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1
Cook, Margaret. "Australia's Entanglement in Global Cotton". Agricultural History 96, nr 1-2 (1.05.2022): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-9619788.
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Abstract Cotton in Australia has always been entwined with America and England. From the initial stimulus of the American War of Independence to the boost created by the boll weevil outbreak in the 1920s, the fortunes of Australian cotton producers have been shaped by American history as much as their own nation's political and economic imperatives. Scientists and farmers relied on American experience, importing seed, knowledge, personnel, and technology. The global market reflected fluctuations in the US cotton industry and the demands of English cotton mills. Australia relied on the imports of the English cotton mills and an injection of funds by the British Cotton Growing Association (BCGA) in the 1920s to boost industry. While Australian politicians promoted cotton as a domestic economic and demographic stimulant, fulfilment of these nation-state objectives was deeply entangled with, and dependent on, those of America and England.
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MARASENI, T. N., G. COCKFIELD i J. MAROULIS. "An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions: implications for the Australian cotton industry". Journal of Agricultural Science 148, nr 5 (11.01.2010): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960999058x.
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SUMMARYThe majority of cotton produced in Australia is exported. The Australian cotton industry must maintain product quality in order to remain globally competitive. In addition, carbon-conscious consumers need reassurance that the system used to grow the product is environmentally sustainable. The aim of the present study was to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to various farm inputs in three common types of cotton farming systems on the Darling Downs region, southern Queensland. Analysis revealed that GHG emissions for dryland solid-plant and dryland double-skip cotton farming systems are similar, but emissions are much higher for irrigated solid-plant cotton farming (1367, 1274 and 4841 kg CO2e/ha, respectively). However, if comparisons of GHG emissions are based on yield (per tonne), the positions of dryland double-skip farming and dryland solid-plant farming are reversed, but the position of irrigated cotton farming still remains as the highest GHG emitter. If the cotton industry comes under the Australian Government Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) without any subsidies and preconditions, and with a carbon price of A$25/t CO2e, the costs borne by each system would be A$66.8/t for the irrigated cotton industry, A$39.7/t for the dryland solid-plant cotton industry and A$43.6/t for the dryland double-skip cotton industry. This suggests that irrigated cotton would be more profitable in financial terms but with heavy environmental sustainability costs.
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Daigle, Pearl Dadd, Karen Kirkby, Damian Collins, Will Cuddy, Peter Lonergan, Sharlene Roser, Piklu Roy Chowdhury, Maurizio Labbate i Toni A. Chapman. "Virulence not linked with vegetative compatibility groups in Australian cotton Verticillium dahliae isolates". April 2020, nr 14(04):2020 (20.04.2020): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.04.p2208.
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Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt, is a soil-borne ascomycete that infects numerous agriculturally important crops globally, including cotton. As a billion-dollar industry, cotton is economically important to Australia and the management of disease such as Verticillium wilt is key for the success of the industry. Internationally, defoliating V. dahliae isolates belonging to Vegetative Compatibility Group (VCG) 1A cause severe damage to cotton, while non-defoliating VCG2A isolates result in significantly less disease. However, in Australia, VCG2A is causing more severe damage to crops in the field than the defoliating VCG1A. This study aimed to replicate field observations in controlled greenhouse conditions. We examined and compared disease symptoms on a range of Australian commercial cotton varieties when inoculated with different V. dahliae VCGs. Seedlings were root dipped in conidial suspensions and assessed over seven weeks. The final disease score, disease over time and root length were analysed. Plant mortality resulted from both V. dahliae VCG1A and VCG2A isolates across all cotton varieties used, confirming that there are virulent VCG2A isolates present in Australia. To our knowledge, although virulent on other plant hosts, V. dahliae VCG2A has not previously been reported to be highly virulent in cotton. We infer that virulence cannot be defined solely by VCG in Australian V. dahliae isolates causing disease in cotton.
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Nehl, David, Stephen Allen i Joseph Kochman. "Fusarium wilt of cotton: a fatal fungal affliction?" Microbiology Australia 24, nr 3 (2003): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma03308.
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Fusarium wilt is one of those uncommon phenomena where something so small does so much and motivates so many. It is a virulent, new fungal pathogen which is afflicting a vibrant modern industry in the Australian rural landscape. In this review, we examine the appearance of Fusarium wilt of cotton and the substantial response by the researchers and farming communities behind Australia?s third biggest rural export commodity.
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Smith, Rhiannon, Julian Reid, Laura Scott-Morales, Stuart Green i Nick Reid. "A baseline survey of birds in native vegetation on cotton farms in inland eastern Australia". Wildlife Research 46, nr 4 (2019): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18038.
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Context The Australian cotton industry has committed to (1) understanding the biodiversity value of remnant native vegetation on cotton farms, (2) funding independent, evidence-based assessments of the industry’s sustainability and environmental performance, and (3) investing in research that reports against recognised sustainability indicators. Aims The present study reports the results of an industry-wide survey to benchmark bird diversity in native vegetation on cotton farms spanning a 1260-km north–south subcontinental gradient from Central Queensland (Qld) to Southern New South Wales (NSW). Methods Between September and November 2014, birds were sampled twice on separate days in 2-ha quadrats (20 min per census) in eight remnant vegetation types as well as in native revegetation at 197 sites on 60 cotton farms spread across the principal cotton-growing zones (Central Qld, Border Rivers, Macquarie and Southern NSW) in inland eastern Australia. Key results We recorded 185 bird species in remnant and planted native vegetation on cotton farms. Species richness of bird communities declined from north to south. Bird community composition was similar in the three southern zones, differing somewhat in the north. The most frequent species were large (>60 g), readily detected landbirds common in agricultural districts, but 26 of the 53 extant species of conservation concern in the study region were also recorded, including 16 species of declining woodland birds. Bird composition, abundance, richness and diversity differed among the nine native vegetation types, with maximal and minimal bird abundance and diversity metrics recorded in river red gum-dominated riparian vegetation and grassland respectively. Conclusions Each remnant vegetation community had a generally distinct bird assemblage, indicating that all vegetation types contribute to regional biodiversity in cotton-growing zones in inland eastern Australia. Appropriate on-farm management of all remnant and planted native vegetation will assist regional biodiversity conservation. Implications For the Australian cotton industry to meet its stated environmental responsibilities, growers should be encouraged to prioritise the conservation management of remnant, riparian and planted native vegetation on cotton farms and the monitoring of bird species as an indicator of regional biodiversity response.
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Rowe, J. B. "The Australian sheep industry - undergoing transformation". Animal Production Science 50, nr 12 (2010): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10142.
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Changes in the sheep industry over the last 20 years represent a trend that is unlikely to be reversed. The farm gate value of wool production has decreased from over $6 billion to ~$2.5 billion and the value of sheep meat has increased from $0.5 to $2.2 billion. Wool and meat are now on an equal footing in terms of the economic value of each sector of the industry. Future profitability of both wool and sheep meat production depends on achieving a high rate of productivity gain and improving quality attributes valued by consumers. Wool and sheep meat cannot compete on price or volume with synthetics and cotton in the textile market or with chicken and pork in the meat market. Differentiation based on quality and consistency needs to be measurable and clearly understood by consumers. The combination of genetic selection and good management can deliver improved productivity gain. Skills development and training will be essential for the industry to fully utilise available knowledge and new technologies.
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Cattle, Stephen R., i Damien J. Field. "A review of the soil science research legacy of the triumvirate of cotton CRC". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 12 (2013): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13223.
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For nearly two decades (1994–2012) a series of three consecutive Cooperative Research Centres (CRC) dealing with cotton production provided the impetus and financial support for a substantial body of soil science research in eastern and northern Australia. Focusing on the most commonly utilised soil for irrigated crop production, the Vertosol, CRC-affiliated soil researchers undertook detailed soil inventories of cotton-growing valleys in New South Wales, and tackled a range of applied soil research questions that faced the entire Australian cotton industry. Across the broad categories of soil mapping and characterisation, soil physical condition, salinity and sodicity, soil chemical fertility, and soil carbon and biota, some 120 CRC-affiliated research papers were published in peer-reviewed journals during the years of the CRC. Findings from this body of research were fed back to the industry through conferences, extension workshops and materials, and to a lesser extent, the peer-reviewed publications. In certain cases, underpinning basic research was carried out concurrently with the more applied research, meaning that the cotton CRC were effectively supporting advances in the discipline of soil science, as well as in sustainable cotton production. A feature of the soil research portfolio over the span of the three cotton CRC was that priorities shifted according to the interplay of three factors; the natural maturation of research topics and the concomitant evolution of cotton farming systems, the rising importance of environmental implications of agricultural land use, and the emergence of carbon as a national research priority. Furthermore, the commitment of the CRC to education resulted in the involvement of undergraduate and postgraduate university students in all aspects of the soil research effort. A legacy of the triumvirate of cotton CRC is a wide-ranging body of both applied and basic knowledge regarding the physical, chemical and biological attributes of Australian Vertosols used for irrigated agriculture.
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Sequeira, Richard V. "Integrated pest management of plant sucking bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Australian cotton: back to the future". Bulletin of Entomological Research 109, nr 05 (17.12.2018): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485318000950.
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AbstractCreontiades dilutus (green mirid) and C. pacificus (brown mirid) are major hemipteran pests of transgenic (Bt) cotton in Australia. Current integrated pest management (IPM) guidelines for mirids in Australian cotton, based on economic thresholds and sampling recommendations, were developed and disseminated to industry at the start of the 2005–06 growing season and have remained largely unchanged since then. However, adoption of mirid IPM guidelines by industry has been highly variable and generally well below expectation. Annual surveys of crop protection practices across the Australian cotton industry, from 2010 to 2017, indicate that a third of all mirid sprays are applied below the recommended thresholds each year. More than half of all survey respondents in the 2017 survey indicated lack of confidence in the mirid thresholds due to highly variable and disproportionate damage, a phenomenon best described as the ‘mirid enigma’. A critical review of RD&E outputs since 1998 shows that potential contributors to the mirid enigma include but are not limited to biological, ecological and methodological factors. Mirid feeding damage is likely to vary with developmental stage, gender and reproductive status. Ecological factors including trophic effects and multiple host plant usage are potential modifiers of mirid feeding damage. Methodological and technological constraints and shortcomings are evident in the threshold research done to date. Inadequate commercial sampling that results in unreliable estimates of pest density in the crop is a major contributor to the mirid enigma. Failure to account for the complexity of factors that can influence the nature and severity of mirid damage to cotton often results in fruit loss due to non-mirid related factors being incorrectly attributed to mirids. An alternative approach to mirid management based on modelling the dynamics of net fruit load (production–loss) proposed over 15 years ago is discussed.
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Yeates, S. J., G. R. Strickland i P. R. Grundy. "Can sustainable cotton production systems be developed for tropical northern Australia?" Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 12 (2013): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13220.
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This article reviews research coordinated by the Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) that investigated production issues for irrigated cotton at five targeted sites in tropical northern Australia, north of 21°S from Broome in Western Australia to the Burdekin in Queensland. The biotic and abiotic issues for cotton production were investigated with the aim of defining the potential limitations and, where appropriate, building a sustainable technical foundation for a future industry if it were to follow. Key lessons from the Cotton CRC research effort were: (1) limitations thought to be associated with cotton production in northern Australia can be overcome by developing a deep understanding of biotic and environmental constraints, then tailoring and validating production practices; and (2) transplanting of southern farming practices without consideration of local pest, soil and climatic factors is unlikely to succeed. Two grower guides were published which synthesised the research for new growers into a rational blueprint for sustainable cotton production in each region. In addition to crop production and environmental impact issues, the project identified the following as key elements needed to establish new cropping regions in tropical Australia: rigorous quantification of suitable land and sustainable water yields; support from governments; a long-term funding model for locally based research; the inclusion of traditional owners; and development of human capacity.
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Kolkert, Heidi, Rhiannon Smith, Romina Rader i Nick Reid. "Insectivorous bats provide significant economic value to the Australian cotton industry". Ecosystem Services 49 (czerwiec 2021): 101280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101280.
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Hearn, A. B., i M. P. Bange. "SIRATAC and CottonLOGIC: persevering with DSSs in the Australian cotton industry". Agricultural Systems 74, nr 1 (październik 2002): 27–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-521x(02)00019-7.
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Luo, Qunying, Karl Behrendt i Michael Bange. "Economics and risk of adaptation options in the Australian cotton industry". Agricultural Systems 150 (styczeń 2017): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.09.014.
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van der Sluijs, Marinus H. J., i Greg Holt. "Survey Results of the Research Needs and Requirements of the Ginning Industries in Australia and the United States". Journal of Cotton Science 21, nr 1 (2017): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/zuxi9566.
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A survey of four questions was sent to members of cotton ginning associations in Australia and the U.S. to determine what issues and problems need to be addressed and where their respective research institutions should focus their time, money, and energy. Responses to each question were similar between the two countries as both have highly mechanized approaches to production, harvesting, and ginning. Thus, issues associated with automation, labor, moisture, fiber quality, utilization of cotton byproducts/waste, and plastic contamination were raised. Responses that differed between the two countries were related to issues associated with the adoption or lack of adoption of certain technologies. The prime example is the adoption of the new John Deere onboard round-module building harvester, which the Australian industry has, in a relatively short period, implemented into its production and ginning systems. In contrast, the U.S. industry is starting to scale up adoption of this technology and as such is experiencing the challenges that come with the implementation of a new technology. Consequently, U.S. gins rated the handling of the plastic wrap used by the onboard module harvester of greater importance than the Australian industry, which has more experience with this issue. Overall, the survey should assist in focusing and coordinating the research efforts of both countries in addressing research and development priorities for their respective industries.
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Grace, Peter, Iurii Shcherbak, Ben Macdonald, Clemens Scheer i David Rowlings. "Emission factors for estimating fertiliser-induced nitrous oxide emissions from clay soils in Australia’s irrigated cotton industry". Soil Research 54, nr 5 (2016): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16091.
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As a significant user of nitrogen (N) fertilisers, the Australian cotton industry is a major source of soil-derived nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. A country-specific (Tier 2) fertiliser-induced emission factor (EF) can be used in national greenhouse gas inventories or in the development of N2O emissions offset methodologies provided the EFs are evidence based. A meta-analysis was performed using eight individual N2O emission studies from Australian cotton studies to estimate EFs. Annual N2O emissions from cotton grown on Vertosols ranged from 0.59kgNha–1 in a 0N control to 1.94kgNha–1 in a treatment receiving 270kgNha–1. Seasonal N2O estimates ranged from 0.51kgNha–1 in a 0N control to 10.64kgNha–1 in response to the addition of 320kgNha–1. A two-component (linear+exponential) statistical model, namely EF (%)=0.29+0.007(e0.037N – 1)/N, capped at 300kgNha–1 describes the N2O emissions from lower N rates better than an exponential model and aligns with an EF of 0.55% using a traditional linear regression model.
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Silburn, D. M., J. L. Foley, A. J. W. Biggs, J. Montgomery i T. A. Gunawardena. "The Australian Cotton Industry and four decades of deep drainage research: a review". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 12 (2013): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13239.
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The Australian cotton industry and governments have funded research into the deep-drainage component of the soil–water balance for several decades. Cotton is dominantly grown in the northern Murray–Darling and Fitzroy Basins, using furrow irrigation on cracking clays. Previously, it was held that furrow irrigation on cracking clays was inherently efficient and there was little deep drainage. This has been shown to be simplistic and generally incorrect. This paper reviews global and northern Australian deep-drainage studies in irrigation, generally at point- or paddock-scale, and the consequences of deep drainage. For furrow-irrigated fields in Australia, key findings are as follows. (i) Deep drainage varies considerably depending on soil properties and irrigation management, and is not necessarily ‘very small’. Historically, values of 100–250 mm year–1 were typical, with 3–900 mm year–1 observed, until water shortage in the 2000s and continued research and extension focussed attention on water-use efficiency (WUE). (ii) More recently, values of 50–100 mm year–1 have been observed, with no deep drainage in drier years; these levels are lower than global values. (iii) Optimisation (flow rate, field length, cut-off time) of furrow irrigation can at least halve deep drainage. (iv) Cotton is grown on soils with a wide range in texture, sodicity and structure. (v) Deep drainage is moderately to strongly related to total rainfall plus irrigation, as it is globally. (vi) A leaching fraction, to avoid salt build-up in the soil profile, is only needed for irrigation where more saline water is used. Drainage from rainfall often provides an adequate leaching fraction. (vii) Near-saturated conditions occur for at least 2–6 m under irrigated fields, whereas profiles are dry under native vegetation in the same landscapes. (viii) Deep drainage leachate is typically saline and not a source of good quality groundwater recharge. Large losses of nitrate also occur in deep drainage. The consequences of deep drainage for groundwater and salinity are different where underlying groundwater can be used for pumping (fresh water, high yield; e.g. Condamine alluvia) and where it cannot (saline water or low yield; e.g. Border Rivers alluvia). Continuing improvements in WUE are needed to ensure long-term sustainability of irrigated cropping industries. Globally there is great potential for increased production using existing water supplies, given deep drainage of 10–25% of water delivered to fields and WUE of <50%. Future research priorities are to further characterise water movement through the unsaturated zone and the consequences of deep drainage.
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Kirkby, K. A., P. A. Lonergan i S. J. Allen. "Three decades of cotton disease surveys in NSW, Australia". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 8 (2013): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13143.
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Three decades of disease survey data have shown Verticillium wilt was one of the first major diseases of cotton recorded in the 1984–85 season. Survey reports the mean incidence was 4.1% in the 1984–85 season and rose to 16.6% in the 1989–90 season. Prior to 1984 all commercial varieties of cotton available in Australia were susceptible to bacterial blight and the disease was common. The adoption of the resistant varieties contributed to a dramatic decline in the incidence of bacterial blight and the removal of bacterial blight as a significant pathogen to Australian cotton crops by 1992. Survey results showed the incidence of black root rot increased on farms with a long history of growing cotton during the 1990s. Fusarium wilt of cotton was first reported in New South Wales (NSW) in 1994. The disease is now widespread, being confirmed on 86 NSW farms in six of the eight cotton production areas in NSW. These four significant plant disease ‘problems’ have challenged the cotton industry in NSW. Data provided by the surveys have indicated the relative importance of each of the diseases present and the impact of cultural practices and the adoption of new varieties on disease distribution, incidence and severity. The results have therefore been used to support and justify requests for research funding and have contributed to the development of Integrated Disease Management strategies. The NSW Department of Primary Industries continues to monitor the distribution of disease and the incidence and severity present in commercial cotton crops in all production areas of NSW. The aim of this paper is to highlight four significant cotton diseases in Australia and show relationships between cultural practices and declining and increasing incidence of disease.
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Wilson, Lewis, Sharon Downes, Moazzem Khan, Mary Whitehouse, Geoff Baker, Paul Grundy i Susan Maas. "IPM in the transgenic era: a review of the challenges from emerging pests in Australian cotton systems". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 8 (2013): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13070.
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The Cotton Catchment Communities Cooperative Research Centre began during a period of rapid uptake of Bollgard II® cotton, which contains genes to express two Bt proteins that control the primary pests of cotton in Australia, Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera. The dramatic uptake of this technology presumably resulted in strong selection pressure for resistance in Helicoverpa spp. against the Bt proteins. The discovery of higher than expected levels of resistance in both species against one of the proteins in Bollgard II® cotton (Cry2Ab) led to significant re-evaluation of the resistance management plan developed for this technology, which was a core area of research for the Cotton CRC. The uptake of Bollgard II® cotton also led to a substantial decline in pesticide applications against Helicoverpa spp. (from 10–14 to 0–3 applications per season). The low spray environment allowed some pests not controlled by the Bt proteins to emerge as more significant pests, especially sucking species such as Creontiades dilutus and Nezara viridula. A range of other minor pests have also sporadically arisen as problems. Lack of knowledge and experience with these pests created uncertainty and encouraged insecticide use, which threatened to undermine the gains made with Bollgard II® cotton. Here we chronicle the achievements of the Cotton CRC in providing the industry with new knowledge and management strategies for these pests.
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Hulugalle, N. R., i F. Scott. "A review of the changes in soil quality and profitability accomplished by sowing rotation crops after cotton in Australian Vertosols from 1970 to 2006". Soil Research 46, nr 2 (2008): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07077.
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In agricultural systems, soil quality is thought of in terms of productive land that can maintain or increase farm profitability, as well as conserving soil resources so that future farming generations can make a living. Management practices which can modify soil quality include tillage systems and crop rotations. A major proportion of Australian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is grown on Vertosols (~75%), of which almost 80% is irrigated. These soils have high clay contents (40–80 g/100 g) and strong shrink–swell capacities, but are frequently sodic at depth and prone to deterioration in soil physical quality if incorrectly managed. Due to extensive yield losses caused by widespread deterioration of soil structure and declining fertility associated with tillage, trafficking, and picking under wet conditions during the middle and late 1970s, a major research program was initiated with the objective of developing soil management systems which could improve cotton yields while concurrently ameliorating and maintaining soil structure and fertility. An outcome of this research was the identification of cotton–winter crop sequences sown in a 1 : 1 rotation as being able to sustain lint yields while at the same time maintaining soil physical quality and minimising fertility decline. Consequently, today, a large proportion (~75%) of Australian cotton is grown in rotation with winter cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), or legumes such as faba bean (Vicia faba L.). A second phase of research on cotton rotations in Vertosols was initiated during the early 1990s with the main objective of identifying sustainable cotton–rotation crop sequences; viz. crop sequences which maintained and improved soil quality, minimised disease incidence, facilitated soil organic carbon sequestration, and maximised economic returns and cotton water use efficiency in the major commercial cotton-growing regions of Australia. The objective of this review was to summarise the key findings of both these phases of Australian research with respect to soil quality and profitability, and identify future areas of for research. Wheat rotation crops under irrigated and dryland conditions and in a range of climates where cotton is grown can improve soil quality indicators such as subsoil structure, salinity, and sodicity under irrigated and dryland conditions, while leguminous crops can increase available nitrogen by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and by reducing N volatilisation and leaching losses. Soil organic carbon in most locations has decreased with time, although the rate of decrease may be reduced by sowing crop sequences that return about 2 kg/m2.crop cycle of residues to the soil, minimising tillage and optimising N inputs. Although the beneficial effects of soil biodiversity on quality of soil are claimed to be many, except for a few studies on soil macrofauna such as ants, conclusive field-based evidence to demonstrate this has not been forthcoming with respect to cotton rotations. In general, lowest average lint yields per hectare were with cotton monoculture. The cotton–wheat systems generally returned higher average gross margins/ML irrigation water than cotton monoculture and other rotation crops. This indicates that where irrigation water, rather than land, is the limiting resource, cotton–wheat systems would be more profitable. Recently, the addition of vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) to the cotton–wheat system has further improved average cotton yields and profitability. Profitability of cotton–wheat sequences varies with the relative price of cotton to wheat. In comparison with cotton monoculture, cotton–rotation crop sequences may be more resilient to price increases in fuel and fertiliser due to lower overall input costs. The profitability of cotton–rotation crop sequences such as cotton–wheat, where cotton is not sown in the same field every year, is more resilient to fluctuations in the price of cotton lint, fuel and nitrogen fertiliser. This review identified several issues with respect to cotton–rotation crop sequences where knowledge is lacking or very limited. These are: research into ‘new’ crop rotations; comparative soil quality effects of managing rotation crop stubble; machinery attachments for managing rotation crop stubble in situ in permanent bed systems; the minimum amount of crop stubble which needs to be returned per cropping cycle to increase SOC levels from present values; the relative efficacy of C3 and C4 rotation crops in relation to carbon sequestration; the interactions between soil biodiversity and soil physical and chemical quality indicators, and cotton yields; and the effects of sowing rotation crops after cotton on farm and cotton industry economic indicators such as the economic incentives for adopting new cotton rotations, farm level impacts of research and extension investments, and industry- and community/catchment-wide economic modelling of the impact of cotton research and extension activities.
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Ghosh, Subhadip, Nilantha Hulugalle, Peter Lockwood, Kathleen King, Paul Kristiansen i Heiko Daniel. "Organic amendments influence nutrient availability and cotton productivity in irrigated Vertosols". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, nr 11 (2008): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar08141.
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There is increasing interest in the use of organic amendments in the Australian cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) industry because of perceived benefits to soil health and the environment. A 2-year field experiment was conducted at the Australian Cotton Research Institute (ACRI), near Narrabri, NSW, using three locally available organic amendments applied at typical farmers’ rates to irrigated cotton. The amendments used were cattle manure (10 t/ha), composted cotton gin trash (7.5 t/ha), and a commercial liquefied vermicompost (50 L/ha), and their effects on soil quality characteristics were compared with those of control soil where no amendment was added. The soil (0–0.10 m) was sampled on six occasions and analysed for selected chemical and microbiological properties. The physiological characteristics and nutrient uptake of mature cotton plants were also examined. The organic amendments did not have a significant effect on microbiological properties as measured by microbial biomass and respiration. Of the chemical properties measured, manure-amended plots showed higher nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium (K) concentrations over 2 years. Exchangeable K was 28% higher where cattle manure was applied than in control plots during the active growth stage of cotton in the first year of experiment. Higher nutrient uptake by mature cotton plants and lower nutrient concentration in soil were observed in the second year. Cotton physiological properties and lint yield were not significantly affected by the application of organic amendments. Seasonal parameters had a strong effect. The results suggest that there are few short-term benefits to be gained in terms of soil quality from application of organic amendments to Vertosols at the rates used in these trials.
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Holloway, Joanne C., Michael J. Furlong i Philip I. Bowden. "Management of beneficial invertebrates and their potential role in integrated pest management for Australian grain systems". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, nr 12 (2008): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07424.
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Beneficial invertebrates (predators and parasitoids) can make significant contributions to the suppression of insect pest populations in many cropping systems. In Australia, natural enemies are incorporated into integrated pest management programs in cotton and horticultural agroecosystems. They are also often key components of effective programs for the management of insect pests of grain crops in other parts of the world. However, few studies have examined the contribution of endemic natural enemies to insect pest suppression in the diverse grain agroecosystems of Australia. The potential of these organisms is assessed by reviewing the role that natural enemies play in the suppression of the major pests of Australian grain crops when they occur in overseas grain systems or other local agroecosystems. The principal methods by which the efficacy of biological control agents may be enhanced are examined and possible methods to determine the impact of natural enemies on key insect pest species are described. The financial and environmental benefits of practices that encourage the establishment and improve the efficacy of natural enemies are considered and the constraints to adoption of these practices by the Australian grains industry are discussed.
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Braunack, M. V. "Cotton farming systems in Australia: factors contributing to changed yield and fibre quality". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 8 (2013): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13172.
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This study was undertaken to identify factors in Australian cotton farming systems that influence yield and fibre quality of cotton and how these have changed with time after the wide adoption of Bollgard II® cultivars (containing the proteins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab, providing easier control of Helicoverpa spp.) in the 2003–04 season. Data from Australian commercial cotton variety trials conducted from 2004 to 2011 were used to link management inputs, yield, and fibre quality. Restricted (residual) maximum likelihood (REML) and regression analyses were used to determine which factors had a significant effect on yield and fibre quality. Results showed that lint yield was significantly influenced by cultivar and growing region, and the interaction between region and the amount of applied nitrogen and phosphorus (kg ha–1), plant stand (plants ha–1), in-crop rainfall (mm) and the number of irrigations, season length (days), and days to defoliation. Generally, the same factors also influenced fibre quality. Regression analysis captured 41, 71, 50, 30, and 36% of the variability in lint yield, fibre length, micronaire, fibre strength, and trash, respectively, for irrigated systems. For dryland systems the variability captured was 97, 87, 77 80, and 78%, respectively. Changes in cotton farming systems from 2004 to 2011 have occurred with applied nitrogen fertiliser increasing under irrigation and decreasing under dryland systems. However, phosphorus fertiliser use has remained steady under irrigated and decreased under dryland systems, and the number of insect sprayings has decreased under both systems. Under irrigated systems, lint yield, fibre length, and trash levels increased while micronaire and fibre strength decreased. Under dryland systems, lint yield decreased while micronaire, fibre length, strength, and trash levels increased. All fibre quality parameters satisfied criteria that would not incur a penalty. The results considering which factors are the most important and which are of lesser importance provide some insight to changes in management in both irrigated and dryland systems and the effect on lint yield and fibre quality and provide some basis for future investment in research and development and extension to the Australian cotton industry.
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Bange, M. P., P. S. Carberry, J. Marshall i S. P. Milroy. "Row configuration as a tool for managing rain-fed cotton systems: review and simulation analysis". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, nr 1 (2005): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea03254.
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Rain-fed cotton production can be a significant proportion (average 17%) of the Australian Cotton Industry. One of the management techniques that rain-fed cotton growers have is to modify row configuration. Configurations that have entire rows missing from the sowing configuration are often referred to as ‘skip row’. Skip configurations are used to: increase the amount of soil water available for the crop, which can influence the potential lint yield; reduce the level of variability or risk associated with production; enhance fibre quality; and reduce input costs. Choosing the correct row configuration for a particular environment involves many, often complex, considerations. This paper presents an examination of how rain-fed cotton production in Australia is influenced by row configuration with different management and environmental factors. Data collated from field experiments and the cotton crop simulation model OZCOT, were used to explore the impact of agronomic decisions on potential lint yield and fibre quality and consequent economic benefit. Some key findings were: (i) soil water available at sowing did not increase the advantage of skip row relative to solid configurations; (ii) reduced row spacing (75 cm) did not alter lint yield significantly in skip row crops; (iii) skip row, rain-fed crops show reasonable plasticity in terms of optimum plant spacing within the row (simular to irrigated cotton); (iv) sowing time of rain-fed crops would appear to differ between solid and skip row arrangements; (v) skip row configurations markedly reduce the risk of price discounts due to short fibre or low micronaire and this should be carefully considered in the choice of row configuration; and (vi) skip configurations can also provide some savings in variable costs. In situations where rain-fed cotton sown in solid row configurations is subject to water stress that may affect lint yield or fibre quality, skip row configurations would be a preferential alternative to reduce risk of financial loss.
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Roberton, Stirling D., i John McL Bennett. "Efficacy of delaying cotton defoliation to mitigate compaction risk at wet harvest". Crop and Pasture Science 68, nr 5 (2017): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17117.
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A recent rapid change in the cotton harvesting system has increased the risk of soil compaction within the cotton industry with the inception of the John Deere 7760 cotton harvester, a round-bale module builder that weighs >36 Mg. This project involved a novel approach to reducing the risk of soil compaction, whereby cotton defoliation was delayed at times of high field moisture so that the evapotranspiration demands of the crop could be used to dry down the soil profile and consequently reduce the compaction risk at harvest. A field trial at Aubigny, Queensland, was used to evaluate the merit of the proposed management strategy in the 2014–15 growing season, in conjunction with a modelling approach to assess the long-term effectiveness of the strategy in several Australian cotton-growing regions. Although the proposed strategy did reduce the compaction risk, the risk reduction was insufficient for the strategy to be deemed effective. Nonetheless, a strong correlation was found between small changes in soil moisture and changes in observable compaction. An observed 10% increase in soil bulk density after traffic suggested damage to soil pore networks. Furthermore, the depth of compaction was observed well beyond the feasible cultivation depth (to 80 cm).
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McKenzie, D. C. "Rapid assessment of soil compaction damage I. The SOILpak score, a semi-quantitative measure of soil structural form". Soil Research 39, nr 1 (2001): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99116.
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Agricultural land evaluation is hampered by inadequate procedures for assessing the severity of soil compaction. Therefore, the ‘SOILpak scoring procedure’ has been developed within the Australian cotton industry to allow semi-quantitative assessment of soil structural form. It allows compaction severity in Vertisols to be separated into as many as 20 categories on a scale of 0.0 (severely compacted) to 2.0 (excellent structure for root growth). The procedure is based upon visual assessment of soil samples in the field as they are pulled apart by hand. The SOILpak scoring system is well accepted by advisory staff because of its speed and simplicity. However, there have been some problems with operator bias, and an inability to deal with continuity of vertical macropores, degree of encroachment of under-furrow compaction into the ridges where cotton is planted, and the presence of thin smeared layers. This paper presents a modified SOILpak scoring procedure that addresses these problems. Also, the SOILpak scoring procedure has been integrated with terminology in the ‘Australian Soil and Land Survey Field Handbooks’ so that it can be used by soil surveyors in other areas.
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Boersma, Martijn, Emmanuel Josserand, Sarah Kaine i Alice Payne. "Making sense of downstream labour risk in global value chains: The case of the Australian cotton industry". Journal of Industrial Relations 64, nr 2 (21.01.2022): 200–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221856211066628.
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While the efforts by actors on the buyer-side of value chains – such as brands and retailers – to address upstream labour abuses are well documented, there is a lack of research into how actors on the production-side of value chains – such as raw material producers – can identify and address downstream labour risks. This research presents the findings of an action research project that focused on the Australian cotton industry. By applying a sense-making lens, we propose four properties that can be used to identify labour risk in global value chains, providing insights into the capacity of producers to address downstream labour abuses. We suggest that there is a possibility for a ‘book-end’ approach that combines upstream and downstream actions by buyers and producers in global value chains.
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Wilson, L. J., L. R. Bauer i D. A. Lally. "Effect of early season insecticide use on predators and outbreaks of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in cotton". Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, nr 4 (sierpień 1998): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000748530004222x.
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AbstractThe Australian cotton industry relies almost exclusively on synthetic insecticides for control of early season pests. These insecticides often disrupt predatory insect activity in the field. Potential predators of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in cotton, identified in field and confirmed in laboratory experiments, included a theridiid spider, a phytoseiid mite, a lacewing larva, predatory thrips, several Coccinellidae and several Hemiptera. These predators were mostly generalists, having previously been reported as predators of aphids or caterpillars of Helicoverpa spp. The effect of insecticides on T. urticae and its predators was evaluated in three field experiments. Cotton was artificially infested with T. urticae then sprayed five times at seven to ten day intervals with either dimethoate (140 g ai/ha), thiodicarb (750 g ai/ha and 187.5 g ai/ha), endosulfan (735 g ai/ha and 367.5 g ai/ha), methomyl (169 g ai/ha) or amitraz (400 g ai/ha). Tetranychus urticae populations reached higher densities in dimethoate, thiodicarb and methomyl treated cotton than in untreated cotton. Population densities of T. urticae in cotton treated with low rates of endosulfan or thiodicarb were similar to controls, while those in cotton treated with amitraz were lower. All insecticides caused significant reductions in at least one predator group. Significant negative relationships were found between early season abundance of predators and the mid-season abundance of T. urticae and positive relationships between predators and the lag-period for T. urticae outbreaks to develop. Predation is implicated as a key factor influencing the early season survival of T. urticae. The implications for developing integrated pest management strategies in cotton are discussed.
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Smith, David J. "4 Agrochemical Residues, Product Quality, and Safety of Beef Fed Cotton Ginning and Other Byproduct Feeds". Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (1.11.2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.047.
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Abstract Most commodity crops undergo milling, husking, ginning or other processing procedures before use as human food or fiber. Byproduct nutrient density varies with the type of grain or oil seed processed and use typically varies with nutrient needs of specific production situations. Drought or high grain prices may increase the use of byproducts; regionally available, low-cost ingredients such as cotton ginning byproduct may be used extensively by beef producers to replace forage. Doubt associated with the use of such byproducts is not typically related to nutritional value but with uncertainties about the presence of residual pesticides, herbicides, or harvest-aid chemicals. Potential chemical residues in consumer products and the concomitant financial and reputational losses borne by the industry provide an impetus for concern. Negative experiences with contaminated Australian beef established a long-lived suspicion of “cotton trash” that continues to impact the industry today. The purpose of this review is to discuss sources, amounts, and risks of chemical residues associated with byproduct feeds used in the southern United States with cotton ginning byproducts as a major focus. The use patterns of specific crop protection and harvest-aid chemicals will be discussed in context with chemical tolerances established by the U.S. EPA. In addition, U.S. pesticide monitoring programs in beef will be discussed. Although data describing the transmission of chemical residues from byproduct feeds into beef products are limited, the available data suggest some best practices could be adopted to mitigate concerns and minimize possible agrochemical residue contamination of beef.
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Luo, Qunying, Michael Bange, Michael Braunack i David Johnston. "Effectiveness of agronomic practices in dealing with climate change impacts in the Australian cotton industry — A simulation study". Agricultural Systems 147 (wrzesień 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.05.006.
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Macdonald, B. C. T., A. Nadelko, Y. Chang, M. Glover i S. Warneke. "Contribution of the cotton irrigation network to farm nitrous oxide emissions". Soil Research 54, nr 5 (2016): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15273.
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and agriculture is the dominant source of N2O-N emissions. The Australian cotton industry requires high inputs of N to maintain high lint quality and yields; however, over-fertilisation with N is symptomatic of the industry. Up to 3.5% of N fertiliser applied is lost directly from cotton fields as N2O gas. Excess N may also be lost via erosion, deep-drainage, leaching and runoff, and may subsequently form indirect N2O emissions. The estimate by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests that 0.0025kg N2O-N is produced indirectly from groundwater and surface drainage for each kg N lost via runoff and leaching, although this estimate carries a large degree of uncertainty. This study is the first to address the lack of indirect N2O emission data from irrigated cotton-farming systems. Indirect emissions were determined from total N concentrations in irrigation runoff by using the IPCC emission factor and from measurements of dissolved N2O during the first four irrigations (October–December 2013). Total indirect N2O emissions from the surface of the irrigation network over 3 months when estimated by the dissolved-N2O method were 0.503±0.339kgha–1. By contrast, N2O emissions estimated by the IPCC methodology were 0.843±0.022kgha–1 irrigation surface area. Over the same period of measurement, direct land-surface emissions were 1.44kgN2O-Nha–1 field. Despite relatively high emissions per surface area, the irrigation network is only a minor component of the total farm area, and indirect emissions from the irrigation system contribute ~2.4–4% of the total N2O emissions and <0.02% of the applied N fertiliser.
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Bird, L. J. "Pyrethroid and carbamate resistance in Australian Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from 2008 to 2015: what has changed since the introduction of Bt cotton?" Bulletin of Entomological Research 108, nr 6 (23.01.2018): 781–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485317001316.
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AbstractPyrethroid and carbamate resistance was evaluated in Helicoverpa armigera from 2008 to 2015. Insects were collected as eggs primarily from cultivated hosts in the major cropping areas of New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Larvae reared from eggs were tested for resistance to fenvalerate, bifenthrin or methomyl in the F0 generation using a topical application of a discriminating dose of insecticide. In 2008–2009, resistance to fenvalerate was 71% and no resistance to bifenthrin was recorded. In the following two seasons, resistance to pyrethroids was relatively stable with fenvalerate resistance ranging from 63% to 67% and bifenthrin resistance ranging from 5.6% and 6.4% in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. However, in 2011–2012, pyrethroid resistance had increased to 91% and 36% for fenvalerate and bifenthrin, respectively. Resistance remained above 90% for fenvalerate and above 35% for bifenthrin in the following three seasons from 2012 to 2015. In 2008–2009, methomyl resistance was 33% and declined to 22% and 15% in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, respectively. Methomyl resistance remained at moderate levels from 2011–12 to 2014–15, ranging from 21% to 40%. Factors that influenced selection pressure of pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides and impacted resistance frequency in H. armigera may have been associated with changes in the composition of the cropping landscape. The rapid expansion of the pulse industry and the commensurate increased use of insecticide may have played a role in reselection of high-level pyrethroid resistance, and highlights the need for an urgent and strategic response to insecticide resistance management in the Australian grains industry.
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Jones, Roger A. C., Murray Sharman, Piotr Trębicki, Solomon Maina i Benjamin S. Congdon. "Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges". Viruses 13, nr 10 (12.10.2021): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102051.
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This review summarizes research on virus diseases of cereals and oilseeds in Australia since the 1950s. All viruses known to infect the diverse range of cereal and oilseed crops grown in the continent’s temperate, Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical cropping regions are included. Viruses that occur commonly and have potential to cause the greatest seed yield and quality losses are described in detail, focusing on their biology, epidemiology and management. These are: barley yellow dwarf virus, cereal yellow dwarf virus and wheat streak mosaic virus in wheat, barley, oats, triticale and rye; Johnsongrass mosaic virus in sorghum, maize, sweet corn and pearl millet; turnip yellows virus and turnip mosaic virus in canola and Indian mustard; tobacco streak virus in sunflower; and cotton bunchy top virus in cotton. The currently less important viruses covered number nine infecting nine cereal crops and 14 infecting eight oilseed crops (none recorded for rice or linseed). Brief background information on the scope of the Australian cereal and oilseed industries, virus epidemiology and management and yield loss quantification is provided. Major future threats to managing virus diseases effectively include damaging viruses and virus vector species spreading from elsewhere, the increasing spectrum of insecticide resistance in insect and mite vectors, resistance-breaking virus strains, changes in epidemiology, virus and vectors impacts arising from climate instability and extreme weather events, and insufficient industry awareness of virus diseases. The pressing need for more resources to focus on addressing these threats is emphasized and recommendations over future research priorities provided.
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Jones, Roger A. C., Murray Sharman, Piotr Trębicki, Solomon Maina i Benjamin S. Congdon. "Virus Diseases of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in Australia: Current Position and Future Challenges". Viruses 13, nr 10 (12.10.2021): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13102051.
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This review summarizes research on virus diseases of cereals and oilseeds in Australia since the 1950s. All viruses known to infect the diverse range of cereal and oilseed crops grown in the continent’s temperate, Mediterranean, subtropical and tropical cropping regions are included. Viruses that occur commonly and have potential to cause the greatest seed yield and quality losses are described in detail, focusing on their biology, epidemiology and management. These are: barley yellow dwarf virus, cereal yellow dwarf virus and wheat streak mosaic virus in wheat, barley, oats, triticale and rye; Johnsongrass mosaic virus in sorghum, maize, sweet corn and pearl millet; turnip yellows virus and turnip mosaic virus in canola and Indian mustard; tobacco streak virus in sunflower; and cotton bunchy top virus in cotton. The currently less important viruses covered number nine infecting nine cereal crops and 14 infecting eight oilseed crops (none recorded for rice or linseed). Brief background information on the scope of the Australian cereal and oilseed industries, virus epidemiology and management and yield loss quantification is provided. Major future threats to managing virus diseases effectively include damaging viruses and virus vector species spreading from elsewhere, the increasing spectrum of insecticide resistance in insect and mite vectors, resistance-breaking virus strains, changes in epidemiology, virus and vectors impacts arising from climate instability and extreme weather events, and insufficient industry awareness of virus diseases. The pressing need for more resources to focus on addressing these threats is emphasized and recommendations over future research priorities provided.
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Kennedy, I. R., M. T. Rose, A. Crossan i M. Burns. "Research and practice: environmental action for improving water quality in cotton catchments since 1990". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 12 (2013): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13091.
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In the modern era, agriculture must seek to be environmentally sustainable, an obligation now considered as a social contract. This demands that its activities do no significant harm, where the natural resources sustaining it are fully safeguarded, but of necessity in the context of profitable agriculture. The requirement to minimise the environmental impact of the necessary agrochemicals and pesticides in waterways is especially demanding. In the past 20 years, the Australian cotton industry has approached this obligation in various ways, needing extensive planning, learning from past experiences, but it can be legitimately claimed, with significant success. This success has been achieved at some cost, requiring large numbers of personnel, time and resources. This review aims to document the strategies that have been employed, how these required effective research management and how the research data generated was applied. To the extent that this complex program of participatory action has succeeded, while also acknowledging some dramatic failures, other areas of agriculture can also benefit by identification of the key factors contributing to success.
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Mackrell, Dale, Don Kerr i Liisa von Hellens. "A qualitative case study of the adoption and use of an agricultural decision support system in the Australian cotton industry: The socio-technical view". Decision Support Systems 47, nr 2 (maj 2009): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2009.02.004.
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Bakker, D. M., i T. M. Barker. "Soil structure assessment and 3-dimensional visualisation of a Vertosol under controlled traffic". Soil Research 36, nr 4 (1998): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s97094.
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There is evidence that controlled traffic can be detrimental to crop growth due to soil structural degradation in the wheel tracks. An experiment was conducted in which the effects of 2 different types of wheel tracks (raised and recessed) on soil structure were assessed. Large monoliths were taken and impregnated with epoxy resin. A special jig was employed to create and expose smooth level surfaces in which the crack pattern was highlighted with UV light. Images from the patterns were used to describe soil structure with 4 different attributes. Special image analysis software was used to combine multiple images to reconstruct the structure of the soil blocks. From the images and the 4 attributes, it was concluded that after 2 years the raised wheel track had a more massive soil structure than the recessed wheel track. The reconstructed soil structure revealed an intricate network of cracks and a large variability over a short distance, as well as dominant features of continuous cracks parallel to the plant row. From this work it is proposed that, in these soils, the well-documented benefit of controlled traffic in the Australian cotton industry is primarily related to minimising structural decline caused by cultivation rather than by traffic.
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Forrester, Neil W., Matthew Cahill, Lisa J. Bird i Jacquelyn K. Layland. "Section 2. Evaluation of the impact of the strategy on pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance: discriminating dose studies". Bulletin of entomological research supplement series 1 (wrzesień 1993): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1367426900000084.
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SummaryThe monitoring technique employed in this study (discriminating dose screening of larvae reared from field collected eggs) proved extremely successful in documenting the impact of the strategy on both pyrethroid and endosulfan resistance, without the problems of alternative techniques. Because of the sensitivity of this technique, strategy users have been able to verify the anticipated impact of the strategy, identify problems, adjust their management practices accordingly and assess the effectiveness of these procedures. This has resulted in the maintenance of the strategy's excellent compliance rate.Pyrethroids imposed selection for resistance in both moths and larvae, resulting in increases in resistance within the Stage II window and the early Stage III period, respectively. These two peaks effectively merged into one large peak while the period of pyrethroid use remained at 42 days. However, the initiative to reduce the pyrethroid window to 35 days separated the two peaks and proved to be a successful delaying tactic. The two main factors influencing pyrethroid resistance appear to be dilution by susceptibles immigrating from the refugia, followed by pyrethroid selection pressure. However, as the refugia became increasingly contaminated, their effectiveness as a source of susceptibles for dilution declined, resulting in gradually increasing pyrethroid resistance levels in all areas over time. Adult selection was more important in the mixed crop Emerald study area because of premating selection. This, along with the higher Helicoverpa armigera pressure at Emerald, probably offset any potential benefit of the longer crop season at this site. Inadequate cultivation of post-harvest fields harbouring overwintering pupae, presumably due to low price forecasts in the economically sensitive cotton industry, resulted in the survival of large numbers of resistant pupae. As a result, cultural control of overwintering pupae has become a major component of the integrated Australian resistance management strategy. The strategy has not overcome the pyrethroid resistance problem but has proved to be a successful delaying tactic in ‘buying time’ and extending the useful life of the pyrethroids.However, the strategy has been much more successful in managing endosulfan resistance and some possible reasons for this are discussed: effectively lower selection pressure, fitness deficit, fewer life stages selected, or lower genetic dominance. However, it was not possible from this study to determine the relative importance of these factors or their interactions.
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Baker, G. H., i C. R. Tann. "Broad-scale suppression of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), associated with Bt cotton crops in Northern New South Wales, Australia". Bulletin of Entomological Research 107, nr 2 (23.11.2016): 188–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485316000912.
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AbstractThe cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, is a major pest of many agricultural crops in several countries, including Australia. Transgenic cotton, expressing a single Bt toxin, was first used in the 1990s to control H. armigera and other lepidopteran pests. Landscape scale or greater pest suppression has been reported in some countries using this technology. However, a long-term, broad-scale pheromone trapping program for H. armigera in a mixed cropping region in eastern Australia caught more moths during the deployment of single Bt toxin cotton (Ingard®) (1996–2004) than in previous years. This response can be attributed, at least in part, to (1) a precautionary cap (30% of total cotton grown, by area) being applied to Ingard® to restrict the development of Bt resistance in the pest, and (2) during the Ingard® era, cotton production greatly increased (as did that of another host plant, sorghum) and H. armigera (in particular the 3rd and older generations) responded in concert with this increase in host plant availability. However, with the replacement of Ingard® with Bollgard II® cotton (containing two different Bt toxins) in 2005, and recovery of the cotton industry from prevailing drought, H. armigera failed to track increased host-plant supply and moth numbers decreased. Greater toxicity of the two gene product, introduction of no cap on Bt cotton proportion, and an increase in natural enemy abundance are suggested as the most likely mechanisms responsible for the suppression observed.
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MUSHTAQ, S., N. WHITE, G. COCKFIELD, B. POWER i G. JAKEMAN. "Reconfiguring agriculture through the relocation of production systems for water, environment and food security under climate change". Journal of Agricultural Science 153, nr 5 (10.11.2014): 779–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859614001117.
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SUMMARYThe prospect of climate change has revived both fears of food insecurity and its corollary, market opportunities for agricultural production. In Australia, with its long history of state-sponsored agricultural development, there is renewed interest in the agricultural development of tropical and sub-tropical northern regions. Climate projections suggest that there will be less water available to the main irrigation systems of the eastern central and southern regions of Australia, while net rainfall could be sustained or even increase in the northern areas. Hence, there could be more intensive use of northern agricultural areas, with the relocation of some production of economically important commodities such as vegetables, rice and cotton. The problem is that the expansion of cropping in northern Australia has been constrained by agronomic and economic considerations.The present paper examines the economics, at both farm and regional level, of relocating some cotton production from the east-central irrigation areas to the north where there is an existing irrigation scheme together with some industry and individual interest in such relocation. Integrated modelling and expert knowledge are used to examine this example of prospective climate change adaptation. Farm-level simulations show that without adaptation, overall gross margins will decrease under a combination of climate change and reduction in water availability. A dynamic regional Computable General Equilibrium model is used to explore two scenarios of relocating cotton production from south east Queensland, to sugar-dominated areas in northern Queensland. Overall, an increase in real economic output and real income was realized when some cotton production was relocated to sugar cane fallow land/new land. There were, however, large negative effects on regional economies where cotton production displaced sugar cane. It is concluded that even excluding the agronomic uncertainties, which are not examined here, there is unlikely to be significant market-driven relocation of cotton production.
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Anaman, Kwabena A., i Stephen C. Lellyett. "Producers' evaluation of an enhanced weather information service for the cotton industry in Australia". Meteorological Applications 3, nr 2 (10.01.2007): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.5060030202.
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Anaman, Kwabena A., i Stephen C. Lellyett. "Assessment of the benefits of an enhanced weather information service for the cotton industry in Australia". Meteorological Applications 3, nr 2 (10.01.2007): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/met.5060030203.
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Hood, Olive, Jeff Coutts i Gus Hamilton. "Analysis of the Role of an Innovation Broker Appointed by a Cotton Industry Environmental Innovation Partnership in Queensland, Australia". Outlook on Agriculture 43, nr 3 (wrzesień 2014): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2014.0177.
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Memon, Mairaj Khalid, i Kanya Lal Khatri. "Estimating Infiltration Properties Of Soil Using Infilt Model For Smart Irrigation". ADRI International Journal of Civil Engineering 6, nr 2 (31.08.2021): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/aijce.v6i2.53.
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The infiltration characteristic of the soil is a major determinant of the efficiency and uniformity of surface irrigation application. Infiltration affects the advance, recession, runoff, and volume of infiltration during irrigation. This study has been carried out to estimate infiltration characteristics using irrigation advance data for furrow irrigation. Irrigation advance data for one field was collected at Latif farm, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam for three irrigation events and data sets for two fields of cotton in Queensland, Australia have also been used. To achieve the objectives of the study four different methods were employed viz: two-point method, computer model INFILT, Valiant one point and upadhyaya method. Employing these methods, infiltration parameters for three fields were determined and equations for cumulative infiltration and advance trajectories were evolved. Evaluation of the methods was undertaken to know the best method for the prediction of cumulative infiltration and advance. From the results, it has been concluded that the computer model INFILT V is the most accurate, reliable, and user-friendly method, as it performed well in all cases and can be used for achieving benefits in irrigation industry
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Bell, M., N. Seymour, G. R. Stirling, A. M. Stirling, L. Van Zwieten, T. Vancov, G. Sutton i P. Moody. "Impacts of management on soil biota in Vertosols supporting the broadacre grains industry in northern Australia". Soil Research 44, nr 4 (2006): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05137.
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The grain-producing regions of northern New South Wales and southern and central Queensland are characterised by cropping systems that are strongly dependent on stored soil moisture rather than in-crop rainfall, and tillage systems that are increasingly reliant on zero or minimum tillage. Crops are grown relatively infrequently and crop rotations are dominated by winter and summer grains (wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. Moench], respectively), with smaller areas of grain legumes and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The grey, black, and brown Vertosols represent the more productive soils in the region under rainfed cropping, and are the focus of work reported in this study. Soil samples were collected from surface soils (0–0.30 m) across the region, utilising sites of long term tillage and residue management studies, fertiliser trials, and commercial fields to enable an assessment of the impact of various management practices on soil biological properties. A number of biological and biochemical parameters were measured (microbial biomass C, total organic C and labile C fractions, total C and N, microbial activity using FDA, cellulase activity, free living nematodes, total DNA and fatty acid profiles), and the response of wheat, sorghum, and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to steam pasteurisation was assessed in glasshouse bioassays. The objective was to obtain an indication of the biological status of grain-growing soils and assess the impact of biological constraints in soils from different regions and management systems. Results showed that biological activity in cropped soils was consistently low relative to other land uses in northern Australia, with management practices like stubble retention and adoption of zero tillage producing relatively small benefits. In the case of zero tillage, many of these benefits were confined to the top 0.05 m of the soil profile. Fallowing to recharge soil moisture reserves significantly reduced all soil biological parameters, while pasture leys produced consistent positive benefits. Breaking a long fallow with a short duration grain or brown manure crop significantly moderated the negative effects of a long bare fallow on soil biology. Use of inorganic N and P fertilisers produced minimal effects on soil biota, with the exception of one component of the free-living nematode community (the Dorylaimida). The glasshouse bioassays provided consistent evidence that soil biota were constraining growth of both grain crops (sorghum and wheat) but not the grain legume (chickpea). The biota associated with this constraint have not yet been identified, but effects were consistent across the region and were not associated with the presence of any known pathogen or correlated with any of the measured soil biological or biochemical properties. Further work to confirm the existence and significance of these constraints under field conditions is needed. None of the measured biological or biochemical parameters consistently changed in response to management practices, while conflicting conclusions could sometimes be drawn from different measurements on the same soil sample. This highlights the need for further work on diagnostic tools to quantify soil biological communities, and suggests there is no clear link between measured changes in soil biological communities and economically or ecologically important soil attributes.
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McIntosh, Peter C., Andrew J. Ash i Mark Stafford Smith. "From Oceans to Farms: The Value of a Novel Statistical Climate Forecast for Agricultural Management". Journal of Climate 18, nr 20 (15.10.2005): 4287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3515.1.
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Abstract The economic value of seasonal climate forecasting is assessed using a whole-of-chain analysis. The entire system, from sea surface temperature (SST) through pasture growth and animal production to economic and resource outcomes, is examined. A novel statistical forecast method is developed using the partial least squares spatial correlation technique with near-global SST. This method permits forecasts to be tailored for particular regions and industries. The method is used to forecast plant growth days rather than rainfall. Forecast skill is measured by performing a series of retrospective forecasts (hindcasts) over the previous century. The hindcasts are cross-validated to guard against the possibility of artificial skill, so there is no skill at predicting random time series. The hindcast skill is shown to be a good estimator of the true forecast skill obtained when only data from previous years are used in developing the forecast. Forecasts of plant growth, reduced to three categories, are used in several agricultural examples in Australia. For the northeast Queensland grazing industry, the economic value of this forecast is shown to be greater than that of a Southern Oscillation index (SOI) based forecast and to match or exceed the value of a “perfect” category rainfall forecast. Reasons for the latter surprising result are given. Resource degradation, in this case measured by soil loss, is shown to remain insignificant despite increasing production from the land. Two further examples in Queensland, one for the cotton industry and one for wheat, are illustrated in less depth. The value of a forecast is again shown to match or exceed that obtained using the SOI, although further investigation of the decision-making responses to forecasts is needed to extract the maximum benefit for these industries.
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Sell, Zach. "Asian Indentured Labor in the Age of African American Emancipation". International Labor and Working-Class History 91 (2017): 8–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547916000375.
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AbstractThis article examines transnational connections between African American emancipation in the United States and Chinese and Indian indenture within the British Empire. In an era of social upheaval and capitalist crisis, planters and colonial officials envisioned coolies as a source of uninterrupted plantation labor. This vision was often bound to the conditions of African American emancipation. In British Honduras, colonial officials sought to bring emancipated African Americans to the colony as labor for sugar plantations. When this project failed, interest turned toward indentured Chinese labor managed by white planters from the U.S. South. In India’s North-Western Provinces, the outbreak of famine came to be seen as a “kindred distress” to the crisis in Lancashire’s textile industry. Unemployed English factory workers were seen as suffering from famine due to the scarcity of slave-produced cotton, just as colonial subjects suffered from scarcity of food. While some weavers in the North-Western Provinces were taken into the coolie trade, the emigration of unemployed Lancashire weavers was looked to as a possible alternative to indenture. Drawing upon archives in Australia, Belize, Britain, India, and the United States, this article explores connections between seemingly disparate histories. By focusing upon their interrelation, this article locates the formation of crisis not in raw materials, but rather within a transnational struggle over racialized labor exploitation, or what W.E.B. Du Bois called the “dark and vast sea of human labor.”
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Karole, Sarita, Girendra Gautam i Shailesh Gupta. "Physicochemical, Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis of the Leaf and Bark of Bombax Ceiba L (Red Silk Cotton Tree)". Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, nr 6-s (15.12.2018): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6-s.2094.
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Bombax ceiba L is a big deciduous tree found in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and Australia. Conventional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani have been highlighted the use of B. ceiba parts (bark, leaves and flower) for the treatment of manydiseases like hypertension, HIV infections, inflammation, catarrhal affection, ulcer, acne, gynecological disorders, fever, dysentery, algesia, hepatotoxicity, piles and urinary infections. The aim of the present study was to evaluate pharmacognostic, physicochemical, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of leaf and bark of B. ceiba collected from Bhopal region of Madhya Pradesh. The pharmacognostic studies out in terms of various investigations like organoleptic or morphological characters, microscopic or anatomical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, ash value, extractive values and acid insoluble ash value). Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. The detail microscopy of bark revealed the presence of cork cell, lignified fibre, calcium oxalate crystals, xylem vessels. Physiochemical parameters such as percentage of foreign matters, ash values, loss on drying swelling index, extractive values were determined. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides. In the procedure of quantitative analysis of flavonoids and phenolic compound was carried out by aluminium chloride Folins and Ciocalteau reagent method .In this methodthe totalflavonoids content and phenolic content of B. ceiba ethanolic and aqueous barks extracts was found to be 6.272, 3.363 and 2.607, 1.607mg /100mg respectively and total phenolic and flavonoids content of B. ceiba ethanolic, aqueous leaves extracts was found to be 7.381, 4.590 and 3.200, 1.792 mg/100mg respectively. These information will also be helpful to differentiate B. ceiba from the closely related other species. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine.
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Edwards, Deborah, Carmel Foley i Pavlina Jasovska. "‘From Dirt to Shirt’: Australian Cotton Conferences Driving Industry Transformation". Event Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599522x16419948390835.
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While the literature identifies various benefits of business events, more work is required to investigate the ways in which such outcomes are achieved and how they fit into a whole of industry ecosystem. In this study, we apply the concept of sustainable business models to explore elements and mechanisms of how values combining economic, social, and environmental stakeholder benefits are proposed, created, delivered and captured through conferences. To study these nuances, we analyse the case of the Australian cotton industry conferences. Our findings suggest that mechanisms of building industry community, forming a social platform and managing sustainability solutions were core conference elements that led to desired industry changes. The study contributes to business events literature by delineating a means of achieving industry outcomes as a result of organising industry conferences. The paper proposes a business model specifically reflective of the Australian cotton industry conferences.
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"Trends & Prospects". Asia-Pacific Biotech News 06, nr 19 (16.09.2002): 716–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219030302001519.
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Australian Biotech Firms Face Financing Crisis. Next GM Cotton Variety Promises Greater Pesticide Reductions. Processing Industry Fueling China’s Agricultural Development. Moratorium on GE Products Hurts NZ’s Biotech Sector.
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Retamal, Monique, Taylor Brydges, Samantha Sharpe, Tiziana Ferrero-Regis, Deborah Fisher, Alison Gwilt, Lisa Lake i in. "State of play in Australian sustainable fashion research: Current and future directions". International Journal of Fashion Studies, 23.01.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/infs_00083_1.
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Australian fashion is emblematic of Global North countries with high levels of consumption and waste, dominated by high street fast fashion brands. It also has some unique characteristics as it is located in the Asia-Pacific region – the central production hub of garments – and is a leading producer of quality natural fibres such as cotton and wool. Despite this, Australia has a hollowed-out manufacturing sector that can provide minimal value add to these fibres, and little reuse, remanufacturing or recycling infrastructure for post-consumption garment waste. Ambition for change in the Australian fashion sector is rapidly accelerating with product stewardship initiatives, a modern slavery act and textile waste being designated a priority by the Commonwealth government. Both the policy and industry landscape is evolving. This article reflects on the research landscape of Australian sustainable fashion. The authors of this article draw on multi- and interdisciplinary perspectives and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to survey and consider the trajectory of fashion sustainability research in Australia over the past decade and to identify key strengths and gaps. This survey culminates in the development of a research agenda for the next decade to 2030.
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Gregg, Peter C., Alice P. Del Socorro, Sarah Wilson, Kristen M. Knight, Matthew R. Binns i Philip Armytage. "Bisexual Attract-and-Kill: A Novel Component of Resistance Management for Transgenic Cotton in Australia". Journal of Economic Entomology, 14.04.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toac032.
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Abstract In Australia, destruction of overwintering pupae of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been a key component of mandatory resistance management schemes to constrain development of resistance to Bt toxins in transgenic cotton. This has been accomplished by tillage (‘pupae busting’), but it is expensive and can interfere with farming operations. Bisexual attract-and-kill technology based on plant volatile formulations offers a potential alternative in some circumstances. We discuss strategies for using such products and describe two trials in which three applications of an attract-and-kill formulation substantially reduced the numbers of Helicoverpa spp. moths and the numbers of potentially overwintering eggs they laid. One trial tested a curative strategy in which the last generation of moths emerging from transgenic cotton was targeted. The other tested a preventive strategy which aimed to reduce the numbers of eggs in the last generation. The preventive strategy reduced egg numbers by about 90% and is now included as an optional alternative to pupae busting in resistance management strategies for Australian cotton. It is limited to fields which have not been defoliated prior to 31 March and was developed to be used primarily in southern New South Wales. In the 2020–2021 cotton season, it was adopted on approximately 60% of the eligible cotton area. We describe the process whereby the strategy was developed in collaboration with the transgenic technology provider, supported by the cotton industry, and approved by the regulatory authority.