Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Australian background”
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Spis treści
Zobacz listy aktualnych artykułów, książek, rozpraw, streszczeń i innych źródeł naukowych na temat „Australian background”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Australian background"
1
Romanenko, Olena. "SLAVIC COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRALIA: THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THE CURRENT SITUATION". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1 (17.12.2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-31-14-23.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Migration to the Australian continent has ancient origins. On 1 January 1901, the Federation of the Commonwealth of Australia included six former colonies: New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, Queensland, and Western Australia. The British origin had 78% of those who were born overseas. The immigration was high on the national agenda. The most ambitious nation-building plan based on immigration was adopted in Australia in the post-World War II period. The shock of the war was so strong that even old stereotypes did not prevent Australians from embarking on immigration propaganda with the slogan “Populate or Perish”. In the middle 1950s, the Australian Department of Immigration realized that family reunion was an important component of successful settlement. In 1955 the Department implemented “Operation Reunion” – a scheme was intended to assist family members overseas to migrate to the continent and reunite with the family already living in Australia. As a result, 30000 people managed to migrate from countries such as Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and the former Yugoslavia under this scheme. Today Australia’s approach to multicultural affairs is a unique model based on integration and social cohesion. On governmental level, the Australians try to maintain national unity through respect and preservation of cultural diversity. An example of such an attitude to historical memory is a database created by the Department of Home Affairs (DHA). For our research, we decided to choose information about residents of East-Central European origin (Ukraine-born, Poland-born, and Czech Republic-born citizens) in Australia, based on the information from the above mentioned database. The article provides the brief historical background of Polish, Ukrainian and Czech groups on the Continent and describes the main characteristics of these groups of people, such as geographic distribution, age, language, religion, year of arrival, median income, educational qualifications, and employment characteristics.
2
Boon, PI, i MA Brock. "Plants and processes in wetlands: A background". Marine and Freshwater Research 45, nr 8 (1994): 1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9941369.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
It is easy to gain an impression from the recent contents of Australian scientific journals dealing with ecological research that little attention is paid to the botanical ecology of Australia's inland wetlands. Less than 1% of the papers published in key Australian ecological journals over 1987-93 dealt with some aspect of the vegetation ecology of these environments. Yet over the period 1982-94 research on this topic accounted for up to 23% of the papers presented at annual conferences of the two major Australian scientific societies to which Australian limnologists are likely to belong. This discrepancy indicates that wetland vegetation is the subject of a considerable research effort by Australian limnologists, but that few of their research findings are published in refereed Australian journals. Analyses of the references cited in key review articles suggests that refereed journals outside Australia cannot account fully for the 'missing' publications: we demonstrate that much research is placed in the largely inaccessible 'grey literature' published by government departments and the like. It is also possible that some research is destined never to be published. This imbalance between the intensity of the research effort and the history of publication in Australian refereed journals prompted local scientists involved in wetland research to participate in a Special Issue dedicated to the botanical and process-oriented aspects of wetland ecology.
3
REDMAN, S. "Australian neuroscience: a background". Trends in Neurosciences 15, nr 2 (luty 1992): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(92)90023-2.
Pełny tekst źródła
4
Edwards, G. C., i D. A. Howard. "Air-surface exchange measurements of gaseous elemental mercury over naturally enriched and background terrestrial landscapes in Australia". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, nr 10 (24.10.2012): 27927–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-27927-2012.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. This paper presents the first gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) air-surface exchange measurements obtained over naturally enriched and background (< 0.1 μg g−1 Hg) terrestrial landscapes in Australia. Two pilot field studies were carried out during the Australian autumn and winter periods at a copper-gold-cobalt-arsenic-mercury mineral field near Pulganbar, NSW. GEM fluxes using a dynamic flux chamber approach were measured, along with controlling environmental parameters over three naturally enriched and three background substrates. The enriched sites results showed net emission to the atmosphere and a strong correlation between flux and substrate Hg concentration, with average fluxes ranging from 14 ± 1 ng m−2 h−1 to 113 ± 6 ng m−2 h−1. Measurements at background sites showed both emission and deposition. The average Hg flux from all background sites showed an overall net emission of 0.36 ± 0.06 ng m−2 h−1. Fluxes show strong relationships with temperature, radiation, and substrate parameters. A compensation point of 2.48, representative of bare soils was determined. Comparison of the Australian data to North American data confirmed the need for Australian specific mercury air-surface exchange data representative of Australia's unique climatic conditions, vegetation types, land use patterns, and soils.
5
Bates, Richard. "Australian Teacher Education: Some background observations". Journal of Education for Teaching 28, nr 3 (listopad 2002): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0260747022000021331.
Pełny tekst źródła
6
Cornelius, Karen, i Aidan Cornelius-Bell. "Systemic racism, a prime minister, and the remote Australian school system". Radical Teacher 122 (28.04.2022): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2022.935.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Remote Australian schools face complex contextual issues due to systemic and enduring disadvantage. The structures and systems put in place to support and provide advantage for Indigenous Australians continually fail to meet their mark due to colonial structures, policies and inability to understand remote contextual demands. In South Australia, the context of this paper, systemic disadvantage disproportionately affects Indigenous people. This article explores the contemporary colonial landscape of a remote school context, provides background on the colonial institutions which shape the interactions and services provided to people in remote Australian areas, and provides two empirical examples of the contemporary, structural, and harmful influence of policy and political figures in a remote school. By examining the politics of being a school leader, the policy background for remote Australian schools, and the unique challenges of position both in policy and physical terms, we show how contemporary racism structures and conditions the lives of young people in remote contexts today.
7
Edwards, G. C., i D. A. Howard. "Air-surface exchange measurements of gaseous elemental mercury over naturally enriched and background terrestrial landscapes in Australia". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, nr 10 (27.05.2013): 5325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5325-2013.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract. This paper presents the first gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) air-surface exchange measurements obtained over naturally enriched and background (<0.1 μg g−1 Hg) terrestrial landscapes in Australia. Two pilot field studies were carried out during the Australian autumn and winter periods at a copper-gold-cobalt-arsenic-mercury mineral field near Pulganbar, NSW. GEM fluxes using a dynamic flux chamber approach were measured, along with controlling environmental parameters over three naturally enriched and three background substrates. The enriched sites results showed net emission to the atmosphere and a strong correlation between flux and substrate Hg concentration, with average fluxes ranging from 14 ± 1 ng m−2 h−1 to 113 ± 6 ng m−2 h−1. Measurements at background sites showed both emission and deposition. The average Hg flux from all background sites showed an overall net emission of 0.36 ± 0.06 ng m−2 h−1. Fluxes show strong relationships with temperature, radiation, and substrate parameters. A compensation point of 2.48, representative of bare soils was determined. For periods of deposition, dry deposition velocities ranged from 0.00025 cm s−1 to 0.0083 cm s−1 with an average of 0.0041 ± 0.00018 cm s−1, representing bare soil, nighttime conditions. Comparison of the Australian data to North American data suggests the need for Australian-specific mercury air-surface exchange data representative of Australia's unique climatic conditions, vegetation types, land use patterns and soils.
8
Maroske, Sara, Libby Robin i Gavan McCarthy. "Building the History of Australian Science: Five Projects of Professor R.W. Home (1980–present)". Historical Records of Australian Science 28, nr 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr16018.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
R. W. Home was appointed the first and, up to 2016, the only Professor of History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) at the University of Melbourne. A pioneering researcher in the history of Australian science, Rod believes in both the importance and universality of scientific knowledge, which has led him to focus on the international dimensions of Australian science, and on a widespread dissemination of its history. This background has shaped five major projects Rod has overseen or fostered: the Australasian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science (a monograph series), Historical Records of Australian Science (a journal), the Australian Science Archives Project (now a cultural informatics research centre), the Australian Encyclopedia of Science (a web resource), and the Correspondence of Ferdinand von Mueller Project (an archive, series of publications and a forthcoming web resource). In this review, we outline the development of these projects (all still active), and reflect on their success in collecting, producing and communicating the history of science in Australia.
9
Shiner, R. J. W. "Speaking to God in Australia: Donald Robinson and the Writing of An Australian Prayer Book (1978)". Studies in Church History 53 (26.05.2017): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2016.26.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Archbishop Donald Robinson (b. 1922) had a distinguished career as a New Testament scholar and senior churchman. As a New Testament scholar, he emphasized the linguistic and cultural distance between what Barth called ‘the strange new world of the Bible’ and our own. However, as a senior churchman, Robinson was required to traverse the distance between the Bible and twentieth-century Australians. Through his episcopal leadership, and notably through his work in producing An Australian Prayer Book (1978), Robinson faced the challenge of speaking to Australians about God, and finding the words by which Australians might speak to God. This article will explore the ways in which a prominent scholar and churchman grappled with the linguistic and cultural challenges of speaking about God and to God in contemporary Australia, understood against the background of the crisis of (ir)relevance faced by Australian churches in the decline of the 1960s and 1970s.
10
Lipscombe, Ray, Don Blackmore i Dennis Elliott. "Australia's Fixed-Wing Aerial Dispersant Capability". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, nr 1 (1.03.2001): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-329.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
ABSTRACT Since January 1997, Australia has had in place a fixed-wing aerial dispersant capability (FWADC) designed to provide the country with a cost-effective aerial dispersant delivery system. The FWADC is managed by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) and is funded jointly by AMSA and the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) through its subsidiary, the Australian Marine Oil Spill Centre (AMOSC). The FWADC is based on the concept of using single-engine turbine-powered agricultural aircraft with a payload capacity of between 1,850 and 3,100 Liters of dispersant, depending on aircraft type. At a cost of AUD$400,000 per annum, Australia has access to a minimum of two primary aircraft, 24 hours every day of the year. Additional aircraft complement the two primary aircraft on an “aircraft of opportunity” basis. This paper addresses the background to the development and implementation of Australia's fixed-wing aerial dispersant capability and its integration into Australia's national oil spill response contingency arrangements. It also provides an overview of AMSA's role in managing the capability and providing training for aircraft operators and support crews in aerial dispersant-related operations.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Australian background"
1
Partington, Geoffrey. "The significant past in Australian thought : some studies in nineteenth century Australian thought and its British background". Title page, preface and contents only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09php2732.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła
2
Yousef, Areej. "Exploring Family Language Policies: A study of Australian Families of Arabic-Speaking Background". Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368006.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Despite a general expectation for immigrants to Australia to shift quickly to the use of English, new Australians families of Arabic-speaking backgrounds demonstrate strong affiliations with Arabic as their heritage language. However, there is little research which has explored how such families preserve their heritage language while simultaneously becoming proficient in the use of English. More specifically, few studies have examined family language policy and bilingualism among Arabic-English families in Australia. The study aimed to fill this gap by exploring the linguistic perceptions and practices of four recently arrived immigrant mothers of Arabic-speaking background as they negotiate their new language reality. The study aimed to discover whether they chose to raise their children bilingually, and, if so, how they accomplished this challenge. The study found that the participating mothers perceived bilingualism as a source of pride and a means of improving their families’ future prospects; however, they also acknowledged that raising children bilingually could be challenging and stressful. The mothers employed a range of strategies for developing their children’s bilingualism. These strategies included using the minority language at home, travelling back to the family’s country of origin, using the mixed language strategy to allow children the free alteration between Arabic and English, reading stories in Arabic and English, and using television shows as an educational tool. However, several mothers used these strategies primarily to facilitate the use of Arabic in an effort to counteract the dominance of English in the family environment. A key finding was that the mothers’ limited proficiency in English restricted their ability to communicate effectively in the wider Australian society and thus had adverse effects on their integration. The study concludes by recommending a set of strategies that may assist the mothers in raising their children bilingually with a view to assisting their integration and successful settlement in their adopted country.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Education and Professional Studies Research (MEdProfStRes)
School of Education and Professional Stuidies
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
3
Afzal, Bushra. "Better integration of NESB (non-English speaking background) teachers in the Australian education system". Thesis, Afzal, Bushra (2021) Better integration of NESB (non-English speaking background) teachers in the Australian education system. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/61547/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In Australia, communities who speak minority languages are referred to as ‘NESB’ (non-English speaking background) or CALD (culturally and linguistically diverse). In the 1980s Australian immigration experienced a sharp turn in preference towards skilled migrants. Among those skilled migrants, a huge number of intakes consisted of professionals from non-English speaking backgrounds (Colic-Peisker, 2009). Like other skilled professionals, more teachers began arriving from non-English speaking countries, and by 1992-93 they comprised 87% of teacher arrivals (Inglis & Philps, 1995). NESB teachers are an important community, especially in a culturally diverse country such as Australia where the workforce should also be reflecting that diversity. Inclusion of NESB teachers in the Australian workforce is particularly important in mathematics and science areas which are experiencing a shortage of teachers from the local market.
I am a NESB high school science teacher who migrated to Australia from Pakistan in early 2006 and experienced many barriers to resuming and continuing teaching in the new country. Based in large part on my personal experiences, in this study I investigate problems faced by NESB teachers in Australian schools that have hindered them from being successful and integrating into the Australian education system. I also explore the strengths and behaviours of NESB teachers who have been successful in their journey, with the aim of seeking solutions and making recommendations for achieving better integration.
For this research, I combine the paradigms of interpretivism, criticalism and post-modernism. A powerful hybrid epistemology emerges from this integration that enables me to explore key problems experienced by NESB teachers and to seek solutions. An auto-ethnographic writing methodology frames the inquiry, and critical reflections, focused interviews and narratives provide me with the necessary research tools. The quality of the research is governed by the qualitative criteria of trustworthiness, authenticity, emergence, pedagogical thoughtfulness, critical reflexivity and verisimilitude. Due consideration is given to ethical issues to protect everyone associated with this study, including myself.
In the thesis, I present the rich contexts of my own learning and teaching journey in the largely collectivist society of Pakistan in which I evolved as a teacher. Then, I present a clear comparison with my teaching experiences as an NESB teacher in the largely individualistic society of Australia, identifying the major obstacles to resuming my teaching practice. Voices of other NESB teachers in similar situations highlight that lack of information, language difficulties, lack of cultural understanding, covert racism, lack of permanent employment, little collegial support and personal efficacy are major obstacles for NESB teachers.
Next, from the perspective of Katz’s (1972) developmental stages of teaching, I present narrative accounts of the lived experiences of NESB teachers who appear to have successfully integrated into the Australian education system. I explore the strengths that enabled them to survive and thrive as ‘culturally different others’ in markedly different classroom/school environments. The key strengths I uncover are: good English language skills (not accent), existing network to help initiate entry into the teaching profession, good classroom management skills, better communication with colleagues and parents, collegial support, constant learning/training, excellent interpersonal skills, and workplace resilience.
Next, I discuss the role of ‘cultural transition’ in NESB teachers’ success, in particular, and in migrants’ lives, in general. From my own perspective, at first, I experienced a sense of loss, dislocation, alienation and isolation, which led to a process of acculturation (Bhugra, 2004). Then, slowly and gradually, I started moving from acculturation to integration. It appears to be important that when individuals attempt to move from a collectivistic society to an individualistic society they face a significant challenge to achieving cultural transition. The transition can be divided into stages of honeymoon, cultural shock, recovery and adaptation. Some NESB individuals seem to be more capable than others at reaching the adaptation stage, which significantly contributes to success in their personal and professional lives in the new culture.
I reveal how I came to understand that cultural integration, which is very different to cultural assimilation, is critical for the success of NESB teachers. It is a process of cultural exchange in which one group assumes the beliefs, practices and rituals of another group without sacrificing the characteristics of its own culture. I explore how extended exposure in the classroom, developing cultural intelligence and the courage to be assertive, and length of stay in Australia can positively increase chances of integration. Our native colleagues and the second generation of migrants can be of immense help to us (i.e., first-generation migrants) in this process. Cultural integration also appears to be closely linked to an individual’s sense of cultural identity, which is better understood as fluid rather than static. This understanding leads me to realise that, by embracing the concept of fluid identity, the process of cultural integration can become far less demanding.
I conclude that, as a result of this auto-ethnographic inquiry, I have achieved growth in my personal and professional competencies. Both my personal reflections and my participants’ experiences helped me to develop professional skills to survive and thrive. While exploring the issue of cultural transition I grew as a migrant in an unfamiliar land. I didn’t just learn a new set of values; I also learned how to reconcile them with my older set of values, thereby paving the way to my own cultural integration. This study proved to be a medium of therapeutic catharsis that helped me to heal from previously unidentified pain, setting me free from possible intergenerational trauma. I also benefitted by growing as a ‘writer’; I learned the art of looking in the mirror and describing what I see and reflecting on how it can help to assess myself and my way of thinking and functioning.
The findings of this study have the potential to help my fellow NESB teachers to grow in their personal, professional and cultural lives, leading the Australian education system towards better retention of NESB teachers, thereby avoiding essential skill wastage.
4
Choo, Lay Hiok, i n/a. "Cross-Cultural Collaboration Between Parents and Professionals in Special Education: a Sociocultural and Ethnomethological Investigation". Griffith University. School of Education and Professional Studies, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20051114.154210.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis examines the issue of parent participation and cultural diversity in the Australian special education context. Previous research in the U.S. had suggested that the low participation by parents of culturally diverse backgrounds was due to cultural barriers that hindered their partnership with professionals. In reviewing and critiquing this previous research, it became clear that the key concepts of collaboration, disability and culture required reconceptualisation. The theoretical tools deployed in this reconceptualisation are drawn from sociocultural theory and ethnomethodology. Seventeen parents of Chinese and Vietnamese backgrounds and 20 professionals were interviewed regarding the provision of special education for children attending either a special school or special education unit. Follow-up interviews were carried out to probe specific issues related to the salience of culture in parent-professional communication, their understanding of disability, and barriers to parent participation. In addition, the communication books that were passed between parents and professionals on a regular basis were obtained for 7 of the children. These books provide a unique insight into the way parents and professionals accomplished the category of Child-with-a-disability during their entries regarding the mundane practicalities of school and home. In suspending judgment about parent-professional collaboration, this thesis adopts the multiple foci of sociocultural analysis to gain a critical understanding of parent-professional relationships through time and across personal, interpersonal, community and institutional settings. Within this framework, this thesis found that parents and professionals prefer and enact a 'communicating' type of parent participation. Their preferences seemed to depend on a range of circumstances such as their work commitments, financial resources, language resources and changing educational goals for the child. The approach taken in the thesis also affords the specification of diverse models of collaboration (e.g. obliging/directing, influencing/complying, respectful distancing, coordinating, collaborating), each of which may be regarded as worthwhile and acceptable in specific local circumstances. This study found that overall the parent-professional relationship was a trust-given one in which participants unproblematically regarded the professionals as experts. The professionals' reports revealed them to be doing accounting work - creating a moral view of the good parent and good professional. The emphasis on context in both sociocultural and ethnomethodological approaches reframes parental and professional discourse about disability as being context-driven. In employing Membership Categorisation Analysis (MCA) to examine parents' and professionals' descriptions of the child in the communication book and the research interviews, positive as well as negative attributes of the child were obtained. Interpreting the findings in terms of the context of home and school reveals how negative attributes of the child became foregrounded. For example, the orientation to the child as lacking capacity to remember was an outcome of parents and professionals orienting to their (institutional) roles and responsibilities to manage the practicalities of school. The comparison of views reveals strong agreement between the parents and professionals about the child. Interpreting the data based on the task-at-hand of particular data collection settings provides one explanation. For instance, the communication book is a site where parents and professionals align with each other to co-construct a version of the child. Culture is not treated as a static set of traits and behavioural norms that accounts for the communication difficulties between Western-trained professionals and culturally-diverse parents. Rather, culture is theorised in this thesis as an evolving set of semiotic resources and repertoires of practice that participants draw upon and enact in their everyday activities. Using MCA, the ways in which participants deployed cultural categories, the social ends achieved by such deployment, and the attributes they assigned to these cultural categories, are documented. This approach takes cultural difference to be a resource that people use to account for conflicts, rather than as a determining cause of conflict. The documentation of how participants legitimised their explanations to add credibility to their accounts captures their moment-by-moment cultural categorisation work. In comparison to prior research, the significance of this approach is that it looks seriously at the parents' and professionals' mundane and enacted notions of collaboration and participation, the child with a disability, and culture. This thesis has interwoven several data sources and applied complementary analytics in order to reveal and understand some of the everyday complexity of cross-cultural parent professional interaction in the special education context. There is reason to look carefully at the daily achievements of the participants for it is where the intricacies of a phenomenon lie.
5
Choo, Lay Hiok. "Cross-Cultural Collaboration Between Parents and Professionals in Special Education: a Sociocultural and Ethnomethological Investigation". Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365667.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis examines the issue of parent participation and cultural diversity in the Australian special education context. Previous research in the U.S. had suggested that the low participation by parents of culturally diverse backgrounds was due to cultural barriers that hindered their partnership with professionals. In reviewing and critiquing this previous research, it became clear that the key concepts of collaboration, disability and culture required reconceptualisation. The theoretical tools deployed in this reconceptualisation are drawn from sociocultural theory and ethnomethodology. Seventeen parents of Chinese and Vietnamese backgrounds and 20 professionals were interviewed regarding the provision of special education for children attending either a special school or special education unit. Follow-up interviews were carried out to probe specific issues related to the salience of culture in parent-professional communication, their understanding of disability, and barriers to parent participation. In addition, the communication books that were passed between parents and professionals on a regular basis were obtained for 7 of the children. These books provide a unique insight into the way parents and professionals accomplished the category of Child-with-a-disability during their entries regarding the mundane practicalities of school and home. In suspending judgment about parent-professional collaboration, this thesis adopts the multiple foci of sociocultural analysis to gain a critical understanding of parent-professional relationships through time and across personal, interpersonal, community and institutional settings. Within this framework, this thesis found that parents and professionals prefer and enact a 'communicating' type of parent participation. Their preferences seemed to depend on a range of circumstances such as their work commitments, financial resources, language resources and changing educational goals for the child. The approach taken in the thesis also affords the specification of diverse models of collaboration (e.g. obliging/directing, influencing/complying, respectful distancing, coordinating, collaborating), each of which may be regarded as worthwhile and acceptable in specific local circumstances. This study found that overall the parent-professional relationship was a trust-given one in which participants unproblematically regarded the professionals as experts. The professionals' reports revealed them to be doing accounting work - creating a moral view of the good parent and good professional. The emphasis on context in both sociocultural and ethnomethodological approaches reframes parental and professional discourse about disability as being context-driven. In employing Membership Categorisation Analysis (MCA) to examine parents' and professionals' descriptions of the child in the communication book and the research interviews, positive as well as negative attributes of the child were obtained. Interpreting the findings in terms of the context of home and school reveals how negative attributes of the child became foregrounded. For example, the orientation to the child as lacking capacity to remember was an outcome of parents and professionals orienting to their (institutional) roles and responsibilities to manage the practicalities of school. The comparison of views reveals strong agreement between the parents and professionals about the child. Interpreting the data based on the task-at-hand of particular data collection settings provides one explanation. For instance, the communication book is a site where parents and professionals align with each other to co-construct a version of the child. Culture is not treated as a static set of traits and behavioural norms that accounts for the communication difficulties between Western-trained professionals and culturally-diverse parents. Rather, culture is theorised in this thesis as an evolving set of semiotic resources and repertoires of practice that participants draw upon and enact in their everyday activities. Using MCA, the ways in which participants deployed cultural categories, the social ends achieved by such deployment, and the attributes they assigned to these cultural categories, are documented. This approach takes cultural difference to be a resource that people use to account for conflicts, rather than as a determining cause of conflict. The documentation of how participants legitimised their explanations to add credibility to their accounts captures their moment-by-moment cultural categorisation work. In comparison to prior research, the significance of this approach is that it looks seriously at the parents' and professionals' mundane and enacted notions of collaboration and participation, the child with a disability, and culture. This thesis has interwoven several data sources and applied complementary analytics in order to reveal and understand some of the everyday complexity of cross-cultural parent professional interaction in the special education context. There is reason to look carefully at the daily achievements of the participants for it is where the intricacies of a phenomenon lie.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Education and Professional Studies
Full Text
6
au, lasko2nd@yahoo com, i Tomaz Lasic. "Experiences of schooling of students with former Yugoslav ethnic background in a Western Australian secondary school". Murdoch University, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080812.150558.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Ethnicity is an important social construct mobilised in the discourses of multicultural education. At present, little research exists on the way ethnicity impacts on the schooling experiences of students with former Yugoslav background (SFYB) in Australia.
This qualitative study looks at the daily realities of twelve SFYB at a Western Australian government secondary school. Particular attention is paid to the management of their ethnic identities to achieve their educational, social and other goals.
Data gathered from the twelve in-depth, guided interviews with SFYB is analysed through the lens of critical multiculturalism, posited as one of several notions of multiculturalism and one with a specific social justice agenda. Theories of hybridity developed by Homi Bhabha and Stuart Hall are translated into the critical multiculturalist framework and provide a further development of the analysis of the data in which hybridity is seen as both experiences and enactments.
The study findings suggest that these SFYB embody the principles of critical multiculturalism as skilful managers of contingencies of ethnic identities, aspirations and challenges they encounter at the school. The study also proposes that the notion of critical, power conscious hybridity could be useful as a conceptual tool in the future work of critical multiculturalists.
7
Lašič, Tomaž. "Experiences of schooling of students with former Yugoslav ethnic background in a Western Australian secondary school /". Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses Project, 2007. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080812.150558.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Lasic, Tomaz. "Experiences of schooling of students with former Yugoslav ethnic background in a Western Australian secondary school". Thesis, Lasic, Tomaz (2007) Experiences of schooling of students with former Yugoslav ethnic background in a Western Australian secondary school. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/145/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Ethnicity is an important social construct mobilised in the discourses of multicultural education. At present, little research exists on the way ethnicity impacts on the schooling experiences of students with former Yugoslav background (SFYB) in Australia.
This qualitative study looks at the daily realities of twelve SFYB at a Western Australian government secondary school. Particular attention is paid to the management of their ethnic identities to achieve their educational, social and other goals.
Data gathered from the twelve in-depth, guided interviews with SFYB is analysed through the lens of critical multiculturalism, posited as one of several notions of multiculturalism and one with a specific social justice agenda. Theories of hybridity developed by Homi Bhabha and Stuart Hall are translated into the critical multiculturalist framework and provide a further development of the analysis of the data in which hybridity is seen as both experiences and enactments.
The study findings suggest that these SFYB embody the principles of critical multiculturalism as skilful managers of contingencies of ethnic identities, aspirations and challenges they encounter at the school. The study also proposes that the notion of critical, power conscious hybridity could be useful as a conceptual tool in the future work of critical multiculturalists.
9
Lasic, Tomaz. "Experiences of schooling of students with former Yugoslav ethnic background in a Western Australian secondary school". Lasic, Tomaz (2007) Experiences of schooling of students with former Yugoslav ethnic background in a Western Australian secondary school. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2007. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/145/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Ethnicity is an important social construct mobilised in the discourses of multicultural education. At present, little research exists on the way ethnicity impacts on the schooling experiences of students with former Yugoslav background (SFYB) in Australia.
This qualitative study looks at the daily realities of twelve SFYB at a Western Australian government secondary school. Particular attention is paid to the management of their ethnic identities to achieve their educational, social and other goals.
Data gathered from the twelve in-depth, guided interviews with SFYB is analysed through the lens of critical multiculturalism, posited as one of several notions of multiculturalism and one with a specific social justice agenda. Theories of hybridity developed by Homi Bhabha and Stuart Hall are translated into the critical multiculturalist framework and provide a further development of the analysis of the data in which hybridity is seen as both experiences and enactments.
The study findings suggest that these SFYB embody the principles of critical multiculturalism as skilful managers of contingencies of ethnic identities, aspirations and challenges they encounter at the school. The study also proposes that the notion of critical, power conscious hybridity could be useful as a conceptual tool in the future work of critical multiculturalists.
10
Suominen, Keiju, i n/a. "The migration experiences of non-English speaking background children". University of Canberra. Education, 1993. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.112910.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This study examines the migration experiences of non-English speaking background children. The research was conducted at the Southside Primary
Introductory English Centre in the A.C.T. An ethnographic approach was
employed enabling the researcher to participate in the setting in order to
develop an in depth understanding of the children's experiences.
The data was collected using observation and key informant interviewing. The
participants were encouraged to freely reflect on their past and present
experiences to enable them to make a comparative analysis of their
experiences in Australia and in their country of origin. The data has been
faithfully recorded to represent the children's point of view.
The data was then organised into taxonomies. These were used as a basis for
the analysis of the data in relation to the pertinent literature. The three major
categories examined were culture, interaction and feelings. This analysis has
been used to draw implications for the education of migrant children in the
A.C.T.
Książki na temat "Australian background"
1
Ron, Edwards. Doing business in Thailand: Essential background knowledge and first hand advice. [Caulfield East, Victoria]: Asian Business Research Unit, Monash University, 1995.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
2
Fund, International Monetary, red. Australia: Background material. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1995.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
3
Humphries, Barry. Women in the background. Port Melbourne, Vic: W. Heinemann Australia, 1995.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
4
University of New England. School of English, Communication and Theatre. Australian folklore and folk speech: A course in part focussed on the text of The hidden culture: Folklore in Australian society by Graham Seal (text of 1988, 1993), and illustrated for folk speech by such a work as Hughes, Joan (ed.) The concise Australian national dictionary (1992) : Study guide (with the twelve clusterings of weekly background reading, complementary material and suggested tasks). Armidale: Printed at the University of New England, 1998.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
5
University of New England. School of English, Communication and Theatre. Australian folklore and folk speech: A course in part focussed on the text of The hidden culture: Folklore in Australian society by Graham Seal (text of 1988, 1993), and illustrated for folk speech by such a work as Hughes, Joan (ed.) The concise Australian national dictionary (1992) : Study guide (with the twelve clusterings of weekly background reading, complementary material and suggested tasks). Armidale: Printed at the University of New England, 1998.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
6
Griffith, Gareth. The native title debate: Background and current issues. [Sydney?: NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service], 1999.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
7
Law Reform Commission of Western Australia. Aboriginal customary laws: Background papers. Perth, Western Australia: Law Reform Commission of Western Australia, 2006.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
8
Humphries, Barry. Women in the background: A novel. London: Mandarin, 1997.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
9
Women in the background: A novel. London: Heinemann, 1996.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródła
10
McIntyre, Greg. Background paper Aboriginal customary law: Can it be recognised? [Perth, W. A.]: Law Reform Commission of Western Australia, 2005.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Australian background"
1
McIntyre, W. David. "Australian Post-war Strategic Planning". W Background to the Anzus Pact, 169–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230380073_6.
Pełny tekst źródła
2
Dewsbury, Mark Andrew. "Background to Australian House Energy Rating". W The Empirical Validation of House Energy Rating (HER) Software for Lightweight Housing in Cool Temperate Climates, 7–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14337-8_2.
Pełny tekst źródła
3
Goss, W. M., Claire Hooker i Ronald D. Ekers. "New Opportunities in Australian Science, 1929". W Historical & Cultural Astronomy, 27–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07916-0_4.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractJoe Pawsey’s was the first generation in which an Australian born child could think of growing up to be a scientist, as he was poised to do at the end of his undergraduate years. There was a new sense in Australia that science would be important for a nation growing in independence and confidence, and the modern world was being rapidly and profoundly reshaped by technology. In this chapter we set out the social and intellectual background to Pawsey’s Masters and PhD research and introduce the reader to the scientific staff of the Australian Radio Research Board, where Pawsey’s Masters was undertaken.
4
McElhone, Megan. "Portrayals of Middle Eastern Background Communities as Criminal in Australian Popular Media". W Crime, Deviance and Popular Culture, 289–314. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04912-6_12.
Pełny tekst źródła
5
Orchiston, Wayne, Peter Robertson i Woodruff T. Sullivan III. "Expanding Horizons – The Milky Way and Beyond". W Golden Years of Australian Radio Astronomy, 149–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91843-3_4.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractNon-solar research at the Radiophysics Laboratory (RP) was launched in September 1946 when Joe Pawsey (1908–1962) tried unsuccessfully to observe the enigmatic ‘radio star’ in Cygnus that the British team of Stanley Hey (1909–2000, Fig. 4.1), John Parsons and James Phillips (1946) had announced in the 17 August issue of Nature. Two months later, John Bolton (1922–1993; Fig. 4.2) and research assistant Bruce Slee (1924–2016) were at Dover Heights trying to observe the Sun at 60 MHz. When it insisted on remaining inactive they decided to use their 2-Yagi antenna in sea interferometer mode to search for radio emission from other types of objects. Neither had a background in astronomy, and their astronomical knowledge and resources were virtually non-existent. Bolton (1982: 349) later described how they used the Russell, Duggan and Stewart book Astronomy to “… hazard guesses as to which types of objects might emit copious amounts of radio emission …” and Norton’s Star Atlas “… to find the position of the brightest candidate in each class.”
6
Naidoo, Loshini, Jane Wilkinson, Misty Adoniou i Kip Langat. "School to University Transitions for Australian Children of Refugee Background: A Complex Journey". W Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Concerns and Prospects, 81–103. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6476-0_6.
Pełny tekst źródła
7
Okaya, David, Tim Stern, Fred Davey, Stuart Henrys i Simon Cox. "Continent-continent collision at the Pacific/Indo-Australian Plate Boundary: Background, motivation, and principal results". W A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand, 1–18. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/175gm02.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
Yeung, Alexander Seeshing, i Feifei Han. "Chinese-Background Australian Students' Academic Self-concept, Motivational Goals, and Achievements in Math and English". W Educating Chinese–Heritage Students in the Global–Local Nexus, 141–60. New York : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315394541-9.
Pełny tekst źródła
9
Tomaszewski, Wojtek, Francisco Perales, Ning Xiang i Matthias Kubler. "Differences in Higher Education Access, Participation and Outcomes by Socioeconomic Background: A Life Course Perspective". W Family Dynamics over the Life Course, 133–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12224-8_7.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
AbstractThe intergenerational transmission of socio-economic status is driven to a significant extent through parents with higher socio-economic status providing advantages to their children as they move through the education system. At the same time, attainment of higher education credentials constitutes an important pathway for upwards social mobility among individuals from low socio-economic family backgrounds. Given the critical importance of higher education for socio-economic outcomes of children, this chapter focuses on young people’s journeys into and out of university. Drawing on the life course approach and opportunity pluralism theory, we present a conceptual model of the university student life cycle that splits individuals’ higher education trajectories into three distinct stages: access, participation and post-participation. Using this model as a guiding framework, we present a body of recent Australian evidence on differences in pathways through the higher education system among individuals from low and high socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds. In doing so, we pay attention to factors such as family material circumstances, students’ school experiences and post-school plans, and parental education and expectations—all of which constitute important barriers to access, participation and successful transitions out of higher education for low SES students. Overall, our results indicate that socio-economic background plays a significant role in shaping outcomes at various points of individual’s educational trajectories. This is manifested by lower chances amongst low-SES individuals to access and participate in higher education, and to find satisfying and secure employment post-graduation. Our findings bear important implications for educational and social policy.
10
New, Tim R. "Australia’s Butterflies: Some Background". W Butterfly Conservation in South-Eastern Australia: Progress and Prospects, 3–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9926-6_1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Australian background"
1
Shariati, Saeed, Jocelyn Armarego i Fay Sudweeks. "The Impact of e-Skills on the Settlement of Iranian Refugees in Australia". W InSITE 2017: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Vietnam. Informing Science Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3684.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Skills and Lifelong Learning (IJELL)] Aim/Purpose: The research investigates the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on Iranian refugees’ settlement in Australia. Background: The study identifies the issues of settlement, such as language, cultural and social differences. Methodology: The Multi-Sited Ethnography (MSE), which is a qualitative methodology, has been used with a thematic analysis drawing on a series of semi-structured interviews with two groups of participants (51 Iranian refugees and 55 people with a role in assisting refugees). Contribution: The research findings may enable the creation of a model for use by the Australian Government with Iranian refugees. Findings: The findings show the vital role ICT play in refugees’ ongoing day-to-day life towards settlement. Recommendations for Practitioners: The results from this paper could be generalised to other groups of refugees in Australia and also could be used for Iranian refugees in other countries. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers may use a similar study for refugees of different backgrounds in Australia and around the world. Impact on Society: ICT may assist refugees to become less isolated, less marginalized and part of mainstream society. Future Research: Future research could look into the digital divide between refugees in Australia and main stream Australians.
2
Ohmer, Julius Fabian, Peter G. Perry i Nicholas J. Redding. "GPU-Accelerated Background Generation Algorithm with Low Latency". W 9th Biennial Conference of the Australian Pattern Recognition Society on Digital Image Computing Techniques and Applications (DICTA 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dicta.2007.4426845.
Pełny tekst źródła
3
Pendock, Graeme J., William Shieh, Xingwen Yi i Changyuan Yu. "Measuring dispersion in WDM links with modulaetd background ASE". W 2008 Joint Conference of the Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and the Australian Conference on Optical Fibre Technology (ACOFT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oeccacoft.2008.4610601.
Pełny tekst źródła
4
"Views and Tendencies of Introducing Computational Thinking in Australian Schools [Research in Progress]". W InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4348.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Aim/Purpose: This paper discusses theoretical and curricular aspects of computational thinking in curriculum and challenges noticed on introducing recent ICT perspectives in Australian Schools. Background: It presents the way computational thinking is defined and understood in curriculum documents and a set of relatively new implementations that were de-signed nationally and in the New South Wales state. Methodology: This paper uses qualitative research methods such as content analysis and text analysis methods. Contribution This research analyzes some recent trends in introducing computational thinking and explore the was these reforms are described in the official documents. Findings: It was noticed that although the importance of computational thinking was highly emphasized, the documents cannot describe a consistent implementation of this set of educational policies, as at this time implementing computational thinking largely underperforming. Recommendations for Practitioners: It is recommended a more systemic way of designing policies and curriculum content for the integration of computational thinking in Australian schools. Future Research: Future research needs to explore reasons for delaying these reforms of introduc-ing computational thinking.
5
Jewels, Tony, i Nina Evans. "Ethical IT Behaviour as a Function of Environment". W InSITE 2005: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2881.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Research is currently being undertaken to compare attitudes and behaviour towards ethics in information technology between students at an Australian and a South African university. This work provides a background to ethics from the literature from which a behavioural model for micro-level ethical standards is proposed. Using a theoretical underpinning of Fishbein & Azjen’s Theory of Reasoned Action, a survey document has been developed to identify and compare what constructs most affect an individual’s intention to behave in situations requiring ethical considerations.
6
Watkins, Simon, i Clive Humphris. "Solar Vehicles: The Challenge of Maximum Speed From Minimal Power". W ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31245.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The World Solar Challenge is a race from Darwin to Adelaide which attracts purpose-built vehicles from around the world. Using only power from the sun, the vehicles reach speeds of over 100 km/hr and the current record holder averaged a speed of over 90 km/hr. In this paper the background to the race and some of the technology used is described. Since aerodynamic drag is the major resistance to motion, this is examined in detail, including the testing and design principles applied to the Australian “Aurora” vehicle which won the race in 1999 and came second in 2001. A highly efficient electric motor, developed specifically for the Aurora is also described.
7
Sault, R. J., D. P. Rayner i M. J. Kesteven. "Precision and widefield polarimetry with the Australia Telescope Compact Array". W ASTROPHYSICAL POLARIZED BACKGROUNDS: Workshop on Astrophysical Polarized Backgrounds. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1471838.
Pełny tekst źródła
8
"Managing Volunteer Retention Through Socialisation – A Study of Volunteers in an Australian Emergency Service Agency [Abstract]". W InSITE 2018: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: La Verne California. Informing Science Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4020.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Aim/Purpose: In many OECD countries, emergency response relies on volunteers, and while emergency incidents are increasing, volunteer numbers are declining. Volunteer turnover occurs at various stages of the volunteering life cycle (i.e., recruitment, training, socialisation, performance, and retirement), the socialisation stage has the greatest impact on organisations, as it occurs after the allocation of resources and training, but before the investment is returned through volunteer performance. There is sparse literature exploring this stage. Background: Addressing the gap, this paper presents a model of volunteer retention, predicting acceptance, social-expulsion, or self-exclusion, based on social fit. Methodology: The model is based on an inductive examination of the processes of volunteer turnover during socialisation of emergency service volunteers. Using a grounded theory approach, focus groups and interviews were conducted with 157 volunteers across seven locations. Contribution: This model contributes to theory by categorising volunteer turnover according to the stages of the volunteering life cycle, and to practice by drawing attention to the need to consider social fit prior to investing in new volunteer training and understanding the role of leadership intervention pre- and post-training. Findings: The study identifies the processes of volunteer turnover and predicts that volunteers either stay or leave based on the level of their social fit. Recommendations for Practitioners: Strategies are developed to guide leaders on the best approaches to maintain and retain volunteer workers in Emergency Service agencies Recommendation for Researchers: The model contributes to theory by providing an empirically based description of the processes involved in volunteer retention and turnover and offers guidelines for increasing volunteer retention in emergency services and other volunteer organisations across Australia and around the world. Impact on Society: Increased retention benefits the emergency service organisation in terms of return on the investment of volunteer training, regarding sustainability of human resources, and in regard to increasing diversity among its volunteers. In turn, this retention also benefits volunteers, and the entire community, as it gains access to a greater number of emergency services providers. Future Research: Future research should focus on recreating this study in other countries and in different emergency service contexts.
9
Penman, Joy, i Kerre A Willsher. "New Horizons for Immigrant Nurses Through a Mental Health Self-Management Program: A Pre- and Post-Test Mixed-Method Approach". W InSITE 2021: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4759.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Aim/Purpose: This research paper reports on the evaluation of a mental health self-management program provided to immigrant nurses working at various rural South Australian aged care services. Background: The residential aged care staffing crisis is severe in rural areas. To improve immigrant nurses’ employment experiences, a mental health self-management program was developed and conducted in rural and regional health care services in South Australia. Methodology: A mixed approach of pre- and post-surveys and post workshop focus groups was utilized with the objectives of exploring the experiences of 25 immigrant nurses and the impact of the mental health program. Feminist standpoint theory was used to interpret the qualitative data. Contribution: A new learning environment was created for immigrant nurses to learn about the theory and practice of maintaining and promoting mental health. Findings: Statistical tests showed a marked difference in responses before and after the intervention, especially regarding knowledge of mental health. The results of this study indicated that a change in thinking was triggered, followed by a change in behaviour enabling participants to undertake self-management strategies. Recommendations for Practitioners: Include expanding the workshops to cover more health care practitioners. Recommendations for Researchers: Feminist researchers must actively listen and examine their own beliefs and those of others to create knowledge. Extending the program to metropolitan areas and examining differences in data. E technology such as zoom, skype or virtual classrooms could be used. Impact on Society: The new awareness and knowledge would be beneficial in the family and community because issues at work can impact on the ability to care for the family, and there are often problems around family separation. Future Research: Extending the research to include men and staff of metropolitan aged care facilities.
10
Chun Wai, Wilson Yeung, i Estefanía Salas Llopis. "THE SPACE BETWEEN US". W INNODOCT 2020. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inn2020.2020.11901.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This article explores how to integrate the collective creation of contemporary art exhibitions, and how to transform exhibition works into contemporary language and novel visual art materials, thereby generating cultural exchange between Australia and Spain. The Space Between Us (2017- ), co-curated by Australian artist-curator Wilson Yeung and Spanish artist Estefanía Salas Llopis, resolve these questions by examining the contemporary art exhibition. This paper also asks how to transform art exhibitions into laboratories, how artists and curators work together in a collective innovation environment, how collective creation generates new knowledge, and how to develop collective creation among creative participants from different cultures and backgrounds.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Australian background"
1
Thomson, Sue. PISA 2018: Australia in Focus Number 1: Academic resilience among Australian students. Australian Council for Educational Research, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-624-6.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Socioeconomically disadvantaged students (i.e. those whose scores on a constructed measure of social and cultural capital are below a specified cut-off, usually the 25th percentile) have been found to be more likely to drop out of school, repeat a grade, achieve lower levels at senior secondary school, and score lower on tests such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Despite this association between socioeconomic disadvantage and poorer outcomes related to education, a percentage of students who come from disadvantaged backgrounds enjoy success at school. This apparent success despite the odds is of interest to researchers and educators alike – what, if any, characteristics do these academically resilient students share, why might this be and what can we learn from this group of students, however small, that might assist in improving outcomes for all students, regardless of their socioeconomic background?
2
Hillman, Kylie, i Sue Thomson. 2018 Australian TALIS-PISA Link Report. Australian Council for Educational Research, sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-598-0.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Australia was one of nine countries and economies to participate in the 2018 TALIS-PISA link study, together with Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Argentina), Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Georgia, Malta, Turkey and Viet Nam. This study involved coordinating the samples of schools that participated in the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA, a study of the performance of 15-year-old students) and the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS, a study that surveys teachers and principals in lower secondary schools) in 2018. A sample of teachers from schools that were selected to participate in PISA were invited to respond to the TALIS survey. TALIS data provides information regarding the background, beliefs and practices of lower secondary teachers and principals, and PISA data delivers insights into the background characteristics and cognitive and non-cognitive skills of 15-year-old students. Linking these data offers an internationally comparable dataset combining information on key education stakeholders. This report presents results of analyses of the relationships between teacher and school factors and student outcomes, such as performance on the PISA assessment, expectations for further study and experiences of school life. Results for Australia are presented alongside those of the average (mean) across all countries and economies that participated in the TALIS-PISA link study for comparison, but the focus remains on what relationships were significant among Australian students.
3
Hillman, Kylie, i Sue Thomson. 2018 Australian TALIS-PISA Link Report. Australian Council for Educational Research, sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-628-4.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Australia was one of nine countries and economies to participate in the 2018 TALIS-PISA link study, together with Cuidad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Argentina), Colombia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Georgia, Malta, Turkey and Viet Nam. This study involved coordinating the samples of schools that participated in the Program of International Student Assessment (PISA, a study of the performance of 15-year-old students) and the Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS, a study that surveys teachers and principals in lower secondary schools) in 2018. A sample of teachers from schools that were selected to participate in PISA were invited to respond to the TALIS survey. TALIS data provides information regarding the background, beliefs and practices of lower secondary teachers and principals, and PISA data delivers insights into the background characteristics and cognitive and non-cognitive skills of 15-year-old students. Linking these data offers an internationally comparable dataset combining information on key education stakeholders. This report presents results of analyses of the relationships between teacher and school factors and student outcomes, such as performance on the PISA assessment, expectations for further study and experiences of school life. Results for Australia are presented alongside those of the average (mean) across all countries and economies that participated in the TALIS-PISA link study for comparison, but the focus remains on what relationships were significant among Australian students.
4
de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes i Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.
5
Pitman, Tim, Paul Koshy, Daniel Edwards, Liang-Cheng Zhang i Julie McMillan. Australian Higher Education Equity Ranking Project: Final Report. Australian Council for Educational Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-666-6.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This report details the findings of a feasibility study for the Department of Education and Training (DET) into the development of a higher education student equity ranking index. The purpose of study was to determine whether it was possible to measure higher education equity performance at the institutional level and convey each institution’s relative performance through an ‘equity rank’. The ranking was to be based on institutional performance in regard to equity-group students, including students from low socio-economic backgrounds; students from regional/remote areas of Australia; Indigenous students; students with disability; and students from non-English speaking backgrounds.
6
Schroder, I., P. de Caritat i L. Wallace. The Northern Australia Hydrogeochemical Survey: aquifer lithologies, local backgrounds and under-cover processes. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/134081.
Pełny tekst źródła
7
McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson i Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, czerwiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.
8
Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones i Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, czerwiec 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.
9
Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust i Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, październik 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
10
Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie i Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.