Rozprawy doktorskie: „Australatya”

1

Page, Timothy J., i n/a. "An Evolutionary History of the Freshwater Shrimp Family Atyidae in Australia". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070725.120145.

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The aim of this thesis is to use phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA to investigate the biogeography and evolutionary relationships within the freshwater shrimp family Atyidae in Australia at a nested series of scales, both geographic and systematic. At the largest scale, the relationships between Australian and Indo-West Pacific species were inferred using the two most common atyid genera in Australia, Caridina and Paratya. Most atyids are hypothesised to have colonised Australia from Southeast Asia, but Paratya may be a Gondwanan relict given its distribution. Australian Paratya all form a strong clade, with a sister relationship to species from Tasman Sea islands. Molecular clock estimates place all of the splits within Paratya after the break-up of Gondwana, with Australia being colonised once 3½-8½ million years ago. This transoceanic dispersal is conjectured to have taken place through oceanic currents because of the amphidromous life cycle of some taxa of Paratya. Caridina has a very different biogeographic history in Australia, as numerous Australian species have close evolutionary relationships with non-Australian taxa from locations throughout the region. This implies many colonisations to or from Australia over a long period, and thus highlights the surprising adeptness of freshwater shrimp in dispersal across ocean barriers and the unity of much of the region's freshwater biota. A number of potential species radiations within Australia were also identified. This agrees with patterns detected for a large number of Australian freshwater taxa, and implies a vicariant explanation due to the development of colder, dryer climates. The systematic relationships of the remaining two Australian surface genera (Caridinides, Australatya) and two subterranean genera (Parisia, Pycnisia) were also investigated. Australatya forms a strong clade with Pacific 'Atya-like' genera, and Caridinides falls within a clade containing Australian Caridina. The hypogean genera, Parisia and Pycnisia, form a strong clade in all analyses, implying an Australian subterranean speciation. The possibility of a relationship between Parisia/Pycnisia and some Australian Caridina species may have implications for the monophyly of the highly disjunct genus Parisia, as it may descend from local Caridina species and represent convergent morphologies. The common and speciose genus Caridina was used as a model taxon for analyses within Australia. At the medium scale, molecular taxonomic techniques were used to uncover cryptic species within a problematic east Australian species complex. At least five species were detected. Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses were carried out on each of these five cryptic species, which diverged from each other in the late Miocene/Pliocene. There were very large differences between the species in the scales of overall geographic distribution, intraspecific divergence and population structure. These were characterised as either: 1) species with large ranges, low intraspecific divergence, limited phylogeographic structuring (Caridina sp. D); 2) species with large ranges, high intraspecific divergence, a high level of phylogeographic structuring (sp. B); 3) species with a limited range, low intraspecific divergence, no phylogeographic structuring (sp. E); or 4) species with limited ranges, high intraspecific divergences, a high level of phylogeographic structuring (sp. A & C). These patterns reflect a combination of large-scale factors, such as landscape structure and climate change, and small-scale factors, such as species-specific tolerances to local conditions and differing dispersal capabilities. Life history variation (egg size) between species may be correlated with different dispersal abilities. Species with the smallest eggs have the least intraspecific divergence and largest distribution, while those with the biggest eggs have the most divergence and smallest distribution, with medium-sized egg species in between. At the smallest phylogeographic scale, C. sp. C from the sand dune islands of Moreton Bay in southeastern Queensland was further analysed. Two different lineages (C1, C2) were found which diverged from each other during the late Miocene/Pliocene and so are older than the current landscape in which they are found. Small-scale phylogeographic analyses within C1, C2 and a sympatric fish identified divergences dating to the Pleistocene (about 100-300 thousand years ago). This implies that ice age sea-level changes may have structured these populations, although there is little observable influence of the last glacial maximum (about 18 thousand years ago). This study has highlighted a number of taxonomic anomalies within the Atyidae. The detection of many cryptic species implies that biodiversity within freshwater invertebrates is higher than currently appreciated. The evolutionary and biogeographic relationships of Australian atyids have proved complex, with many taxa having their own individual histories. At the large Indo-Pacific scale, dispersal is most evident, but within Australia, both vicariance and dispersal have been responsible for structuring all taxa at every scale.

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2

Page, Timothy J. "An Evolutionary History of the Freshwater Shrimp Family Atyidae in Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367826.

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The aim of this thesis is to use phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA to investigate the biogeography and evolutionary relationships within the freshwater shrimp family Atyidae in Australia at a nested series of scales, both geographic and systematic. At the largest scale, the relationships between Australian and Indo-West Pacific species were inferred using the two most common atyid genera in Australia, Caridina and Paratya. Most atyids are hypothesised to have colonised Australia from Southeast Asia, but Paratya may be a Gondwanan relict given its distribution. Australian Paratya all form a strong clade, with a sister relationship to species from Tasman Sea islands. Molecular clock estimates place all of the splits within Paratya after the break-up of Gondwana, with Australia being colonised once 3½-8½ million years ago. This transoceanic dispersal is conjectured to have taken place through oceanic currents because of the amphidromous life cycle of some taxa of Paratya. Caridina has a very different biogeographic history in Australia, as numerous Australian species have close evolutionary relationships with non-Australian taxa from locations throughout the region. This implies many colonisations to or from Australia over a long period, and thus highlights the surprising adeptness of freshwater shrimp in dispersal across ocean barriers and the unity of much of the region's freshwater biota. A number of potential species radiations within Australia were also identified. This agrees with patterns detected for a large number of Australian freshwater taxa, and implies a vicariant explanation due to the development of colder, dryer climates. The systematic relationships of the remaining two Australian surface genera (Caridinides, Australatya) and two subterranean genera (Parisia, Pycnisia) were also investigated. Australatya forms a strong clade with Pacific 'Atya-like' genera, and Caridinides falls within a clade containing Australian Caridina. The hypogean genera, Parisia and Pycnisia, form a strong clade in all analyses, implying an Australian subterranean speciation. The possibility of a relationship between Parisia/Pycnisia and some Australian Caridina species may have implications for the monophyly of the highly disjunct genus Parisia, as it may descend from local Caridina species and represent convergent morphologies. The common and speciose genus Caridina was used as a model taxon for analyses within Australia. At the medium scale, molecular taxonomic techniques were used to uncover cryptic species within a problematic east Australian species complex. At least five species were detected. Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses were carried out on each of these five cryptic species, which diverged from each other in the late Miocene/Pliocene. There were very large differences between the species in the scales of overall geographic distribution, intraspecific divergence and population structure. These were characterised as either: 1) species with large ranges, low intraspecific divergence, limited phylogeographic structuring (Caridina sp. D); 2) species with large ranges, high intraspecific divergence, a high level of phylogeographic structuring (sp. B); 3) species with a limited range, low intraspecific divergence, no phylogeographic structuring (sp. E); or 4) species with limited ranges, high intraspecific divergences, a high level of phylogeographic structuring (sp. A & C). These patterns reflect a combination of large-scale factors, such as landscape structure and climate change, and small-scale factors, such as species-specific tolerances to local conditions and differing dispersal capabilities. Life history variation (egg size) between species may be correlated with different dispersal abilities. Species with the smallest eggs have the least intraspecific divergence and largest distribution, while those with the biggest eggs have the most divergence and smallest distribution, with medium-sized egg species in between. At the smallest phylogeographic scale, C. sp. C from the sand dune islands of Moreton Bay in southeastern Queensland was further analysed. Two different lineages (C1, C2) were found which diverged from each other during the late Miocene/Pliocene and so are older than the current landscape in which they are found. Small-scale phylogeographic analyses within C1, C2 and a sympatric fish identified divergences dating to the Pleistocene (about 100-300 thousand years ago). This implies that ice age sea-level changes may have structured these populations, although there is little observable influence of the last glacial maximum (about 18 thousand years ago). This study has highlighted a number of taxonomic anomalies within the Atyidae. The detection of many cryptic species implies that biodiversity within freshwater invertebrates is higher than currently appreciated. The evolutionary and biogeographic relationships of Australian atyids have proved complex, with many taxa having their own individual histories. At the large Indo-Pacific scale, dispersal is most evident, but within Australia, both vicariance and dispersal have been responsible for structuring all taxa at every scale.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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3

Rockell, Kim Forrester. "The Philippine rondalla: recreating musical heritage in contemporary Australasia". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Centre for Fine Arts, Music and Theatre, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7313.

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This thesis examines the Philippine rondalla, a plucked-string ensemble, in contemporary Australia and New Zealand. Recreations of a remembered heritage, rather than the continuance of a living tradition, these groups are motivated by notions of Philippine nationalism in the multicultural, Australasian environment. The establishment of rondallas in six locations is examined. Important paradigmatic differences which arise when Filipino rondallas begin to attract members from diverse ethnicities within multicultural Australia are identified. Particularly interesting is the role of aural transmission and rote learning, which have traditionally been important aspects of Philippine rondalla practice. In Australasia these processes become problematic when rondalla participants lack a formative exposure to Filipino music. Background chapters clearly identify the unique features of the Philippine rondalla by viewing the ensemble as one of the evolutions of the Spanish rondalla and placing it musically within the context of similar plucked chordophone ensembles in Spain and Latin America. This establishment of norms for the Philippine ensemble makes it possible to observe musical change in the Australasian rondallas. While Australasia remains the focus, the study also draws on wider field experiences in the present day Philippines, Spain, Singapore and Taiwan. This provides a broader view of the rondalla in its original setting and in the diaspora. Photographs and video documentation of performances, rehearsals, lessons and interviews are presented with the thesis.
Accompanied by 2 DVDs and a CD. Available via inter-library loan.

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4

Mundy, Alexandra. "Mapping Psychological Services for Child Welfare Clients in Australasia". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Health Sciences Centre, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5333.

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Given the high prevalence rates of mental health difficulties among child welfare clients, this study attempted to map psychological services for such individuals in New Zealand and Australia. In conducting semi-structured interviews with Principal/Senior-Regional Psychologists and Directors from government departments and non-government organisations working alongside child welfare clients throughout Australasia, this study obtained information pertaining to the nature and scope of psychological services provided by such agencies. The most comprehensive data was obtained for New Zealand and New South Wales, while incomplete data described psychological services in Western Australia and Queensland. The findings of this study highlight the absence of a ‘best practice’ model among such services in addition to the disparities that exist between the number of care and protection notifications received by the government child welfare departments in New Zealand and New South Wales, and the development of psychological services within these departments. Furthermore, the lack of acknowledgement of the mental health needs of child welfare clients among both government child welfare departments and non-government organisations in these jurisdictions needs to be addressed before such services can be effectively delivered to these vulnerable children and young people.

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Smith, Helen Motum. "The systematics and biology of the genus Poltys (Araneae: Araneidae) in Australasia". University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2058.

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Doctor of Philosophy
The genus Poltys C.L. Koch is revised for Australia and partly examined for the wider Australasian region. Five of the ten species originally described from Australia are found to be synonymous with South East Asian species, a further three are synonymous with an Australian species and four which were previously overlooked are newly described, resulting in a total of eight current species recorded from Australia. Poltys coronatus Keyserling, P. keyserlingi Keyserling, P. multituberculatus Rainbow and P. penicillatus Rainbow are synonymised with P. illepidus C.L. Koch; P. microtuberculatus Rainbow is synonymised with P. stygius Thorell; P. bimaculatus Keyserling, P. mammeatus Keyserling and P. salebrosus Rainbow are synonymised with P. laciniosus Keyserling; P. sigillatus Chrysanthus from New Guinea is synonymised with P. frenchi Hogg. Five new species are described, four from Australia, P. grayi sp.nov., P. jujorum sp.nov., P. milledgei sp.nov. and P. noblei sp.nov., and P. timmeh sp.nov. from New Caledonia. A checklist of all Poltys types described from the region, including illustrations, is included. The delimitation of the Australian species is aided and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Sequences from two genes and morphological characters are used to reconstruct a phylogeny of the Australian species. The generic relationships of Poltys are examined in the context of the putative tribe Poltyini (Simon, 1895). No firm conclusions about the relationships of Poltys can be made, however the results indicate that the Poltyini is polyphyletic. The results of field studies are presented; these indicate that P. noblei is less likely to move between web sites than diurnal taxa referenced from other studies. Specimens were shown to sometimes occupy the same, or a closely adjacent web site, for over eight months. Spiders most often move during spring and summer but often remain in the same site throughout winter. Specimens of Poltys noblei are also shown to be unevenly distributed on trees and bushes in respect to aspect and position. It is suggested that these observations indicate the importance of camouflage to deter wasp and bird predators. Specimens of several Poltys species were reared from egg sacs, confirming male–female identification and showing the variation in abdominal shape between siblings. Growth data indicate that sibling males and females cannot normally interbreed; males mature after 2–4 moults, females after 8–11 moults. Field and cage observations of general aspects of Poltys biology are presented including preferred habitat, prey capture and handling, courtship and mating, competition and web construction.

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Holgate, Ben. "Porous borders : the amorphous nature of magical realist fiction in Asia and Australasia". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:32abdfeb-baa7-40ee-b721-89b66bc74043.

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This thesis aims to broaden the scope of magical realism by examining contemporary fiction in Asia and Australasia, regions which have been largely neglected in critical discussion of the narrative mode. My research seeks to modify and expand our collective conception of magical realism through key texts that challenge not only how we read the narrative mode, but also our expectations of it. My analysis involves a dual intervention in the fields of postcolonial studies and world literature. I supplement existing scholarship of magical realism with new paradigms of critical thought, such as epistemology, mythopoeia, ecocriticism, intertextuality and discourse on human rights. Each of the key authors - Indigenous Australian Alexis Wright, New Zealand Maoris Keri Hulme and Witi Ihimaera, Indian-born cosmopolitans Amitav Ghosh and Salman Rushdie, and Chinese Nobel laureate Mo Yan - subjects the narrative mode to differing intellectual, socio-cultural and historical frameworks, and in the process reinvents magical realism to serve their own artistic purposes. The authors' key texts demonstrate the need to recalibrate theory on magical realism in contexts such as Alexis Wright's depiction of ongoing colonisation of Australia's first inhabitants in a supposedly postcolonial country, and Mo Yan's critique of post-communist China. I argue that magical realism has porous borders, not only geographically and culturally, but also in the sense that the narrative mode frequently spills over into other, different generic kinds such that the distinctions between them are often blurred. In addition, magical realism's constant state of transformation makes it particularly difficult to define. Therefore, I propose a minimalist definition of the narrative mode and a flexible approach. However, underlying cultural elements and individual artistic expression in a text may sometimes limit magical realism's utility as a tool for literary analysis. Finally, I explore the notion of a genealogy of magical realism based on polygenesis, emerging in different cultures at different times.

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7

Cheng, Jing. "Humiliation, pride and identity in the digital age : unpacking Chinese online nationalism". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/50486/.

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Nationalism has been an important issue for China in both domestic politics and international relations. In the Post-Tiananmen Era, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) turned to nationalism as an ideological instrument to bolster the faith of the Chinese people and legitimise the Party’s rule. Meanwhile, the early 1990s also witnessed rapid developments in information and communications technologies (ICTs) in China, which have catalysed the emergence of online nationalism. Much of the existing literature focuses on either the external impact of Chinese nationalism on foreign policy or highlights the rise of popular nationalism as an independent force that makes the state fragile. There is, however, insufficient attention paid to the internal construct of Chinese nationalism. In the digital age, it also becomes increasingly evident that contemporary Chinese nationalism cannot be properly understood without reference to the role of digital communication. This thesis analyses the politics of Chinese nationalism through the lens of digital communicative practices. This offers an original and nuanced understanding of the political and social dynamics in contemporary China. The thesis focuses on two dimensions. First, it highlights the link between official nationalism and popular nationalism, revealing the changing dynamics within the construction of Chinese nationalism. Second, it focuses on Chinese online nationalism, illuminating the relationship between nationalism and technology. The thesis presents the first major work in examining both top-down construction and popular reception in Chinese nationalism studies from an ethnosymbolic approach. It highlights that the theoretical framework of ethno-symbolism is helpful in providing a more situated, nuanced understanding from a historical and cultural dimension. This thesis considers the (re)construction of China’s national myths of the Second Sino-Japanese War and examines the construction of national humiliation and national pride in the changing state-society dynamics. The study primarily focuses on discourse, in both textual and visual modes, relating to national humiliation and national pride that constitute the two key ingredients of Chinese nationalism. Accordingly, two cases are chosen for empirical investigation: the commemoration events for the Nanjing Massacre and the 2015 Victory Day Parade event. The study uses discourse analytical tools from Discourse Historical Approach and multimodal approach and highlights the importance of having a situated understanding of Chinese nationalism from historical and cultural perspective. It argues that Chinese online nationalism is (re)constructed by a multiplicity of discourses via digital practices, characterised by the evolving dynamics between state and society and situated in the wider political and cultural contexts. The thesis shows that digital communication has changed the means by which the landscape of Chinese nationalism is shaped, which is manifest in two ways. Firstly, national symbols and rituals, as an important means of patriotic education for the CCP, have been “relocated” from physical space, such as Nanjing and Tiananmen, to virtual cyberspace. By incorporating technology into its patriotic education framework, the CCP increasingly extends its discursive power in propagating patriotism, thereby making the Internet an institutionalised patriotic education venue. Secondly, online nationalist expressions and communication provide fertile ground for Chinese Internet users to explore their discursive space in political communication, allowing them to reshape the mythscape of the national past and reconstruct national identity.

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Dombroski, K. "Babies’ Bottoms for a Better World: Hygiene, Modernities, and Social Change in Northwest China and Australasia". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10210.

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This is a thesis about social change for a climate-changed world. I argue that in order to think more creatively about much-needed social change, we must explore the multiple possibilities for future worlds already present in experimental form. This thesis offers insight into the ways in which hybrid, experimental practices of infant care are developed and performed by mothers and others in their everyday lives. I take a place-based approach that draws on rich ethnographies and interviews with mothers and others in two field sites: the city of Xining and surrounding areas in the northwestern Chinese province of Qinghai, and a ‘virtual’ group of mothers from Australia and New Zealand. What results is effectively an ethnography of social change, where I describe how mothers and others respond to — and also contribute to — global changes through appropriating, resisting, and hybridising various mothering and caregiving practices. Through embodied ethnographic engagement, I explore the Chinese infant-toileting practice of baniao, and the hybrid infant-toileting practice of ‘elimination communication’. Through a collective process of knowledge production, I work with other mothers in experimenting with hybrid infant-toileting hygienes that are less about ‘killing germs’ and more about ‘guarding life’. This thesis thus takes the important step of exploring and understanding experimental social change through hybrid and collective research practices outside the academy, where people are already responding intelligently and creatively to environmental crisis.

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Brown, Graham K. "Civil society and social movements in an ethnically divided society : the case of Malaysia, 1981-2001". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10929/.

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This thesis examines the relationship between civil society, social movements and the state in ethnically-divided countries, using the case study of Malaysia. The argument begins with the observation that the respective literatures on civil society and social movements occupy a broadly congruent paradigm, but the relationship between the two is poorly theorised. Through a critical discussion of existing approaches, a synthesis of civil society and social movements theory is produced, which argues for a dualistic interpretation that emphasises both institutional linkages and cultural and discursive relationships. It is further argued that this latter aspect is of particular importance in ethnically-divided countries, as cultural differences between groups may hamper the effective mobilisation of movements. Thus may exist a form of ‘slippage’ between civil society and movement mobilisation, unidentified in much of the literature that tends to view the two as dynamically homogenous. The empirical section of the thesis utilises this model to examine the trajectories of civil society and social movements in Malaysia, focussing on the two decades from 1981 to 2001. It is argued that the first half of the 1980s saw the expansion of a broadly middle class-led, multiethnic civil society but that successful movement mobilisation nonetheless remained rooted in ethnic concerns. Nonetheless, the decade saw in increasing challenge to the regime's hegemonic position. As internal relations within the government coalition fractured during the middle years of the decade, parties and factions within the regime lurched to more ethnicist positions, contributing to an increasing spiral of ethnic `outbidding' and social mobilisation. In October 1987, this was brought to an end by a widespread crackdown that brought social mobilisation to an abrupt halt. Combined with the continuing elite fracture, this effectively re-channelled the increased protest of the period into the political sphere, where a broad opposition coalition was formed to contest the 1990 elections. With the democratic system long since undermined, however, the government won and even maintained its two-third majority. In the late 1990s, the dynamics of state, civil society and social movement were again clearly visible following the dismissal of Anwar Ibrahim as deputy prime minister and the mass protest ‘reformasi’ movement it unleashed. The ‘reformasi’ movement attempted to cultivate new modes of mobilisation, such as the Internet, appropriate to its multiethnic aspirations, but also relied heavily on the existing mobilisational networks of the Islamic movement. This mobilisational bias was reflected in the degree of electoral support for the movement's political manifestation in the 1999 general elections and contributed to the quick demise of the electoral coalition it provoked. The slippage between a multiethnic civil society and the ethnic bases of movement mobilisation in Malaysia has thus hampered the emergence of effective opposition to the regime.

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10

Sullivan, Jonathan. "Negativity and information in campaign advertising". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11138/.

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In many democracies election campaign advertising is an important form of communication between parties and candidates and voters. There is however an uncomfortable tension between what campaigns should achieve (according to democratic theories) and what they are like in reality. In Taiwan, political scientists have voiced concerns about the excessively negative tone of party and candidate advertising. Descriptive single-election accounts also suggest that campaign ads in Taiwan regularly fail to provide voters with the substantive information they need to make reasoned choices. These observations are cited as reason to conceive campaign advertising as deleterious to Taiwan’s new democracy. However, recent work in the US, suggests that negative advertising may in fact be a source of useful information to voters. By extension, the authors of these studies claim that negative ads make an important contribution to democratic political competition. The central objective of the thesis is to explore these claims in the Taiwan context. Are the theoretical arguments used to explain the content of negative advertising in the US supported by empirical evidence in the highly dissimilar Taiwanese context? Do negative ads in Taiwan, in spite of prior scholarly observations to the contrary, make a useful contribution to the information environment available to voters? In addressing these questions, the thesis aims to contribute a non-western case study to general research on campaign advertising. It also aims to provide the Taiwan studies field with a more systematic account of campaign communications than is currently available. To this end, the study analyzes more than 500 TV and newspaper ads from all four Presidential elections held to date.

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11

Özkurt, Fatma Zeynep. "The impact of EU conditionality on democratisation in Turkey : institutional transformation and policy (re)formation of minority rights, freedom of expression, the military and the judiciary". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14376/.

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This thesis focuses on the impact of EU conditionality on democratisation in Turkey. Built on the assumption that Turkey's democratisation process cannot be fully understood without taking the EU's Impact into account, this thesis argues that even if external actors (e.g., the EU) can create opportunities for domestic political change In target states (e.g., Turkey), these actors cannot impose democracy externally; instead, they can provide support, or encourage power holders towards a more open and democratic system. Ultimately, however, these efforts cannot produce democratisation unless there are sufficient pro-democracy pressures at the domestic level. Empirically, the study examines institutional transformation and policy (re)formation in Turkey in the course of Its EUaccession process by conducting cross-sectoral and cross-temporal analysis. The analysis involves four policy areas and three time periods. These areas include minority rights, freedom of expression, the military and the judiciary; the domestic changes in these policy areas are traced across three time periods: 1999-2002, 2002-2004, and 2005-2008. The study is motivated by an academic interest in the intricacy of Turkey's long-term association with the EU and seeks to explore the external and internal dynamics of Turkey's candidacy process by employing theoretical tools offered by Europeanisation research. Following a Europeanisation theoretical framework, as devised out of new institutionalist theories, the thesis traces and analyses the democratisation process of Turkey and examines Turkey's pre-accession process at two levels. It first looks Into EU-Ievel factors to explore how the EU influences domestic change In Turkey with respect to its conditionality strategy and influence mechanisms; and secondly, it examines the domestic factors that pertain to each policy area to assess how EU conditionality is translated into domestic policy responses. Drawing upon data derived from primary and secondary sources, the thesis has three main findings. First, the recent reforms in Turkey represent a substantively significant effort to consolidate Turkish democracy. Second, as the cross-sectoral analysis illustrates, Turkey's strong desire to accede to the EU played a triggering role in the institutional transformation and policy (re)formation of Turkey. Third, although EU conditionality greatly influenced the domestic political debate surrounding the recent political reforms, ultimately the internal political dynamics determined and shaped the policy outcomes in Turkey. The research also reveals that to fully understand the impact of EU conditionality on domestic change in Turkey, we need to draw on both the external incentives and the social learning models, since they explain different aspects of domestic change based on diverging international and domestic level factors. As a wider outlook, the thesis reflects on the role of international organisations in democracy promotion, relating it to wider academic debates on democratisation and Europeanisation and their implications for domestic transformations in target countries.

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Çevik, Kürşat. "Internationalisation of Turkish law enforcement : a study of anti-drug trafficking". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14063/.

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This thesis explains how policing has changed in Turkey between the late 1960s and 2012 and explores ways to explain the changes by looking at the enforcement anti-drug trafficking measures. Using a process tracing method, it argues that Turkey's formerly lax approach to drug control was gradually replaced by stronger enforcement, to the point that nowadays Turkey seems to see itself as a champion of international police cooperation. The thesis then demonstrates that this change can only be partially explained by theories focusing on external change drivers, such as the Americanization of global law enforcement or the Europeanization of Turkey in its bid for EU membership. It argues that change is best explained by analysing micro-processes of socialization within the Turkish National Police (TNP), which reveal the role of domestic factors unexplainable otherwise, such as the importance of protecting the reputation of Turkey and of the TNP among international partners, and the importance of personal career-oriented behaviour by officers of the TNP.

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13

Sandby-Thomas, Peter. "The legitimating logic of stability : analysing the CCP's stability discourse". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13552/.

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This thesis addresses the question of why the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has remained in power since the Tiananmen Incident in 1989 by deploying the concept of political legitimacy. In this, the focus is not on whether the CCP is legitimate per se but rather on how the Party has legitimated its authority in this period. To that end, the Weberian conceptualisation of legitimation is situated within the Strategic-Relational Approach and, in so doing, allows, through the concept of "discursive selectivity", for legitimation to be reconceptualised as a dialectical relationship consisting of both material and ideational factors. The effect of this move is to provide a suitable framework in which to consider additional legitimating strategies that are employed by the CCP. Consequently, this paper moves beyond the conventional explanation of "economic performance + nationalism" to argue that the CCP's use of the stability discourse in the post-Tiananmen period has contributed to the regime's legitimation. In order to understand how this discourse has been used, a critical discourse analysis is performed on selected articles from the People's Daily published during the Beijing Spring, the "anti-Falun Gong" campaign and the "anti-Japan" demonstrations on the basis that these exceptional instances inform its usage in conventionalised slogans. This analysis found that the term "stability" took the form of an "empty signifier", making most use of positive argument schemes to project a negative Chinese future without CCP authority. Finally, this thesis concludes that, in terms of legitimation, the events in 1989 constituted a strategic moment in the formation of the stability discourse, in that the Party's hegemonic interpretation of these events allowed for this discourse to "resonate" with people in the period that has followed.

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14

Boni, Filippo. "Civil-military relations in Pakistan : an analysis of Sino-Pakistani ties, 2001-2016". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43618/.

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This thesis assesses the extent of military prerogatives in Pakistan’s domestic politics, by focusing on Sino-Pakistani relations in the post 9/11 period. The study departs from the coup-centric approach largely adopted in the literature on civil-military relations and develops a continuum of civil-military relations which identifies four different intensities of civilian control over the military. Such a scale is deployed to gauge empirically the military’s sway in four decision-making areas: internal security, foreign policy, economic policy and elite recruitment. This structure is used to analyse the three case studies presented in the thesis: 1) the development of the port of Gwadar; 2) the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor; and 3) Sino-Pakistani relations in the Afghan scenario. The empirical chapters are organised around elite interviews conducted during fieldwork in Pakistan and triangulated with primary and secondary sources. From the analysis conducted in the thesis emerges a new pattern of civil-military relations in Pakistan, a situation in which the civilians and the military are sharing power to the benefit of both parties. The military have found it in their interest to exercise power less overtly and to retain control of internal security and foreign policy behind the curtain of a democratic dispensation. The civilians, on their side, have managed to erode military influence in the areas of elite recruitment and economic policy, in their attempts to tackle the energy crisis and to win the 2018 general elections. Such a pattern starts taking shape in the 2008-2013 period, but it becomes more crystallised in the post-2013 time frame. The thesis assesses specifically military prerogatives in the context of Pakistan’s relations with China, but also extends the picture in the final chapter to the wider developments in civil-military relations in Pakistan, in order to provide a comprehensive and solid analysis of the issue under examination.

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15

Sarihan, Ali. "The role of the military in the Arab uprisings : the cases of Tunisia and Libya". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/34009/.

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This thesis examines the role of the military in Tunisia and Libya during the 2010-2011 Arab uprisings by asking why the two states’ military forces chose to either defect from or defend the ruling administration. Using a comparative case study methodology, this study demonstrates that the joint configuration of energy capacity, military structure and the strength of protests led to the different outcomes in these two cases. The data indicates that one can understand the impact of these three factors using theories that focus on the correlation between rational action, institutional identity, economic inducements, and ideological stances. Thus, I employed approaches from rational choice and institutionalism as the theoretical framework for this study. This study shows that the actions of the Tunisian and Libyan military forces should be read through this theoretical framework. While informative, conclusions drawn from these cases do not allow for universal generalizations. Additionally, it is important to note that the three influential factors are not the only elements that influenced the variations in outcome during the Tunisian and Libyan conflicts. Moreover, I do not make a comparison in terms of the absolute values of the factors, but rather in terms of relative values.

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Hama, Yaseen. "Federalism and the challenges of ethnic conflict regulation in deeply divided society : the case of Iraq". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51304/.

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Bad governance of ethnic diversity exacerbates ethno-sectarian conflicts, and ethnic conflict management is a sensitive and fundamentally needed component of the contemporary world. This study assesses political models for managing ethno-sectarian diversity, focused on the deeply divided society of Iraq in relation to its ethnic conflict and political system, with federalism and partition being potential solutions explored in relation to stakeholders’ views, studied qualitatively using focus groups and interviews with procedure and analysis derived from grounded theory. Due to failed integration, Iraqi society since 2003 has undergone de facto territorial division in response to ethno-sectarian violence, creating a map between conflicting groups and identity politics. This thesis criticizes integrationist perspectives supporting a central unitary Iraq, and those proposing hard partition; federal-based soft partition, giving each cultural group control and autonomy in their territory, may achieve stability, whereas secession is impossible. This balances Shia desire for centralism and Kurdish demands for more autonomy or secession. In addition, it is not necessary to impose a single national identity in federal model; dual identity should be accepted to satisfy groups’ identity aspirations. The current impasse is due to authoritarian centralism imposing monolithic identity; Iraq should be a democratic multicultural state, avoiding sectarian policy and implementing civic characteristics to enhance Iraqi identity. This study contributes to existing research, analysing how inappropriate policies of ethnic diversity may escalate into ethnic conflicts. This thesis adds to the field of studies interested in ethnic conflict regulation, particularly Iraqi ethno-sectarian conflict, and provides suggestions for regulating it.

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Hoffman, Samantha R. "Programming China : the Communist Party's autonomic approach to managing state security". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48547/.

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Programming China: The Communist Party’s Autonomic Approach to Managing State Security, introduces the new analytical framework called China's “Autonomic Nervous System” (ANS). The ANS framework applies complex systems management theory to explain the process the Chinese Communist Party calls “social management”. Through the social management process, the Party-state leadership interacts with both the Party masses and non-Party masses. The process involves shaping, managing and responding and is aimed at ensuring the People’s Republic of China’s systemic stability and legitimacy—i.e. (Party-) state security. Using the ANS framework, this thesis brings cohesion to a complex set of concepts such as “holistic” state security, grid management, social credit and national defence mobilisation. Research carried out for the thesis included integrated archival research and the author’s database of nearly 10,000 social unrest events. Through ANS, the author demonstrates that in the case of the People’s Republic of China we may be witnessing a sideways development, where authoritarianism is stabilised, largely through a way of thinking that both embodies and applies complex systems management and attempts to “automate” that process through technology designed based on the same concepts. The party's rule of China, thus, evolves away from traditional political scales like reform versus retrenchment or hard versus soft authoritarianism. The ANS framework should be seen not as an incremental improvement to current research of China’s political system but as a fundamentally different approach to researching and analysing the nature of Chinese politics.

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Bezci, Egemen B. "Turkey and Western intelligence cooperation, 1945-1960". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/44828/.

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This thesis examines secret intelligence cooperation between three asymmetric partners – specifically the UK, US and Turkey – from the end of the Second World War until Turkey’s first military coup d'état on 27 May 1960. The thesis shows that our understanding of the Cold War as a binary rivalry between the two blocs is too simple an approach and obscures important characteristics of intelligence cooperation among allies. To reveal a more comprehensive analysis of intelligence cooperation, this thesis develops our understanding of it more broadly, by developing a model called ‘intelligence diplomacy’. This model explores a vital, if little understood, aspect of contemporary international relations given the prevalence of transnational threats today. Intelligence diplomacy involves negotiations and the exploitation of different aspects of joint intelligence activities, synchronized between diplomats and specialized intelligence officers. While such efforts often result in overlap between diplomats and intelligence liaison efforts, there is strong evidence that the acts of intelligence services vary from the instructions of their foreign ministries. The thesis also shows that a pragmatic approach offers states new opportunities to protect national interests, by conducting intelligence diplomacy to influence crucial areas such as nuclear weapons and to exploit cooperation in support of their own strategic imperatives. By doing so this thesis not only reveals previously-unexplored origins of secret intelligence cooperation between Turkey and the West, but also contributes to wider academic debates on the nature of the Cold War by highlighting the potential agency of weaker states in the Western Alliance.

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Mantki, Sangar Musheer. "The impact of ethnosectarianism on Iraqi power sharing democracy, 2003-2014". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43635/.

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Since the regime was brought down by coalition forces in 2003, Iraq has been undergoing the process of democratisation through some significant political changes, namely, relatively free and competitive elections, and the freedom to form political and civil organisations. However, it faced crucial challenges that undermined this process such as ethno-sectarian violence/conflict. This thesis examines the impact of ethnic and sectarian conflict on the failure of the power sharing democracy. The thesis covers the period from 2003 until April 2014. The main themes that the thesis analyses are societal security/ethnic and sectarian violence, ethnic and sectarian inclusion, proportionality, and power devolution/federalism. For the purposes of the thesis, the societal security dilemma (SSD) theory, which focuses mainly on the roles of elites and external actors in societies that experience a power vacuum or institutional collapse in divided societies, is adopted. This theory is used for two purposes: firstly, to examine why and how the ethno-sectarian behaviour of elites affects societal security and the failure to establish a stable democracy; and secondly, to examine the viability of consociational design for the Iraqi case with the existence of distrust, fear and uncertainty among identity groups. The thesis argues that, due to fear, distrust and grievance among groups, the implementation of ethnic regions that draw lines between groups and localise the armed and security forces under a locally elected government is one of the mechanisms for reducing identity based violence and ensuring an effective power sharing democracy.

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Kamburoğlu, İnanç. "Behind the change in Turkish foreign policy vis-à-vis Cyprus between 2002 and 2004 : the impact of leadership and the EU". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28314/.

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This thesis attempts to explain the change in Turkey’s foreign policy regarding Cyprus between 2002 and 2004. It argues that the overriding factor in this policy change was a change in leadership, i.e., the coming to power of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), which developed a decidedly liberal outlook on foreign affairs following its split in 2001 from the anti-Western, Islamist Welfare Party. Other crucial determinants included the Europeanization of the Cyprus issue and selective support for interest groups within Turkey, both of which were affected to various degrees by the European Union and a propitious change in decision-making context. This thesis shows how constant policy failures during the 1980s and 1990s led to an identity crisis and the subsequent radical ideational transformation of the AKP whereby the party leadership renounced political Islamism and began to espouse an EU-oriented policy agenda and compatible rhetoric. The arguments presented in this thesis contribute to the literature on foreign policy analysis, political leadership and Europeanization. With regard to foreign policy analysis, this thesis shows that foreign policy change is a multi-causal phenomenon that can only be explained by a combination of various concepts. Moreover, it argues that despite the fact that no ready-made formula can account for all cases of foreign policy alterations, changes in leadership and a favourable decision-making composition appear to be indispensable determinants of any foreign policy shift. With regard to leadership, by applying a social-learning model to the analysis of the AKP leadership, this thesis follows the evolution of the Turkish Islamist Movement towards conservative democracy and an embracing of EU norms, which in turn resulted in a change in Turkey’s Cyprus policy. It is argued that Turkey’s new Cyprus policy was above all the consequence of a radical normative shift in the mindset of the new Turkish leadership. With regard to Europeanization, this thesis demonstrates how the change in Turkey’s foreign policy vis-à-vis Cyprus was bolstered by the Europeanization process. In this context, it can be understood that the EU militated in favour of a policy alteration by Europeanizing the Cyprus disagreement with the acceptance of the Republic of Cyprus into the EU in May 2004. The third essential determinant of Turkish foreign policy shift was the emergence of a propitious decision-making context within Turkey, which rendered such a policy shift possible.

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Saeed, Azhar. "The systematics and phylogeny of the genus Diolcogaster Ashmead (hymenoptera : braconidae : microgastrinae) with a revision of Australasian species". Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs127.pdf.

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Corrigenda pasted on verso of leaf 267. Bibliography: leaves 239-253. This study focuses on the phylogenetic status of Diolcogaster within the Cotesia-complex. The Cotesia-complex is not resolved as a monophyletic group though most of the included genera are so resolved. Diolcogaster is revised for the Australasian region and recorded for the first time fron New Zealand. A total of 26 species are now known from Australasia.

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22

Parry, Megan Elisabeth. "Jean Baptiste Francois Pompallier, Thomas Arnold and Julian Edmund Tenison Woods and their contribution to the formation and development of Catholic schooling in Australasia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61006/1/Megan_Parry_Thesis.pdf.

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Histories of Catholic education have received little attention by Church historians and are usually written by members of the Catholic clergy, with a strong emphasis placed on the spiritual and building accomplishments of the bishops. This thesis examines the provision of Catholic Education in Australasia, with a focus on the contribution of three men, Jean Baptiste Francois Pompallier, Thomas Arnold and Julian Edmund Tenison Woods. These men received support from the female religious orders in the regions where they worked, frequently with little recognition or praise by Catholic Church authorities. The tenets of their faith gave Pompallier and Woods strength and reinforced their determination to succeed. Arnold, however, possessed a strong desire to change society. All three believed in the desirability of providing Catholic schooling for the poor, with the curriculum facilitating the acquisition of socially desirable values and traits, including obedience, honesty, moral respectability and a strong adherence to Catholic religious values. The beneficiaries included society, future employers, the Church, the children and their parents. With the exception of promoting distinctly Catholic religious values, Roman Catholic schools and National schools in Australasia shared identical objectives. Historians have neglected the contributions of these men.

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Altinors, Gorkem. "Minarets and golden arches : state, capital and resistance in neoliberal Turkey". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/37869/.

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The main purpose of this thesis is to critically analyse the convergence of political Islam and neoliberalism in Turkey. By doing so, the research aims to construct a Gramscian historical materialist account as opposed to the mainstream centre-periphery relations approach. The mainstream centre-periphery relations approach takes the state and civil society as antagonistic autonomous entities. This consideration brings us where the Turkish politics are perceived as a terrain of conflict between Islamists and secularists. The centre-periphery relations approach has four shortcomings. First, the state and society are considered separately. Second, the market and the state; and the economy and the politics are considered separately. Third, as considered separately, the theory takes civil society as automatically progressive. Fourth, the social relations of productions are neglected. This thesis argues that the Islamists versus secularists dichotomy is not sufficient enough to explain the complexity of contradictions in Turkish politics because of the given four shortcomings. Therefore, a more complex theory where the antagonism is considered within the class struggle is needed. Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, passive revolution and most importantly the integral state provides a new window in this respect. The Gramscian historical materialism offers a holistic understanding for the relationship between the state and society, the market and the state, and the economy and the political. As part of the hegemonic struggle, civil society can be on either side of the struggle therefore it is not considered as automatically progressive in Gramscian historical materialism. As a historical materialist approach, Gramscianism considers the social relations of production as the crucial element of the analysis. The pre-2002 periods (before the Justice and Development Party came into power) were already researched by Gramscian scholars. Therefore, the neoliberal restructuring in Turkey during the Justice and Development Party era is the focal period of this thesis. There will be a specific focus on the cases of urbanisation, education, and the mass media. The conceptual framework of state-society relations is the analytical basis of this study. Overall, this thesis offers an alternative reading of the rise of political Islam in Turkey.

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Celik, Melina Anouche. "Tracing the evolution of Australasian mammals: Integrating morphological, palaeontological and molecular data". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/135716/1/Melina%20Anouche_Celik_Thesis.pdf.

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Morphological data are crucial in evolutionary analyses for merging fossils into the tree of life, calibrating dating analyses and for enhancing inference of biological patterns and processes. Morphological phylogenetics is dominated by homoplastic characters, functional and developmental correlations, and also by highly subjective definitions of characters and their states, which in turn can mislead phylogeny reconstruction. A first study assessed the implications of biases among characters in Mesozoic mammals. Then, geometric morphometrics and molecular data were combined to study the systematics of kangaroos and wallabies. Finally, new methodologies using 3D morphometrics and multivariate statistical analyses were developed for phylogenetic inference.

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Burcu, Oana. "The nature and construction of Chinese nationalism towards Japan, through the lens of the Diaoyu/Senkaku case study, 2010 and 2012". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42940/.

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In the last two decades, against the backdrop of multiple anti-foreign protests in China, among which the anti-Japanese protests were prominent, debates emerged over the rise and meaning of Chinese nationalism. This thesis analyses the nature and formation of China’s nationalism towards Japan, with an emphasis on bottom-up manifestations of nationalism. The analysis compares the anti-Japanese demonstrations and boycotts of 2010 and 2012 triggered by disputes over the contested Diaoyu/Senkaku islands in the East China Sea. The current literature on Chinese nationalism is largely dominated by top-down perspectives which neglect the prospect of a nationalism separate from the state. This thesis argues that it is not only that bottom-up and top-down forces coexist, but that they interact in a dynamic and bidirectional process. This interaction, explained through Giddens’ structuration theory and Wendt’s constructivist theory, is significant in understanding how nationalism is shaped. In the detailed analysis of nationalism theories of instrumentalism, along with those of primordialism and ethnosymbolism are used. It is through these lenses that each step of the “nationalism” is studied - from history and triggers of nationalism to popular manifestations, current discussions of nationalism and its effect on China’s domestic and foreign policy. By placing China into the historical context of the last century, it is shown that anti-Japanese feelings in China are the result of embedded memories of war and a need of unifying the nation against Imperial Japan, rather than purely the result of a political machination. History, combined with threat perception and China’s development, led to large anti-Japanese manifestations over the Diaoyu/Senkaku islands in 2010 and 2012. The authorities employed a number of strategies in order to tone down these events domestically. Through interviews conducted with Chinese academics, researchers, protesters and activists, and discourse analysis applied to state media, it was identified that history, territorial sovereignty, mistrust and reactiveness to Japan’s actions frame the meaning of anti-Japanese nationalism in China. These shared themes brought together a wide spectrum of state and non-state actors, who put aside their dichotomous views over loyalty to the Party-state and loyalty to the nation, and showed their support for the Chinese government. The problematic effects of this type of “unified anti-Japanese nationalism” are that domestically it sets restrictive “standards” for what it means to be a “good nationalist” in China; internationally, it raises serious concerns over China’s foreign policy should a fatal Sino-Japanese accident in the East China Sea occur. The substance of Chinese nationalism may be indicative of the type of international power that China aspires to be and informs the domestic challenges that may influence its external behaviour. By understanding the substance of nationalism, China’s perceptions of itself and “the other”, as well as its intentions home and abroad are captured. Policymakers within China and abroad should not ignore the challenges nationalism poses at the domestic level; they should look into the intricate disputes and negotiations among state and non-state actors, driven not only by economic and political calculations, but by a shared past and emotions that contribute to the internal dynamic of Chinese nationalism.

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Lampkin, Veronica. "Mining the Archive: An Historical Study of Madame Weigel’s Paper Patterns and Their Relationship to the Fashion and Clothing Needs of Colonial Australasia during the Period 1877 to 1910". Thesis, Griffith University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366083.

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This thesis focused on the use of paper patterns for home dressmaking in colonial Australasia, and the pioneer of paper pattern manufacturing, Madame Weigel. Her pattern series, catalogue, and fashion journal were examined, and an investigative approach taken to deconstruct this archive. This established an evidential data set of paper patterns for the period from 1878 to 1910, providing an important new resource for the identification and dating of extant fashion and clothing artefacts from late nineteenth century Australasia. Using mainly primary resources, comparisons were drawn between Madame Weigel’s patterns and those produced by overseas manufacturers. As Madame Weigel drew on her own international background, she passed such influences on to her Australasian customers through her patterns and travelogues, published in her journal. Madame Weigel’s transnational experience, it is argued, influenced her publications, in turn disseminating the global view of fashion to her customers. Madame Weigel’s adaptive strategies were argued as necessarily derivative of overseas trends and influences. Within the global context of transnational fashion trends, Madame Weigel’s empathy with her antipodean location was apparent. The asynchronicity of the antipodean calendar, climate, and seasons was fundamental to her work, set in a time when adaptation was resisted and northern hemisphere influences still strong. Results showed that Weigel’s pattern series supported both high fashion garments and everyday clothing. Even though women were found to be sewing primarily for themselves and their daughters during this period, Madame Weigel’s pattern range was inclusive of all family members across the lifecycle. New, empirical sizing information revealed how women’s patterns increased in size over seven decades. A mixed method approach drew on material culture, everyday history, and transnational studies to investigate the context and meaning of Madame Weigel’s business and impact.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Queensland College of Art
Arts, Education and Law
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Sprivulis, Peter Carl. "Evaluation of the prehospital utilisation of the Australasian Triage Scale". University of Western Australia. Emergency Medicine Discipline Group, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0055.

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[Truncated abstract] Background : Triage systems have evolved from battlefield casualty prioritisation tools to integral components of civilian emergency care systems over the last 50 years. There is significant variation in prehospital triage practices in Australia and little research has been undertaken to validate the triage systems used. There is considerable evidence to support the use of the Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) for triage in the emergency department setting and the ATS is used ubiquitously for emergency department triage in Australasia ... Conclusions : The findings of this thesis support integrating prehospital ATS allocations with emergency department triage processes. It is concluded that Paramedics apply the ATS similarly to nurses ... Allocations to ATS 1, 2 and 3 and most ATS 4 allocations by paramedics are valid when compared to nurse ATS allocations. Australasian Triage Scale category 5 is used inappropriately by paramedics and should be used rarely, if at all, by paramedics. The reliability of paramedic and nurse ATS allocations is sufficient to warrant a trial of the omission of retriage of ambulance presentations at Perth metropolitan emergency departments. However, early nursing assessment of a small proportion of ATS 3 patients may be required to ensure timely assessment for some mistriaged bone fide ATS 2 patients. Paramedic ATS allocations appear sufficiently reliable and valid to warrant a trial of their use as part of a two-tier trauma team activation system ... The implementation of standardised training between paramedics and nurses based on current Australasian College for Emergency Medicine guidelines is recommended. The implementation of paramedic triage audit, including comparison of paramedic ATS allocations with nurse ATS allocations may improve reliability between paramedics and nurses, and particularly the reliability of ATS 4 and ATS 5 allocations. Prehospital ATS allocations may prove useful in prehospital casemix analysis, the evaluation of prehospital service delivery and for prehospital research. Research opportunities include actual trials of the integration of prehospital use of ATS with emergency department triage and trauma system activation, and the evaluation of the ATS as a prehospital casemix and performance evaluation tool. Research into alternative triage tools to the ATS for use in the prehospital environment and into the impact of standardised triage training is also suggested.

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Ilbiz, Ethem. "The impact of the European Union on Turkish counter-terrorism policy towards the Kurdistan Workers Party". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14280/.

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This study seeks to examine the impact of the EU on Turkish counter-terrorism policies towards the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK). It analyses what impact it has had within three distinct periods: the pre-Helsinki European Council (1984-1999) period, the post-Helsinki European Council (1999-2004) period, and the post-Brussels European Council (2004-2013) period. It conceptualizes and empirically investigates the EU’s norm diffusion role by relying on the concept of “Rule Adoption”, and by utilising two norm diffusion mechanisms: the “Conditionality” and the “Socialization” mechanism, and their domestic and EU-level determinants. The thesis argues that when the EU has promoted democratisation in Turkey, it has also implicitly impacted on Turkey’s counter-terrorism policies. It argues for this thesis by generalizing from the following empirical findings: When the EU has provided a credible membership prospect to Turkey, and when the PKK attacks have been at a low-level, then the EU conditionality mechanism has been influential on Turkey’s adoption of EU promoted norms. However, when there has been no membership prospect and high levels of PKK violence, it has been the openness of Turkish political actors that has resulted in rule adoption, in which the social learning of the Turkish political actors has led to the adoption of EU promoted norms as an appropriate way to solve existing terrorism problems.

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Decloedt, Andre. "Seeking common deviations from South Africa’s tax treaty policy: a comparative analysis identifying trends (regional or otherwise) in treaty practice in bi-lateral tax treaties with countries in Asia, Australasia, North America and South America". Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31554.

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South Africa experienced an unprecedented growth in its tax treaty network since 1994 as a result of an increase in global trade. In concluding these bi-lateral tax treaties with other countries, South Africa depends primarily on its national model policy during its negotiations with other contracting states. The country’s national tax treaty policy was previously defined in one document, the publication of which has since been discontinued. Apart from Professor C West’s contribution to the global tax community, there is little research information available on the current tax treaty policy of South Africa. It is submitted that the OECD Model and its positions recorded in the commentaries are now widely accepted as the national tax treaty policy of South Africa. The findings of the comparative analysis between the previously documented tax treaty policy and this new widely accepted position of South Africa, suggested that the OECD Model and its recorded positions in the commentaries, subject to a few exceptions, is a fair reflection of South Africa’s national tax treaty policy. It is submitted that South Africa accepted common deviations from its national tax treaty policy when negotiating bi-lateral treaties with countries in the Americas, Asia and Australasia. Previous research failed to provide guidance in this aspect and in an attempt to seek common deviations from South Africa’s national tax treaty policy, a comparative analysis was conducted to identify trends (whether regional or otherwise) in tax treaties with a sample of countries in Asia, Australasia, North America and South America. The findings of this comparative analysis indicated that South Africa successfully applied its national tax treaty policy to a large extend, but does accept common deviations from the policy.

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Biehl, Lundberg Andrés. "Social policy and income inequality in the Southern Cone during the 20th century : a comparative perspective". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ce998341-6b28-41a7-9453-94a22174e47a.

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This dissertation compares the effects of progressive social reform on income inequality in the Southern Cone of South America, Scandinavia, and Australasia. These regions faced comparable economic challenges at the start of the 20th century, but experienced different trends of income inequality after they introduced progressive policies in this period. Australasia and Scandinavia converged on a downward trend while the Southern Cone remained comparatively more unequal. The dissertation concentrates on three areas that significantly predict inequality in contemporary research: labour markets, education, and taxation and spending policies. Existing explanations usually focus on supply-side aspects of policy reform: wage regulation, and increased taxation and spending on education and social insurance, are thought to bring inequality down in the long-run. These reforms are seen as the outcome of the relative power of working class groups over elites. Despite institutional variation, the three regions enacted progressive policies to address distributional conflict and protect their economies from global risks. I study the demand-side of policy reform; policies faced considerable collective action problems to promote compliance and cooperation in order to work in the long-time and include populations at large. The fact that most people were motivated to comply meant that labour markets generated formality and standard wages, education increased human capital, and spending became stable as the tax base increased in Scandinavia and the Antipodes. The opposite happened in the Southern Cone as social actors tried to link selectively with the state while state officials neglected the material constraints that limited access to welfare and education. Each chapter spells out the conditions through which policy addressed collective action problems to motivate cooperation with wage agreements, sending children to school, and compliance with taxation and spending policies. Behind comparable aggregate numbers in these areas, the underlying social processes differed as Australasians and Scandinavians fostered cooperation between state and social actors, while the Southern Cone did not.

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Bowles, Karl C., i n/a. "The cycling of mercury in Australasian aquatic systems". University of Canberra. School of Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060609.144839.

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Methods were developed for the determination of methylmercury in natural waters and sediments based on steam distillation and aqueous phase ethylation followed by gas chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The methods were shown to be free from measurable artefactual methylation of inorganic mercury and offered improved sample throughput over existing methods. Improvements were made to existing methods for the determination of total mercury in biota, sediments and natural waters and dissolved mercury species in natural waters. These methods were applied to the study of mercury cycling in two remote field sites. The cycling of mercury species was studied in Lake Murray in Western Province, Papua New Guinea, which has been historically noted as a region of high mercury concentrations in fish. Concentrations of methylmercury and total mercury in the water column were found to be variable and consistent with non-contaminated lake systems. Concentrations of methylmercury and total mercury in the sediments were also found to be low, except for in the south of the lake, which was influenced by an intermittent supply of water and sediments with elevated mercury concentrations from the Strickland River. Methylmercury concentrations in the sediments were generally higher in the backwater areas due to littoral processes. The low concentrations of methylmercury in the sediments and waters were inconsistent with other systems previously studied in the northern hemisphere, showing a link between high mercury concentrations in fish and high concentrations of methylmercury in waters or sediments. Therefore, the biota of Lake Murray were studied in order to account for the differences between this and other systems. A study was conducted of the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in biota from Lake Murray to elucidate key food-web interactions. This study revealed that the dominant carbon source for fish in the lake is plankton, although algae and macrophytes may also be involved in the food-web. The methylmercury bioaccumulation factors between trophic levels were similar to those measured in temperate systems of the northern hemisphere. The high concentrations of methylmercury, observed in piscivorous fish, were shown to be a consequence of the complex food-web and the number of trophic levels in the food-chains. The cycling of mercury species was studied in Lake Gordon and Lake Pedder in southwest Tasmania, which has recently been identified as being in a region of high mercury concentrations in trout and eels. The concentrations of total mercury were found to be reasonably uniform in the waters of both lakes, spatially and temporally. The concentrations of methylmercury in the waters were seasonally variable, and were consistently lower in Lake Pedder than in Lake Gordon. Dilution of methylmercury concentrations by precipitation direct to the lake surface, probably accounts for the most of the difference in methylmercury concentrations between the lakes. Owing to the long residence time of water in Lake Gordon, this reservoir mixes inputs of water with varying methylmercury concentrations. Concentrations of total mercury and methylmercury in submerged soils were low and depth profiles of mercury species in the water column did not show evidence of a gradient of mercury concentrations due to releases from the sediments. The concentrations of methylmercury observed in the water column are consistent with the concentrations observed in the fish. A budget of the mercury inputs and outputs to Lake Gordon showed that in-lake processes and sources in the catchment areas both contributed significantly to the concentrations of methylmercury in the lake. The methylation of mercury in Lake Gordon appeared to mainly occur in the surface waters (< 10 m) and was not consistent with processes leading to the methylation of mercury at the oxic/anoxic boundary observed in seepage lakes in Wisconsin. The concentrations of total mercury and methylmercury in bogs in the catchment areas of Lakes Gordon and Pedder, were high and governed by the concentration of organic matter in the sediments. The processes involved in the supply of mercury species from the Lake Gordon and Lake Pedder catchments appear to be similar to those in drainage lakes in the temperate and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere. The formation of the Lake Gordon and Lake Pedder reservoirs appears to have had little impact on the mean annual concentrations of methylmercury released to the downstream environment.

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Manson, Jennifer Margaret. "Person-job fit and its relationship with work attitudes: a study of Christian missionaries from Australasia : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand". Massey University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/998.

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Do Christian missionaries who exhibit good person-job fit, (‘aligned’ with host nation colleagues and ‘in harmony’ with expatriate colleagues), experience more positive work attitudes? Personjob fit was conceptualized in terms of competencies. Perspectives on what competencies the role of missionary requires were obtained from 3 groups of subject matter experts: host nation colleagues, missionaries, and mission agency leaders. In Study I, subject matter experts (host nation colleagues, n=22, missionaries, n=25, and agency leaders, n=23) rated the ‘Universal Competency Framework’ (SHL) 20-level competencies. Host nation colleagues differed significantly on 3 of the competencies, suggesting that in this sample, the perspective of expatriates on the role of a missionary was not fully aligned with that of host nation colleagues. In Study 2, a sample of 130 current overseas missionaries self-assessed their performance and provided their own ratings of the importance of the competencies used in Study 1. Measures of Person-Job fit (Demands-Abilities fit, Supplies-Values fit and Perceived Performance) were regressed against outcome variables (job satisfaction, work engagement and satisfaction with life). Results indicated that a person’s fit with the job as described by both host nation colleagues (Alignment) and other expatriates (Harmonization) is positively associated with job satisfaction, work engagement and satisfaction with life. These results offer support for competencies as an effective method of describing missionary roles. Possible implications for enhancing the effectiveness and well-being of missionaries, and other aid and development workers, are discussed.

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Clarke, Stephen John History Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Marching to their own drum : British Army officers as military commandants in the Australian colonies and New Zealand 1870-1901". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of History, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38659.

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Between 1870 and 1901, seventeen officers from the British army were appointed by the governments of the Australian colonies and New Zealand as commanders of their colonial military forces. There has been considerable speculation about the roles of these officers as imperial agents, developing colonial forces as a wartime reserve to imperial forces, but little in depth research. This thesis examines the role of the imperial commandants with an embryonic system of imperial defence and their contribution to the development of the colonial military forces. It is therefore a topic in British imperial history as much as Australian and New Zealand military history. British officers were appointed by colonial governments to overcome a shortfall in professional military expertise but increasingly came to be viewed by successive British administrations as a means of fulfilling an imperial defence agenda. The commandants as ???men-on-the-spot???, however, viewed themselves as independent reformers and got offside with both the imperial and colonial governments. This fact reveals that the commandants occupied a difficult position between the aspirations of London and the reality of the colonies. They certainly brought an imperial perspective to their commands and looked forward to the colonies playing a role on the imperial stage but generally did so in terms of a personal agenda rather than one set by London. This assessment is best demonstrated in the commandants??? independent stance at the outset of the South African War. The practice of appointing British commandants in Australasia was fraught with problems because of an inherent conflict in the goals of the commandants and their colonial governments. It resembles the Canadian experience of the British officers which reveals that the system of imperials military appointments as a whole was flawed. The problem remained that until a sufficient number of colonial officers had the prerequisite professional expertise for high command there was no alternative. The commandants were therefore the beginning rather than the end of a traditional reliance upon British military expertise. The lasting legacy of the commandants for the military forces of Australia and New Zealand was the development of colonial officers, transference of British military traditions, and the encouragement of a colonial military identity premised on the expectation of future participation in defence of the empire. The study provides a major revision to the existing historiography of imperial officers in the colonies, one which concludes that far from being ???imperial agents??? they were largely marching to their own drum.

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Iftikhar, Naima. "A model for contemporary learning of architectural design in Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/180912/1/Naima_Iftikhar_Thesis.pdf.

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This research identifies essential knowledge for effective learning and teaching of subject-situated architectural design in Australia. It has resulted in a learning and teaching model called the 'Model for contemporary learning of architectural design in Australia' that illustrates the contemporary shift in the signature studio pedagogy. The model informs the basis on how students, tutors and unit coordinators perceive their roles to interact with each other in face to face design lectures and design studio tutorials for effective design learning by students. This model is applicable in the four studio pedagogy models prevalent in Australasian schools of architecture.

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35

Larkin, Devitt. "Aligning with the rapidly shifting technological goalposts : the review and update of the RIMPA technology survey". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/516.

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In 2008 the Records and Information Management Professionals Australasia (RIMPA) organisation (then known as the Records Management Association of Australasia – RMAA) launched its Technology Survey. The survey attempted to capture a snapshot, predominantly but not exclusively in Australia and New Zealand, and gain empirical evidence about the use of technology adoption trends, RIM capabilities in host organisations and the role of RIM personnel in technology selection and adoption. The survey had a particular focus on Records Management (RM) and Enterprise Content Management (ECM) systems and processes, but also featured questions on the demographics of the participants, organisational policies and processes around these technologies and peripheral devices. In 2010 the survey was repeated. Consequently, the survey became more than a one-off cross-sectional snapshot and could lay claim to being a longitudinal study, however as a longitudinal study instrument the current survey is lacking validity and reliability. A consensus exists, however, that changes are required going forward if the survey is to continue. This consensus is based on issues that have emerged from analysis of the two iterations of the current instrument. The issues that need to be addressed are: • Low participation rate • The relatively high number of questions skipped • The overall length of the survey • Ensuring the survey has a clear and distinct aim • Ensuring what is captured is core to the survey’s aim • Ensuring what is captured is relevant to the RIM profession • The ambiguity of questions • Misunderstanding of questions • Scope – expansion of the instrument to encompass technology learning, knowledge and skills of RIM professions These issues were identified by Brogan and Roberts in their analyses of the 2008 and 2010 data (2009, 2011 and 2012). This study is an examination and revision of the current technology survey instrument, aimed at ensuring that issues of relevancy, currency, usability, design and clarity of terms and definitions are all addressed, resulting in a valid and reliable longitudinal study instrument. The research design employed involved: a) investigation of the peer reviewed literature on survey participation and instrument design; b) investigation of peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed literature on technology in the RIM space; c) Convening of a panel of experts (focus group) to provide feedback on the existing instrument; d) Re-design of the existing instrument taking into account outcomes from a-c; and e) Validation of the re-designed instrument via the Focus Group The Focus Group review involved six highly regarded and knowledgeable participants pro-active in the RIM profession who trialled the instrument in a subsequent Pilot Test. The Focus Group provided additional feedback on scope and usability from a user perspective. The final survey produced will enable RIMPA to be informed on the technology education and training needs of its members, as well as continuing to track technology adoption and RIM program trends in the workplace.

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Smith, Ross Edward William. "The ecology of Australatya striolata (McCulloch and McNeill) (Decapoda: Atyidae)". Thesis, 1987. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/62548/1/62548_Smith_1987_thesis.pdf.

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The ecology of the protandrous freshwater shrimp, Australatya striolata (McCulloch and McNeill), was studied in two stream systems in north Queensland, in the context of its distribution in eastern Australia. The size frequency distributions of the populations studied were found to be bimodal, with the left mode consisting primarily of males, and the right mode of females. The modal size classes did not vary through time, although recruitment was found to be seasonal. The most likely mechanism for the maintenance of this bimodal distribution was a two-stage growth curve of an initial phase of relatively rapid growth of Juveniles followed by very slow growth of mature males, then a relatively rapid transition from male to female size followed by very slow growth of mature females. This explanation was well supported by a sigmoidal growth curve for individuals between the modal size classes, low levels of recruitment and negligible growth of tagged and caged males and females. Analysis of length frequency distributions through time also indicated very slow growth for mature males and females (1 mm in 870 days), and rapid growth of Juveniles (2-3 mm in 61 days). This growth pattern is possibly unique in the recorded literature. Breeding was seasonal and coincided with the summer wet season. Eggs were brooded and larvae released by the females in freshwater. The first larval stage was a zoea which was lecithotrophic and required salinities in excess of 20%. for further development. In lower salinities they could survive for up to 30 days on their yolk supplies. This was shown to be more than would be required for drift to the estuary (about 17 days in Yuccabine Creek and 8 days in Douglas Creek). The subsequent upstream migration of Juveniles required 12 to 18 months in the stream systems studied. A. striolata was shown to be primarily a filter feeder, but sweeping the substratum with the cheliped fan was used in periods of low stream flow. The predominant food was particulate organic matter, the abundance of which was not limiting for naturally occurring densities of shrimp. Predation and disease were shown to be minimal sources of mortality in the populations of adults studied, and the maintenance of near 1:1 sex ratios, despite the greater age of females, indicated high survival. The species was shown to be distributed in coastal streams from the Claudie River, Cape York Peninsular (12'45' S, 14312' E), to the Genoa River, Victoria (37°29' S, 149°35' E). The lowest observed altitude for adult populations tended to decrease with increasing latitude. The northern limit to the distribution was shown to be restricted by habitat availability. It is suggested that the observed differences in the size frequency distributions over the geographic range were due to different rates of recruitment. The adaptive significance of the life history of the species is discussed, with particular reference to the preference of adults for low order streams, and the advantages of the marine Larval stage.

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Berry, Jocelyn Asha. "The systematics of the Australasian Eunotinae (Hymenoptera: pteromalidae)". Phd thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109705.

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A systematic revision of the tribe Moranilini (Pteromalidae: Eunotinae) is presented. The tribe has an Australasian, particularly Australian, distribution and its members are mostly parasitoids and egg predators of coccoids (Hemiptera). Thirteen genera are recognised: Amoturella Girault, Aphobetus Howard, Australeunotus Girault, Australurios Girault, Eunotomyiia Girault, Globonila Boucek, Hirtonila Boucek, Ismaya Boucek, Kneva Boucek, Moranila Cameron, Ophelosia Riley, Tomicobiella Girault and Tomicobomorpha Boucek. Modronila Boucek, Pidinka Boueek and Strionila Boueek are regarded as junior synonyms of Aphobetu.s Howard. Sixty-four species are described; 33 species are new and 31 are redescriptions of (mainly) Girault species. The following new species are described: Amoturella brindabellensis; Aphobetus cultratus, A. ermli, A. garretti, A. paucisetosus, A. reticulatus, A. singeri, A. vandiemenensis; Eunotomyiia }amesii; Ismaya naumanni; Moranila aotearoae, kl. basalis, M. bicolor, M. gullanae, M. longisetosa, M. maculata, M. punctata, M. striata, M. strigaster; Ophelosia australis, 0. biaki, 0. brevisetosa, 0. charlesii, 0. josephinae, 0. mcglashani, 0. missimi, 0. odiosa, 0. rieki, 0. stenopteryx, 0. tasmaniensis; Tomicobiella arsenei, T. giraulti and T. philiporum. The following species are redescribed: Amoturella saintpierrei Girault; Aphobetus cyanea (Boucek), A. goldsmithii (Girault), A. lecanii (Girault), A. maskelli Howard, A. moundi (Boucek), A. nana (Boueek), A. silv(filia (Girault): Australeunotus raskini Girault; Australurios longispina Girault; Eunotomyiia corvus Girault; Globonila parva Boucek; Hirtonila di.spar Boucek; lsmaya brevis Boueek; Kneva plana Boueek; Moranila baeusomorpha (Girault), M. brunneventris (Girault), M. californica (Howard), M. comperei Ashmead, M. pini Girault, M. viridivertex Girault; Ophelosia bifasciata Girault, 0. cra11'fordi Riley, 0. hypatia Girault, 0. indica Farooqi, 0. keatsi Girault, 0. leai Dodd, 0. saintpierrei Girault; Tomicobiella subcyanea Girault, Tomicobomorpha stellata Girault and Tomicobomorpha subplana Boucek. Eleven synonymies are made at the species level, as follows (senior synonym first): Moranila baeusomorpha (Girault) = Moranila australica (Girault); Moranila comperei (Ashmead) = Tomocera saissetiae Girault, T. transversifasciata Girault and I io (Girault); Ophelosia bifasciata Girault = 0. viridinotata Girault and 0. aligherini (Girault); 0. crawfordi Riley = 0. sulcata Girault; 0. hypatia Girault = 0. lucretti Girault; 0. keatsi Girault = 0. horatii Girault; 0. leai Dodd = 0. aligherini Girault; 0. saintpierrei Girault = 0. pinguis Girault. The problematic status of the monotypic genus Australurios Girault is discussed. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Aphobetus maskelli, Australurios longispina, Tomocera transversifasciata, T. pini, Moranila viridivertex, Ophelosia sulcata, 0. lucretii and 0. leai. Keys to the genera of Moranilini and species of all polytypic genera are presented. Distribution maps are provided for all species. A phylogenetic analysis was carried out to assist in making decisions regarding the monophyly of genera. The programme PAUP, version 3.1.L, was used. Four taxa from the subfamily Eunotinae were used as outgroups; three species from the Eunotini and one from the Tomocerodini. The Eunotini is considered to he the basal tribe in the subfamily. A Permutation Tail Probability (PTP) test indicated that the data set had significant cladistic strncture. The validity of various monophyletic groupings, both those produced by the analysis and those previously existing, were assessed using Topology-dependant PTP (TPTP) tests. The results of the T-PTP tests supported making four generic synonymies, three of which were made (above) and one rejected due to inadequacies of the data set. The study reduced the number of monotypic genera in the tribe from 12 to five by addition of species and by generic synonymy. Evidence from host relationships, biogeographic events and the phylogeny suggests that the Moranilini originated in Australia and that a minimum of five dispersal events to New Zealand occurred. A vicariance argument to account for the biogeography of the tribe would require some moraniline lineages to have been in existence for a minimum of around 80 million years. This is considered unlikely. It is not known whether the tribe Moranilini occurs in South America. Confirmation of the presence of endemic moranilines in South America would suggest a minimum age for the tribe of around 55 million years. The biological control of three species of Pseudococcus (P. longispinus, P. calceolariae and P. affinis) which are pests in New Zealand is discussed. Two of these species, and possibly the third, are of Australian origin. Using host relationship and distribution data, it is concluded that all known natural enemies of the pest species within the Moranilini are already present and well established in New Zealand. Further research on the Australian monmilines whose host relationships are not known is recommended, especially the genus Ophelosia and the species Ophelosia leai. A catalogue of the Moranilini, a character list, the data matrix and the consensus tree from the analysis, a host/parasitoid list and distribution maps for each species are included as Appendices.

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38

Steer, Philip. "Unsettled Nation: Britain, Australasia, and the Victorian Cultural Archipelago". Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3207.

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This dissertation argues that the literary, intellectual, and cultural borders of Victorian Britain extended as far as Australia and New Zealand, and that the tradition of nation-based literary criticism inherited from the Victorians has blinded Victorian Studies to that possibility. Building upon the nineteenth century concept of "Greater Britain," a term invoking the expansion of the British nation through settler colonization, I demonstrate that literary forms did not simply diffuse from the core to the periphery of the empire, but instead were able to circulate within the space of Greater Britain. That process of circulation shaped Victorian literature and culture, as local colonial circumstances led writers to modify literary forms and knowledge formations; those modifications were then able to be further disseminated through the empire by way of the networks that constituted Greater Britain.

My argument focuses on the novel, because its formal allegiance to the imagined national community made it a valuable testing ground for the multi-centered nation that was being formed by settlement. I specifically locate the Victorian novel in the context of Britain's relations with the colonies of Australia and New Zealand, which were unique in that their transition from initial settlement to independent nations occurred almost entirely during the Victorian period. The chapters of Unsettled Nation focus on realism, romance and political economy's interest in settlement; the bildungsroman and theories of discipline developed in the penal colonies; the theorization of imperial spatiality in utopian and invasion fiction; and the legacy of the Waverley novel in the portrayal of colonization in temporal terms. Each chapter presents a specific example of how knowledge formations and literary forms were modified as a result of their circulation through the archipelagic nation space of Greater Britain.

Working at the intersection between Victorian Studies and Australian and New Zealand literary criticism, I seek to recover and reconsider the geographical mobility of nineteenth century Britons and their literature. Thus, more than merely trying to cast light on a dimension of imperialism largely ignored by critics of Victorian literature, I use the specific example of Australasia to make the broader claim that the very idea of Victorian Britain can and must be profitably expanded to include its settler colonies.

Dissertation

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39

Alexander, Martin Edward. "Crown fire thresholds in exotic pine plantations of Australasia". Phd thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9555.

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Fire managers in Australasia currently lack the basis that would permit them to objectively evaluate the potential for crown fire development in exotic pine plantations under any specified set of fuel, weather and topographic conditions. The existing crown fire initiation models all have inherent weaknesses or lack applicability, thereby rendering their utility questionable. A model that would enable them to predict the onset of crowning has been developed from a combination of physical insights and mathematical modelling coupled with relevant field and laboratory experiments. The six model inputs include at least two environmental parameters (ambient air temperature, in-stand wind speed) and possibly a third (slope steepness) where applicable, two surface fire behaviour characteristics (line-fire intensity, flame front residence time) and two crown fuel properties (foliar moisture content, live crown base height). The most fundamental principle incorporated in the model is that temperature rise above ambient conditions is determined by the intensity of the heat source at the ground surface, the height above ground in question, and the angle formed between the ground surface and the surface fire plume. Ignition or initial combustion of the needle foliage at the base of the live or green crown layer is in tum judged to be a function of the duration of heating experienced and the temperature achieved in the convection column at this height, assuming the presence of a pilot flame source(s). One of the unique features of the present crown fire initiation model is that the influence of within stand wind speed on the trajectory of the thermal plume has been considered in terms of its relative effectiveness in the convective heating of the lower live crown layer. This is considered to be a very significant improvement over C.E. Van Wagner's criteria for crown fire initiation and coupled with variable allowances for ambient conditions and duration of convective heating should thereby permit extrapolation to a wider range of burning conditions. Furthermore, a simplistic methodology has been formulated for deriving the needed empirical constant in the model, that essentially reflects the surface and bridge or ladder fuel characteristics of structurally dissimilar plantation stand types, based on the height of lethal crown scorching that could be obtained from low-to moderate-intensity surface fires, thereby negating the need for direct temperature measurement above the surface fire flame front. This has in turn resulted in new insights into the modelling and prediction of crown scorch height. The model has been tested against independent documentation obtained from experimental fires, operational prescribed fires and wildfires, with exceedingly encouraging results. The validity of C.E. Van Wagner's concept of a critical minimum crown fire rate of spread in relation to the crown bulk density in order to achieve continuous crowning has been substantiated for the first time in an operational setting. Also emerging from a detailed wildfire behaviour case study is evidence that under certain conditions, two distinctly different states of fire spread and intensity could exist in a given plantation fuel complex at a specific level of fuel moisture depending on the wind speed and arrangement/character of the plantation age-class mosaic. The model will allow exotic pine plantation managers the means of quantitatively and objectively assessing the various fire and fuel management practices designed to limit the incidence and impact of crown fires such as pruning, thinning, prescribed underburning, and plantation layout/design considerations (e.g., diverse age-class mosaic). The model could easily be extended to forest fuel complexes other than exotic pine plantations with a minimal of effort.

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Baba, Yumiko. "Evolution, systematics and taxonomy of Elaeocarpus (Elaeocarpaceae) in Australasia". Thesis, 2013. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/38321/1/38321-baba-2013-thesis.pdf.

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An important role of taxonomy is to document the biological world by discovering and determining the relationships of, and formally describing, organisms. This not only enhances our knowledge of biodiversity, but also provides fundamental information for other disciplines. The aim was to increase the understanding of the hierarchical relationships within the rainforest tree genus Elaeocarpus as the basis for a better understanding of the evolutionary processes that have given rise to the extant diversity. An hierarchical approach using different methods and datasets for different taxonomic questions was employed: phylogenetics, population genetics, morphometrics and traditional descriptive taxonomy. The phylogenetic relationships of Elaeocarpaceae were investigated using nucleotide sequences of two plastid intergenic spacers, trnL-trnF and trnV-ndhC, and the nuclear encoded Internal Transcribed Spacer region. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses of the combined plastid and nuclear data with enhanced taxon sampling produced a more detailed estimate of relationships within Elaeocarpaceae than previous studies. Monophyly of all the genera of Elaeocarpaceae except Elaeocarpus, Aceratium and Sericolea was confirmed. Elaeocarpus, Aceratium and Sericolea formed a strongly supported clade in the multigene tree in the Bayesian analysis but the determination of taxonomic rank for each group requires further investigation. Some morphological groups such as Group V Subgroup A, Group VI Subgroup B and part of Group XI subgroup B proposed by Coode (1984) were each strongly supported as monophyletic based on the separate marker data sets as well as the combined data set. Additionally, samples of the Elaeocarpus obovatus species complex (Group V D + E. coorangooloo) formed a monophyletic group strongly supported in most analyses. Some clades showed correlation with geography. These areas are New Caledonia-Pacific and Asia. The phylogenetic study provided an evolutionary framework within which to place the undescribed taxa in Australia. The undescribed taxa sampled for this study now have their positions in their respective groups confirmed: E. sp. Mt Misery was nested in Group VI B; E. Mt. Windsor Tableland was placed in Group XI Subgroup B. Further investigation of these entities was beyond the scope of this study, partly because insufficient material was available for a thorough analysis. With the aim to solve long-standing problems of taxonomic delimitation within the E. obovatus species complex (Group V D + E. coorangooloo), genetic variation, diversity and relatedness were assessed using a population genetics approach with established microsatellite markers. While there needs a validation from other data source to confirm microsatellite profiles suggested that E. arnhemicus and E. obovatus may be tetraploids. Because the appropriate methodology for analysing polyploid and diploid species together in population genetics is yet to be standardised, a synthesis of three different approaches was utilised in this study: similarity based analysis (PCoA), model based analysis (STRUCTURE), hypothesis testing (Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) using Φ(PT) and Multigroup Discriminant Function Analysis (MDFA)). Elaeocarpus arnhemicus was supported as an entity distinct from the other two groups by the cluster analyses, AMOVA (Φ(PT)= 0.43) and MDFA. All of the E. obovatus populations are weakly supported as a single entity by the majority of the clustering methods, and this group is strongly supported as distinct from E. sp. Mt Bellenden Ker based on AMOVA (Φ(PT)= 0.31) and MDFA. Although some differentiation was found between E. obovatus North and South populations in the STRUCTURE analysis, it was decided that as a working hypothesis E. obovatus should be regarded as a single genetic entity because there exists a large sampling gap between them. STRUCTURE analysis detected some genetic admixture between E. arnhemicus and E. obovatus, E. sp. Mt Bellenden Ker and E. coorangooloo, and between E. obovatus and E. sp. Mt. Bellenden Ker. AMOVA indicated only up to 23 % of the variation was shared between each pair, with the likely explanation being retained ancestral polymorphism in both cases. Taken together the results suggest that there are three distinct genetic groups corresponding to E. arnhemicus, E. obovatus, and E. sp. Mt. Bellenden Ker. Morphological variation within the E. obovatus complex was evaluated against the working hypothesis (the existence of three entities) that resulted from the population genetic study. The results of PCA, PCoA, Cluster analysis, Multigroup Discriminant Function Analysis and Classification Tree analysis revealed that E. obovatus, E. arnhemicus, and E. sp. Mt. Bellenden Ker are morphologically discrete on the basis of fruit and vegetative characters. Taken together, the results of both the genetic and morphological analyses indicate that recognition of E. sp. Bellenden Ker at species rank is justified. Hence the two named species, E. obovatus and E. arnhemicus, are maintained and E. sp. Mt. Bellenden Ker is newly described as E. biracemosus Y.Baba & Crayn. A dichotomous key to all entities and fully revised accounts of E. arnhemicus, E. coorangooloo and E. obovatus are provided. A detailed investigation of the long-standing putatively recognised taxon E. sp. Mossman Bluff (D.G.Fell 1666) was undertaken and resulted in the description of a new species from the Australian Wet Tropics. The taxon was formally named E. hylobroma Y.Baba & Crayn and a full description and a line drawing of the species was produced. The position of this species as sister to the morphologically distinct Group V was strongly supported by Bayesian analysis of the combined sequence data plus indel data. Since the broader relationships of this clade are unclear, the species was tentatively assigned to Group V with the subgroup assignment suspended until more evidence becomes available.

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Pan, Ju-yang, i 潘汝揚. "A Syudy on the Performance of REITs IPOs’ – the Case of Australasia". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/g56j78.

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碩士
靜宜大學
管理碩士在職專班
97
Australian real estate investment trusts (A-REITs), which develops a market scale only next to U.S. REIT’s nowadays, can be said to be one of the main market of the real estate investment trust in the world. This research focuses on the market of A-REITs and discusses the fluctuations of the return on investment (ROI) of A-REITs after their initial public offering (IPO). In addition, many investors probably can’t buy the REIT before IPO, this research assumes that investors buy the REIT on IPO’s first day of public trading and discusses the accumulated abnormal ROI within a short possessing period as a reference for investment. This differs from traditional research which accumulates abnormal ROI from the day the REIT is publicly listed and traded. This research finds the highest abnormal average ROI is 3.41% on the IPO day of A-REITs among Australian Securities Exchange’s (ASX) publicly listed and traded mutual funds. Except the is significant positive, the accumulated abnormal average ROI on the other period is significant negative. And the accumulated abnormal average ROI from the 1st day to the 20th day and from the 1st day to the 30th day after the REIT is publicly listed and traded is also significant negative. The result of this research shows that if investors buy A-REIT on the day when it is publicly listed and traded, almost all investors lose money during 80 days of possessing period.

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42

Yokoyama, Yusuke. "Sea-level change in Australasia and the radiocarbon time scale calibration during the last 50,000 years". Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144951.

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Triono, Teguh. "A phylogenetic study of Pouteria (Sapotaceae) in Malesia and Australasia using morphology and molecular data". Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151094.

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44

Mazerat, Julie. "Coral and speleothem reconstructions of early holocene ocean-atmosphere dynamics in southern Australasia". Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155897.

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Reconstructing the impacts of abrupt climate change on the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool, the Australasian monsoon, and El Nino-Southern Oscillation, and their teleconnections to higher latitudes, is crucial for understanding the role of the tropics in global climate change. The main objective of this thesis is to use geochemical tracers in skeletons of modern and fossil Porites corals from Alor, Indonesia, and a speleothem record from the island of Flores nearby, to explore the climatic response of southern Indonesia to the abrupt cold event 8,200 years ago originating in the North Atlantic region, referred to as the 8.2 ka event. The early Holocene interval before, during and after the 8.2ka event was investigated using 5-year resolution Sr/Ca and d18O records for eight fossil corals with U-series ages spanning 8.5ka to 7.8ka (thousand years before the present). Relative to today, fossil coral Sr/Ca-SSTs from 8.4 to 8.0 ka indicate slightly warmer SSTs and higher residual d18O (Dd18O) values suggesting drier conditions. These results compare well with other Australasian oceanic and atmospheric records, however the high-resolution Alor coral records also show gradual cooling of SSTs starting at 8.3ka and an abrupt 1.5-2C cooling at 8.0 ka associated with the 8.2ka event. Also, the speleothem record from Flores shows sharp increases in d18O, d13C, Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca around 8.4ka and 7.9ka, indicating drier/cooler conditions on land during the 8.2 ka event. High-resolution analysis of the Alor corals confirms these results. The lack of a clear antiphased interhemispheric increase in monsoon rainfall around Alor and Flores, as observed in South American records of the 8.2ka event, may be due to anomalously cool SSTs in the Indonesian maritime continent at that time. The interannual and seasonal characteristics of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the early Holocene and 8.2ka event were explored via frequency analysis, threshold analysis, and analysis of the annual cycles of SST and rainfall to gain information about changes in the ENSO frequency and magnitude during different background climate states. High-resolution analysis of coral Sr/Ca and d18O show that ENSO events were suppressed during the early Holocene, though not as much as indicated by other palaeo-ENSO records and modelling studies. The coral records also show that the frequency, duration and intensity of El Nino events was greater during the 8.2ka event compared to the early Holocene ENSO climate state. A synthesis of the causes and mechanisms driving the 8.2 ka event suggests that definitive conclusions cannot be drawn about the role of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation because such a mechanism cannot explain the long duration of the 8.2ka climate anomaly, nor the fact that many records show an onset of climatic deterioration well before the abrupt 8.2ka event in the North Atlantic. Therefore, the 8.2 ka event is probably best interpreted in terms of a recurrent cycle of climatic deteriorations whose impact was amplified around 8.2ka by massive meltwater discharge into the North Atlantic.

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45

Costion, Craig Mitchell. "Plant biodiversity science, discovery, and conservation : case studies from Australasia and the Pacific". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/96161.

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This thesis advances plant biodiversity knowledge in three separate bioregions, Micronesia, the Queensland Wet Tropics, and South Australia. A systematic treatment of the endemic flora of Micronesia is presented for the first time thus advancing alpha taxonomy for the Micronesia-Polynesia biodiversity hotspot region. The recognized species boundaries are used in combination with all known botanical collections as a basis for assessing the degree of threat for the endemic plants of the Palau archipelago located at the western most edge of Micronesia’s Caroline Islands. A preliminary assessment is conducted utilizing the IUCN red list Criteria followed by a new proposed alternative methodology that enables a degree of threat to be established utilizing existing data. Historical records and archaeological evidence are reviewed to establish the minimum extent of deforestation on the islands of Palau since the arrival of humans. This enabled a quantification of population declines of the majority of plants endemic to the archipelago. In the state of South Australia, the importance of establishing concepts of endemism is emphasized even further. A thorough scientific assessment is presented on the state’s proposed biological corridor reserve network. The report highlights the exclusion from the reserve system of one of the state’s most important hotspots of plant endemism that is highly threatened from habitat fragmentation and promotes the use of biodiversity indices to guide conservation priorities in setting up reserve networks. In the Queensland Wet Tropics the thesis achieves two additional outcomes. A localized pilot study test the accuracy of plant DNA barcodes to estimate species richness. Species richness estimations were performed with high accuracy suggesting the suitability of the approach in poorly known floras where the identity of samples is known or from samples in a cryptic life stage that are difficult to identify. The methodology is promising for areas of the world, such as the tropics, that contain a high percentage of undescribed or poorly known taxa. In addition, a large dataset from northeast Queensland was utilized to assess broad scale patterns of phylogenetic diversity. A linear relationship between phylogenetic diversity and genus richness is found to have high statistical support suggesting that taxon richness is an accurate predictor of hot spots of evolutionary history. When the affects of taxon richness are removed through linear regression however, a strong biogeographic pattern is unveiled. Sites with higher phylogenetic diversity than expected based on genus richness are best explained by having a lower percent of Gondwanan or endemic Australian elements of the flora. These sites have a higher percentage of Indomalayan or other foreign lineages that dispersed to Australia and are more frequent in the lowland rainforest areas below 200 meters. Phylogenetic diversity is shown to be effective at unraveling broad scale patterns of evolutionary history at the biome scale, which may prove useful for justifying the preservation of not just species but assemblages of species that represent different epochs of the earth’s evolutionary history.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2012

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Dangerfield, Paul C. (Paul Clive). "The systematics of the genera of Cardiochilinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) with a revision of Australasian species". 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd182.pdf.

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Copies of author's previously published articles inserted . Errata slip pasted on back endpaper. Bibliography : leaves 220-233. Members of the wasp subfamily Cardiochilinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are endoparasitic in lepidopterous larvae and have proven and potential importance as biocontrol agents of agricultural pests. This thesis examines the taxonomy of species in the Australasian region, and develops a phylogenetic framework for world genera based on cladistic methodology.

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Dangerfield, Paul Clive. "The systematics of the genera of Cardiochilinae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) with a revision of Australasian species / Paul C. Dangerfield". Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18664.

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Copies of author's previously published articles inserted .
Errata slip pasted on back endpaper.
Bibliography : leaves 220-233.
xi, 233, [49] leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
Members of the wasp subfamily Cardiochilinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) are endoparasitic in lepidopterous larvae and have proven and potential importance as biocontrol agents of agricultural pests. This thesis examines the taxonomy of species in the Australasian region, and develops a phylogenetic framework for world genera based on cladistic methodology.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1996

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Saeed, Azhar. "The systematics and phylogeny of the genus Diolcogaster Ashmead (hymenoptera : braconidae : microgastrinae) with a revision of Australasian species / Azhar Saeed". Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/18832.

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Corrigenda pasted on verso of leaf 267.
Bibliography: leaves 239-253.
xii, 267 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
This study focuses on the phylogenetic status of Diolcogaster within the Cotesia-complex. The Cotesia-complex is not resolved as a monophyletic group though most of the included genera are so resolved. Diolcogaster is revised for the Australasian region and recorded for the first time fron New Zealand. A total of 26 species are now known from Australasia.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, 1997

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Irving, Andrew D. "Patterns and responses of Benthos to habitat heterogeneity in algal forests of Australasia and Antarctica/ Andrew D. Irving". 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22248.

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"May 2005"
Bibliography: leaves 209-224.
x, 211 leaves : ill. ([1] col.), map ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Environmental Biology, 2005

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Irving, Andrew D. "Patterns and responses of Benthos to habitat heterogeneity in algal forests of Australasia and Antarctica/ Andrew D. Irving". Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22248.

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"May 2005"
Bibliography: leaves 209-224.
x, 211 leaves : ill. ([1] col.), map ; 30 cm.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Environmental Biology, 2005

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