Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Australian rainfall

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Australian rainfall”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 31 stycznia 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Australian rainfall"

van Rensch, Peter, i Wenju Cai. "Indo-Pacific–Induced Wave Trains during Austral Autumn and Their Effect on Australian Rainfall". Journal of Climate 27, nr 9 (23.04.2014): 3208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00611.1.

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Abstract During austral winter and spring, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD), individually or in combination, induce equivalent-barotropic Rossby wave trains, affecting midlatitude Australian rainfall. In autumn, ENSO is at its annual minimum, and the IOD has usually not developed. However, there is still a strong equivalent-barotropic Rossby wave train associated with tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) variability, with a pressure anomaly to the south of Australia. This wave train is similar in position, but opposite in sign, to the IOD-induced wave train in winter and spring and has little effect on Australian rainfall. This study shows that the SST in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean (SETIO) displays a high variance during austral autumn, with a strong influence on southeast and eastern Australian rainfall. However, this influence is slightly weaker than that associated with SST to the north of Australia, which shares fluctuations with SST in the SETIO region. The SST north of Australia is coherent with a convective dipole in the tropical Pacific Ocean, which is the source of a wave train to the east of Australia influencing rainfall in eastern Australia. ENSO Modoki is a contributor to the convective dipole and as a result it exerts a weak influence on eastern Australian rainfall through the connecting north Australian SST relationship. Thus, SST to the north of Australia acts as the main agent for delivering the impact of tropical Indo-Pacific variability to eastern Australia.

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Cai, Wenju, Peter van Rensch, Tim Cowan i Harry H. Hendon. "Teleconnection Pathways of ENSO and the IOD and the Mechanisms for Impacts on Australian Rainfall". Journal of Climate 24, nr 15 (1.08.2011): 3910–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4129.1.

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Abstract Impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) on Australian rainfall are diagnosed from the perspective of tropical and extratropical teleconnections triggered by tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variations. The tropical teleconnection is understood as the equatorially trapped, deep baroclinic response to the diabatic (convective) heating anomalies induced by the tropical SST anomalies. These diabatic heating anomalies also excite equivalent barotropic Rossby wave trains that propagate into the extratropics. The main direct tropical teleconnection during ENSO is the Southern Oscillation (SO), whose impact on Australian rainfall is argued to be mainly confined to near-tropical portions of eastern Australia. Rainfall is suppressed during El Niño because near-tropical eastern Australia directly experiences subsidence and higher surface pressure associated with the western pole of the SO. Impacts on extratropical Australian rainfall during El Niño are argued to stem primarily from the Rossby wave trains forced by convective variations in the Indian Ocean, for which the IOD is a primary source of variability. These equivalent-barotropic Rossby wave trains emanating from the Indian Ocean induce changes to the midlatitude westerlies across southern Australia, thereby affecting rainfall through changes in mean-state baroclinicity, west–east steering, and possibly orographic effects. Although the IOD does not mature until austral spring, its impact on Australian rainfall during winter is also ascribed to this mechanism. Because ENSO is largely unrelated to the IOD during austral winter, there is limited impact of ENSO on rainfall across southern latitudes of Australia in winter. A strong impact of ENSO on southern Australia rainfall in spring is ascribed to the strong covariation of ENSO and the IOD in this season. Implications of this pathway from the tropical Indian Ocean for impacts of both the IOD and ENSO on southern Australian climate are discussed with regard to the ability to make seasonal climate predictions and with regard to the role of trends in tropical SST for driving trends in Australian climate.

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Rotstayn, L. D., M. A. Collier, R. M. Mitchell, Y. Qin, S. K. Campbell i S. M. Dravitzki. "Simulated enhancement of ENSO-related rainfall variability due to Australian dust". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, nr 13 (12.07.2011): 6575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6575-2011.

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Abstract. Australian dust emissions are highly episodic, and this may increase the importance of Australian dust as a climate feedback agent. We compare two 160-year coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations of modern-day climate using the CSIRO Mark 3.6 global climate model (GCM). The first run (DUST) includes an interactive treatment of mineral dust and its direct radiative effects. The second run (NODUST) is otherwise identical, but has the Australian dust source set to zero. We focus on the austral spring season, when the correlation between rainfall and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is strongest over Australia. The ENSO-rainfall relationship over eastern Australia is stronger in the DUST run: dry (El Niño) years tend to be drier, and wet (La Niña) years wetter. The amplification of ENSO-related rainfall variability over eastern Australia represents an improvement relative to observations. The effect is driven by ENSO-related anomalies in radiative forcing by Australian dust over the south-west Pacific Ocean; these anomalies increase (decrease) surface evaporation in La Niña (El Niño) years. Some of this moisture is advected towards eastern Australia, where increased (decreased) moisture convergence in La Niña (El Niño) years increases the amplitude of ENSO-related rainfall variability. The modulation of surface evaporation by dust over the south-west Pacific occurs via surface radiative forcing and dust-induced stabilisation of the boundary layer. The results suggest that (1) a realistic treatment of Australian dust may be necessary for accurate simulation of the ENSO-rainfall relationship over Australia, and (2) radiative feedbacks involving dust may be important for understanding natural rainfall variability over Australia.

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Rotstayn, L. D., M. A. Collier, R. M. Mitchell, Y. Qin i S. K. Campbell. "Simulated enhancement of ENSO-related rainfall variability due to Australian dust". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, nr 1 (19.01.2011): 1595–639. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-1595-2011.

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Abstract. Average dust emissions from Australia are small compared to those from the major sources in the Northern Hemisphere. However, they are highly episodic, and this may increase the importance of Australian dust as a climate feedback agent. We compare two 160-year coupled atmosphere-ocean simulations of modern-day climate using the CSIRO Mark 3.6 global climate model (GCM). The first run (DUST) includes an interactive treatment of mineral dust and its direct radiative effects. The second run (NODUST) is otherwise identical, but has the Australian dust source set to zero. We focus on the austral spring season, when the correlation between rainfall and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is strongest over Australia. We find that the ENSO-rainfall relationship over eastern Australia is stronger in the DUST run: dry (El Niño) years tend to be drier, and wet (La Niña) years wetter. The ENSO-rainfall relationship is also weaker over north-western Australia in the DUST run. The amplification of ENSO-related rainfall variability over eastern Australia and the weaker ENSO-rainfall relationship over the north-west both represent an improvement relative to observations. The suggested mechanism over eastern Australia involves stabilisation of the surface layer due to enhanced atmospheric heating and surface cooling in El Niño years, and enhanced ascent and moisture convergence driven by atmospheric heating in La Niña years. The results suggest that (1) a realistic treatment of Australian dust may be necessary for accurate simulation of the ENSO-rainfall relationship over Australia, and (2) radiative feedbacks involving dust may be important for understanding natural rainfall variability over Australia.

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Rathore, Saurabh, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Helen E. Phillips, Ming Feng i Mayank Mishra. "Improving Australian Rainfall Prediction Using Sea Surface Salinity". Journal of Climate 34, nr 7 (kwiecień 2021): 2473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0625.1.

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AbstractThis study uses sea surface salinity (SSS) as an additional precursor for improving the prediction of summer [December–February (DJF)] rainfall over northeastern Australia. From a singular value decomposition between SSS of prior seasons and DJF rainfall, we note that SSS of the Indo-Pacific warm pool region [SSSP (150°E–165°W and 10°S–10°N) and SSSI (50°–95°E and 10°S–10°N)] covaries with Australian rainfall, particularly in the northeast region. Composite analysis that is based on high or low SSS events in the SSSP and SSSI regions is performed to understand the physical links between the SSS and the atmospheric moisture originating from the regions of anomalously high or low, respectively, SSS and precipitation over Australia. The composites show the signature of co-occurring La Niña and negative Indian Ocean dipole with anomalously wet conditions over Australia and conversely show the signature of co-occurring El Niño and positive Indian Ocean dipole with anomalously dry conditions there. During the high SSS events of the SSSP and SSSI regions, the convergence of incoming moisture flux results in anomalously wet conditions over Australia with a positive soil moisture anomaly. Conversely, during the low SSS events of the SSSP and SSSI regions, the divergence of incoming moisture flux results in anomalously dry conditions over Australia with a negative soil moisture anomaly. We show from the random-forest regression analysis that the local soil moisture, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and SSSP are the most important precursors for the northeast Australian rainfall whereas for the Brisbane region ENSO, SSSP, and the Indian Ocean dipole are the most important. The prediction of Australian rainfall using random-forest regression shows an improvement by including SSS from the prior season. This evidence suggests that sustained observations of SSS can improve the monitoring of the Australian regional hydrological cycle.

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Kingsford, R. T., P. S. Wong, L. W. Braithwaite i M. T. Maher. "Waterbird abundance in eastern Australia, 1983 - 92". Wildlife Research 26, nr 3 (1999): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96062.

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We examined the relationships between abundance of 16 species of waterbirds and the rainfall in eastern Australia, the rainfall west of this region, the annual Southern Oscillation index (SOI), the wetland area, and hunting in eastern Australia for the period 1983–92. Data were collected during aerial surveys of eastern Australia. For most explanatory variables, lags of up to five years before aerial surveys were also investigated during these analyses. The analyses covered all nine game species (plumed whistling-duck, Australian shelduck, Australian wood duck, pink-eared duck, grey teal, chestnut teal, Pacific black duck, Australasian shoveler, hardhead) and seven non-game species (Australian pelican, white-faced heron, yellow-billed spoonbill, freckled duck, black swan, black-winged stilt, red-necked avocet). Regression models were developed for all species apart from Australian pelicans. Rainfall and climate indices generally were most correlated with the species’ abundance. Bonferroni adjustments to significance levels meant that there were significant variables in regression models for seven of the 16 species. Abundance indices for plumed whistling-duck, chestnut teal, hardhead, black swan and black-winged stilt were related to the climate variables (rainfall, SOI) and wetland area, whereas abundance of pink-eared duck and red-necked avocets were negatively related. Abundance of chestnut teal was positively related to numbers of hunting licences sold. The results are equivocal about the role of hunting in determining waterfowl abundance, which is probably a reflection of few data points and numbers of variables included. In general, abundance indices of waterbirds appear to have decreased between 1983 and 1992, which may correspond to other factors not modelled

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Lim, Eun-Pa, Harry H. Hendon, Debra Hudson, Guomin Wang i Oscar Alves. "Dynamical Forecast of Inter–El Niño Variations of Tropical SST and Australian Spring Rainfall". Monthly Weather Review 137, nr 11 (1.11.2009): 3796–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2904.1.

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Abstract The relationship between variations of Indo-Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and Australian springtime rainfall over the last 30 years is investigated with a focus on predictability of inter–El Niño variations of SST and associated rainfall anomalies. Based on observed data, the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of Indo-Pacific SST represents mature El Niño conditions, while the second and fourth modes depict major east–west shifts of individual El Niño events. These higher-order EOFs of SST explain more rainfall variance in Australia, especially in the southeast, than does the El Niño mode. Furthermore, intense springtime droughts tend to be associated with peak warming in the central Pacific, as captured by EOFs 2 and 4, together with warming in the eastern Pacific as depicted by EOF1. The ability to predict these inter–El Niño variations of SST and Australian rainfall is assessed with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology dynamical coupled model seasonal forecast system, the Predictive Ocean and Atmospheric Model for Australia (POAMA). A 10-member ensemble of 9-month hindcasts was generated for the period 1980–2006. For the September–November season, the leading 2 EOFs of SST are predictable with lead times of 3–6 months, while SST EOF4 is predictable out to a lead time of 1 month. The teleconnection between the leading EOFs of SST and Australian rainfall is also well depicted in the model. Based on this ability to predict major east–west variations of El Niño and the teleconnection to Australian rainfall, springtime rainfall over eastern Australia, and major drought events are predictable up to a season in advance.

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Hendon, Harry H., David W. J. Thompson i Matthew C. Wheeler. "Australian Rainfall and Surface Temperature Variations Associated with the Southern Hemisphere Annular Mode". Journal of Climate 20, nr 11 (1.06.2007): 2452–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli4134.1.

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Abstract Daily variations in Australian rainfall and surface temperature associated with the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM) are documented using observations for the period 1979–2005. The high index polarity of the SAM is characterized by a poleward contraction of the midlatitude westerlies. During winter, the high index polarity of the SAM is associated with decreased daily rainfall over southeast and southwest Australia, but during summer it is associated with increased daily rainfall on the southern east coast of Australia and decreased rainfall in western Tasmania. Variations in the SAM explain up to ∼15% of the weekly rainfall variance in these regions, which is comparable to the variance accounted for by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, especially during winter. The most widespread temperature anomalies associated with the SAM occur during the spring and summer seasons, when the high index polarity of the SAM is associated with anomalously low maximum temperature over most of central/eastern subtropical Australia. The regions of decreased maximum temperature are also associated with increased rainfall. Implications for recent trends in Australian rainfall and temperature are discussed.

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Pook, M. J., J. S. Risbey, P. C. McIntosh, C. C. Ummenhofer, A. G. Marshall i G. A. Meyers. "The Seasonal Cycle of Blocking and Associated Physical Mechanisms in the Australian Region and Relationship with Rainfall". Monthly Weather Review 141, nr 12 (25.11.2013): 4534–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00040.1.

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Abstract The seasonal cycle of blocking in the Australian region is shown to be associated with major seasonal temperature changes over continental Antarctica (approximately 15°–35°C) and Australia (about 8°–17°C) and with minor changes over the surrounding oceans (below 5°C). These changes are superimposed on a favorable background state for blocking in the region resulting from a conjunction of physical influences. These include the geographical configuration and topography of the Australian and Antarctic continents and the positive west to east gradient of sea surface temperature in the Indo-Australian sector of the Southern Ocean. Blocking is represented by a blocking index (BI) developed by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The BI has a marked seasonal cycle that reflects seasonal changes in the strength of the westerly winds in the midtroposphere at selected latitudes. Significant correlations between the BI at Australian longitudes and rainfall have been demonstrated in southern and central Australia for the austral autumn, winter, and spring. Patchy positive correlations are evident in the south during summer but significant negative correlations are apparent in the central tropical north. By decomposing the rainfall into its contributions from identifiable synoptic types during the April–October growing season, it is shown that the high correlation between blocking and rainfall in southern Australia is explained by the component of rainfall associated with cutoff lows. These systems form the cyclonic components of blocking dipoles. In contrast, there is no significant correlation between the BI and rainfall from Southern Ocean fronts.

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Stephens, D. J., i T. J. Lyons. "Rainfall-yield relationships across the Australian wheatbelt". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, nr 2 (1998): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96139.

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A network of rainfall stations was selected across the Australian wheatbelt and monthly rainfall regressed with wheat yields from the surrounding shires for the period 1976-87. Yields were found to be strongly related to fluctuations in total rainfall amount and the seasonal distribution of rainfall through the year. These temporal relationships vary spatially and appear to be regulated by the water-holding capacity of regional soils. Sixteen agrometeorological zones were defined with similar rainfall-yield relationships. In all these, autumn rains that permit an early sowing, and finishing rains after July, are most important for higher yields. As the rainfall distribution becomes more winter-dominant, both crop yield variability and the usefulness of high winter rainfall decreases. Heavy rainfall in the month after sowing can have a negative effect in southern Australia, as plants are more prone to suffer potential yield losses from a wet soil profile. Waterlogging has a large negative effect in the south-west of Western Australia, such that the rainfall distribution can be more important than the rainfall amount. Rainfall-yield correlations are generally more positive in drier regions, and are enhanced by persistent rainfall anomalies between April and November during El Niño Southern Oscillation years.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Australian rainfall"

Shi, Ge. "Variability and change of the Indo-Pacific climate system and their impacts upon Australia rainfall". University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2008. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00004784/.

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[Abstract]: Australia is one of the driest continents in the world, and over the past decades, severe drought has plagued most of the country. Water security is an important national issue. The ultimate water supply, rainfall, however, is one of the most variable ones in theworld and is complicated by the fact that it is affected by several remote oceanatmospheric teleconnection systems simultaneously, including the El Niño-SouthernOscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole and Southern Hemisphere oceanic and atmospheric variability. These three systems sometimes conspire to produce a severe impact, whereas sometimes they offset each other to produce a mild influence. The recent severe watershortage has generated a surge of investments with strong regional applications. The present study focuses on areas and issues outside the scope of these regional studies,aiming to provide an Australia-wide assessment of future Australian rainfall under climate change. Firstly, we unravel a process of the Indo-Pacific oceanic teleconnection and examine its role in influencing variability of the Indian Ocean, and hence Australianrainfall variations. An examination of their contribution to the warming structure of the Indian Ocean is carried out. Secondly, we explore dynamics of North West Australianrainfall variability and mechanisms of a rainfall increase over the past decades, and benchmark climate models in terms of their ability to reproduce the observed variability and trends, focusing on the role of increasing northern hemispheric aerosols in the rainfallincrease. Thirdly, we provide a dynamical explanation to the common future of a fast Tasman Sea warming rate under climate change, and identify the impacts of suchwarming on Australian rainfall. Finally, we examine the relative importance of the three systems, in addition to Tasman Sea warming, in driving rainfall changes undergreenhouse conditions. This project contributes to no less than six peer-reviewed journal publications.

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Williams, Amity. "Climate Change in Southwest Australian Shrublands: Response to Altered Rainfall and Temperature". Thesis, Williams, Amity (2014) Climate Change in Southwest Australian Shrublands: Response to Altered Rainfall and Temperature. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/22954/.

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On-going climate change through the 21st century projects increasingly warmer and drier conditions for Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs), creating threats to species persistence in these biodiversity hotspots. For the highly biodiverse kwongan of southwest Australia, this means a climate shifting towards semi-arid conditions, yet how this unique vegetation type will respond to a novel hotter and drier climate is largely unknown. Therefore, this study examined the effects of altered rainfall and temperature on demographic processes of woody kwongan in post-fire (0 - 3 years since last fire) and mature (12 - 15 years since last fire) stands across a soil depth gradient in the northern sandplains of southwestern Australia, seeking to identify the consequences for plant species and functional trait composition. To achieve this, a selection of commonly occurring species (Banksia attenuata, Banksia hookeriana, Melaleuca leuropoma and Beaufortia elegans as primary focal species) were used to form a plant functional trait scheme, with fire-response strategy (resprouter, non-resprouter) as a trait of key interest due to the fire prone nature of MTEs, and leaf type (broad, needle, small), growth form (shrub, subshrub) and seed size (large, medium, small) as traits of interest due to their potential roles in drought and temperature responses. Passive rainout shelters were used to reduce rainfall, and drip irrigation to increase rainfall, by ~ 30 %. Open top chambers were used to increase temperature, with daytime temperature increased by an average of 2.9˚C. Seedling germination, survival and growth, and adult survival, health, flowering and fruiting were reduced by drought and warming, with increased rainfall producing little change. Greater magnitude of reduction was observed under experimental warming, however experimental drought resulted in greater level of change in functional trait composition. Despite the general higher resistance of adult resprouters, it was non-resprouters that showed potential to become the dominant fire-response strategy in a drier environment, through higher seedling resilience and similar resistance as adults to resprouters. With a decline in survival for both post-fire resprouts and seedlings, resprouters could be at risk of population decline in the long term. Subshrub and small leaf traits were the most successful in drought conditions due to their drought tolerant nature, while broad leaf and shrub traits will likely suffer population decline. In warmer conditions, significant decline in resprouter seedling survival was matched by equally large decline in non-resprouter adult survival, indicating little change in dominance of non-resprouters at the seedling stage and resprouters at the adult stage, and thus little change in their relative abundances. The needle leaf trait was most competitive in warmed conditions performing well relative to other traits both in seedlings and adults. Shallow soil profiles, reflecting lower water availability, negatively affected demographic rates, suggesting decreases in diversity and density on shallow soils as less drought tolerant species retreat to deeper soil profiles with greater water stores. Results here show potential for large scale change in MTEs in projected warmer and drier climates, through decline in vulnerable functional traits, and thus reduced density of woody species and losses to biodiversity. Further investigation is needed into the combined effect of warming and drought, in addition to impact of altered fire regime, with changes in fire behaviour projected for MTEs as a result of warmer and drier conditions. Investigation that encompasses a broader range of Mediterranean species is also necessary to provide greater accuracy to conclusions drawn here on functional trait responses.

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Ruiz, Jose Eric Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Integrating subsurface ocean temperatures in the statistical prediction of ENSO and Australian rainfall & streamflow". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23433.

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As a global climate phenomenon, the El Ni??o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) involves the coupling of the ocean and the atmosphere. Most climate prediction studies have, by far, only investigated the teleconnections between global climatic anomalies and the ???surface??? predictors of ENSO. The prediction models resulting from these studies have generally suffered from inadequate, if not the lack of, skill across the so-called boreal ???spring barrier???. This is illustrated in the first part of this thesis where the applicability of the SOI phase for long-lead rainfall projections in Australia is discussed. With the increasing availability of subsurface ocean temperature data, the characteristics of the Pacific Ocean???s heat content and its role in ENSO are now better understood. The second part of this thesis investigated the predictability of ENSO using the thermocline as a predictor. While the persistence and SST-based ENSO hindcasts dropped in skill across the spring barrier, the thermocline-based hindcasts remained skillful even up to a lag of eighteen months. Continuing on the favorable results of ENSO prediction, the third part of this thesis extended the use of the thermocline in the prediction of Australia???s rainfall and streamflow. When compared to models that use ???surface??? predictors, the model that incorporated thermocline information resulted in more skillful projections of rainfall and streamflow especially at long lead-times. More importantly, significant increases in skill of autumn and winter projections demonstrate the ability of the subsurface ocean to retain some climatic memory across the predictability barrier. This resilience can be attributed to the high persistence of the ocean heat content during the first half of the year. Based on weighting, the model averaging exercise also affirmed the superiority of the ???subsurface??? model over the ???surface??? models in terms of streamflow projections. The encouraging findings of this study could have far-reaching implications not only to the science of ENSO prediction but also to the more pragmatic realm of hydrologic forecasting. What this study has demonstrated is an alternative predictor that is suitable for the long range forecasting of ENSO, rainfall and streamflow. With better hydrologic forecasting comes significant improvement in the management of reservoirs which eventually leads to an increase in the reliability and sufficiency of water supply provision.

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Gianatti, Allen. "Is growing trees for carbon credits in the low rainfall Western Australian Wheatbelt after 10 years profitable?" Thesis, Gianatti, Allen (2012) Is growing trees for carbon credits in the low rainfall Western Australian Wheatbelt after 10 years profitable? Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/58877/.

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Wickepin is a low rainfall area in the south west of Australia where wheat and sheep are the dominant forms of farming. These farming systems are typical of much of south-western Western Australia where clearing of the native vegetation for farming over the last century has contributed to the onset of widespread salinity and the subsequent loss of productivity on the affected land. However, with the commencement of national carbon management legislation the Carbon Credits Energy (Carbon Farming Initiative) Act (Cth) 2011 (CFI) on July 1 2012 carbon sequestered in reforestation and soils can be brought to account and sold to emitters elsewhere in the economy. A key question is whether farmers and investors can generate profit by either (a) replanting trees on salt affected land or (b) replacing existing crops and pastures with trees. Although several authors have suggested that wide-spread carbon sequestration is possible in this and similar environments elsewhere in Australia, this is often as a result of modelling, rather than real data. Carbon sequestration was thus examined for a range of tree species in a field trial planted in 2001 at Wickepin. The data have been analysed to determine whether carbon credits could be claimed and the economic return from reforestation over a 10-year period determined. Although additional environmental service markets (e.g. paying for salinity repair, biodiversity enhancement) or other markets for forestry products (as a bioenergy feedstock, timber) are often posited, none of these markets currently exists in any depth and the analysis was undertaken for carbon value alone. The study found that although Eucalyptus occidentalis (2000 stems ha-1) had the highest carbon 10-year sequestration rate of 78.3±8.4 t CO2-e ha-1, E. sargentii (500 stems ha-1) had the most promise (economic return, survival, growth rate) with carbon sequestration at 65.1±9.7 t CO2-e ha-1, as it is less costly to establish trees at a lower planting density. These rates are similar to those predicted by Polglase et al. (2008). Assuming a carbon credit price of $23 t CO2-e-1, the return was $1498 ha-1 which translated to a rate of return of 13.4% and this is considered a good investment prospect for the treatment of saline land by farmers. For an investor considering converting existing crops or pastures to trees the returns on the trees after 10 years would have been 9.8% p.a., however the venture would be overall rendered uneconomic due to the large decrease in land value associated with such a change. In this case it was assumed that wholesale reforestation of farmland reduced other economic options for the land. Investors considering reforesting for carbon credits should thus only invest in farms that are run down or suffer major salinity which would be available at a very low price per hectare compared to profitable farms used for current agricultural production. For both a farmer and investor given that the carbon price will be allowed to fluctuate, or the CFI may be scrapped altogether, there is still risk that although the trees are planted and achieve the predicted carbon sequestration rates there may be no positive financial return. The study concludes that the CFI is an exciting opportunity to address both salinity (and indirectly biodiversity) and will in general provide an economic return on non productive farmland for existing landowners. It recommends that uncertainty with both a minimum carbon price and the continuation of the scheme be resolved before making large-scale investment.

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Hughes, Darren Michael. "The influence of cultivar, environment and nutrition management onwheat quality in the high rainfall zone of south west, Western Australia". Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2144.

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The high rainfall zone (HRZ) of south west Western Australian (WA) has traditionally been dominated by livestock industries. However, a reduction in wool price throughout the 1990’s has stimulated a transition to farm systems that contain an increasing proportion of annual cropping enterprises. The HRZ, compared to traditional wheat belt areas of WA, has higher rainfall and a longer, cooler growing season. Potential grain yields as determined by seasonal rainfall are not often achieved because of inadequate nutrition and other constraints such as water-logging and disease. Substantial research has been conducted in the HRZ focusing on increasing grain yield to limits set by seasonal rainfall. Research on wheat grain quality characteristics, however, has been limited. The aim of this research was to examine the influence of cultivar, environment and nutrition management on wheat quality characteristics in the HRZ of south west WA and to examine the stability of cultivar performance in relation to site and season.A series of experiments was grown at Moora and Williams in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Sites were chosen to represent contrasting environments within the HRZ. Moora, the more northern site typically has higher temperatures and lower rainfall compared to Williams. Eight cultivars were selected, two that are accepted into each of the commercial quality grades (Australian Prime Hard APH, Australian Hard AH, Australian Premium White APW and Durum). Three levels of nutrition management were applied ‘control’, ‘grower’ and ‘researcher’ and were chosen to simulate low, medium and high fertiliser rates likely to be used by growers in the HRZ. Treatments effects were measured for grain yield, physical grain quality characteristics and grain protein quality charactertics as determined by a mixograph.Environment was responsible for almost 90% of the variation for grain yield, screenings, Hagberg falling number and milling yield. Management of crop nutrition was the principal source of variation for grain protein quantity (48%), dough strength as measured by mixograph area below the curve (52%) and water absorption (46%-52%). It was often the second greatest source of variation for other characteristics measured in this study. Cultivar was the predominant source of variation for dough strength as measured by mixograph initial build-up (46%) and dough stability (47%), but it had only a small affect on grain yield and grain protein quantity (2%).The increase in nutrition resulted in a significant increase in water absorption and dough strength and a trend towards increasing dough stability. An increase in gliadin and glutenin proteins is thought to be responsible for this result. The low nutritional status of soils in the HRZ not only restricts grain yield but grain protein quantity and quality. The impact of nutrition management on grain yield and quality characteristics as shown in these experiments should be considered by breeders, agronomists and marketers when interpreting experimental results. Furthermore, the results indicate that the nutritional management of breeding experiments should be based on a sound methodical approach, incorporating a combination of soil test results, grain yield potential and seasonal monitoring for the environment in question and not be simply based on levels that are either ‘district practice’ or ‘non-limiting’.This study has also identified statistically significant differences between cultivars for stability of grain yield and grain protein quality. Four cultivars (three bread wheat and one durum wheat) were characterised as having dynamic stability, which is described as the ability to respond to an environment in a predictable way. In addition, three cultivars were assessed as having static stability, unchanged performance regardless of any variation in environment for water absorption. This information indicates that assessment of stability of cultivars during the early stages of testing can assist commercial buyers in sourcing suitable grain quality and even that there may be potential to breed cultivars with improved static or dynamic stability.If it is assumed that the Australian wheat industry cannot compete in a global wheat market based on the relatively small level of production. Then the future of the industry lies in producing the qualities required by specific markets. Realizing the impact of nutrition management on quality characteristics in the HRZ of WA will be a positive step towards a sustainable industry.

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Rayner, Gerard Michael 1958. "Comparative ecology of four Pittosporum species from contrasting rainfall regimes in south-eastern Australia". Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5625.

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Dalby, Paul Reginald. "Competition between earthworms in high rainfall pastures in the Mt. Lofty Ranges, South Australia". Title page, contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd137.pdf.

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Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: leaves 261-306. The objectives of the project were: i. to determine whether there are competitive interactions between Aporrectodea trapezoides and A. caliginosa and A. rosea.--ii. to investigate compeditive interactions between A. calignosa, Microscolex dubius and A. trapezoides.--iii . to determine the likely impact of A. longa on soil fauna, especially the native earthworm, Gemascolex lateralis, in native ecosystems.

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Chedzey, Helen Claire. "Remote sensing of cloud properties and rainfall: three decades of satellite observations over Australia". Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/65385.

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A remote sensing study of global and Australian cloud cover was undertaken using a combination of High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) and MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data for a 31-year period (1985 to 2015). Regional characterisations of potential rain clouds were investigated in the Southwest and Kimberley regions of Western Australia using satellite-derived cloud physical and micro-physical properties (cloud top pressure, cloud effective emissivity, cloud top temperature, cloud optical thickness and cloud effective radius).

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Mehrotra, Rajeshwar Civil &amp Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Multisite rainfall stochastic downscaling for climate change impact assessment". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/23327.

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This thesis presents the development and application of a downscaling framework for multi site simulation of daily rainfall. The rainfall simulation is achieved in two stages. First, rainfall occurrences at multiple sites are downscaled, which is followed by the generation of daily rainfall amounts at each site identified as wet. A continuous weather state based nonparametric downscaling model conditional on atmospheric predictors and a previous day average rainfall state is developed for simulation of multi site rainfall occurrences. A nonparametric kernel density approach is used for simulation of rainfall amounts at individual sites conditional on atmospheric variables and the previous day rainfall amount. The proposed model maintains spatial correlation of rainfall occurrences by simulating concurrently at all stations and of amounts by using random innovations that are spatially correlated yet serially independent. Temporal dependence is reproduced in the occurrence series by conditioning on previous day average wetness fraction and assuming the weather states to be Markovian, and in the amount series by conditioning on the previous day rainfall amount. The seasonal transition is maintained by simulating rainfall on a day-to-day basis using a moving window formulation. The developed downscaling framework is calibrated using the relevant atmospheric variables and rainfall records of 30 stations around Sydney, Australia. Results indicate a better representation of the spatio-temporal structure of the observed rainfall as compared to existing alternatives. Subsequently, the framework is applied to predict plausible changes in rainfall in warmer conditions using the same set of atmospheric variables for future climate obtained as a General Circulation Model simulation. While the case studies presented are restricted to a specific region, the downscaling model is designed to be useful in any generic catchment modelling and management activity and/or for investigating possible changes that might be experienced by hydrological, agricultural and ecological systems in future climates.

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Hearman, Amy. "A modelling study into the effects of rainfall variability and vegetation patterns on surface runoff for semi-arid landscapes". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0047.

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[Truncated abstract] Generally hydrologic and ecologic models operate on arbitrary time and space scales, selected by the model developer or user based on the availability of field data. In reality rainfall is highly variable not only annually, seasonally and monthly but also the intensities within a rainfall event and infiltration properties on semi-arid hillslopes can also be highly variable as a result of discontinuous vegetation cover that form mosaics of areas with vegetation and areas of bare soil. This thesis is directed at improving our understanding of the impacts of the temporal representation of rainfall and spatial heterogeneity on model predictions of hydrologic thresholds and surface runoff coefficients on semi-arid landscapes at the point and hillslope scales. We firstly quantified within storm rainfall variability across a climate gradient in Western Australia by parameterizing the bounded random cascade rainfall model with one minute rainfall from 15 locations across Western Australia. This study revealed that rainfall activity generated in the tropics had more within storm variability and a larger proportion of the storm events received the majority of rain in the first half of the event. Rainfall generated from fontal activity in the south was less variable and more evenly distributed throughout the event. Parameters from the rainfall analysis were then used as inputs into a conceptual point scale surface runoff model to investigate the sensitivity of point scale surface runoff thresholds to the resolution of rainfall inputs. This study related maximum infiltration capacities to average storm intensities (k*) and showed where model predictions of infiltration excess were most sensitive to rainfall resolution (ln k* = 0.4) and where using time averaged rainfall data can lead to an under prediction of infiltration excess and an over prediction of the amount of water entering the soil (ln k* > 2). For soils susceptible to both infiltration excess and saturation excess, total runoff sensitivity was scaled by relating drainage coefficients to average storm intensities (g*) and parameter ranges where predicted runoff was dominated by infiltration excess or saturation excess depending on the resolution of rainfall data were determined (ln g* <2). The sensitivity of surface runoff predictions and the influence of specific within storm properties were then analysed on the hillslope scale. '...' It was found that using the flow model we still get threshold behaviour in surface runoff. Where conditions produce slow surface runoff velocities, spatial heterogeneity and temporal heterogeneity influences hillslope surface runoff amounts. Where conditions create higher surface runoff velocities, the temporal structure of within storm intensities has a larger influence on runoff amounts than spatial heterogeneity. Our results show that a general understanding of the prevailing rainfall conditions and the soil's infiltration capacity can help in deciding whether high rainfall resolutions (below 1 h) are required for accurate surface runoff predictions. The results of this study can be considered a contribution to understanding the way within storm properties effect the processes on the hillslope under a range of overall storm, slope and infiltration conditions as well as an improved understanding of how different vegetation patterns function to trap runoff at different total vegetation covers and rainfall intensities.

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Książki na temat "Australian rainfall"

Germein, Katrina. Big rain coming. New York: Clarion Books, 1999.

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Choudhury, B. J. On the relation between SMMR 37-GHz polarization difference and rainfall over Africa and Australia. Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1994.

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ill, Saport Linda, red. The company of crows: A book of poems. New York: Clarion Books, 2002.

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Morton, Steve. Australian Deserts. CSIRO Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486306008.

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Australian Deserts: Ecology and Landscapes is about the vast sweep of the Outback, a land of expanses making up three-quarters of the continent – the heart of Australia. Steve Morton brings his extensive first-hand knowledge and experience of arid Australia to this book, explaining how Australian deserts work ecologically. This book outlines why unpredictable rainfall and paucity of soil nutrients underpin the nature of desert ecosystems, while also describing how plants and animals came to be desert dwellers through evolutionary time. It shows how plants use uncertain rainfall to provide for persistence of their populations, alongside outlines of the dominant animals of the deserts and explanations of the features that help them succeed in the face of aridity and uncertainty. Richly illustrated with the photographs of Mike Gillam, this fascinating and accessible book will enhance your understanding of the nature of arid Australia.

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Germein, Katrina, i Bronwyn Bancroft. Big Rain Coming. Penguin Random House, 2002.

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Murphy, Brett, Andrew Edwards, CP (Mick) Meyer i Jeremy Russell-Smith, red. Carbon Accounting and Savanna Fire Management. CSIRO Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643108523.

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In the context of Australia’s developing carbon economy, fire management helps to abate emissions of greenhouse gases and is an important means of generating carbon credits. The vast high-rainfall savannas of northern Australia are one of the world’s most flammable landscapes. Management of fires in this region has the potential to assist with meeting emissions reduction targets, as well as conserving biodiversity and providing employment for Indigenous people in remote parts of Australia’s north. This comprehensive volume brings together recent research from northern Australian savannas to provide an internationally relevant case study for applying greenhouse gas accounting methodologies to the practice of fire management. It provides scientific arguments for enlarging the area of fire-prone land managed for emissions abatement. The book also charts the progress towards development of a savanna fire bio-sequestration methodology. The future of integrated approaches to emissions abatement and bio-sequestration is also discussed.

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Rickard, Simon. New Ornamental Garden. CSIRO Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101760.

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This book takes a fresh look at garden-worthy plants for Australian conditions. It will help gardeners to reappraise their climate, select appropriate plants and modify gardening practices to create beautiful gardens featuring native and exotic plants with proven drought tolerance, reliability and minimal weed potential. The New Ornamental Garden shows how heat, cold, water availability, rainfall patterns, length of growing season, evaporation rate and humidity influence plant growth in Australia, from the wet sub-tropics to the temperate climate of southern Australia. It also discusses the influence of microclimates within a garden: dry sun, dry shade, moist sun, moist shade, seaside conditions, exposed sites, urban situations and root competition from eucalyptus and allelopaths. The main focus of the book is the plant index, which contains notes on hundreds of plant varieties and how they function in the garden. All gardeners will benefit from reading this book!

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Kemp, D., i D. Michalk, red. Pasture Management. CSIRO Publishing, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105508.

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This book looks at current knowledge on management of pastures and rangelands for sheep production, of problems, of practical solutions where possible, and of priority areas for research. The areas considered extend from the high rainfall perennial pastures of south-east Australia and New Zealand, through the annual pasture, cropping zones to the semi-arid rangelands. Pasture Management is the major reference on managing Australia's greatest natural resource: the resource which provides directly and indirectly a major part of Australia's export income.

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Meteorology, Australia Bureau of, red. Selected rainfall statistics: Australia : meteorological summary, December 1989. [Canberra]: Bureau of Meteorology, Dept. of Administrative Services, 1989.

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Części książek na temat "Australian rainfall"

Canterford, R. P., N. R. Pescod, H. J. Pearce, L. H. Turner i R. J. Atkinson. "Frequency Analysis of Australian Rainfall Data as used for Flood Analysis and Design". W Hydrologic Frequency Modeling, 293–302. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3953-0_20.

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Grafton, R. Quentin, i Glyn Wittwer. "Temperature–Rainfall Anomalies and Climate Change: Possible Effects on Australian Agriculture in 2030 and 2050". W Water Resources Development and Management, 351–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5493-0_17.

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Abbot, John, i Jennifer Marohasy. "Forecasting Monthly Rainfall in the Western Australian Wheat-Belt up to 18-Months in Advance Using Artificial Neural Networks". W AI 2016: Advances in Artificial Intelligence, 71–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50127-7_6.

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Chandler, Richard E., Bryson C. Bates i Stephen P. Charles. "Rainfall Trends in Southwest Western Australia". W Statistical Methods for Trend Detection and Analysis in the Environmental Sciences, 283–306. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119991571.ch8.

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Andrews, D. F., i A. M. Herzberg. "The Rainfall at Adelaide, South Australia". W Springer Series in Statistics, 105–18. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5098-2_16.

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Gratchev, Ivan, Sinnappoo Ravindran, Dong Hyun Kim, Chen Cui i Qianhao Tang. "Mechanisms of Shallow Rainfall-Induced Landslides from Australia: Insights into Field and Laboratory Investigations". W Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 1 Issue 1, 2022, 113–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16898-7_7.

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AbstractThis paper presents and discusses the mechanisms of rainfall-induced shallow landslides that commonly occur in South East Queensland (SEQ) and northern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The major factors causing the formation of landslide mass such as geology, weathering, and rainfall patterns were discussed. Results from field surveys and laboratory testing of rock/soil material from landslide masses were presented, and relationships between the material strength and landslide occurrence were drawn. It was found that most of shallow slides were related to sandstone deposits. Those failures occurred on natural slopes and road cuts with the inclination of the failure plane being in the range of 35–45°. For natural slopes where the landslide mass mostly consisted of coarse-grained soil, the relationship between the soil strength and water content was established. In addition, the relationship between rainfall patterns such as intensity and duration, and the landslide occurrence was presented. Based on the data from field work and laboratory results including a series of flume tests, the mechanism of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall events was identified and discussed.

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Heinzeller, Dominikus, Wolfgang Junkermann i Harald Kunstmann. "Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions and Rainfall Decline in South-West Australia". W High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering ´16, 559–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47066-5_38.

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Yu, Bofu. "Contribution of heavy rainfall to rainfall erosivity, runoff, and sediment transport in the wet tropics of Australia". W Geophysical Monograph Series, 113–23. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm089p0113.

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Saha, Partha Pratim, i Ketema Zeleke. "Rainfall-Runoff Modelling for Sustainable Water Resources Management: SWAT Model Review in Australia". W Sustainability of Integrated Water Resources Management, 563–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12194-9_29.

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Nuttall, James, Roger Armstrong, Mark Imhof, Mohammad Abuzar i Robert Belford. "Subsoil Constraints to Dryland Crop Production on the Low Rainfall Alkaline Soils of Southeastern Australia". W Challenges and Strategies of Dryland Agriculture, 373–87. Madison, WI, USA: Crop Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub32.c23.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Australian rainfall"

"Regional flood modelling in the new Australian rainfall and runoff". W 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.l1.rahman.

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"Analysis of Trends and Patterns of Annual Rainfall in Australian Cities". W April 27-28,2018 Bangkok (Thailand). Excellence in Research & Innovation, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eirai2.f0418208.

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"Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition of Australian monthly rainfall and temperature data". W 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i6.srikanthan.

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"Is inter-basin groundwater exchange required in rainfall–runoff models: The Australian context". W 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.l14.hughes.

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"Features of Regional Flood Frequency Estimation (RFFE) Model in Australian rainfall and runoff". W 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.l6.rahman2.

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"The effect of spatial rainfall variability on streamflow prediction for a south-eastern Australian catchment". W 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i6.zhao.

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"A comparison between single and combined climate predictors successes on predicting South Australian spring rainfall". W 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.l1.rasel.

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Waggit, Peter W., i Alan R. Hughes. "History of Groundwater Chemistry Changes (1979–2001) at the Nabarlek Uranium Mine, Australia". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4640.

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The Nabarlek uranium mine is located in the Alligator Rivers Region of the Northern Territory of Australia. The site lies in the wet/dry topics with an annual rainfall of about 1400mm, which falls between October and April. The site operated as a “no release” mine and mill between 1979 and 1988 after which time the facility was mothballed until decommissioning was required by the Supervising Authorities in 1994. The dismantling of the mill and rehabilitation earthworks were completed in time for the onset of the 1995–96 wet season. During the operational phase accumulation of excess water resulted in irrigation of waste water being allowed in areas of natural forest bushland. The practice resulted in adverse impacts being observed, including a high level of tree deaths in the forest and degradation of water quality in both ground and surface waters in the vicinity. A comprehensive environmental monitoring programme was in place throughout the operating and rehabilitation phases of the mine’s life, which continues, albeit at a reduced level. Revegetation of the site, including the former irrigation areas, is being observed to ascertain if the site can be handed back to the Aboriginal Traditional Owners. A comprehensive review of proximal water sampling points was undertaken in 2001 and the data used to provide a snapshot of water quality to assist with modelling the long term prognosis for the water resources in the area. While exhibiting detectable effects of mining activities, water in most of the monitoring bores now meets Australian drinking water guideline levels. The paper reviews the history of the site and examines the accumulated data on water quality for the site to show how the situation is changing with time. The paper also presents an assessment of the long term future of the site in respect of water quality.

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"Effects of climate indices on extreme rainfall in Queensland, Australia". W 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.l1.hossain.

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"Statistical correlations between rainfall and climate indices in Western Australia". W 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.l1.hossain2.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Australian rainfall"

Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam i John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, marzec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.

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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.

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