Artykuły w czasopismach: „Atmospheric electrical research”

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Hunting, Ellard R., James Matthews, Pablo Fernández de Arróyabe Hernáez, Sam J. England, Konstantinos Kourtidis, Kuang Koh, Keri Nicoll i in. "Challenges in coupling atmospheric electricity with biological systems". International Journal of Biometeorology 65, nr 1 (14.07.2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01960-7.

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AbstractThe atmosphere is host to a complex electric environment, ranging from a global electric circuit generating fluctuating atmospheric electric fields to local lightning strikes and ions. While research on interactions of organisms with their electrical environment is deeply rooted in the aquatic environment, it has hitherto been confined to interactions with local electrical phenomena and organismal perception of electric fields. However, there is emerging evidence of coupling between large- and small-scale atmospheric electrical phenomena and various biological processes in terrestrial environments that even appear to be tied to continental waters. Here, we synthesize our current understanding of this connectivity, discussing how atmospheric electricity can affect various levels of biological organization across multiple ecosystems. We identify opportunities for research, highlighting its complexity and interdisciplinary nature and draw attention to both conceptual and technical challenges lying ahead of our future understanding of the relationship between atmospheric electricity and the organization and functioning of biological systems.

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Bennett, A. J., i R. G. Harrison. "A simple atmospheric electrical instrument for educational use". Advances in Geosciences 13 (30.07.2007): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-13-11-2007.

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Abstract. Electricity in the atmosphere provides an ideal topic for educational outreach in environmental science. To support this objective, a simple instrument to measure real atmospheric electrical parameters has been developed and its performance evaluated. This project compliments educational activities undertaken by the Coupling of Atmospheric Layers (CAL) European research collaboration. The new instrument is inexpensive to construct and simple to operate, readily allowing it to be used in schools as well as at the undergraduate University level. It is suited to students at a variety of different educational levels, as the results can be analysed with different levels of sophistication. Students can make measurements of the fair weather electric field and current density, thereby gaining an understanding of the electrical nature of the atmosphere. This work was stimulated by the centenary of the 1906 paper in which C. T. R. Wilson described a new apparatus to measure the electric field and conduction current density. Measurements using instruments based on the same principles continued regularly in the UK until 1979. The instrument proposed is based on the same physical principles as C. T. R. Wilson's 1906 instrument.

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Tulekov, Ye, А. К. Morzabaev, V. S. Makhmutov i V. I. Yerkhov. "Study of the electric field variation based on preliminary observations at the ENU cosmophysical complex in 2020". Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Physics" Series 102, nr 2 (30.06.2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021ph2/25-32.

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The atmospheric electric field Ez is the most urgent problem of study of the physics of the atmosphere and the processes occurring in it. The conducted studies show the relationship of the electric field with atmospheric processes. Monitoring its changes is necessary to solve practical problems. This article presents brief characteristics of the installation of the EFM-100 electrostatic fluxmeter of the scientific cosmophysical experimental complex at the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (ENU) and its experimental data obtained in 2020. The article presents the results of observation of atmospheric-electrical characteristics near the Earth's surface and monitoring of the electric field of the atmosphere of the city of Nur-Sultan, in particular, estimates of the variation of the electric field of the surface layer of the atmosphere during sunrise and sunset based on data obtained by the EFM-100 fluxmeter. The comparison of meteorological data with the data of the electric field strength of the atmosphere is given. The analysis of the days and months in September and October 2020, when the conditions of “good weather” were manifested, was carried out. The series of electric field data obtained at other measuring stations show the characteristic periodicity of the electric field behavior. It is established that the value of the atmospheric electric field increases during sunrise with the manifestation of the solar terminator effect. It is interesting to study the relationship between the magnitude of the electric field of the atmosphere and the intensity of the cosmic ray flux, especially in the case of Forbush effects. The data of the ENU ground-based experimental complex allows us to conduct research on the study of atmospheric physics, including atomic electricity, as well as their interaction with cosmic rays and meto-conditions.

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Li, Zhuolin, Dongmei Fu i Zibo Pei. "Modeling research of initial atmospheric corrosion of Q235 carbon steel based on electrical resistance probe". Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 68, nr 2 (5.04.2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-04-2020-2295.

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Purpose This paper aims to discover the mathematical model for Q235 carbon steel corrosion date acquired in the initial stage of atmospheric corrosion using electrical resistance probe. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, mathematical approaches are used to construct a classification model for atmospheric environmental elements and material corrosion rates. Findings Results of the experiment show that the corrosion data can be converted into corrosion depth for calculating corrosion rate to obtain corrosion kinetics model and conform corrosion acceleration phase. Combined with corresponding atmospheric environmental elements, a real time grade subdivision model for corrosion rate can be constructed. Originality/value These mathematical models constructed by real time corrosion data can be well used to research the characteristics about initial atmospheric corrosion of Q235 carbon steel.

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Bordusau, S. V., S. I. Madveika, A. L. Barakhoyeu, O. I. Tsikhan i A. A. Maiseyeu. "Research stand for microplasma surface treatment of materials at atmospheric pressure". Doklady BGUIR 19, nr 6 (1.10.2021): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2021-19-6-66-73.

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A research stand for microplasma treatment of object surfaces with the ability to move the discharge zone along the object using a program-controlled linear stepper motor has been developed. The design of the stand allows the use of different types of plasma generation systems, as well as processing with feeding of various gases such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. into the discharge zone. The research bench is equipped with measuring equipment for monitoring the electrical and physical characteristics of the discharge (digital oscilloscopes, optical emission spectrometer, air ion meter, etc.). A microhardness tester, goniometer, interference microscope, tribometer, tensile testing machine, etc. can be used to further evaluate the quality and characteristics of the treated surfaces. Examples of the electrical characteristics of discharge devices tested as part of the research stand, optical emission spectroscopy of plasma, and results of measurements of the contact angle of treated objects surfaces are given.

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Wang, Peng, i Liangjun Xu. "Research on the electrical contact degradation model of plug-in connectors under corrosion and wear". Materials Express 11, nr 5 (1.05.2021): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/mex.2021.1928.

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Failures due to corrosion are common for connectors operating under atmospheric environment. Results of previous studies lacked universal applicability and neglected the degradation process of contact resistance. Also, wear is rarely considered in studies on corrosion degradation, which is an inevitable mechanical process for plug connectors. Considering these problems, the atmospheric corrosion process and copper dynamics were analyzed. The consistency of the atmospheric corrosion mechanism was used to study the local corrosion degradation law and its influencing factors. The wear mechanism on corrosion degradation was determined through the analysis of the influencing factors. The corrosion model of the gold-plated parts under atmospheric wear was established. To study the degradation process of electrical contacts, a degradation model of contact resistance based on the multi-spot contact mechanism was established combined with the previous corrosion degradation model. Experimentally, the corrosion spot density increases as a function of time and varies with plated thickness, whereas the corrosion spot size distribution is still relatively independent of time. The skew phenomenon appears in the cumulative distribution probability of contact resistance as exposure time increases. Whereas the degradation of electrical contact resistance increases as a function of time, the median remains relatively unchanged. A brief analysis of the contact reliability under wear and corrosive environments was also carried out.

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Bór, József, Gabriella Sátori, Veronika Barta, Karolina Szabóné-André, Judit Szendrői, Viktor Wesztergom, Tamás Bozóki, Attila Buzás i Dávid Koronczay. "Measurements of atmospheric electricity in the Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory, Hungary". History of Geo- and Space Sciences 11, nr 1 (8.04.2020): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-11-53-2020.

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Abstract. The Széchenyi István Geophysical Observatory, also known as the Nagycenk Geophysical Observatory (NCK), was established in 1957. It has been the only measurement site in Hungary where observations of various parameters of the atmospheric global electric circuit are made in the framework of organized research under the umbrella of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA). Measurements of the atmospheric electrical potential gradient (PG) and Schumann resonances (SRs) running quasi-continuously in the observatory for decades provide an invaluable source of information for geophysical research. This paper gives an overview on the history of the observatory and particularly on various atmospheric electricity (AE) measurements on-site to commemorate the efforts and excellence of the people who served atmospheric sciences by dedicating their lives to obtaining high-quality, reliable data and scientific achievements at the highest possible level.

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Popova, Kateryna, i Tomáš Prošek. "Corrosion Monitoring in Atmospheric Conditions: A Review". Metals 12, nr 2 (18.01.2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020171.

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A variety of techniques are available for monitoring metal corrosion in electrolytes. However, only some of them can be applied in the atmosphere, in which case a thin discontinuous electrolyte film forms on a surface. In this review, we describe, evaluate and compare both traditional and state-of-the-art real-time corrosion monitoring techniques to identify those suitable for atmospheric conditions. For atmospheric corrosion monitoring (ACM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical noise (EN), electrical resistance (ER) probes, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), radio-frequency identification sensors (RFID), fibre optic corrosion sensors (FOCS) and respirometry, the underlying principles, characteristics and application examples are described, and their advantages and drawbacks outlined. Finally, the techniques are compared in terms of their sensitivity, ease of setup, data processing, ability to identify underlying corrosion mechanisms and applicability in different fields of atmospheric corrosion protection and research.

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Li, Zhuolin, Dongmei Fu, Ying Li, Gaoyuan Wang, Jintao Meng, Dawei Zhang, Zhaohui Yang, Guoqing Ding i Jinbin Zhao. "Application of An Electrical Resistance Sensor-Based Automated Corrosion Monitor in the Study of Atmospheric Corrosion". Materials 12, nr 7 (1.04.2019): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071065.

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An automated corrosion monitor, named the Internet of Things atmospheric corrosion monitor (IoT ACM) has been developed. IoT ACM is based on electrical resistance sensor and enables accurate and continuous measurement of corrosion data of metallic materials. The objective of this research is to study the characteristics of atmospheric corrosion by analyzing the acquired corrosion data from IoT ACM. Employing data processing and data analysis methods to research the acquired corrosion data of steel, the atmospheric corrosion characteristics implied in the corrosion data can be discovered. Comparing the experiment results with the phenomenon of previous laboratory experiment and conclusions of previously published reports, the research results are tested and verified. The experiment results show that the change regulation of atmospheric corrosion data in the actual environment is reasonable and normal. The variation of corrosion depth is obviously influenced by relative humidity, temperature and part of air pollutants. It can be concluded that IoT ACM can be well applied to the conditions of atmospheric corrosion monitoring of metallic materials and the study of atmospheric corrosion by applying IoT ACM is effective and instructive under an actual atmospheric environment.

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Buguet, Magalie, Philippe Lalande, Pierre Laroche, Patrice Blanchet, Aurélie Bouchard i Arnaud Chazottes. "Thundercloud Electrostatic Field Measurements during the Inflight EXAEDRE Campaign and during Lightning Strike to the Aircraft". Atmosphere 12, nr 12 (8.12.2021): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121645.

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The AMPERA (Atmospheric Measurement of Potential and ElectRic field on Aircraft) electric field network was integrated on the Falcon 20 (F20) of SAFIRE (the French facility for airborne research) in the framework of EXAEDRE (EXploiting new Atmospheric Electricity Data for Research and the Environment) project. From September 2018, an in-flight campaign was performed over Corsica (France) to investigate the electrical activity in thunderstorms. During this campaign, eight scientific flights were done inside or in the vicinity of a thunderstorm. The purpose of this paper is to present the AMPERA system and the atmospheric electrostatic field recorded during the flights, and particularly during the pass inside electrified clouds, in which the aircraft was struck by lightning. The highest value of atmospheric electrostatic field recorded during these flights was around 79 kV·m−1 at 8400 m of altitude. A normalization of these fields is done by computing the reduced atmospheric electrostatic field to take into account the altitude effect (ratio between the atmospheric electrostatic field and the air density). Most of the significant values of reduced atmospheric electrostatic field magnitude retrieved during this campaign occur between around 5.5 and 9.5 km and are included between 50 and 100 kV·m−1. The highest value measured of the reduced atmospheric electrostatic field is 194 kV·m−1 during the lightning strike of the F20. The merging of these results with data from former campaigns suggests that there is a threshold (depending of the aircraft size) for the striking of an aircraft.

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Straser, Valentino, Daniele Cataldi i Gabriele Cataldi. "Weather Events Associated with Strong Earthquakes and Seismic Swarms in Italy". Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research 5, nr 3 (10.08.2023): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/agger.v5i3.5802.

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This study discusses the possible relationship between potentially destructive seismic events, earthquake swarms, and intense weather events occurring in the same epicentral zone at time intervals ranging from one day to a few weeks. The objective of the present study is, therefore, to analyze the interaction between the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere in order to propose, prospectively, a new hydro-climatic model to be applied not only in Italy, where this research was carried out. The study concerns some of the most intense Italian earthquakes starting from 1920, with the destructive event in Lunigiana, in North Western Apennines, until the recent earthquake swarm that hit the Emilia-Romagna region followed, as in the cases analyzed in this research, by strong atmospheric disturbances. The recurrence associating seismic events with atmospheric precipitation allows us to propose some hypotheses about the triggering mechanism. In tectonically stressed areas, during pre-seismic and seismic phases, the release of gases from the ground and electrical charges near active faults is known. It is hypothesized that water condensation nuclei are carried by radon gas on atmospheric gases, also originating from cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere, generated by air ionization.

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Wang, Yijia. "Research on Routing Algorithm of Smart Grid Atmospheric Optical Communication Network in Cloud Computing Environment". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2074, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2074/1/012045.

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Abstract With regard to improving the transmission rate of the smart grid atmospheric optical communication network and reducing the output error code and reality, a calculation method of the smart grid atmospheric optical communication network routing based on the operation and calculation of hybrid particle swarm optimization is studied. The link structure model of the smart grid atmospheric optical communication network is established, and the network routing nodes are explored to achieve the dynamic neighborhood and node location of the optical communication network routing. Through practice, improving the transmission rate of the optical communication network of the smart electrical network and reducing the network output timeliness and error codes can be solved by the routing calculation method.

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Harrison, R. Giles, i Edward Hanna. "The solar eclipse: a natural meteorological experiment". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, nr 2077 (28.09.2016): 20150225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0225.

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A solar eclipse provides a well-characterized reduction in solar radiation, of calculable amount and duration. This captivating natural astronomical phenomenon is ideally suited to science outreach activities, but the predictability of the change in solar radiation also provides unusual conditions for assessing the atmospheric response to a known stimulus. Modern automatic observing networks used for weather forecasting and atmospheric research have dense spatial coverage, so the quantitative meteorological responses to an eclipse can now be evaluated with excellent space and time resolution. Numerical models representing the atmosphere at high spatial resolution can also be used to predict eclipse-related changes and interpret the observations. Combining the models with measurements yields the elements of a controlled atmospheric experiment on a regional scale (10–1000 km), which is almost impossible to achieve by other means. This modern approach to ‘eclipse meteorology’ as identified here can ultimately improve weather prediction models and be used to plan for transient reductions in renewable electricity generation. During the 20 March 2015 eclipse, UK electrical energy demand increased by about 3 GWh (11 TJ) or about 4%, alongside reductions in the wind and photovoltaic electrical energy generation of 1.5 GWh (5.5 TJ). This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.

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Vyzhva, S., V. Onyshchuk, I. Onyshchuk, M. Reva i O. Shabatura. "ELECTRIC AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF DEEP-SEATED CONSOLIDATED ROCKS OF CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD OF THE CENTRAL GRABEN OF THE DNIEPER-DONETSK DEPRESSION". Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, nr 2(97) (2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.97.04.

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Paper concerned the research of elastic and electric properties of deep-seated consolidated terrigenous rocks of Carboniferous period of the Central graben of the Dnieper-Donetsk depression (DDD). The purpose of the research was to study the petrophysical parameters of the consolidated reservoir rocks, as the basis of the integrated analysis of their physical properties. Such electric and elastic parameters of rock samples as resistivity and formation resistivity factor, formation resistivity enlargement factor, velocities of the P-waves and interval (transit) time have been studied. The correlation analysis has allowed establishing a series of empirical relationships between resistivity and formation resistivity factor, and between porosity and formation resistivity factor in atmospheric and reservoir conditions. The correlation relationships of the resistivity with formation resistivity factor manifest itself in linear function. Physical modeling of reservoir conditions allows adapting the values of electrical parameters obtained in atmospheric conditions to parameters of rocks in reservoir conditions. Laboratory acoustic study of siltstones and sandstones managed to establish correlation relationships of: velocities of the P-waves and interval (transit) time with density and porosity in atmospheric conditions; velocities of the P-waves in atmospheric and reservoir conditions; velocities with porosity in reservoir conditions. The dependence of the velocities of the P-waves in atmospheric and reservoir conditions for the studied rocks manifest itself in linear function. Physical modeling of reservoir conditions allows adapting the values of elastic parameters obtained in atmospheric conditions, to parameters of rocks in reservoir conditions. The correlation relationships of the electric and elastic properties with reservoir properties of siltstones and consolidated sandstones which were obtained in laboratory petrophysical research should be at the basis of preliminary interpretation of geophysical data on new areas of the Central graben of DDD.

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Pudasaini, Anil, Dinesh Kumar Chaudhary, Roshan Chalise, Pitamber Shrestha, Leela Pradhan Joshi i Raju Khanal. "Effect of Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharge on Optical, Electrical and Surface Properties of ZnO Film". Advanced Materials Research 1176 (28.04.2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-w246q7.

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Among the numerous metal oxide semiconductors, zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most widely used materials in various fields due to its non-toxic nature, tunable electric and optical properties, and good thermal and chemical stability. This research aims to study the tuning of optical, electrical, and surface properties of ZnO film treated with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma produced at atmospheric pressure. The result revealed a significant decrease in its optical band gap, but there was an increase in conductivity. The results of contact angle measurement clearly showed the change of surface nature from hydrophobic to hydrophilic for DBD-treated ZnO film.

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Skiba, Andrzej J. "Simulation of Atmospheric Discharge at Power Line". AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA 11 (30.09.2020): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2020.41.01.

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Modelling electrical circuits by application of schemes containing elements with distributed parameters such as transmission lines has been applied in this research. Functions approximating voltage or current atmospheric discharges have been presented together with frequency spectra of these functions. The results of computer simulations obtained with the help of PSpice software have been presented for a simplified three-phase circuit subject to such discharge.

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Kiselev, Oleg, Manfred Birk, Andrey Ermakov, Lyudmila Filippenko, Hans Golstein, Ruud Hoogeveen, Nickolay Kinev i in. "Balloon-Borne Superconducting Integrated Receiver for Atmospheric Research". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 21, nr 3 (czerwiec 2011): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2010.2091712.

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Prystai, A. M., i V. O. Pronenko. "Improving of electrical channels for magnetotelluric sounding instrumentation". Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 4, nr 2 (30.07.2015): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-4-149-2015.

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Abstract. The study of the deep structure of the Earth's crust is of great interest for both applied (e.g. mineral exploration) and scientific research. For this the electromagnetic (EM) studies which enable one to construct the distribution of electrical conductivity in the Earth's crust are of great use. The most common method of EM exploration is magnetotelluric sounding (MT). This passive method of research uses a wide range of natural geomagnetic variations as a powerful source of electromagnetic induction in the Earth, producing telluric current variations there. It includes the measurements of variations of natural electric and magnetic fields in orthogonal directions at the surface of the Earth. By this, the measurements of electric fields are much more complicated metrological processes, and, namely, they limit the precision of MT prospecting. This is especially complicated at deep sounding when measurements of long periods are of interest. The increase in the accuracy of the electric field measurement can significantly improve the quality of MT data. Because of this, the development of a new version of an instrument for the measurements of electric fields at MT – both electric field sensors and the electrometer – with higher levels relative to the known instrument parameter level – was initiated. The paper deals with the peculiarities of this development and the results of experimental tests of the new sensors and electrometers included as a unit in the long-period magnetotelluric station LEMI-420 are given.

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Yang Shiji, 杨世骥, 何志平 He Zhiping, 贾建军 Jia Jianjun, 吴金才 Wu Jincai i 王建宇 Wang Jianyu. "Research of the Transmittance of Atmospheric Turbulent Channels". Chinese Journal of Lasers 37, nr 11 (2010): 2860–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl20103711.2860.

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Zhou Xun, 周逊, 李赜宇 Li Zeyu, 罗振飞 Luo Zhengfei, 董志伟 Dong Zhiwei i 杨存榜 Yang Cunbang. "Experimental research of THz radiation’s characteristics of atmospheric transmission". High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25, nr 6 (2013): 1573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20132506.1573.

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Liu Yanwu, 刘延武, i 王红星 Wang Hongxing. "Research on Laser Atmospheric Transmittance in the Slant Path on the Sea". Applied laser 30, nr 3 (2010): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/al20103003.0223.

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Nagano, Kazumi, Akira Kon, Yuki Yamazaki i Mitsuaki Maeyama. "Research of Making Large Volume Atmospheric Pressure Plasma by Parallel MCS Discharge". IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 130, nr 8 (2010): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.130.753.

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Prince Junior Asilevi, Daniel Akambawe, Chengwu Yu, Jue Li, Patrick Boakye, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng i Muhammad Imran Nawaz. "Research on the electrical characteristics of atmospheric strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge for air pollution control". Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2, nr 1 (20.04.2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v2i1.244953.

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The specific input energy (SIE), current density, and discharge power of homemade strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were studied to suppress gas-phase benzene at atmospheric pressure efficiently. Findings indicate that for 300 ppm of benzene at 3.5 kJ/L SIE, benzene's removal efficiency reached 96%. The decline in current density by 66.48% and 43.7% for an initial benzene concentration of 300 ppm was due to increased oxygen content (from 2.4% to 20.9%) and relative humidity (from 18.9% to 90%), respectively, thus reducing electron concentration and consequentially enhanced the removal efficiency over 93%.Furthermore, the decomposition law's beta parameter decreased from 3.1 kJ/L at 300 ppm to 1.6 kJ/L at 100 ppm, indicating that •O and •OH radicals are key species for the decomposition of benzene and electron dissociation reactions largely control the process. The Maxwell– Boltzmann electron energy distribution function was solved using the average energy of the strong ionization discharge reactor (~10 eV), showing that approximately 84.8 % of high energy electrons possess enough energy to cause the benzene ring cleavage and free radical production. The study results show that the strong ionization DBD plasma reactor is highly efficient in removing benzene from industrial waste air, hence air pollution control.

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YU, Daojie, Mengjuan CHAI, Dongfang ZHOU, Changlin ZHOU, Jinjin WEI, Junjie HU, Beibing CAI i Tongcheng ZHAO. "Research on Dielectric Focusing Lens Antenna for HPM Atmospheric Breakdown Experiments". Chinese Journal of Electronics 28, nr 1 (1.01.2019): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cje.2018.09.004.

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Rene, Schramm, Reitberger Thomas i Franke Joerg. "Electrical Characterization of Fibre-Reinforced Plastics by Atmospheric Plasma Technology". International Symposium on Microelectronics 2014, nr 1 (1.10.2014): 000123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-ta52.

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In previous investigations the additive metallization of conductor paths on thermoplastic substrate materials using printing technologies (Inkjet, Aerosol-Jet) was analyzed. Major disadvantages of printing technologies are the double-stage process chain divided in printing and sintering and the low current-carrying capacity of the printed structures. Accordingly, printed conductor paths are mainly used for sensor and control currents. The plasmadust technology, based on a cold active atmospheric plasma beam, offers the possibility for additive metallization of copper circuit paths on a sandwich material. The process consists of a nano and micro scale metal powder (particle size 0.1 μm to 20 μm), which is melted in the plasma nozzle by a highly energetic nitrogen gas. Based on the kinetic and thermal energy of the nitrogen-metal-compound the circuit paths are generated in a thermo-mechanical interconnection on the substrate surface. The plasmadust technology is characterized by a one-stage process chain, a very high coating speed (up to 50 m/min) and a high current-carrying capacity of the generated conductor structures. Hence, it is possible to transfer high currents, e. g. for illumination applications. Additionally three-dimensional substrates (3D MID) can be processed by handling with an industrial robot. In the investigations copper circuit paths on sandwich materials generated with the plasmadust technology were characterized. In this research work the adhesion of the layers and the current-carrying capacity of the copper structures were analyzed. Secondly the specimen were tested in selected reliability studies, a temperature-humidity (85 °C/85 % r.H.) and a temperature-cycling-test (−40 °C/+125 °C). With the first one the influence of moisture absorption of the sandwich material (up to 7 %) to the adhesion of the copper circuit paths is analyzed. With the second one the compound of the substrate and the additive metallization is qualified during thermo-mechanical stress. In conclusion the additive metallization of circuit paths on sandwich materials using plasmadust technology is qualified to mass production as well as different passivation possibilities of the generated structures will be presented.

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Sun Guodong, 孙国栋, 秦来安 Qin Laian, 程. 知. Cheng Zhi, 何. 枫. He Feng i 侯再红 Hou Zaihong. "Experimental research of atmospheric visibility measured by imaging lidar". Infrared and Laser Engineering 46, nr 10 (2017): 1030003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla201746.1030003.

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Goddard, J. W. F., M. Thurai i J. D. Eastment. "The Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar: a tool for multidisciplinary atmospheric research". Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal 6, nr 2 (1.04.1994): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ecej:19940205.

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Kovács, Klaudia, i Andrea Vityi. "Soil and Atmospheric Microclimate Research in Poplar Forestry Intercropping System in Hungary". Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 18, nr 1 (2022): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2022-0001.

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Climate change presents growing environmental, economic, and social problems for the industrializing and developing world. Applying new technologies and transitioning to a cleaner, more flexible economy are essential to solving these problems. These solutions focus on climate change mitigation and work toward a complete transformation in line with sustainable development goals. Agroforestry systems are used for climate change adaptation and to support biodiversity. They also help combat desertification and soil erosion. Practical experiences show that applying forestry alley cropping systems can contribute to the climate adaptation of young forest stocks. The present study examined a historical forestry intercropping method known as Vákáncsos following the effects of microclimate stress on poplar seedlings (Populus × euramericana cv. I-214). This study investigated the background of previous observations concerning the practice of using intermediate crops in forest conditions – and the favorable results from these – and compared the stress effects on seedlings. When assessing the microclimate of the system, we used the EC tester (EC–electrical conductivity) to measure soil temperature and conductivity. We employed an agrometeorological hand-held instrument to measure air temperature, humidity, and wind speed. The results show that the agroforestry system significantly reduces temperature extremes and provides more favorable humidity. The agroforestry system reduced soil temperature values by 1–14 Co in the warmest period of the year. Experience and measurements indicate that the applied agroforestry practice can increase stress tolerance, afforestation efficiency, land use maximization, and profitability. Applied agroforestry can also serve other purposes like ecosystem services and feeding. Forestry alley cropping systems can be combined with resource efficiency.

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Liu, Zhi Nan, i Hui Min Ge. "Research on the Time and Space Characteristic of Argon Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure". Advanced Materials Research 1008-1009 (sierpień 2014): 630–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1008-1009.630.

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Numerical calculations with time dependant one-dimensional fluid model are performed at various conditions in argon atmospheric pressure to calculate electrical characteristics and plasma parameters including charged and metastable molecules densities. The simulation results show after steady discharge are formed, the voltage of discharge gap nearly remain constant and the phase is 0.36π advance of the applied voltage; The current density are in the same period as the applied voltage, the phase is 0.58π ahead of the applied voltage; The steady state Ar are in high number density in the whole discharge gap; The Ar* number density appear peak at the middle of the discharge gap; The Ar+ number density appear peak in the negative bright area.

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França, Gutemberg Borges, Antonio Nascimento de Oliveira, Célia Maria Paiva, Leonardo de Faria Peres, Michael Bezerra da Silva i Luciana Maria Temponi de Oliveira. "A Fire-Risk-Breakdown System for Electrical Power Lines in the North of Brazil". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, nr 4 (kwiecień 2014): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-086.1.

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AbstractAnthropogenic or spontaneous fires (hotspots) are the main causes of unexpected breakdowns of electrical power lines in the northern region of Brazil. This research has tested, adapted, and implemented a preoperational system aiming to prevent electrical breakdowns for 382 km of electrical transmission lines in the state of Maranhão. The breakdown electrical fire risk is based on a combination of three variables: 1) the fire risk index, 2) the remotely sensed hotspot presence in the vicinity of electrical power lines, and 3) the vegetation stage. These variables are converted into Boolean variables, and their combination will classify the electrical fire risk as extreme, high, medium, low, or null. In regard to the system input variables, the fire risk index carries the highest representativeness in composition value of the breakdown electrical fire risk. Therefore, the results of two fire risk indices, calculated on the basis of the (a) Monte Alegre and (b) Angstrom methods, are presented and discussed. The validation of the fire risk indices is based on six categorical statistics (with the obtained final values also indicated in parentheses for the Monte Alegre and Angstrom methods, respectively): accuracy (0.91, 0.92), bias (1.05, 1.06), probability of detection (0.98, 0.99), false-alarm ratio (0.07, 0.07), probability of false detection (0.90, 0.80), and threat score (0.91, 0.92). The system presented here may be used as a tool within the electrical sector to prevent and respond to sudden electrical power line breakdowns.

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Dalla Costa, FA, TJ Gibson, SEO Oliveira, NG Gregory, L. Faucitano i OA Dalla Costa. "On-farm culling methods used for pigs". Animal Welfare 30, nr 4 (30.11.2021): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.3.008.

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The culling of injured and non-viable pigs (Sus scrofa) (neonate to breeding stock) is a routine and necessary procedure on most farms. Usually, pigs are culled using one of the following methods: blunt-force trauma (manual and mechanical), captive-bolt stunners, electrical stunning and electrocution or carbon dioxide. Manual blunt-force trauma is one of the most widely used methods due to its low or absent operational and investment costs. However, as a method, it has serious limitations, which include the risk of incomplete concussion, pain, and distress. Manual blunt-force trauma is also aesthetically unpleasant to operators and wider society. To address these issues there has been significant recent research into the development of alternatives to manual blunt-force trauma, these include: captive-bolt stunners, on-farm, gas-based controlled atmosphere systems, low atmospheric pressure systems and electrical stunning. Some of these are currently in commercial use while others are still in the developmental phase. This review brings together the relevant research in this field, evaluating the methods in terms of mechanism of action (mechanical and physiological), effectiveness and animal welfare.

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Dalla Costa, FA, TJ Gibson, SEO Oliveira, NG Gregory, L. Faucitano i OA Dalla Costa. "On-farm culling methods used for pigs". Animal Welfare 30, nr 4 (30.11.2021): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.3.008.

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The culling of injured and non-viable pigs (Sus scrofa) (neonate to breeding stock) is a routine and necessary procedure on most farms. Usually, pigs are culled using one of the following methods: blunt-force trauma (manual and mechanical), captive-bolt stunners, electrical stunning and electrocution or carbon dioxide. Manual blunt-force trauma is one of the most widely used methods due to its low or absent operational and investment costs. However, as a method, it has serious limitations, which include the risk of incomplete concussion, pain, and distress. Manual blunt-force trauma is also aesthetically unpleasant to operators and wider society. To address these issues there has been significant recent research into the development of alternatives to manual blunt-force trauma, these include: captive-bolt stunners, on-farm, gas-based controlled atmosphere systems, low atmospheric pressure systems and electrical stunning. Some of these are currently in commercial use while others are still in the developmental phase. This review brings together the relevant research in this field, evaluating the methods in terms of mechanism of action (mechanical and physiological), effectiveness and animal welfare.

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Modan, Ecaterina Magdalena, Adriana Gabriela Plaiasu, Maria Magdalena Dicu, Marian Catalin Ducu, Sorin Georgian Moga i Dumitru Chirlesan. "Morpho-Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Alloyed Steel". Revista de Chimie 70, nr 11 (15.12.2019): 3847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.11.7657.

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Our research focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S6-5-2 speed steel. Studying austenite transformation in martensite and chemical composition changes of high speed steel, under heating conditions for austenitisation and cooling in oil bath, both performed under sub-atmospheric pressure (in rarefied atmospheres) is experimentally determined. The fields were these alloys can be preferred are: the electrical machines for avionics, the magnetic circuits of ultra-rapid relays and of other devices working in DC fields, the measure transformers and other transformers supplied on industrial frequency. To analyze microstructure�s modifications a combination of optical, scanning and electron microscopy was used. The mechanical properties were measured by hardness tests.

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Modan, Ecaterina Magdalena, Adriana Gabriela Plaiasu, Maria Magdalena Dicu, Marian Catalin Ducu, Sorin Georgian Moga i Dumitru Chirlesan. "Morpho-Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Alloyed Steel". Revista de Chimie 70, nr 11 (15.12.2019): 3847–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.70.19.11.7657.

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Our research focuses on the microstructure and mechanical properties of S6-5-2 speed steel. Studying austenite transformation in martensite and chemical composition changes of high speed steel, under heating conditions for austenitisation and cooling in oil bath, both performed under sub-atmospheric pressure (in rarefied atmospheres) is experimentally determined. The fields were these alloys can be preferred are: the electrical machines for avionics, the magnetic circuits of ultra-rapid relays and of other devices working in DC fields, the measure transformers and other transformers supplied on industrial frequency. To analyze microstructure�s modifications a combination of optical, scanning and electron microscopy was used. The mechanical properties were measured by hardness tests.

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Michelarakis, Michail, Phillip Widger, Abderrahmane Beroual i Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad. "Electrical Detection of Creeping Discharges over Insulator Surfaces in Atmospheric Gases under AC Voltage Application". Energies 12, nr 15 (1.08.2019): 2970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152970.

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Creeping discharges over insulator surfaces have been related to the presence of triple junctions in compressed gas insulated systems. The performance of dielectric materials frequently utilised in gaseous insulating high voltage applications, stressed under triple junction conditions, has been an interesting topic approached through many different physical perspectives. Presented research outcomes have contributed to the understanding of the mechanisms behind the related phenomena, macroscopically and microscopically. This paper deals with the electrical detection of creeping discharges over disc-shaped insulator samples of different dielectric materials (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), epoxy resin and silicone rubber) using atmospheric gases (dry air, N2 and CO2) as insulation medium in a point-plane electrode arrangement and under AC voltage application. The entire approach implementation is described in detail, from the initial numerical field simulations of the electrode configuration to the sensing and recording devices specifications and applications. The obtained results demonstrate the dependence of the generated discharge activity on the geometrical and material properties of the dielectric and the solid/atmospheric gas interface. The current work will be further extended as part of a future extensive research programme.

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Jašek, Ondřej, Petr Synek, Lenka Zajíčková, Marek Eliáš i Vít Kudrle. "Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition at Atmospheric Pressure". Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, nr 5 (1.09.2010): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-011-0049-9.

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Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition at Atmospheric PressureCarbon nanostructures present the leading field in nanotechnology research. A wide range of chemical and physical methods was used for carbon nanostructures synthesis including arc discharges, laser ablation and chemical vapour deposition. Plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) with its application in modern microelectronics industry became soon target of research in carbon nanostructures synthesis. Selection of the ideal growth process depends on the application. Most of PECVD techniques work at low pressure requiring vacuum systems. However for industrial applications it would be desirable to work at atmospheric pressure. In this article carbon nanostructures synthesis by plasma discharges working at atmospheric pressure will be reviewed.

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Defer, E., J. P. Pinty, S. Coquillat, J. M. Martin, S. Prieur, S. Soula, E. Richard i in. "An overview of the lightning and atmospheric electricity observations collected in southern France during the HYdrological cycle in Mediterranean EXperiment (HyMeX), Special Observation Period 1". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, nr 2 (9.02.2015): 649–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-649-2015.

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Abstract. The PEACH project (Projet en Electricité Atmosphérique pour la Campagne HyMeX – the Atmospheric Electricity Project of the HyMeX Program) is the atmospheric electricity component of the Hydrology cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) experiment and is dedicated to the observation of both lightning activity and electrical state of continental and maritime thunderstorms in the area of the Mediterranean Sea. During the HyMeX SOP1 (Special Observation Period) from 5 September to 6 November 2012, four European operational lightning locating systems (ATDnet, EUCLID, LINET, ZEUS) and the HyMeX lightning mapping array network (HyLMA) were used to locate and characterize the lightning activity over the northwestern Mediterranean at flash, storm and regional scales. Additional research instruments like slow antennas, video cameras, microbarometer and microphone arrays were also operated. All these observations in conjunction with operational/research ground-based and airborne radars, rain gauges and in situ microphysical records are aimed at characterizing and understanding electrically active and highly precipitating events over southeastern France that often lead to severe flash floods. Simulations performed with cloud resolving models like Meso-NH and Weather Research and Forecasting are used to interpret the results and to investigate further the links between dynamics, microphysics, electrification and lightning occurrence. Herein we present an overview of the PEACH project and its different instruments. Examples are discussed to illustrate the comprehensive and unique lightning data set, from radio frequency to acoustics, collected during the SOP1 for lightning phenomenology understanding, instrumentation validation, storm characterization and modeling.

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Meng, Jintao, Hao Zhang, Xue Wang i Yue Zhao. "Data Mining to Atmospheric Corrosion Process Based on Evidence Fusion". Materials 14, nr 22 (17.11.2021): 6954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226954.

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An electrical resistance sensor-based atmospheric corrosion monitor was employed to study the carbon steel corrosion in outdoor atmospheric environments by recording dynamic corrosion data in real-time. Data mining of collected data contributes to uncovering the underlying mechanism of atmospheric corrosion. In this study, it was found that most statistical correlation coefficients do not adapt to outdoor coupled corrosion data. In order to deal with online coupled data, a new machine learning model is proposed from the viewpoint of information fusion. It aims to quantify the contribution of different environmental factors to atmospheric corrosion in different exposure periods. Compared to the commonly used machine learning models of artificial neural networks and support vector machines in the corrosion research field, the experimental results demonstrated the efficiency and superiority of the proposed model on online corrosion data in terms of measuring the importance of atmospheric factors and corrosion prediction accuracy.

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Kuang, Zhiqiang, Dong Liu, Decheng Wu, Zhenzhu Wang, Cheng Li i Qian Deng. "Parameter Optimization and Development of Mini Infrared Lidar for Atmospheric Three-Dimensional Detection". Sensors 23, nr 2 (12.01.2023): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23020892.

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In order to conduct more thorough research on the structural characteristics of the atmosphere and the distribution and transmission of atmospheric pollution, the use of remote sensing technology for multi-dimensional detection of the atmosphere is needed. A light-weight, low-volume, low-cost, easy-to-use and low-maintenance mini Infrared Lidar (mIRLidar) sensor is developed for the first time. The model of lidar is established, and the key optical parameters of the mIRLidar are optimized through simulation, in which wavelength of laser, energy of pulse laser, diameter of telescope, field of view (FOV), and bandwidth of filter are included. The volume and weight of the lidar system are effectively reduced through optimizing the structural design and designing a temperature control system to ensure the stable operation of the core components. The mIRLidar system involved a 1064 nm laser (the pulse laser energy 15 μJ, the repetition frequency 5 kHz), a 100 mm aperture telescope (the FOV 1.5 mrad), a 0.5 nm bandwidth of filter and an APD, where the lidar has a volume of 200 mm × 200 mm × 420 mm and weighs about 13.5 kg. It is shown that the lidar can effectively detect three-dimensional distribution and transmission of aerosol and atmospheric pollution within a 5 km detection range, from Horizontal, scanning and navigational atmospheric measurements. It has great potential in the field of meteorological research and environmental monitoring.

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Matinzadeh, Ziba, Farhad Shahgoli, Hamed Abbasi, Mahmood Ghoranneviss i Mohammad K. Salem. "Decomposition of Bromocresol Green Using a Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet". Proceedings 67, nr 1 (9.11.2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asec2020-07513.

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This research study aims to decompose bromocresol green (C21H14Br4O5S) using direct irradiation of a nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet. The absorbance spectra of the bromocresol green solution were measured, as was its electrical conductivity and its pH before and after different durations of irradiation. The results showed that the lengths of conjugated systems in the molecular structure of bromocresol green decreased, and the bromocresol green solution was decolorized as a result of the decomposition of bromocresol green. This result indicates that cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet irradiation is capable of decomposing and can also be used for water purification.

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Stryczewska, Henryka Danuta. "Supply Systems of Non-Thermal Plasma Reactors. Construction Review with Examples of Applications". Applied Sciences 10, nr 9 (7.05.2020): 3242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093242.

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A review of the supply systems of non-thermal plasma reactors (NTPR) with dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJ) and gliding arc discharge (GAD) was performed. This choice is due to the following reasons: these types of electrical discharges produce non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure, the reactor design is well developed and relatively simple, the potential area of application is large, especially in environmental protection processes and biotechnologies currently under development, theses reactors can be powered from similar sources using non-linear transformer magnetic circuits and power electronics systems, and finally, these plasma reactors and their power supply systems, as well as their applications are the subject of research conducted by the author of the review and her team from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electrotechnology of the Lublin University of Technology, Poland.

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Cao, Yang, Huaijun Qin, Xiaofeng Peng, Yuhan Wang i Zupeng Zhang. "Research on Polarization Coding Cooperative Communication Scheme for FSO System". Electronics 11, nr 10 (17.05.2022): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11101597.

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To solve the problems of interruption events and the high bit-error rate of the FSO system caused by atmospheric turbulence, an FSO cooperative communication scheme based on system polarization code is proposed. In this scheme, the upper limit of the average bit-error rate of the atmospheric turbulence channel is used to construct the frozen bit set of the system polarization code, and the information bit set of the S−R link is recovered by using the ownership relationship between the frozen bit set of the S−R link and the S−D link at the destination node. Finally, the information bits of the S−R link and S−D link are combined using equal gain combination, and the original information is recovered by decoding. The simulation results show that the FSO cooperative communication system can overcome the influence of atmospheric turbulence and improve the system performance, and the bit-error rate performance of the FSO cooperative communication system can be improved by at least 0.5dB; the outage probability of the FSO cooperative communication system can be reduced to less than 10−7, and it shows a stable inhibitory effect on strong turbulence conditions.

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Zha, Qiaozhi, Wei Huang, Diego Aliaga, Otso Peräkylä, Liine Heikkinen, Alkuin Maximilian Koenig, Cheng Wu i in. "Measurement report: Molecular-level investigation of atmospheric cluster ions at the tropical high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (5240 m a.s.l.) in the Bolivian Andes". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 23, nr 7 (14.04.2023): 4559–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4559-2023.

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Abstract. Air ions are the key components for a series of atmospheric physicochemical interactions, such as ion-catalyzed reactions, ion-molecule reactions, and ion-induced new particle formation (NPF). They also control atmospheric electrical properties with effects on global climate. We performed molecular-level measurements of cluster ions at the high-altitude research station Chacaltaya (CHC; 5240 m a.s.l.), located in the Bolivian Andes, from January to May 2018 using an atmospheric-pressure-interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The negative ions mainly consisted of (H2SO4)0–3⚫HSO4-, (HNO3)0–2⚫NO3-, SO5-, (NH3)1–6⚫(H2SO4)3–7⚫HSO4-, malonic-acid-derived, and CHO / CHON⚫(HSO4- / NO3-) cluster ions. Their temporal variability exhibited distinct diurnal and seasonal patterns due to the changes in the corresponding neutral species' molecular properties (such as electron affinity and proton affinity) and concentrations resulting from the air masses arriving at CHC from different source regions. The positive ions were mainly composed of protonated amines and organic cluster ions but exhibited no clear diurnal variation. H2SO4–NH3 cluster ions likely contributed to the NPF process, particularly during the wet-to-dry transition period and the dry season, when CHC was more impacted by air masses originating from source regions with elevated SO2 emissions. Our study provides new insights into the chemical composition of atmospheric cluster ions and their role in new particle formation in the high-altitude mountain environment of the Bolivian Andes.

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Constantinides, Antonios, Saam Najat i Haris Haralambous. "Atmospheric Ducting Interference on DAB, DAB+ Radio in Eastern Mediterranean". Electronics 11, nr 24 (14.12.2022): 4183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244183.

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A serious problem affecting the local radio industry in Cyprus is radio interference from the Middle East. This problem is especially acute on the highway along the coast during the summer months because interference degrades the sound quality in vehicle receivers due to chirping noise, hissing, fading and distortion. During the last decade the issue was explored by monitoring the field strength intensity of unwanted signals with respect to atmospheric conditions that excacerbate interference. According to the research outcomes presented in this paper, severe interference occurs due to “Tropospheric Ducting”, i.e., radio energy becomes trapped between two boundaries in the lower layers of Earth’s atmosphere. Thereby, this phenomenon acts as a waveguide that favors radio waves to propagate beyond the horizon with very strong field strength intensity where under certain atmospheric conditions exceeding the expected free space theoretical value. Because the commercial Band FM is already oversaturated for years, it was considered important to expand this research to explore the impact of interference on the new digital DAB, DAB+ radio, that will soon be launched in Cyprus, as it is discussed below.

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Olschewski, Friedhelm, Christian Monte, Albert Adibekyan, Max Reiniger, Berndt Gutschwager, Joerg Hollandt i Ralf Koppmann. "A large-area blackbody for in-flight calibration of an infrared interferometer deployed on board a long-duration balloon for stratospheric research". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, nr 8 (14.08.2018): 4757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-4757-2018.

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Abstract. The deployment of the imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer GLORIA (Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere) on board a long-duration balloon for stratospheric research requires a blackbody for in-flight calibration in order to provide traceability to the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) to ensure comparability with the results of other experiments and over time. GLORIA, which has been deployed onboard various research aircraft such as the Russian M55 Geophysica or the German HALO in the past, shall also be used for detailed atmospheric measurements in the stratosphere up to 40 km altitude. The instrument uses a two-dimensional detector array and an imaging optics with a large aperture diameter of 36 mm and an opening angle of 4.07∘ × 4.07∘ for infrared limb observations. To overfill the field of view (FOV) of the instrument, a large-area blackbody radiation sources (125 mm × 125 mm) is required for in-flight calibration. In order to meet the requirements regarding the scientific goals of the GLORIA missions, the radiance temperature of the blackbody calibration source has to be determined to better than 100 mK and the spatial temperature uniformity shall be better than 150 mK. As electrical resources on board a stratospheric balloon are very limited, the latent heat of the phase change of a eutectic material is utilized for temperature stabilization of the calibration source, such that the blackbody has a constant temperature of about −32 ∘C corresponding to a typical temperature observed in the stratosphere. The Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Research at the University of Wuppertal designed and manufactured a prototype of the large-area blackbody for in-flight calibration of an infrared interferometer deployed on board a long-duration balloon for stratospheric research. This newly developed calibration source was tested under lab conditions as well as in a climatic and environmental test chamber in order to verify its performance especially under flight conditions. At the PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt), the German national metrology institute, the spatial radiance distribution of the blackbody was determined and traceability to the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) has been assured. In this paper the design and performance of the balloon-borne blackbody (BBB) is presented.

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Zhang Xinyi, 张馨怡, i 陈振林 Chen Zhenlin. "一种红外目标模拟器的大气传输校准方法研究". Infrared and Laser Engineering 52, nr 3 (2023): 20220378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/irla20220378.

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JIANG, Song, Lifei HUANG, Zhonghang WU, Yonggang WANG, Zi LI i Junfeng RAO. "Research on the characteristics of atmospheric air dielectric barrier discharge under different square wave pulse polarities". Plasma Science and Technology 23, nr 12 (11.11.2021): 125404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-6272/ac2b11.

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Abstract Energy efficiency limits the application of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), such as air purification, water treatment and material surface modification. This article focuses on the electrical and optical effects of the DBD under three square wave pulses polarities-positive, negative and bipolar. The result shows that under the same voltage with the quartz glass medium, the discharge efficiency of bipolar polarity pulse is the highest due to the influence of deposited charge. With the increase of air gap distance from 0.5 to 1.5 mm, average power consumed by the discharge air gap and discharge efficiency decrease obviously under alumina, and increase, and then decrease under quartz glass and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Through spectrum diagnosis, in the quartz glass medium, the vibration temperature is the highest under negative polarity pulse excitation. Under bipolar pulse, the vibration temperature does not change significantly with the change of air gap distance. For the three dielectric materials of quartz glass, alumina and PMMA, the molecular vibration temperature is the highest under the quartz glass medium with the same voltage. When the gap spacing, pulse polarity or dielectric material are changed, the rotational temperature does not change significantly.

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Kamsali, Nagaraja, KCharan Kumar i TRajendra Prasad. "Study of ambient gamma dose levels at national atmospheric research laboratory, Gadanki, India". Radiation Protection and Environment 44, nr 1 (2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/rpe.rpe_62_20.

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Wang Tiejun, 王铁军, 陈娜 Chen Na, 郭豪 Guo Hao, 刘尧香 Liu Yaoxiang, 冷雨欣 Leng Yuxin i 李儒新 Li Ruxin. "飞秒强激光大气遥感新技术的原理和研究进展". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, nr 7 (2022): 0700001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.0700001.

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Aggrey, John, i Sunil Bisnath. "Improving GNSS PPP Convergence: The Case of Atmospheric-Constrained, Multi-GNSS PPP-AR". Sensors 19, nr 3 (30.01.2019): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030587.

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GNSS positioning performance has been shown to improve with the ingestion of data from Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) and tropospheric zenith path delays, which are produced by, e.g., the International GNSS Service (IGS). For both dual- and triple-frequency Precise Point Positioning (PPP) processing, the significance of GIM and tropospheric products in processing is not obvious in the quality of the solution after a few hours. However, constraining the atmosphere improves PPP initialization and solution convergence in the first few minutes of processing. The general research question to be answered is whether there is any significant benefit in constraining the atmosphere in multi-frequency PPP? A key related question is: regarding time and position accuracy, how close are we to RTK performance in the age of multi-GNSS PPP-AR? To address these questions, this paper provides insight into the conceptual analyses of atmospheric GNSS PPP constraints. Dual- and triple-frequency scenarios were investigated. Over 60% improvement in convergence time was observed when atmospheric constraints are applied to a dual-frequency multi-GNSS PPP-AR solution. Future work would involve employing the constraints to improve low-cost PPP solutions.

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