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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Asylum, Right of – Australia"
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Jupp, James. "Refugees and Asylum Seekers as Victims: The Australian Case". International Review of Victimology 10, nr 2 (wrzesień 2003): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975800301000204.
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Australia has had two centuries of state planned and controlled immigration, with official policies excluding those felt undesirable for racial, social or economic reasons, Visa controls have been tightened in recent years even against the previously welcomed British. Australia has also accepted refugees for permanent settlement under the 1951 UN Convention. Since the 1990s this approach has been steadily modified, making it increasingly difficult to achieve settlement as an asylum seeker. Detention in prison-like camps, limitation of the right to permanent residence, and policies designed to expedite homeland return have all led to victimisation of the relatively small numbers seeking asylum outside the universal visa system. This has been accompanied by forcible removal to locations outside Australian territory and attempts to limit rights of appeal. Official demonisation of asylum seekers has damaged public acceptance of refugees, while draconian policies towards them have undermined Australia’s previous reputation as a safe haven.
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Taylor, Savitri, i Klaus Neumann. "Australia and the Abortive Convention on Territorial Asylum: A Case Study of a Cul de Sac in International Refugee and Human Rights Law". International Journal of Refugee Law 32, nr 1 (marzec 2020): 86–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/eeaa006.
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Abstract Focusing on the period from the adoption of the 1967 Declaration on Territorial Asylum to the 1977 Conference of Plenipotentiaries on Territorial Asylum in Geneva, this article examines attempts to arrive at an international treaty on territorial asylum. Charting the trajectory of the drafting process, it shows how the ambition of international lawyers and UNHCR to go beyond article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the 1967 Declaration was eventually thwarted. Australia played a significant role at the 1977 conference and particular attention is paid to the development of its position. The article argues that the discussions over the proposed convention on territorial asylum were symptomatic of States’ unwillingness to countenance a right to asylum, and their concomitant willingness to extend the principle of non-refoulement.
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Mathew, Penelope. "Sovereignty and the Right to Seek Asylum: The Case of Cambodian Asylum-Seekers in Australia". Australian Year Book of International Law Online 15, nr 1 (1994): 35–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26660229-015-01-900000003.
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Goh, Hench, James Leong, Adam Haris Othman, Yee Ching Kho i Chung Yin Wong. "A Proposal for Malaysia’s Asylum Act". Asian Journal of Law and Policy 1, nr 1 (28.07.2021): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33093/ajlp.2021.4.
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Asylum is granted to people in search for international protection from persecution or serious harm in their own country. The right to asylum for refugees in Malaysia is far from realization and in dire need of a practical solution. Due to the lack of a proper enactment of Asylum Act, asylum seekers are to deal with denial of basic rights. Asylum seekers are also denied of education and healthcare due to high cost since these are not provided by the government. This article discusses the need for a proper enactment of Asylum Act in Malaysia in relation to the rising numbers of asylum seekers and refugees in the country. In this research, a comparative analysis between Malaysia’s existing laws dealing with asylum and the law of Australia, United Kingdom, Indonesia, and European Union was carried out. It was found that these countries have developed their legal framework for asylum considerably and could legally accommodate the influx of refugees into their respective countries, in contrast to Malaysia’s increasingly poor management of the refugees and asylum-seekers. The study suggests the possibility for the adoption of recommended legal principles from those countries into the proposed Malaysian Asylum Act.
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Campbell, Emma Jean, i Emily Jean Steel. "Mental distress and human rights of asylum seekers". Journal of Public Mental Health 14, nr 2 (15.06.2015): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-06-2013-0040.
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Purpose – This paper studies the experiences of asylum seekers in Australia. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between mental wellbeing, living conditions, and Australia’s detention policies in light of human rights. Design/methodology/approach – Using grounded theory, data were collected via observations, semi-structured interviews, key-informant interviews, and document analysis. Participants included seven asylum seekers and three professionals working with them. Findings – In light of a human rights framework, this paper reports on the mental distress suffered by asylum seekers in detention, the environments of constraint in which they live, and aspects of detention centre policy that contribute to these environments. The findings highlight a discrepancy between asylum seekers’ experiences under immigration detention policy and Australia’s human rights obligations. Research limitations/implications – This research indicates human rights violations for asylum seekers in detention in Australia. This research project involved a small number of participants and recommends systemic review of the policy and practices that affect asylum seekers’ mental health including larger numbers of participants. Consideration is made of alternatives to detention as well as improving detention centre conditions. The World Health Organization’s Quality Rights Tool Kit might provide the basis for a framework to review Australia’s immigration detention system with particular focus on the poor mental wellbeing of asylum seekers in detention. Originality/value – This study links international human rights law and Australian immigration detention policies and practices with daily life experiences of suffering mental distress within environments of constraint and isolation. It identifies asylum seekers as a vulnerable population with respect to human rights and mental wellbeing. Of particular value is the inclusion of asylum seekers themselves in interviews.
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Garnsey, Eliza. "The Right(s) to Remain: Art, Asylum and Political Representation in Australia". Pólemos 16, nr 2 (8.08.2022): 205–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pol-2022-2014.
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Abstract Thinking about artistic representation as a form of political representation enables a better understanding of what can be seen and said, who has the ability to see it and say it, and how it is possible to know and do politics in different ways. In the case of Australia’s immigration system, this understanding is critical. Australia’s treatment of people seeking asylum and refugees is widely criticised by the international community as violating international human rights and humanitarian laws and norms. The legal and bureaucratic frameworks surrounding refugees in Australia not only render their stories largely invisible but continue to perpetrate harm and suffering which goes unaddressed. In the absence of state protection, artistic representation becomes an important intervention into the practices and narratives surrounding Australia’s treatment of people seeking asylum and refugees. In this article, I explore Hoda Afshar’s video and photographic artwork Remain (2018) which documents the experiences and struggles of a group of stateless men who were left to languish on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, in the aftermath of the Australian government closing its Manus Regional Processing Centre. Remain is one of the only available avenues open to the men to share their stories and to communicate the harm caused by national policy and practices. I argue that the artistic representation of Remain becomes a crucial form of political representation in this aftermath; political representation which would not otherwise be possible.
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Crock, Mary. "SHADOW PLAYS, SHIFTING SANDS AND INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW: CONVERGENCES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC". International and Comparative Law Quarterly 63, nr 2 (6.03.2014): 247–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589314000050.
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AbstractWhile many Australians continue to see their roots in Western Europe, in matters concerning human rights and immigration control, Australia's culture and attitudes over time have become more closely aligned with those of States in its immediate geographical region. The trend finds obvious expression in the convergence of laws and policies governing the treatment of asylum seekers. This article uses as a case study various efforts made to establish regional frameworks for the management of irregular (forced) migration. The author argues that Australia's reversion to deflection and offshore processing as deterrent measures resonates with the discourse in two States that have been closely associated with the new ‘arrangements’: Malaysia and Indonesia. Australia's policies make express reference to laws and State behaviour in the region through what has been labelled the ‘no advantage’ principle governing Australia's treatment of asylum seekers presenting as unauthorized maritime arrivals (UMAs). The central idea is that these asylum seekers should gain no material advantage by reaching Australia in comparison with the situation they would face if their claims were processed in States of first refuge. If the comparators are the refugee-receiving States around Australia, the policy has to play out in the degradation of terms and conditions faced by UMAs in Australia. In the area of human rights and refugee policy, the author argues that Australia should be doing more to distinguish itself as a leader rather than follow the (generally poor) practices of its neighbours.
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Phillips, Louise Gwenneth, i Catherine Montes. "Walking Borders: Explorations of Aesthetics in Ephemeral Arts Activism for Asylum Seeker Rights". Space and Culture 21, nr 2 (11.09.2017): 92–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331217729509.
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Australia’s Operation Sovereign Borders vehemently enforces closed borders to asylum seekers arriving by boat to Australia. Policed urban borders were enforced in Brisbane, Australia, during the G20 Summit in 2014, to protect visiting dignitaries from potential violent protest. The ephemeral arts intervention Walking Borders: Arts activism for refugee and asylum seeker rights symbolically confronted border politics by peacefully protesting against Australian immigration policy. Rather than focusing on the direct effects of the ephemeral arts intervention, this article attends to the affective workings of the aesthetic elements of the project through sensory ethnography and storying. Informed by Ranciere’s aesthetics of politics, this article explores the affective experience and potential educative gains of the ethical turn attended to in participatory arts such as ephemeral arts interventions.
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Gifford, Sandy. "Human Rights Overboard: Seeking asylum in Australia". Australian Social Work 63, nr 2 (27.05.2010): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03124071003794092.
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Silove, Derrick, i Sarah Mares. "The mental health of asylum seekers in Australia and the role of psychiatrists". BJPsych International 15, nr 3 (17.07.2018): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.11.
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There are more displaced people around the world than ever before, and over half are children. Australia and other wealthy nations have implemented increasingly harsh policies, justified as ‘humane deterrence’, and aimed at preventing asylum seekers (persons without preestablished resettlement visas) from entering their borders and gaining protection. Australian psychiatrists and other health professionals have documented the impact of these harsh policies since their inception. Their experience in identifying and challenging the effects of these policies on the mental health of asylum seekers may prove instructive to others facing similar issues. In outlining the Australian experience, we draw selectively on personal experience, research, witness account issues, reports by human rights organisations, clinical observations and commentaries. Australia’s harsh response to asylum seekers, including indefinite mandatory detention and denial of permanent protection for those found to be refugees, starkly demonstrates the ineluctable intersection of mental health, human rights, ethics and social policy, a complexity that the profession is uniquely positioned to understand and hence reflect back to government and the wider society.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Asylum, Right of – Australia"
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Boon-Kuo, Louise. "Migration policing in Australia and beyond". Phd thesis, Faculty of Law, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8981.
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Davies, Evan. "Mandatory detention for asylum seekers in Australia : an evaluation of liberal criticism". University of Western Australia. Political Science and International Relations Discipline Group, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0202.
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This thesis evaluates the policy of mandatory detention for asylum seekers maintained by successive Australian governments against several core liberal principles. These principles are derived from various accounts of liberal political thought and the major themes and criticisms inherent in the public debate over the policy. The justifications of the policy given by the Australian government and the criticisms enunciated by scholars, refugee advocates and non-government organisations with respect to the policy strongly correspond with the core liberal principles of fairness, protecting the rights of the individual, accountability and proportionality. The claims of the critics converge on a central point of contention: that the mandatory detention of asylum seekers violates core liberal principles. To ascertain the extent to which the claims of the critics can be supported, the thesis selectively draws on liberal political theory to provide a framework for the analysis of the policy against these liberal principles, a basis for inquiry largely neglected by contributors to the literature. This thesis argues that, on balance, the mandatory detention policy employed by successive Australian governments violates core liberal principles. The claims of the critics are weakened, but by no means discredited, by the importance of the government's maintenance of strong border control. In the main, however, criticisms made by opponents of the policy can be supported. This thesis contributes to the substantial body of literature on the mandatory detention policy by shedding light on how liberal principles may be applicable to the mandatory detention policy. Further, it aims to contribute to an enriched understanding of the Australian government's competence to detain asylum seekers.
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Mackinlay, Liz. "On-shore asylum seekers : an analysis of the Australian policy at end of 2001 /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16959.pdf.
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Hansford, Mai. "A tale of rights and wrongs: Stories and storytelling on the issue of asylum seeker boat arrivals to Australia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16940.
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This thesis examines stories and storytelling about asylum seeker boat arrivals to Australia in 2009-2011. It aims to answer the questions ‘Who gets to be heard?’ and ‘What stories are told?’ on this issue. Research is undertaken in three different sites and focuses on two key incidents.The first site is with members of an activist public (in interviews) advocating for change to Australia’s treatment of asylum seekers. The second site is practices and newspaper articles of journalists in the media industry. The final site is in a space in-between, a site where the activists produce media releases to offer the group’s stories for inclusion in media portrayals. The logic that underpins the examination of the stories in the three sites in this study is the marriage of Symbolic Convergence Theory (SCT) (Bormann 1982) – to understand the stories and storytelling processes – with theories from public relations, social movements and media studies specific to individual sites. In addition, theories of power and hegemony are deployed to examine the relationships among the stories collected from the different sites. The key finding identifies a national story that dominates in the newspaper articles. However, the thesis also discerns three key alternative stories that emerge from the activists’ individual and public relations storytelling. Framing both the dominant national and the alternative stories are histories of racism, Australian nationalism and facticity. Despite marked differences in the stories in the three sites their underlying drivers are similar. The thesis illustrates the common yet different uses of themes of history, righteousness and connectedness.
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Browning, Julie. "States of exclusion : narratives from Australia's immigration detention centres, 1999-2003". University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/441.
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This thesis interrogates immigration detention as a space of intricate ambivalence - one which seeks to exclude, but which is also entreated to protect. The focus is so-called ‘unauthorised’ asylum seekers detained both within Australia and offshore on the Pacific island of Nauru between 1999 and 2003 - when the numbers of detained asylum seekers reached its maximum and the government introduced offshore processing centres. Australia’s immigration detention regime sits awkwardly with the discourse of universal human rights and brings into sharp conflict two robust political values: the right of endangered people to seek refuge and the right of the nation to determine who will enter. Focusing on the experiences of detainees reveals immigration detention as a complex regime through which the state’s dominating power targets the stateless, non-white, male body. This targeting is intentional, serving to secure sovereign borders and to rearticulate the naturalised ties between the national population and the modern state. Immigration detention holds the seeker in a limbo that sets parameters for the seeker’s experience of ongoing and intensifying insecurity. It specifically and intentionally fractures the identity of detainees: masochistic actions and collective protests, from hunger strikes to breakouts, reflect the common currency of anxiety and violence. The creation of offshore camps was, in part, a response to ongoing protests within onshore detention and the failure of onshore detention to stop boat arrivals. My chief focus here is the largest Pacific camp, ‘Topside’, on the island of Nauru. Unlike the onshore detention centres where publicised protests and breakouts screamed of continuing detention of asylum seekers, those on Nauru were effectively silenced. The thesis explores purpose as inscribed within the body of the exile. To give up hope for asylum is to face the possibility of endless wandering and death. Mechanisms of resistance, whether explicit protest or more passive waiting, are parts of the continuing struggle by the detained against mechanisms of exclusion and exception. The detained carve out small openings to contest their exclusion and to reassert an identity as survivors. There is a complex and fluid interplay between such resistance and government policies aiming to silence protest and limit identity – and ultimately to deter all unauthorised boat arrivals.
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Malavaux, Claire. "Cultivating indifference : an anthropological analysis of Australia's policy of mandatory detention, its rhetoric, practices and bureaucratic enactment". University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0120.
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This thesis is based on a particular domain of anthropological inquiry, the anthropology of policy, which proposes that policy be contemplated as an ethnographic object itself. The policy I consider is Australia's refugee policy, which advocates the mandatory detention of
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Kuosmanen, Jaakko Niilo. "Right to asylum and its protection". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6454.
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The topic of this thesis is justice and asylum. The central argument in the thesis is that citizens of all states have a moral right that entitles them to asylum in certain circumstances of deprivation. The right to asylum can be understood as a general derivative right, and it is grounded in the more fundamental entitlement to basic needs. More specifically, I argue that all persons whose basic needs are insufficiently protected in their home states have the right to asylum when they cannot be assisted with other remedial instruments by the international community within a reasonable timeframe. By using the right to asylum as a normative evaluative standard, I also argue that the existing refugee protective institutions are morally unsatisfactory, and that a 'moral refugee regime' should be established to replace the current protective institutions. Then the questions becomes, what specific form these institutions should take. In the thesis I focus primarily on one institutional proposal, 'the tradable quota scheme', and its ethical dimensions. I defend the tradable quota scheme against several lines of criticism, and suggest that the scheme constitutes a normatively viable alternative for the existing institutional framework. Finally, I examine obligations in the protection of the right to asylum in circumstances of partial compliance. I conclude that the citizens of complying states have the obligation to 'pick up the slack' and assist those bearers of the right to asylum who are unjustly denied assistance by the non-complying states.
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Karlén, Anna. "The right to seek asylum and the common European asylum system". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-127650.
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Essex, Ryan William. "Australian Immigration Detention: How Should Clinicians Respond?" Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20642.
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Australian immigration detention violates human rights and international law. Clinicians and professional healthcare bodies have been central to its operation, both providing healthcare within detention centres and protesting its consequences. Since its introduction over 25 years ago and despite ongoing protest the government has continued to implement increasingly opaque and punitive policy. How should clinicians respond? This thesis sets out to challenge over 20 years of thinking on this topic, calling for a shift in how clinicians and professional bodies engage with Australian immigration detention. I argue that current responses to the health and healthcare needs of those detained are inadequate. I reject a boycott but call for such action to be seen within a broader strategy aimed at bringing about social and political change. I propose a theoretical base to inform such a stance, by appealing to social movement theory and other theories of social change. I demonstrate how such theory can be applied to inform systemic, social and political change, and I argue that clinicians and professional bodies should embrace this approach which includes employing forms of political action such as protest, disruption and civil disobedience.
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Kirby, Larry Joseph. "Sanctuary the right of asylum in the Corpus iuris canonici /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Asylum, Right of – Australia"
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Dean, Lusher, i Haslam Nick 1963-, red. Yearning to breathe free: Seeking asylum in Australia. Leichhardt, N.S.W: Federation Press, 2007.
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Refuge Australia: Australia's humanitarian record. Sydney, NSW: University of NSW Press, 2004.
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1947-, Goddard Christopher R., i Latham Susie, red. Human rights overboard: Seeking asylum in Australia. Carlton North, Vic: Scribe Publications, 2008.
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Migration and refugee law: Principles and practice in Australia. Port Melbourne, VIC: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
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Rod, Tess. Who gets to stay?: Refugees, asylum seekers, and unauthorized arrivals in Australia. Melbourne: Institute of Public Affairs, 2001.
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Tazreiter, Claudia. Asylum-seekers as pariahs in the Australian state. Helsinki: United Nations University, World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2003.
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Borderline: Australia's treatment of refugees and asylum seekers. Sydney, Australia: UNSW Press, 2001.
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Frank, Brennan. Tampering with asylum: A universal humanitarian problem. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press, 2007.
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Tampering with asylum: A universal humanitarian problem. St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press, 2003.
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Peter, Mares, red. Borderline: Australia's response to refugees and asylum seekers in the wake of the Tampa. Wyd. 2. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2002.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Asylum, Right of – Australia"
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Davies, Sara E. "Women at Risk and Their Right to Asylum in Australia". W The Politics of Women and Migration in the Global South, 87–103. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-58799-2_6.
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Tiedemann, Paul. "Right to Asylum". W Springer Textbooks in Law, 295–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42262-2_16.
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Winter, Bronwyn. "The Right to Asylum". W Reform, Revolution and Crisis in Europe, 208–30. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in cultural history; 80: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780367815004-11.
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Chamie, Joseph. "Right to Asylum: Bye-Bye". W Population Levels, Trends, and Differentials, 359–61. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22479-9_79.
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Haslam, Nick, i Elise Holland. "Attitudes Towards Asylum Seekers: The Australian Experience". W Peace Psychology in Australia, 107–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1403-2_7.
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Kirkwood, Steve, Simon Goodman, Chris McVittie i Andy McKinlay. "Asylum-Seekers and the Right to Work". W The Language of Asylum, 99–120. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-46116-2_7.
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Missbach, Antje. "Putting asylum out of reach". W The Criminalisation of People Smuggling in Indonesia and Australia, 164–80. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003211792-7.
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Liodden, Tone Maia. "Making the Right Decision: Justice in the Asylum Bureaucracy in Norway". W Asylum Determination in Europe, 241–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94749-5_12.
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Neumann, Klaus. "The Right to Asylum: A Hidden History". W History, Historians and the Immigration Debate, 191–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97123-0_11.
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Danisi, Carmelo, Moira Dustin, Nuno Ferreira i Nina Held. "The Asylum Claim Determination". W IMISCOE Research Series, 259–330. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_7.
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AbstractPublic international law and, more specifically, international human rights law protect the right to access an asylum determination procedure and the principle of non-refoulement, as established in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_3. Some would argue that asylum should not be seen by states as their own prerogative, but rather as a fundamental human right (Díaz Lafuente, 2014, pp. 206–207). How the right to access to asylum determination and the principle of non-refoulement are implemented varies from country to country, including within the EU, as discussed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_4. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_6 dissected the different procedures adopted to adjudicate SOGI claims of international protection in Germany, Italy and the UK. In this chapter, we focus on the decision itself by analysing the Refugee Status Determination (RSD) process in the three countries studied. In the process, we highlight similarities and differences, merits and shortcomings, and often inconsistencies with supranational and international standards.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Asylum, Right of – Australia"
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Mersinaj, L. "ASYLUM AS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT AND INTERNATIONAL DEFENSE INSTRUMENTS". W VI International Youth Conference "Perspectives of Science and Education". Prague: Premier Publishing s.r.o., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29013/vi-conf-usa-6-166-171.
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Čepo, Marina. "DETENTION OF ASYLUM SEEKERS THROUGH THE PRACTICE OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY AND THE PERSPECTIVES OF THE NEW PACT ON MIGRATION AND ASYLUM". W EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18301.
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Restrictions on freedom of movement, in particular the detention of asylum seekers as the most severe form of such restrictions, constitute an interference with fundamental human rights and must be approached with particular care. In view of the migration and refugee crisis, the Republic of Hungary has begun to amend its asylum legislation, thus tightening the conditions for the detention of asylum seekers. The introduction of the provision establishing that asylum may be sought only in transit zones has also led to the gradual detention of asylum seekers in transit zones, which Hungary did not consider as detention. This issue was brought before the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter: CJEU), which drastically changed the path taken by the Hungarian government when it comes to detaining asylum seekers. What the CJEU has found is that leaving people in transit zones without the right to free movement is to be considered detention, even though they are not specialized detention facilities. The CJEU ordered that such a practice must cease immediately. Therefore, this paper will examine the Hungarian practice following the judgment of the CJEU. The CJEU has taken a major step towards protecting the rights of asylum seekers as regards detention, and the EU recently adopted amendments as part of the new Pact on Migration and Asylum aimed at improving the existing asylum system. The second part of the paper analyzes the provisions of the new Pact on Migration and Asylum related to detention in order to determine whether the proposed amendments contribute to the Common European Asylum System and the protection of the human rights of asylum seekers or represent a step backwards.
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Ratnaningsih, Erna. "Illegal Asylum Seekers through Sea and Exploitation of Indonesian Children Working on Ship to Australia". W Proceedings of the International Conference on Maritime and Archipelago (ICoMA 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoma-18.2019.43.
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"Getting it right: the roles of research, stakeholders, and delivery for a seasonal streamflow forecasting service across Australia". W 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.l15.feikema.
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Deane, Saul. "The Sandstone Squarehouses of Macarthur: The Ultra Vires Blockhouses of Sydney Basin’s Dispossession". W The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3997pwac2.
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South of Campbelltown, wedged between Sydney’s two great rivers, where the Georges and the Nepean almost meet is Macarthur. In the early 1810s, to go beyond Campbelltown was to leave the authority of colonial Sydney - a colonial ultra vires frontier. Here are squarehouses that date from the mid-1810s, some were built during the height of Sydney’s frontier wars, before the 1816 Appin Massacre, which secured colonial control over all of Macarthur. These squarehouses are archaeologically intriguing as they are almost square, not large, have thick sandstone walls, some have ‘slot openings’ and others small openings. Were these squarehouses built with a defensive premise in mind, the openings for use as ‘gunloops’ as much as ventilation? If so they would be architectural evidence of the frontier wars. The suggestion is that these small squarehouses, often overlooked as just an outbuilding in the homestead aggregation, were among the first buildings built on a property. If built on contested land, its presence would have acted as notification of a land claim, while its physical structure provided a bolthole from which one could defend life and property - a private blockhouse. Blockhouses existed right across the British settler empire, with common standards constructed for defence in frontier areas from South Africa to New Zealand, Canada and the United States. So it should be no surprise to find them at the beginning of colonial NSW and yet it is, and this raises questions as to why this distinctive colonial structure is missing in Australia. The placement of these squarehouses and the prospect of their loops - their surveillance isovists over creeks and valleys, would provide historical insight into the colonial consolidation of these landscapes.
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Nazareth, Ian. "A Hundred Local Cities and the Crisis of Commuting: How Nodal Suburbs Shaped the Most Radical Change in Melbourne’s Suburban Development, 1859 -1980". W The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4021pbcyh.
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The major crisis in the evolving urban form of Australian cities came in a single development: when work patterns and separation from the central activities’ districts outran walking distance. The key enabler was commuter transport, first with horse-drawn omnibuses and then with trams and suburban trains. At this point the average area of suburban lots exploded, the ‘worker’ cottage’ was eclipsed as the most numerous housing type, house sizes increased, house footprints became almost sprawling in celebration, and suburban shopping centres began to break from the long lines of shops and municipal buildings lining major road arteries to the central cities. This centripetal tendency had all manner of typological and developmental results, and Melbourne is taken as an initial example in a wider Australian study. Houses entered a newly diagonal composition and connection to their streets; new neighbourhood relations focussed on garden displays and broader individual expression in specific house designs. An equally major change, though, came as railways and a series of new tram routes dragged newer shopping and municipal precincts away from simply lining arteries to the city, setting up nodal suburban centres with new, ‘hub’ plan forms that either cut across arterial roads at right angles or clear obliques, or developed away from existing arteries altogether. Each node ‘commanded’ between three to five surrounding suburbs. Suburban nodes became both service referents and impetus-centres or sources for suburban growth, and, significantly, new centres of regional dentification and loyalty. With Federation comes a waning of central city significance, observed long ago in Graeme Davison’s Marvellous Melbourne, a suburbanism generated by and inflecting on nodes. This challenges the long-accepted picture of Australian cities having a small, towering central business district and encircled by a huge, undifferentiated suburban sprawl. This study also looks at what a nodal suburb generally comprises- its critical mass.
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Van Der Vyver, Glen, i Michael Lane. "Are Universities to Blame for the IT Careers Crisis?" W InSITE 2006: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2990.
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At a time when the IT industry in general and the IT academy in particular face major challenges, some accuse universities of producing graduates with poor or inappropriate skills. This qualitative study, based on interviews with fifteen senior IT executives and managers in the Australian financial services industry, examines what employers seek when they recruit new graduates. We find that employers now expect much more from IT graduates. They require a blend of technical, business and people skills combined with the right attitude. Furthermore, requirements are highly mediated by contextual factors such as company size and corporate culture. We also find that universities are not perceived as negatively as some would have it. Universities face a significant challenge in producing graduates with much wider skill sets. Although this study was conducted in Australia, we are of the opinion that the issues discussed are relevant in the wider international context.
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Gildersleeve, Matthew, i Christian Wullems. "A Human Factors Investigation Into the Unavailability of Active Warnings at Railway Level Crossings". W 2012 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2012-74177.
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This paper discusses human factors issues of low cost railway level crossings in Australia. Several issues are discussed in this paper including safety at level railway crossings, human factors considerations associated with the unavailability of a warning device, and a conceptual model for how safety could be compromised at railway level crossings following prolonged or frequent unavailability. The current paper summarises and extends pertinent literature that must be considered for effective interventions to improve safety and to advance our theoretical understanding of human behaviour at level crossings. Although the results of our research are not presented, we describe our experimental approach to progress the current lack of knowledge in this area. In particular we highlight where we can improve previous research methodology (independent & dependent variables) when investigating right-side failure at level crossings, which can produce results with greater validity and meaning. Our research aims to quantify risk to motorists at level crossings following right-side failure using a Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) method, supported by data collected using an advanced driving simulator. This method aims to identify human error within tasks and task units identified as part of the task analysis process. It is anticipated that by modelling driver behaviour the current study will be able to quantify human reliability. Such a risk assessment for the impact of right-side failure at level crossings is currently absent in the literature. Therefore it is crucial to offer quantification of success and failure of this intricate system. The task analysis allows human error identification for the precursors to risky driving to be achieved. If task analysis is not employed the error reduction method may be unsuitable and eventually unsuccessful. Our aim is also to determine those contexts that allow the system to operate successfully with the smallest probability of human error. Human behaviour during complex tasks such as driving through a level crossing is fundamentally context bound. Therefore this study also aims to quantify those performance-shaping factors that may contribute to vehicle train collisions by highlighting changes in the task units and driver physiology. Finally we consider a number of variables germane to ensuring external validity of our results. Without this inclusion, such an analysis could seriously underestimate risk.
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Carroll, Francis, i Jan Hayes. "Effective Risk Management for In Service Pipelines: Achieving ALARP by Pressure Management and Slab Protection". W 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78170.
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In Australia (and the UK), pipeline operating companies have a regulatory obligation to ensure that their assets are designed, constructed, operated and maintained so that risk to people and the environment is as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). In many routine cases, demonstration that risk is ALARP is a matter of compliance with relevant technical standards. There are some cases, however, that are more complex. If a pipeline has been subject to significant urban encroachment and does not conform to current design standards for this service, how does a pipeline operator decide whether risk controls are sufficient? In Australia, rather than either ‘grandfathering’ requirements or mandating retrospective compliance with new standards, operators are required to ensure pipelines are safe and that risk levels are acceptable. The answer in cases such as this is a matter of judgment and we have legal, moral and reputational responsibilities to get decisions such as this right. There is currently no formal requirement in the US for pipeline risks to be ALARP, although the concept is gradually being introduced to US industry safety law. Examples include US offshore well control rules, California refinery safety regulations and the nuclear sector concept of ‘as low as reasonably achievable’. In this paper, we demonstrate application of the ALARP process to a case study pipeline built in the 1960s that has been heavily encroached by urban development. The Australian risk-based approach required formal ALARP assessment including consideration of options to reduce pressure, relocate or replace the pipeline, or increase the level of physical or procedural protection. Current and predicted operating conditions on this existing pipeline allowed reduction in operating pressure in some of the encroached segments, sufficient to achieve the equivalent of current Australian requirements for ‘No Rupture’ in high consequence areas for new pipelines. In other areas this was not achievable and a lesser degree of pressure reduction was instigated, in combination with physical barrier protection. The physical barrier slabbing comprised over 7 km of 20 mm thick high-density polyethylene (HDPE) slabs, buried above the pipeline. This approach was new in Australia and required field trials to confirm effectiveness against tiger tooth excavators and rotary augers. These upgrades to the case study pipeline have significantly decreased the risk of pipeline failure, by reducing both likelihood and consequences of accidental impact. In combination with rigorous procedural controls such as patrol surveillance and community liaison, real risk reduction has been achieved and ALARP has been demonstrated.
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Hazim, Azril Syazwan, Daniel Buhagiar i Alasdair Gray. "Repurpose Offshore Pipeline as Energy Storage ROPES: Opening a New Market Segment Offshore". W Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31703-ms.
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Abstract There is a significant drive to decarbonise the energy system resulting in a need to integrate large quantities of intermittent renewable power into both onshore consumer grids and offshore isolated grids. This brings significant technical challenges that can be addressed using the right energy storage technology for future times of intermittency and peak power demands. The innovative Repurposed Offshore Pipelines as Energy Storage (ROPES) solution repurposes existing, aged offshore installations into energy storage systems based on proven hydro-pneumatic principles, towards a cost-competitive, highly reliable system. Findings from a recent Concept Assess study prove the cost competitiveness of the solution, thanks to alow Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS), paired with the value of deferring full decommissioning of existing assets. The study scope covers aspects of market recognition, technical feasibility, risk and opportunity assessment, cost estimates and value delivery to potential clients. Four case studies covering potential prospects offshore Australia and in the North Sea illustrate the diverse architectural application of the solution. The resultant cost estimates form the NPV analysis, and eventually derive the solution LCOS, which shows cost superiority over marinised Li-ion batteries and is comparable to onshore battery systems. The solution shows clear benefits over a typical battery storage system, including reduced safety risks, less topside constraints along with a longer and predictable operating lifetime. The ROPES solution enables the storage of renewable power whilst allowing to optimise time and expenditure for decommissioning of existing infrastructure, therefore represents a unique opportunity to unlock a new market segment within the offshore energy sector.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Asylum, Right of – Australia"
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Rohwerder, Brigitte. The Right to Protection of Forcibly Displaced Persons During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), sierpień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.052.
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The unprecedented shutdown of borders and restrictions on migration in response to the Covid-19 pandemic have put the core principles of refugee protection to test and resulted in the erosion of the right to asylum and violations of the principle of non-refoulment (no one should be returned to a country where they would face torture; cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment; or punishment and other irreparable harm). Covid-19 is being used by some governments as an excuse to block people from the right to seek asylum and implement their nationalist agendas of border closures and anti-immigration policies.
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Davey, Jacob, Mario Peucker, Cécile Simmons i Thomas J. Fisher. A Snapshot of Far-Right Activity on Gab in Australia. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/cuyw3894.
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Kafkoutsou, Natalia-Rafaella, i Spyros-Vlad Oikonomou. Diminished, Derogated, Denied: How the right to asylum in Greece is undermined by the lack of EU responsibility sharing. Greek Council for Refugees; Oxfam, lipiec 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6256.
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Papastergiou, Vasilis. Detention as the Default: How Greece, with the support of the EU, is generalizing administrative detention of migrants. Oxfam, Greek Council for Refugees, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8250.
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Putting migrants and asylum seekers into detention for administrative reasons is a common practice in Greece, despite this policy contravening human rights. Greek authorities are using detention and the new EU-funded closed compounds as a way to discourage people from seeking asylum in Europe. Detention, as outlined in Greek law, should only be used as a final resort and only then in specific instances. Detention carries with it not only a financial cost, but also a considerable moral cost. Detention without just cause violates basic human rights, such as freedom of movement, the right to health and the right to family life. Alternatives to detention exist and must be prioritized.
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Davey, Jacob, Mario Peucker i Cécile Simmons. The Far-Left and Far-Right in Australia - Equivalent Threats? Key findings and Policy Implications. Centre for Resilient and Inclusive Societies, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56311/qiul3563.
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This briefing paper is the fourth and final output in ‘Symbiotic Radicalisation’, a project in our ‘Dynamics of Violent Extremism’ research stream. Symbiotic Radicalisation is a collaboration between researchers at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) and the Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities at Victoria University (VU). This paper provides an overview of key trends identified throughout this research program, which examines the online interplay between the far-left and far-right in Australia (with a focus on the State of Victoria) and considers the policy implications of this work.
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Tyson, Paul. Australia: Pioneering the New Post-Political Normal in the Bio-Security State. Mέta | Centre for Postcapitalist Civilisation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/mwp10en.
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This paper argues that liberal democratic politics in Australia is in a life-threatening crisis. Australia is on the verge of slipping into a techno-feudal (post-capitalist) and post-political (new Centrist) state of perpetual emergency. Citizens in Australia, be they of the Left or Right, must make an urgent attempt to wrest power from an increasingly non-political Centrism. Within this Centrism, government is deeply captured by the international corporate interests of Big Tech, Big Natural Resources, Big Media, and Big Pharma, as beholden to the economic necessities of the neoliberal world order (Big Finance). Australia now illustrates what the post-political ‘new normal’ of a high-tech enabled bio-security state actually looks like. It may even be that the liberal democratic state is now little more than a legal fiction in Australia. This did not happen over-night, but Australia has been sliding in this direction for the past three decades. The paper outlines that slide and shows how the final bump down (covid) has now positioned Australia as a world leader among post-political bio-security states.
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Droogan, Julian, Lise Waldek, Brian Ballsun-Stanton i Jade Hutchinson. Mapping a Social Media Ecosystem: Outlinking on Gab & Twitter Amongst the Australian Far-right Milieu. RESOLVE Network, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.6.
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Attention to the internet and the online spaces in which violent extremists interact and spread content has increased over the past decades. More recently, that attention has shifted from understanding how groups like the self-proclaimed Islamic State use the internet to spread propaganda to understanding the broader internet environment and, specifically, far-right violent extremist activities within it. This focus on how far right violent extremist—including far-right racially and ethnically motivated violent extremists (REMVEs) within them—create, use, and exploit the online networks in which they exist to promote their hateful ideology and reach has largely focused on North America and Europe. However, in recent years, examinations of those online dynamics elsewhere, including in Australia, is increasing. Far right movements have been active in Australia for decades. While these movements are not necessarily extremist nor violent, understanding how violent far right extremists and REMVEs interact within or seek to exploit these broader communities is important in further understanding the tactics, reach, and impact of REMVEs in Australia. This is particularly important in the online space access to broader networks of individuals and ideas is increasingly expanding. Adding to a steadily expanding body of knowledge examining online activities and networks of both broader far right as well as violent extremist far right populations in Australia, this paper presents a data-driven examination of the online ecosystems in which identified Australian far-right violent extremists exist and interact,1 as mapped by user generated uniform resource locators (URL), or ‘links’, to internet locations gathered from two online social platforms—Twitter and Gab. This link-based analysis has been used in previous studies of online extremism to map the platforms and content shared in online spaces and provide further detail on the online ecosystems in which extremists interact. Data incorporating the links was automatically collected from Twitter and Gab posts from users existing within the online milieu in which those identified far right extremists were connected. The data was collected over three discrete one-month periods spanning 2019, the year in which an Australian far right violent extremist carried out the Christchurch attack. Networks of links expanding out from the Twitter and Gab accounts were mapped in two ways to explore the extent and nature of the online ecosystems in which these identified far right Australian violent extremists are connected, including: To map the extent and nature of these ecosystems (e.g., the extent to which other online platforms are used and connected to one another), the project mapped where the most highly engaged links connect out to (i.e., website domain names), and To explore the nature of content being spread within those ecosystems, what sorts of content is found at the end of the most highly engaged links. The most highly engaged hashtags from across this time are also presented for additional thematic analysis. The mapping of links illustrated the interconnectedness of a social media ecosystem consisting of multiple platforms that were identified as having different purposes and functions. Importantly, no links to explicitly violent or illegal activity were identified among the top-most highly engaged sites. The paper discusses the implications of the findings in light of this for future policy, practice, and research focused on understanding the online ecosystems in which identified REMVE actors are connected and the types of thematic content shared and additional implications in light of the types of non-violent content shared within them.
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Cunningham, Stuart, Marion McCutcheon, Greg Hearn, Mark Ryan i Christy Collis. Australian Cultural and Creative Activity: A Population and Hotspot Analysis: Sunshine Coast. Queensland University of Technology, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.136822.
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The Sunshine Coast (unless otherwise specified, Sunshine Coast refers to the region which includes both Sunshine Coast and Noosa council areas) is a classic regional hotspot. In many respects, the Sunshine Coast has assets that make it the “Goldilocks” of Queensland hotspots: “the agility of the region and our collaborative nature is facilitated by the fact that we're not too big, not too small - 330,000 people” (Paddenburg, 2019); “We are in that perfect little bubble of just right of about everything” (Erbacher 2019). The Sunshine Coast has one of the fastest-growing economies in Australia. Its population is booming and its local governments are working together to establish world-class communications, transport and health infrastructure, while maintaining the integrity of the region’s much-lauded environment and lifestyle. As a result, the Sunshine Coast Council is regarded as a pioneer on smart city initiatives, while Noosa Shire Council has built a reputation for prioritising sustainable development. The region’s creative economy is growing at a faster rate that of the rest of the economy—in terms of job growth, earnings, incomes and business registrations. These gains, however, are not spread uniformly. Creative Services (that is, the advertising and marketing, architecture and design, and software and digital content sectors) are flourishing, while Cultural Production (music and performing arts, publishing and visual arts) is variable, with visual and performing arts growing while film, television and radio and publishing have low or no growth. The spirit of entrepreneurialism amongst many creatives in the Sunshine Coast was similar to what we witnessed in other hotspots: a spirit of not necessarily relying on institutions, seeking out alternative income sources, and leveraging networks. How public agencies can better harness that energy and entrepreneurialism could be a focus for ongoing strategy. There does seem to be a lower level of arts and culture funding going into the Sunshine Coast from governments than its population base and cultural and creative energy might suggest. Federal and state arts funding programs are under-delivering to the Sunshine Coast.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust i Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, październik 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.