) sudah memberikan dukungan sosial dengan kategori baik, 9 orang responden (18,7%) memberikan dukungan sosial dengan kategori cukup dan 0 orang responden (0,0%) memberikan dukungan sosial dengan kategori buruk.
Kesimpulan dan Saran: Dukungan penghargaan merupakan dukungan paling besar yang diberikan oleh orang tua kepada anaknya yang mengalami gangguan autisme dalam menjalani program terapi di PLA Provinsi Jambi.
Kata Kunci: Anak dengan gangguan autisme, dukungan sosial keluarga
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Hikmawati, Ahfi, Djatmika Djatmika i Sumarlam Sumarlam. "EXPRESSIVE SKILL OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM: A PSYCHOLINGUISTICS STUDY". Humanus 18, nr 1 (23.09.2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/humanus.v18i1.104084.
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The expressive skill is a verbal language skill to interact with other people. The ability of children with autism to express ideas in their mind can indicate that their receptive ability works effectively. The purpose of this research was to study types of utterances the children can produce. Data in the forms of utterances produced by the children as responses to initiating acts performed by their teachers were collected. Data were then analysed to classify them in accordance to the process the utterances were produced. The results show that the children’ skills in executing utterances are classified into four types of processes, i.e. word imitating (subtest CELF-R); imitating, producing word, arranging word (subtest CELF-3); expressing word, producing word, imitating word (subtest CELF-4); and continuing and mentioning word.Keywords: children, autism, utterance process, expresive skillKEMAMPUAN EKSPRESIF ANAK AUTISME: SEBUAH KAJIAN PSIKOLINGUISTIKAbstrakKemampuan ekspresif adalah kemampuan bahasa secara verbal untuk saling berinteraksi. Anak autisme yang mampu dalam kemampuan ekspresif menandakan bahwa kemampuan reseptifnya sudah bekerja efektif. Tujuan penelitian adalah menjelaskan proses ujaran dari kemampuan ekspresif anak autisme. Data dalam bentuk tuturan yang dihasilkan anak autisme sebagai respons terhadap tuturan pemancing yang dilontarkan guru dikumpulkan dengan cara direkam dan ditranskripsi. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis untuk diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan jenis proses tuturan tersebut dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tuturan yang dihasilkan para anak autisme itu dapat diklasifikasikan dalam empat jenis proses produksi, yaitu menirukan kata (subtest CELF-R); menirukan, membuat kata, menyusun kata (subtest CELF-3); mengungkapkan kata, membuat kata, menirukan kata (subtest CELF-4); dan melanjutkan dan menyebutkan kata.Kata kunci: anak, autisme, proses ujaran, kemampuan ekspresif
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Krisjanto Kusuma, Angelina Maria, i Sisca Aulia. "Komunikasi Love Language Anak Autisme dengan Orang Tua". Koneksi 8, nr 1 (13.03.2024): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/kn.v8i1.27596.
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The concept of Love Language serves as a foundation for understanding how children with special needs, specifically those with autism, communicate affection towards their parents and vice versa. Autism, as a genetic syndrome, often poses challenges to family dynamics, particularly in communication and expressing love towards family members due to the communication impairments associated with autism. The aim of this research is to examine how Love Language communication occurs between children with autism and their parents. Interpersonal Communication serves as the theoretical basis to explore how the Five Love Languages form the basis of communication in expressing affection between autistic children and their parents. The applied research methodology is qualitative and descriptive. Data collection involves interviews with families having a first-level autistic child and observations of interaction patterns between autistic children and their parents. The analysis of Love Language is used to understand the communication of affection between autistic children and their parents. The results indicate that the most commonly used Love Languages from children to parents are Quality Time (spending time together) and Physical Touch (physical contact). On the other hand, parents' Love Languages towards their autistic children include Acts of Service (providing assistance) and Quality Time (spending time together). Konsep Love Language menjadi landasan untuk memahami bagaimana cara komunikasi anak berkebutuhan khusus autisme dalam mengekspresikan kasih sayang anak kepada orang tua mereka dan juga sebaliknya. Autisme sebagai sindrom genetik sering menjadi tantangan dinamika keluarga dalam berkomunikasi terutama dalam mengekspresikan kasih sayang kepada anggota keluarga dikarenakan autisme sendiri merupakan sebuah gangguan anak dalam kemampuan berkomunikasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk melihat bagaimana komunikasi Love Language dari anak berkebutuhan khusus autisme dengan orang tua mereka. Komunikasi Interpersonal menjadi landasan teori untuk mengeksplorasi bagaimana Five Love Languages menjadi sebuah dasar komunikasi dalam mengekspresikan kasih sayang antara anak autisme kepada orang tua dan sebaliknya. Metodologi penelitian yang diterapkan adalah kualitatif deskriptif, di mana pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara kepada keluarga yang memiliki anak autisme tingkat satu dan melakukan observasi kepada pola interaksi antara anak autisme dengan orang tuanya. Dari hasil penelitian ini analisis Love Language digunakan sebagai komunikasi pengekspresian kasih sayang antara anak autisme dengan orang tua. Dari anak kepada orang tua yang paling digunakan adalah Quality Time atau menghabiskan waktu bersama dan Physical Touch atau pemberian sentuhan, sedangkan love language yang digunakan dari orang tua dengan anak autisme adalah Act of service atau memberikan pelayanan dan Quality Time atau menghabiskan waktu bersama.
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Swandari, Dian Ngesti, i Mumpuniarti Mumpuniarti. "Pencapaian pemahaman orang tua dalam membimbing tata krama anak autis". JPPM (Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) 7, nr 1 (8.03.2020): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jppm.v7i1.25036.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Tata krama merupakan bagian dari keterampilan sosial yang mengajarkan sikap baik dalam pergaulan dari segi bahasa maupun tingkah laku. Tata krama perlu diperkenalkan pada anak autis agar mereka dapat membedakan perilaku baik dan perilaku yang kurang tepat untuk dilakukan. Orang tua memegang peranan penting dalam membimbing tata krama anak autis. Oleh karena itu diupayakan agar orang tua memahami cara untuk mendampingi dan membimbing tata krama anak autis. Salah satu cara yang efektif dalam pendampingan latihan tata krama anak autis adalah dengan pembelajaran observasional, di mana orang tua berperan sebagai model atau contoh yang akan ditiru oleh anak autis. Adapun tujuan dari latihan tata krama dengan pembelajaran observasional ini adalah agar anak berlatih tata krama dengan melihat orang tua sebagai model kemudian anak berlatih tata krama berdasar apa yang dilihatnya pada orang tua. Jadi orang tua memiliki peran ganda yaitu sebagai model dan pendamping latihan sehingga orang tua dapat memahami fungsi dari peran orang tua anak autis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan yang melibatkan semua pihak secara langsung dan dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan pada semua pihak yang terlibat. The achievement of parents comprehension in guiding autism children manners AbstractManners are parts of social skills that teach good attitude in association in terms of language and behaviour. Manners need to be introduced to autistic children so that they can distinguish between good behaviour and inappropriate behaviour to do. Parents play an important role in guiding the manners of autistic children. Therefore efforts are made so that parents understand how to assist and guide the behaviour of autistic children. One effective way of mentoring autism practices for children with autism is observational learning, where parents act as models or examples that will be imitated by autistic children. The aim of this observational learning is that children can practice manners by seeing their parents as models and at the end, they can apply what they see from their parents. Therefore, parents have two roles, that are as a model and a training companion so that parents can understand the role function of parents of children with autism. The method used in this research is action research that involves all parties directly and intended to improve the skills of all parties involved.