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Ma, Weijun, Rui Feng, Yating Zhang, Kyoko Yamashita, Jue Miao i Yuyin Du. "Enterprise–consumer intergroup attributional bias". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 50, nr 12 (6.12.2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.11924.
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We examined whether customers' attribution of positive and negative events was influenced by intergroup attributional bias toward enterprises and consumers. The participants ( s = 180 in Study 1 and 54 in Study 2) read fictional case studies of positive and negative events occurring in relation to enterprises and consumers and then provided details of their attributions. The results supported the existence of both derogatory attributions toward enterprises and favorable attributions toward consumers. Thus, an intergroup attributional bias was generally observed. Furthermore, stereotypes about enterprises influenced the formation of derogatory attributions toward enterprises. A more significantly negative enterprise stereotype was associated with an increased likelihood of showing a derogatory attribution toward enterprises. Whether the event was positive or negative, participants' perception was more inclined toward assigning egoistic motivational attributions to enterprises rather than to consumers. This study provides a new, integrative perspective to understand consumer attributions in relation to enterprise events.
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Neumann, Roland. "The Causal Influences of Attributions on Emotions: A Procedural Priming Approach". Psychological Science 11, nr 3 (maj 2000): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00238.
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According to attributional theories of emotion, feelings of guilt presuppose that the causes of a negative event are located within the individual (internal attribution), whereas feelings of anger presuppose that the causes of the eliciting event are located outside the individual (external attribution). This study tested whether these attributions in fact exert the claimed causal influence on emotional experiences. The study employed a procedural priming technique in which neutral events were repeatedly attributed either to oneself (internal attribution) or to another person (external attribution). Subsequently, participants were exposed to a negative event that was ambiguous as to its causes. The results reveal that the prior repeated use of internal attributions enhanced the tendency to experience guilt, whereas the repeated use of external attributions enhanced the tendency to experience anger. These findings support the assumption that attributions exert a causal influence on emotions.
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Low, Kathryn Graff, Carl E. Thoresen, Jerry R. Pattillo i Nancy Fleischmann. "Causal Attributions and Coronary Heart Disease in Women". Psychological Reports 73, nr 2 (październik 1993): 627–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.2.627.
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The relationship between coronary heart-disease endpoints and attributional style in women has been previously unexamined. This study examined the attributions of 73 postmyocardial infarction (MI) women about their heart disease and explored the relationship between attributions and nonfatal coronary recurrence Women's primary causal attributions included personal behavior (9.6%), blaming others (19.3%), stress (28.8%), luck (12.3%), and family history (13.7%). The largest proportion of recurrences occurred in women attributing their infarcts to marital problems. Of the attributional ratings, ascriptions involving spouses were the only attributions that met entry criteria for logistic regression ( p = .019) after controlling for severity of first infarction.
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Eichensehr, Kristen E. "Decentralized Cyberattack Attribution". AJIL Unbound 113 (2019): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2019.33.
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Attribution of state-sponsored cyberattacks can be difficult, but the significant uptick in attributions in recent years shows that attribution is far from impossible. After several years of only sporadic attributions, Western governments in 2017 began attributing cyberattacks to other governments more frequently and in a more coordinated fashion. But nongovernment actors have more consistently attributed harmful cyber activity to state actors. Although not without risks, these nongovernmental attributions play an important role in the cybersecurity ecosystem. They are often faster and more detailed than governmental attributions, and they fill gaps where governments choose not to attribute. Companies and think tanks have recently proposed centralizing attribution of state-sponsored cyberattacks in a new international entity. Such an institution would require significant start-up time and resources to establish efficacy and credibility. In the meantime, the current system of public-private attributions, decentralized and messy though it is, has some underappreciated virtues—ones that counsel in favor of preserving some multiplicity of attributors even alongside any future attribution entity.
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Bell, Brad E. "DISTINGUISHING ATTRIBUTIONS OF CAUSALITY, MORAL RESPONSIBILITY, AND BLAME: PERCEIVERS' EVALUATIONS OF THE ATTRIBUTIONS". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 17, nr 2 (1.01.1989): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1989.17.2.231.
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The present study investigated perceivers' evaluations of attributions of causality, moral responsibility, and blame. Subjects read two scenarios with either mild or severe consequences, and then rated the perpetrators on either causality, moral responsibility, or blame. Subjects subsequently rated the attributions on several evaluative dimensions. Attributions of moral responsibility were generally judged by perceivers to be more complex than attributions of causality and blame, suggesting that the process of attributing of blame may not involve the subprocess of evaluating moral responsibility. Excuses were not consistently judged to be more important for any particular type of attribution.
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MacLEOD, A. K., C. HAYNES i T. SENSKY. "Attributions about common bodily sensations: their associations with hypochondriasis and anxiety". Psychological Medicine 28, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797005849.
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Background. Causal attributions about bodily sensations may determine help-seeking and influence patients' demands for medical treatment. The present study aimed to differentiate the causal attributions associated with health-related and non-health-related anxiety.Methods. Anxious hypochondriacal, generally anxious, and non-anxious general practice attenders were compared on their propensity to give somatic, psychological or normalizing attributions for common bodily sensations, measured by number of each type of attribution in a given time period and the frequency of first response of each type.Results. The groups differed in all three types of attributions. Giving more psychological and fewer normalizing attributions was related to general anxiety whereas giving more somatic attributions was related specifically to hypochondriasis.Conclusions. Anxiety and hypochondriasis can be distinguished in terms of their associated patterns of attributions for bodily sensations, reinforcing the importance of attributional processes and interventions which use reattributional training.
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Flett, Gordon L., Kirk R. Blankstein i Sandi Kleinfeldt. "DEPRESSION AND CAUSAL ATTRIBUTIONS FOR UNEXPECTED STRESSFUL EVENTS". Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 19, nr 1 (1.01.1991): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1991.19.1.53.
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Although there is general evidence of an association between attribution and depression, research examining causal attributions for life events has provided little consistent evidence for the attributional model of depression. The present study tested whether the controllability and expectedness of the event moderate the association between attribution dimensions and depression. A sample of 242 students completed measures of depression and rated a recent stressful life event in terms of its perceived causality (i.e., locus, stability, and globality) as well as its controllability and expectedness. Correlational analyses confirmed past indications that there is little association between depression and causal attributions. However, there were significant correlations between depression and globality. Subsequent regression analyses found that the perceived controllability of the event did not moderate the association between attribution and depression. In contrast, regression analyses involving the expectedness variable showed that the locus attribution dimension interacted with expectedness to predict depression. An internal attribution for an unexpected event was associated with increased depression. Overall, the findings suggest that the attribution model may be applicable to attributions for unexpected life problems. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of examining aspects of actual life events that may moderate the association between attributions and depression.
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Robbins, James M., i Laurence J. Kirmayer. "Attributions of common somatic symptoms". Psychological Medicine 21, nr 4 (listopad 1991): 1029–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700030026.
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SYNOPSISThree studies explored the causal attributions of common somatic symptoms. The first two studies established the reliability and validity of a measure of attributional style, the Symptom Interpretation Questionnaire (SIQ). Three dimensions of causal attribution were confirmed: psychological, somatic and normalizing. The third study examined the antecedents and consequences of attributional style in a sample of family medicine patients. Medical and psychiatric history differentially influenced attributional style. Past history and attributional style independently influenced clinical presentations over the subsequent 6 months. Symptom attributional style may contribute to the somatization and psychologization of distress in primary care.
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Okolo, Cynthia M. "The Effects of Computer-Based Attribution Retraining on the Attributions, Persistence, and Mathematics Computation of Students with Learning Disabilities". Journal of Learning Disabilities 25, nr 5 (maj 1992): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002221949202500507.
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The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of attribution retraining, embedded within a mathematics computer-assisted instructional (CAI) program, on students' attributions, persistence, and mathematics computation. Twenty-nine school-identified students with learning disabilities from five urban schools participated in the study. The sample's mean age was 13.3 years. After blocking on initial attributional patterns, students were randomly assigned to a mathematics CAI program that provided either attribution retraining or neutral feedback. Students used their assigned program for eight 30-minute sessions. Results did not support the contention that attribution retraining would have a significant impact on students' attributions. However, students who participated in the attribution retraining condition completed significantly more levels of the program than their counterparts who received neutral feedback. Attribution retraining students also obtained significantly higher scores on a test of problems practiced during the CAI program. These results suggest that attribution retraining may be a desirable addition to the type of feedback typically provided by CAI programs. However, they also highlight the need for further research that examines the conditions under which specific attributions are most advantageous.
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Barnby, J. M., Q. Deeley, O. Robinson, N. Raihani, V. Bell i M. A. Mehta. "Paranoia, sensitization and social inference: findings from two large-scale, multi-round behavioural experiments". Royal Society Open Science 7, nr 3 (marzec 2020): 191525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191525.
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The sensitization model suggests that paranoia is explained by over-sensitivity to social threat. However, this has been difficult to test experimentally. We report two preregistered social interaction studies that tested (i) whether paranoia predicted overall attribution and peak attribution of harmful intent and (ii) whether anxiety, interpersonal sensitivity and worry predicted the attribution of harmful intent. In Study 1, we recruited a large general population sample ( N = 987) who serially interacted with other participants in multi-round dictator games and matched to fair, partially fair or unfair partners. Participants rated attributions of harmful intent and self-interest after each interaction. In Study 2 ( N = 1011), a new sample of participants completed the same procedure and additionally completed measures of anxiety, worry and interpersonal sensitivity. As predicted, prior paranoid ideation was associated with higher and faster overall harmful intent attributions, whereas attributions of self-interest were unaffected, supporting the sensitization model. Contrary to predictions, neither worry, interpersonal sensitivity nor anxiety was associated with harmful intent attributions. In a third exploratory internal meta-analysis, we combined datasets to examine the effect of paranoia on trial-by-trial attributional changes when playing fair and unfair dictators. Paranoia was associated with a greater reduction in harmful intent attributions when playing a fair but not unfair dictator, suggesting that paranoia may also exaggerate the volatility of beliefs about the harmful intent of others.
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Flora, Parminder K., Shaelyn M. Strachan, Lawrence R. Brawley i Kevin S. Spink. "Exercise Identity and Attribution Properties Predict Negative Self-Conscious Emotions for Exercise Relapse". Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, nr 5 (październik 2012): 647–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.5.647.
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Research on exercise identity (EXID) indicates that it is related to negative affect when exercisers are inconsistent or relapse. Although identity theory suggests that causal attributions about this inconsistency elicit negative self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt, no EXID studies have examined this for exercise relapse. Weiner’s attribution-based theory of interpersonal motivation (2010) offers a means of testing the attribution-emotion link. Using both frameworks, we examined whether EXID and attributional properties predicted negative emotions for exercise relapse. Participants (n = 224) read an exercise relapse vignette, and then completed EXID, attributions, and emotion measures. Hierarchical multiple regression models using EXID and the attributional property of controllability significantly predicted each of shame and guilt, R2 adjusted = .09, ps ≤ .001. Results support identity theory suggestions and Weiner’s specific attribution-emotion hypothesis. This first demonstration of an interlinking of EXID, controllability, and negative self-conscious emotions offers more predictive utility using complementary theories than either theory alone.
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Zamfir, Elena, i Peter Dayan. "Interactions between attributions and beliefs at trial-by-trial level: Evidence from a novel computer game task". PLOS Computational Biology 18, nr 9 (26.09.2022): e1009920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009920.
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Inferring causes of the good and bad events that we experience is part of the process of building models of our own capabilities and of the world around us. Making such inferences can be difficult because of complex reciprocal relationships between attributions of the causes of particular events, and beliefs about the capabilities and skills that influence our role in bringing them about. Abnormal causal attributions have long been studied in connection with psychiatric disorders, notably depression and paranoia; however, the mechanisms behind attributional inferences and the way they can go awry are not fully understood. We administered a novel, challenging, game of skill to a substantial population of healthy online participants, and collected trial-by-trial time series of both their beliefs about skill and attributions about the causes of the success and failure of real experienced outcomes. We found reciprocal relationships that provide empirical confirmation of the attribution-self representation cycle theory. This highlights the dynamic nature of the processes involved in attribution, and validates a framework for developing and testing computational accounts of attribution-belief interactions.
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Coggans, Niall, i John B. Davies. "Explanations for Heroin Use". Journal of Drug Issues 18, nr 3 (lipiec 1988): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800310.
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This paper examines, from the perspective of “attribution theory,” the role of explanations (for drug use) in giving up drug use. In particular, the “functional utility” of explanations (attributions) in the service of self-esteem needs is discussed. It appears that, in a group of heroin users, explanations are consistently related to level or pattern of heroin use in a manner with considerable utility for self-esteem. The attributional strategies employed, and the implications of particular attributions (explanations) for drug use are also discussed.
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Hughes, R. Eugene, Kenneth E. Bass i Frederic J. Hebert. "Self-Evaluation with and without Feedback as a Predictor of Attributions". Psychological Reports 80, nr 3_suppl (czerwiec 1997): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3c.1075.
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Attribution is often offered as an explanation for the observed difference between own and supervisor's evaluation of performance. Levy's (1993) attributional model posits self-evaluation as one of several predictors of a composite measure of individuals' attributions. This relation was investigated with the addition of performance feedback and analysis of both locus of control and stability attributional dimensions. Self-evaluation was the best predictor of the internal dimension of attribution, but no measure explained variance of the external attributional dimensions. Results were mixed for the stable and unstable dimensions and no conclusions were possible. These results suggest modification of Levy's model to enhance its predictive ability.
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Holleman, Marsha Cline, John I. Thornby i Joseph M. Merrill. "Substance Abusers: Role of Personal and Professional Role Traits in Caregivers' Causal Attributions". Psychological Reports 86, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.2.407.
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Substance abuse continues to be a major health problem compounded by caregivers' negative attitudes toward these patients. We investigated attributions 55 primary care physicians and 315 senior medical students make toward substance abusers. Half of both groups expressed negative causal attributions, with women slightly less negative than men. Mental models based on LISREL regression coefficients showed that higher negative attributions by both physicians and students were related to their increased authoritarianism and depressed mood. Medical students choosing careers in primary care specialties, including psychiatry, expressed a less negative attributional style toward substance abusers than those students entering nonprimary careers. Health professional educators may find that using attribution theory to redefine successful outcomes in management of substance abuse can result in better attitudes for caregivers.
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Phoenix, Gregory M., Michael J. Kalsher i Matthew V. Champagne. "Allocation of Responsibility for Injuries Sustained from the Use of Technologically-Mediated Consumer Products". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, nr 1 (październik 1997): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100188.
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Kelly's (1972) theory of causal attribution was used as a basis for assessing how participants allocated responsibility for injuries sustained in four fictitious product-use scenarios. Each scenario described an injury (mild or severe) that occurred during the use of a consumer product that was mediated by a computerized device. Different versions of each product-use scenario were created to account for manipulations of consensus, consistency, distinctiveness, and injury type. Results showed that participants' overall scores of attribution allocations were consistent with Kelly's attributional model and McArthur's (1972) findings. In situations of low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctiveness, participants made internal causal attributions; and for situations of high consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness, participants made external attributions. The manipulation of accident severity (mild or severe) had no significant effect on attributional tendencies. The availability of a product-use warning was associated with a greater tendency to attribute responsibility for the injury to the consumer. Implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.
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Brosschot, Jos F., i Henriette R. Aarsse. "Restricted Emotional Processing and Somatic Attribution in Fibromyalgia". International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 31, nr 2 (czerwiec 2001): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/k7au-9ux9-w8bw-tetl.
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Objective: Medically unexplained symptoms or syndromes, such as fibromyalgia (FM), might be partly caused or sustained by a mechanism involving restricted emotional processing (REP) and the subsequent attribution of emotional arousal to somatic or syndrome-consistent causes. In this study, it was hypothesized that FM patients, compared to healthy individuals, would be higher on trait measures of REP (defensiveness and alexithymia), and would show affective-autonomic response dissociation, that is, higher standardized scores of heart rate responses than affective responses, during negative emotional stimulation. Additionally, FM patients were expected to attribute their bodily symptoms more to somatic than to psychological causes. Method: Emotional movie excerpts were shown to 16 female FM patients and 17 healthy women. Affective response and heart rate were monitored continuously, while symptoms and their causal attributions were measured before and after the excerpts. Repressor coping style and alexithymia were measured, along with negative affectivity and habitual attributions of somatic complaints. Results: FM patients nearly all showed the relatively uncommon combination of high defensiveness and high anxiousness. Compared with healthy women FM patients were more alexithymic, showed a higher level of affective-autonomic response dissociation, and lower within-subject emotional variability. The groups showed opposite attributional patterns, with FM patients attributing symptoms less to psychological causes and more to somatic causes. There was no evidence of a shift in these attributions caused by the emotional stimuli. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary support for the hypotheses. Both at trait and at state level, FM showed restricted emotional processing on most of the parameters measured, and a high ratio of somatic to psychological symptom attribution, coupled with high negative affectivity.
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Tennert, Falk. "An attributional analysis of corporate reporting in crisis situations". Journal of Communication Management 18, nr 4 (28.10.2014): 422–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcom-09-2012-0074.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to use an attributional approach to examine press coverage in Germany dealing with Toyota’s 2010 global product recall due to purportedly defective brakes. The research focuses on the attributions of cause and responsibility and, thereby, the practices of media-brokered selection and interpretation of events. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology used is a quantitative content analysis of selected German print media. Corporate reporting is analysed with the help of attribution theory approaches from the field of psychology, which, when applied to public relations themes, thereby enables the identification of latent and manifest risk factors that emerge from the perceived responsibility of the media. Findings – Causal attributions are an essential aspect of coverage in acute crisis situations. The key findings show a dominance of internal attributions of responsibility in which the media interprets the crisis as self inflicted and ascribes a high level of fault on the company. Exonerating attributions according to a self-serving bias find little resonance in the coverage. The responsibility attributed to Toyota by the media coverage to a sustained damage to the company’s reputation. Originality/value – The study demonstrates that attribution theory can be productively applied to questions of communication management. This approach enables an analysis of attribution discourse as well as the potential long-term effects on the company’s reputation. Thus, the original value of this study lies in the psychological foundation of organisational risk and opportunity.
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Buck, David N., Stephen M. Clift i Robert M. Povey. "The Causal Attributions for Success and Failure of Problem and Non-Problem Secondary Pupils". School Psychology International 8, nr 4 (październik 1987): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014303438700800403.
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A comparison was made between the causal attributions offered by fifty-two problem and fifty-six non-problem children of both sexes in relation to situations involving the success and failure of pupils on a number of classroom tests. The results confirmed some general findings of attribution research that effort is an important causal explanation and that success is attributed to internal causes while failure elicits more external responses. In addition different attribution patterns were found between achievement situations, consistent with earlier results. In contrast to previous studies, however, some expected differences between boys and girls and problem and non-problem groups were not confirmed. The usual finding that girls attribute successful outcomes to luck and neglect effort while at the same time attributing failure to lack of ability was not found. Also, an earlier report that problem children will be more external, unintentional and unstable in their pattern of attributions was not supported. The importance of interest as a causal explanation and the overriding effect of outcome in relation to pupils' attributions were significant findings in this study.
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Kálmán, Csaba, i Esther Gutierrez Eugenio. "Successful language learning in a corporate setting: The role of attribution theory and its relation to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation". Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 5, nr 4 (10.12.2015): 583–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2015.5.4.4.
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Attribution theory (Weiner, 1985) and self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985) have been explored as contributors to L2 motivation (cf. Dörnyei, 2001) but have never been studied quantitatively in concert. In addition, students’ attributions for success in learning a foreign language have never been measured through the use of a questionnaire. The aim of this paper is therefore (a) to develop a questionnaire with reliable constructs that allows to measure adult learners’ attributions for their success in learning English in a corporate setting, (b) to investigate these learners’ attributions, and (c) to investigate the relationship between students’ attributions and the constructs of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation central to self-determination theory. Our main results show that among the attributions measured, interest, effort and corporate culture seemed to be the main causes that students recognised as directly involved in their success in learning English. Of all the attributional scales, interest and ability appeared to importantly contribute to intrinsic motivation, while corporate culture, encounters with foreign professionals and ability contributed to a lower extent to extrinsic motivation. It must be noted, however, that attributions for success to teacher and task were so consistently high that they could not be reliably measured with the questionnaire.
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Kirmayer, Laurence J., Allan Young i James M. Robbins. "Symptom Attribution in Cultural Perspective*". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 39, nr 10 (grudzień 1994): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379403901002.
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The explanatory model perspective of medical anthropology emphasizes the cultural shaping of individuals' efforts to make sense of their symptoms and suffering. Causal attribution is a pivotal cognitive process in this personal and social construction of meaning. Cultural variations in symptom attribution affect the pathogenesis, course, clinical presentation and outcome of psychiatric disorders. Research suggests that styles of attribution for common somatic symptoms may influence patients' tendency to somatize or psychologize psychiatric disorders in primary care. At the same time, symptom attributions are used to negotiate the sociomoral implications of illness. Recent work in social psychology and medical anthropology emphasizes the roots of attributional processes in bodily and social processes that are highly context-dependent, and hence, must be understood as part of the construction of a local world of meaning. Symptom attributions then may be understood as forms of positioning with both cognitive and social consequences relevant to psychiatric assessment and intervention.
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Fernández-Sogorb, Aitana, María Vicent, Carolina Gonzálvez, Ricardo Sanmartín, Antonio Miguel Pérez-Sánchez i José Manuel García-Fernández. "Attributional Style in Mathematics across Anxiety Profiles in Spanish Children". Sustainability 12, nr 3 (6.02.2020): 1173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031173.
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This research aimed to examine the relation between child anxiety and causal attributions in mathematics using a person-centered approach. The Visual Analogue Scale for Anxiety-Revised and the Sydney Attribution Scale were administered to 1287 Spanish students aged 8 to 11 (M = 9.68, SD = 1.20); 49.4% were girls. Four child anxiety profiles were obtained by the latent class analysis technique: Low Anxiety, Moderate Anxiety, High Anxiety, and Low Anxiety School-type. The four anxious groups significantly differed in all attributions of failure and in attributions of success to ability and effort, with effect sizes ranging from small to large (d = 0.24 to 0.99). The group with the highest anxiety levels attributed its failures more to the lack of ability and effort, and less to external causes. This group attributed its successes less to ability and effort. However, the Low Anxiety School-type group attributed its failures more to external causes and its successes more to ability and effort. The practical implications of these findings suggest that applying cognitive-behavioral programs for anxiety with a component of attribution retraining could be useful to improve both anxiety levels and the maladaptive attributional pattern of each child anxiety profile.
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Leposavic, Ivana, i Ljubica Leposavic. "Attribution style of patients with depression". Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 137, nr 9-10 (2009): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh0910529l.
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Introduction The role of attribution in psychopathology has been investigated most systematically within the depression context. The presumption which makes people depressive consists, to an excessive degree, of internal, stable and global attributions to negative occurrences. Negative attributions for unpleasant events are associated with the loss of self-respect which follows. Objective Establishing the characteristics of attribution style of depressive patients. Methods The investigation included 62 subjects. The first group consisted of 32 patients with endogenous depression in remission. The second group included 30 healthy subjects. The characteristics of attribution style, in both groups, were tested by the Attribution Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Results The group of depressive patients, in comparison with healthy subjects, exhibited a significantly more marked internal attribution for negative events (t(60)=-3.700; p<0.01) and global internal negative attributions (t(60)=-4.023; p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the groups in the stability of these negative attributions (t(60)=-1.937; p>0.05), and also the composite score which represents the measure of hopelessness did not make a significant difference between depressive and healthy subjects (t(60)=-1.810; p>0.05). Conclusion Depressive patients exhibit an inclination towards internal and global attribution for negative events. These negative attributions do not have stable character, i.e. these attributions vary in time. Characteristics of attribution judgments of depressive people do not represent a permanent pattern within their cognitive style.
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Ishijima, Kentaro. "Attributions of Poverty: Analyzing Compound Attribution". Annual Review of Sociology 2020, nr 33 (31.07.2020): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5690/kantoh.2020.52.
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Zhong, Keding. "A Research on the Effect of Learner attribution on Performance under the mediation of online learning environment". Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange 13, nr 1 (grudzień 2020): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18785/jetde.1301.02.
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Online learners' learning attribution has a significant effect on their learning behavior motivation and other psychological characteristics, and effects their learning performance through the change of learning behavior. The focus of this research is: What changes the learning behavior of online learners during the intermediate process? How does its mode of action relate to online learners' learning attribution? This research adopts the method of the role of mediating variable and takes online learning environment as the intermediary variable to test the direct effect of learning attribution on learning performance and the indirect effect through the mediating effect of online learning environment, and the regression model generated by the mediating effect analysis predicts learning performance. The results show that luck attribution has no effect on learning performance. Ability attribution, effort attribution and background attribution have no direct effect on learning performance. However, some indirect effects can be generated through the mediating effect of online learning environment, among which the total effort attribution has significant indirect effects through the pedagogy of online learning environment. Overall background attributions, ability and effort attributions in success attributions, and background attributions in failure attributions have significant indirect effects through the pedagogy, technology, and community mediating effects of online learning environments. All of the above indirect effects can positively predict learning performance, which provides a guiding ideology with practical significance for the construction elements of online learning environment.
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Jayamohan, Parvathi, Alexander McKelvie i Todd W. Moss. "Blame You, Blame Me: Exploring Attribution Differences and Impact in Family and Nonfamily Firms". Family Business Review 30, nr 3 (3.08.2017): 284–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486517722887.
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We explore how publicly listed family and nonfamily firms engage in self-serving attributions in their annual financial reports. We empirically examine how both types of firms emphasize internal attributions for good firm performance (internal-positive attributions) and external attributions for poor firm performance (external-negative attributions). We find that family firms make more external-negative attributions and that the stock market reacts more negatively to external-negative attributions made by family firms. This suggests important theoretical and practical implications for attribution theory and impression management in family firm research.
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Sserwanga, Arthur, i Gerrit Rooks. "Cognitive consequences of business shut down. The case of Ugandan repeat entrepreneurs". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 20, nr 3 (29.04.2014): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-10-2012-0120.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to focus on the cognitive and motivational consequences of a business failure, and their relation with subsequent start up success. The paper hypothesizes that if previous business failure was attributed to an internal and stable cause, subsequent business would be less successful compared to where an entrepreneur attributed business failure to an internal and unstable cause. Design/methodology/approach – The authors reviewed the literature on attribution theory in an achievement context and derived a hypothesis about the relation between causal thinking and subsequent business success. A survey amongst entrepreneurs in Uganda was carried out to yield insights on how attributions to past performance influence subsequent business performance. Findings – Entrepreneurs who attributed previous business failure to an internal, stable cause were found to be less successful in subsequent business start up. When repeat entrepreneurs attribute previous shut down to a lack of ability, they are less successful in a subsequent business start up. However, attributing the failure to a lack of effort, does not affect subsequent business success. Originality/value – The study reaffirms the importance of attributional thinking in entrepreneurship and provides empirical evidence on the relationship between the way entrepreneurs think about their previous performance and subsequent performance. Attributional thinking influences subsequent business actions and outcomes, which offers important practical applications. For instance training to change attributions of entrepreneurs may be used to influence their eventual performance.
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Walsh, Grace S., i James A. Cunningham. "Regenerative failure and attribution". International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 23, nr 4 (6.12.2017): 688–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-03-2015-0072.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the processes that occur between entrepreneurs’ primary attribution for failure and the emergent learning dimensions from failure, in the context of regenerative failures. Design/methodology/approach The study focusses on 21 entrepreneurs operating in the producing services sector, a major subsector of the Irish Information and Communication Technology industry. All the entrepreneurs experienced business failure and subsequently re-entered the entrepreneurial sphere at a later date. A qualitative approach examines their attributions for failure, responses to failure, and learning dimensions from failure. Findings Regenerative entrepreneurs’ primary attributions for business failure are examined in detail; four types of failure attributions are uncovered – internal individual level; external firm level; external market level; and hybrid attributions. Entrepreneurs’ attributions impact their responses to the failure; this in turn affects entrepreneurial learning. When failure is primarily attributed to internal factors, the entrepreneur’s response is affective, leading to deep, personal learning about oneself. External attributions (both firm level and market level) result in a primarily behavioural response, with learning focussed on the venture, and networks and relationships. Those primarily attributing failure to hybrid factors have a largely cognitive response and they learn about venture management. Research limitations/implications This study is a retrospective analysis of business failure. Originality/value The study contributes to the growing literature on entrepreneurs’ attributions for business failure by focussing on regenerative failure; it links attributions to – responses to, and learning from, failure. The key contribution to knowledge emerges from the development of a model of the underlying processes affecting learning from failure for regenerative entrepreneurs. The research also establishes and identifies clear links between attributions, responses, and lessons learned in the context of regenerative failure.
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Vassilopoulos, Stephanos P., Andreas Brouzos i Eleni Andreou. "A Multi-Session Attribution Modification Program for Children with Aggressive Behaviour: Changes in Attributions, Emotional Reaction Estimates, and Self-Reported Aggression". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 43, nr 5 (25.04.2014): 538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465814000149.
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Background: Research suggests that aggressive children are prone to over-attribute hostile intentions to peers. Aims: The current study investigated whether this attributional style can be altered using a Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations (CBM-I) procedure. Method: A sample of 10–12-year-olds selected for displaying aggressive behaviours was trained over three sessions to endorse benign rather than hostile attributions in response to ambiguous social scenarios. Results: Compared to a test-retest control group (n = 18), children receiving CBM-I (n = 16) were less likely to endorse hostile attributions and more likely to endorse benign attributions in response to a new set of ambiguous social situations. Furthermore, aggressive behaviour scores reduced more in the trained group than in the untrained controls. Children who received attribution training also reported less perceived anger and showed a trend to report more self-control than those in the control group. Conclusions: Implications of these findings are discussed.
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Stucke, Tanja S. "Who's to blame? Narcissism and self‐serving attributions following feedback". European Journal of Personality 17, nr 6 (listopad 2003): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.497.
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The study examined the relationship between narcissism, performance attributions, and negative emotions following success or failure. As expected, narcissistic individuals showed more self‐serving attributions for their performance in an intelligence test than less narcissistic individuals: compared with less narcissistic individuals, narcissists revealed a stronger tendency to attribute success to ability and failure to task difficulty. In contrast to this, less narcissistic participants tended to show the opposite pattern by ascribing failure, but not success, to their ability. Additionally, anger and depression could be predicted by an interaction of performance feedback and performance attributions. Mediation analyses revealed that the attribution dimensions ‘task difficulty’ and ‘ability’ mediated the effect of narcissism on anger and depression following failure feedback. The results provide support for the theoretical assumption that attributional processes might, at least to some extent, explain the often reported relation between narcissism and negative emotions following failure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Hameleers, Michael, Linda Bos i Claes H. de Vreese. "Shoot the messenger? The media’s role in framing populist attributions of blame". Journalism 20, nr 9 (13.03.2017): 1145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884917698170.
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Attributing blame to elites is central to populist communication. Although empirical research has provided initial insights into the effects of populist blame attribution on citizens’ political opinions, little is known about the contextual factors surrounding its presence in the media. Advancing this knowledge, this article draws on an extensive content analysis ( N = 867) covering non-election and election periods to provide insights into how populist blame attributions are embedded in journalistic reporting styles. Using Latent Class Analysis, we first identified three distinct styles of reporting: neutral, conflict, and interpretative coverage. In line with our predictions, we find that populist blame attributions are present most in conjunction with an interpretative journalistic style and least when a neutral journalistic style is used. Populist blame attributions are more likely to be used by journalists of tabloid newspapers than journalists of broadsheet newspapers. These results provide valuable insights for understanding the intersections between journalism and populist communication.
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Lucia, Abeer, i Michal Soffer. "Arab-Israeli Mothers’ Attribution, Affective, and Behavioral Responses Toward Their Child With a Learning Disability: Examining an Attribution Model of Reactions to Stigma". Learning Disability Quarterly 43, nr 2 (6.12.2019): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731948719892013.
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Studies show that people with a learning disability (LD) are stigmatized. The study adopts the major tenets of the “Attribution Model of Reactions to Stigmas” (AMRS), which postulates that causal attributions to disability (“stigmas”) are associated with affective responses that lead to behavioral outcomes. Adopting a multidimensional approach to attributions, we examined the applicability of the AMRS among Arab-Israeli mothers. A convenience sample of 122 mothers of elementary school children, who were diagnosed with LD, completed self-reported, closed-ended questionnaires. The AMRS was only partially supported by our findings. However, we found that four of the five types of reported causal attributions were significantly and negatively associated with maternal rejection. We also found high levels of maternal rejection, in addition to high levels of positive affective reactions. Attributing the child’s LD to a medical condition at the time of the mother’s pregnancy or the child’s birth was associated with lower positive affect.
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McAllister, Pamela O., i John B. Davies. "Attributional Shifts in Smokers as a Consequence of Clinical Classification". Journal of Drug Issues 22, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200109.
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Twenty female smokers were interviewed on two occasions. At the first interview their consumption was estimated using a retrospective diary technique, and they were asked to rate a number of attributions in terms of their applicability for their present smoking. On the basis of their consumption they were then divided into two groups, a “heavy” smoking group and a “light” smoking group. Their consumption classification was made clear to subjects prior to, and during the second interview, which took place five to seven weeks later. At the second interview subjects were asked to rate the same explanations for their smoking, as well as to respond to other items. While there were no significant differences in the attributional ratings of the two groups at the first interview, there were significant differences in the “heavy” and “light” groups' ratings of the “addiction” attribution in the second interview, during which they were aware of their classification. These differences were significant in terms of both the subjects' ratings of the “addiction” attribution, and in the derived dimensional scores obtained from all the attributional items. The finding that being aware of consumption classification can affect attributions for addictive behavior may have clinical implications.
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Varela-Neira, Concepción, Rodolfo Vázquez-Casielles i Víctor Iglesias. "Intentionality attributions and humiliation". European Journal of Marketing 48, nr 5/6 (6.05.2014): 901–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2012-0035.
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Purpose – This paper aims to determine whether intentionality attributions have an effect on the customer’s complaint and switching behavior after a service failure, after accounting for the effects of the traditional dimensions of attribution (stability and controllability), and to examine whether intentionality attributions give rise to humiliation and to what degree this negative emotion enables us to understand the customer’s complaint and switching behavior after a service failure. Design/methodology/approach – A contribution of this investigation is that it studies real complaint and switching behaviors, as the few studies that focus on understanding customers’ complaint and defection behaviors mostly analyze customers’ intentions. Findings – The results of the study indicate that intentionality attributions have an effect on the customer’s switching behavior after a service failure, in addition to the impact of the traditional dimensions of attribution. The findings also show that humiliation is the emotion that mediates the relationship between intentionality attributions and switching behavior, opposite to other emotions that may also be related to attributions. Finally, the results also support that the effect of attribution of intentionality on complaint behavior is indirect; it only exists because attribution of intentionality influences negative emotions like humiliation, which in turn influences complaint behavior. Practical implications – To understand what makes customers complain after a service failure or switch service providers without giving them first the possibility of recovering the failure may help managers reduce the damage caused by the failure and increase the company’s profits. Originality/value – This study will try to contribute to the service failure research by analyzing the role of two variables that have not been analyzed before in this context: intentionality attribution and humiliation.
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Chiou, Wen-Bin. "Customers' Attributional Judgments towards Complaint Handling in Airline Service: A Confirmatory Study Based on Attribution Theory". Psychological Reports 100, nr 3_suppl (czerwiec 2007): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.4.1141-1150.
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Besides flight safety, complaint handling plays a crucial role in airline service. Based upon Kelley's attribution theory, in the present study customers' attributions were examined under different conditions of complaint handling by the airlines. There were 531 passengers (216 women; ages 21 to 63 years, M = 41.5, SD = 11.1) with experiences of customer complaints who were recruited while awaiting boarding. Participants received one hypothetical scenario of three attributional conditions about complaint handling and then reported their attributional judgments. The findings indicated that the passengers were most likely to attribute the company's complaint handling to unconditional compliance when the airline company reacted to customer complaints under low distinctiveness, high consistency, and when consensus among the airlines was low. On the other hand, most passengers attributed the company's complaint handling to conditional compliance under the conditions in which distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus were all high. The results provide further insights into how different policies of complaint management affect customers' attributions. Future directions and managerial implications are also discussed.
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Choroszy, Melisa, Brent A. Cool, Stephen Powers i Peggy Douglas. "Attributions for Success and Failure in Algebra among Men and Women Attending American Samoa Community College". Psychological Reports 60, nr 1 (luty 1987): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.1.47.
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The Mathematics Attribution Scale-Algebra was designed to assess attributions for success and failure in algebra to ability, effort, task, and environment. It was the purpose of this study to examine the attributional patterns of men and women attending the American Samoa Community College. For 126 Samoan students (57 men, 69 women) the attributional patterns did not appear to differ. Both groups attributed success in mathematics to effort and a conducive learning environment and did not attribute failure in algebra to the difficulty of the topic.
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Watt, Susan E., i Paul R. Martin. "Effect of General Self-Efficacy Expectancies on Performance Attributions". Psychological Reports 75, nr 2 (październik 1994): 951–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.951.
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Self-efficacy is usually conceived of as specific to a situation; however, it has been proposed that self-efficacy across the individual's entire history of achievement experiences contributes to a general set of expectations of competence—general self-efficacy expectancy. Shelton suggested in 1990 that high general self-efficacy expectancy is the product of a history of more self-attributed successes than failures. Because attributions made for causes of performance can be biased by expectations, it is suggested here that level of general self-efficacy, as an expectation of personal competence, may be conserved through the attributionsl process. In a 2 × 2 group experimental design, 60 subjects received nonveridical feedback of either success or failure for a computer-generated response-latency task and then rated attributions for the cause of their performance against the Causal Dimension Scale, providing data for attributions on three dimensions. Perceived performance influenced attributions for both forms of self-efficacy, indicating that a self-serving bias operated in the attributional process to maintain high self-efficacy. The results confirm the basic assumption that there is a substantial, positive relationship between general and specific self-efficacy and shed some light on the processes of forming such judgments.
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Sharp, HM, CF Fear i D. Healy. "Attributional style and delusions: an investigation based on delusional content". European Psychiatry 12, nr 1 (1997): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)86371-7.
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SummaryIndividuals with persecutory delusions have been reported to make external and stable attributions for negative events and to have a tendency towards internal attributions for positive events. It remains unclear whether this abnormality is present in individuals with non-persecutory delusions. Using the Attributional Style Questionnaire, we assessed the attributional style of 19 individuals with persecutory or grandiose delusions (PG), 12 individuals whose delusional beliefs were non-persecutory and non-grandiose (NPG) and 24 controls. The PG group displayed externality in their causal attributions for bad events but those in the NPG group did not differ from controls. Both deluded groups were significantly more stable in their attributions for bad events in comparison to controls. Such findings argue against a primary role for attributional biases in the genesis of delusions, although a role in shaping delusional content and maintaining the disorder and a role for external attributions in defending against reductions in self-esteem cannot be excluded.
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Ostrowski, Donald. "Attributions to Andrei Kurbskii and Inferential (Bayesian) Probability". Canadian-American Slavic Studies 49, nr 2-3 (2015): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22102396-04902006.
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Attributions of original works, letters, and translations to Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbskii (d. 1583) have been contested for almost 45 years. This article proposes that Bayesian or inferential probability be applied to a number of the main points of contention. Of central importance to the attribution question are the so-called Kurbskii miscellanies (sborniki Kurbskogo), which date no earlier than the mid-1670s. Among the works in the Kurbskii miscellanies are the History of the Grand Prince of Moscow, letters addressed to Tsar Ivan IV, the “Lithuanian” letters, and the History of the Eighth Council. Proponents of attributing these works to Kurbskii tend to weight the evidence differently from the way the skeptics of those attributions do, and both camps find explanations favorable to their respective positions for unexpected oddities in the evidence. No one issue has been defined conclusively in the favor of one side or the other, but placing the differences in the context of inferential probability may allow us to continue to discuss the contentious issues of the attributions in a productive manner.
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García y García, Blanca Elba. "To What Factors do University Students Attribute Their Academic Success?" Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science 14, nr 1 (31.03.2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2021.140101.
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This study explores the attributions to which undergraduate university students ascribe academic achievement. Attribution theory was used as a means to understand scholastic success-failure. The questions that guided the study were the following: What are the causal attributions that predominate in students' academic achievement? Is there a difference between male and female students? Is there a difference if average grades and the number of failed subjects, factored as benchmarks of academic achievement, are considered? Do the measured attributions have any weight when predicting students’ grades? A Likert scale measuring eight different attributions of academic achievement was applied to 165 students. The results showed that the most important attribution for academic achievement was intelligence. Sex-related differences were found in two attributes: calm and effort. In general, students with four failed subjects were those with the lowest averages measured in attributions. The variables that predicted good grades for male students were effort and good teachers, for female students, a liking for teachers, luck, and attention.
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Poposki, Elizabeth M. "The Blame Game". Group & Organization Management 36, nr 4 (31.05.2011): 499–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601111408898.
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Research focused on the work–family interface has explored many antecedents and consequences of work–family conflict (WFC) but has neglected to address cognitive reactions following conflict events. The purpose of this investigation is to explore one such reaction: attribution. Attributions of responsibility for conflict events are assessed with a focus on providing descriptive information about attributions and exploring correlates of attributions. Results indicate that attributions to external sources are much more frequent than internal attributions and that the work role is more frequently viewed as being responsible for conflict than the family role. In addition, results show that attributions are linked to characteristics of the conflict event, as well as anger and frustration following the conflict event.
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Ryan, Kathryn M., i Kim Bartlett-Weikel. "Open-Ended Attributions for the Performance of the Elderly". International Journal of Aging and Human Development 37, nr 2 (wrzesień 1993): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gq4c-25nw-wnnt-79h6.
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The present study explored open-ended attributions for the success and failure of relatively younger and older men in social and academic situations using a between-subjects design. Attributions were collected from 109 college students and were coded using the Elig and Frieze scheme. Results showed that respondents were more likely to make attributions that combined age with other attributional categories (age-related attributions) than attributions solely to target's age. And, they made more ability-task interaction than ability attributions. Moreover, both attributions were as likely to be made for the elderly adult's success as his failure. Finally, differences also emerged in results from the stability dimension and those for age-related and ability-task attributions indicating that these parameters should be assessed independently in future research.
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Schmidt, Kathleen. "Attribution Impacts Implicit (And Explicit) Evaluations". Social Cognition 41, nr 1 (luty 2023): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2023.41.1.1.
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Two studies examined whether the attributional framing of negative events affected explicit evaluations, as measured by differences in liking, and implicit evaluations, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998). In Study 1, participants read negative information about a novel target ordered to elicit internal or external attributions. Participants in the internal attribution condition evaluated the target more negatively than did those in the external attribution condition on both implicit and explicit measures. Study 2 replicated these results and tested the effects of attribution on recently formed negative evaluations. Participants who evaluated targets before and after receiving additional negative information about them demonstrated implicit and explicit evaluative change consistent with the attributional framing of that information. This research provides clear evidence that attribution influences the formation and change of implicit evaluations; however, these effects were weaker than those on explicit measures of evaluation.
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Grove, J. Robert. "Competitive Behaviour as a Function of Attributional Manipulation". Behaviour Change 3, nr 2 (czerwiec 1986): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900009220.
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Attributions are typically examined as dependent variables in sport-related research. As a result, the behavioural consequences of competitive attributions have been largely ignored. This paper summarizes four experiments that have attempted to manipulate attributions for competitive outcomes and assess the behavioural consequences of this manipulation. The results of these experiments are generally consistent with findings from noncompetitive settings and suggest that effort attributions may benefit competitive performance. Discussion focuses on the unrealised potential for using effort-oriented attribution training in sport.
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Jha, Sumit Kumar, Rickard Ewetz, Alvaro Velasquez, Arvind Ramanathan i Susmit Jha. "Shaping Noise for Robust Attributions in Neural Stochastic Differential Equations". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, nr 9 (28.06.2022): 9567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i9.21190.
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Neural SDEs with Brownian motion as noise lead to smoother attributions than traditional ResNets. Various attribution methods such as saliency maps, integrated gradients, DeepSHAP and DeepLIFT have been shown to be more robust for neural SDEs than for ResNets using the recently proposed sensitivity metric. In this paper, we show that neural SDEs with adaptive attribution-driven noise lead to even more robust attributions and smaller sensitivity metrics than traditional neural SDEs with Brownian motion as noise. In particular, attribution-driven shaping of noise leads to 6.7%, 6.9% and 19.4% smaller sensitivity metric for integrated gradients computed on three discrete approximations of neural SDEs with standard Brownian motion noise: stochastic ResNet-50, WideResNet-101 and ResNeXt-101 models respectively. The neural SDE model with adaptive attribution-driven noise leads to 25.7% and 4.8% improvement in the SIC metric over traditional ResNets and Neural SDEs with Brownian motion as noise. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose the use of attributions for shaping the noise injected in neural SDEs, and demonstrate that this process leads to more robust attributions than traditional neural SDEs with standard Brownian motion as noise.
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Powers, Stephen, Peggy Douglas, Brent A. Cool i Kenneth F. Gose. "Achievement Motivation and Attributions for Success and Failure". Psychological Reports 57, nr 3 (grudzień 1985): 751–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.3.751.
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The relationships of attributions for success and failure with achievement motivation were investigated in 110 academically talented high school students. Subjects were administered the Mathematics Attribution Scale and measures of self-esteem, anxiety, and achievement motivation. Attributions of success to effort were correlated .42 with achievement motivation, and attributions of failure to lack of effort were correlated -.22 with achievement motivation. First-order partial correlations between attributions and achievement motivation controlling for self-esteem and anxiety did not differ from the zero-order correlations.
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Carson, Jack, Jacob Waddingham i Jeremy Mackey. "Organization member action proximity and attributions for managerial crisis response failure". Management Decision 58, nr 10 (12.10.2020): 2177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-08-2020-1059.
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PurposeThe purpose of this research is to describe organization members' attributions for managerial responses to obviously externally caused crises. The authors draw from attribution theory research and the actor-observer bias to argue that organization members' proximity to managerial crisis response is a key determinant of organization members' affective and behavioral outcomes following a crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe authors develop a conceptual dual-process model of attributions that explains why organization members' judgments of managerial responsibility and associated outcomes differ depending on organization members' proximity to crisis response action.FindingsThe authors focus on organization members' attributions for the failure of managerial crisis responses to obviously externally caused crisis events. The authors present propositions regarding the impact of organization members' potential biases on their attributions for managerial crisis response. Then, the authors delineate how action proximity can assuage negative outcomes of managerial crisis response failure by encouraging an attitude of understanding and awareness of situational challenges.Originality/valueThe authors diverge from prior applications of attribution theory to crisis management by focusing on organization members' attributions of managerial crisis response failure, rather than attributions for the initial cause of the crisis itself. The authors also extend prior work that primarily focuses on crisis response strategies by instead elaborating on how organization members' attributions operate in the wake of their management's failure to effectively respond to an obviously externally caused crisis.
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Blank, Thomas O., i Maurice J. Levesque. "Constructing Success and Failure: Age Differences in Perceptions and Explanations of Success and Failure". International Journal of Aging and Human Development 37, nr 2 (wrzesień 1993): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/9ub9-fy18-berx-m1a3.
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Age differences in attributions for self-reported successes and failures in both important and daily situations were examined. Sixty-one young adults ( M age = 19.2), twenty-one middle-aged adults ( M age = 45), and fifteen older adults ( M age = 71.4) gave attributions and affects for self-chosen situations, which were classified as social or nonsocial. The attributions and affects were coded according to Blank's scheme with attributions dichotomized into internal and external, and stable and unstable [1]. Middle-aged and older adults were more likely than young adults to attribute failure to external causes and to describe more social than nonsocial situations. Consistent age differences in attributional stability were not found nor were there age differences in attributional internality for success outcomes.
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Iglesias, Víctor, Concepción Varela-Neira i Rodolfo Vázquez-Casielles. "Why didn’t it work out? The effects of attributions on the efficacy of recovery strategies". Journal of Service Theory and Practice 25, nr 6 (9.11.2015): 700–724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstp-04-2014-0073.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of attributions on the efficacy of service recovery strategies in preventing customer defection following a service failure. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical investigation is carried out on the retail banking industry with a final sample of 448 real cases of customer retention or defection after a service failure. Findings – The results of the study not only highlight the relevance of intentionality as an additional factor in explaining customer defection, but also show the effects of some attributional dimensions (intentionality and controllability) on the efficacy of some recovery strategies (redress, apology and explanation) applied by companies to prevent post-complaint customer defection. Practical implications – The efficacy of the recovery strategies depends on the causal attributions that the customer makes about the service failure. Originality/value – This study analyzes not only the effects of traditional dimensions of attribution (stability and controllability), but also the additional effect that intentionality attributions may have on actual customer defection (not intentions). Moreover, it analyzes their effects on the effectiveness of recovery strategies in preventing customer defection. Most of these effects have never been empirically analyzed in the literature.
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Gobel, Peter, i Setsuko Mori. "Success and failure in the EFL classroom". EUROSLA Yearbook 7 (10.08.2007): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.7.09gob.
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This paper describes a study into learners’ attributions for success and failure in learning English as a foreign language. The study investigated perceived reasons for successes and failures on actual language learning tasks in both oral communication and reading classes, looking at how learners judge their successes and failures, and their range of attributions. A questionnaire was created based on attribution theory focusing on the attributions of ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck and was administered to 233 Japanese first-year university students. A significant relationship between exam scores and the attributions of ability, task difficulty and likes was found, with attributions for failure focusing on internal causes and attributions for success on external causes. The theoretical structure of causal attributions is discussed, and the implications that can be drawn with regard to cultural bias, language teaching and the nature of the learning environment are considered.