Artykuły w czasopismach: „ASTM International”

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Stewart, Noral D., Eric P. Wolfram, Richard J. Peppin i Robert Putnam. "On the 50th anniversary of ASTM E33, a history of ASTM International standards on building and environmental acoustics". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, nr 4 (kwiecień 2022): A116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010830.

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This year marks the 50th anniversary of ASTM International Committee E33 on Building and Environmental Acoustics which combined all ASTM activity in these areas into one committee, though work on ASTM standards for measurement of sound absorption and transmission had started prior to 1950. This presentation will discuss the history of the committee and ASTM International standards in acoustics including the leadership that has made it possible.

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Friel, John J. "ASTM Standards in Microscopy". Microscopy Today 13, nr 5 (wrzesień 2005): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500053827.

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ASTM International publishes many standards specifically about microscopes and using microscopy. The value of these standards falls into three distinct categories. First, they can be a quick tutorial on how to perform some operation. E 1508, "Standard Guide to Quantitative Analysis by EDS" is only eight pages long and falls into this category. Second, they can be used to standardize a test and reporting method. The methods described in E 1382, "Standard Test Methods for Determining Grain Size by Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis" are examples of procedures that have been agreed upon for many years.

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David Suits, L., TC Sheahan i JA Thomas. "A Letter from the President of ASTM International". Geotechnical Testing Journal 26, nr 2 (2003): L2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj11331j.

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Myers, Daryl R., Keith Emery i C. Gueymard. "Revising and Validating Spectral Irradiance Reference Standards for Photovoltaic Performance Evaluation". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 126, nr 1 (1.02.2004): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1638784.

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In 1982, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) adopted consensus standards for direct-normal and hemispherical (“global”) tilted solar terrestrial spectra (ASTM E891/E892/G159). These standard spectra were intended to evaluate photovoltaic (PV) device performance and other solar-related applications. The International Standards Organization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) adopted these spectra as spectral standards ISO 9845-1 and IEC 60904-3. Additional information and more accurately representative spectra are needed by today’s PV community. Modern terrestrial spectral radiation models, knowledge of atmospheric physics, and measured radiometric quantities are applied to develop new reference spectra under consideration by ASTM.

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Akessa, A. D., Y. W. Adugna i W. M. Tucho. "The influences of international standards on structural performance and fracture behaviour of 3D printed long fiber composite structures". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1294, nr 1 (1.12.2023): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1294/1/012048.

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Abstract The material properties of the additive manufactured composite structures are usually done following international standards, that show some difference dimensionally. This study focuses on the impact-induced on the tensile properties of the 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced composite part due to the standards applied for sample preparation. The specimens were fabricated by Markforged® Mark two 3D printing machine using carbon fiber as reinforcement and Onyx® as matrix material based on ASTM D638 and ASTM D3039-D3039M standards. The experimental results revealed that the specimens fabricated based on ASTM D638 showed a premature failure at the location where the straight gauge section of the specimen ends, and the curved transition regions begin due to stress concentration. The tests based on ASTM D3039-3039M standard showed better tensile strength and less stress concentration compared to ASTM D638. Fracture test with SEM reveals fiber breakage, debonding, and fiber pullout, which created cavities and voids between layers as the reasons for the tensile failure.

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Kayamori, Yoichi, Takehiro Inoue i T. Tagawa. "A Proposal for Two Characteristic Ratios of ASTM-CTOD to BS-CTOD". Materials Science Forum 638-642 (styczeń 2010): 3852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3852.

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There have been two different CTOD calculations, geometric CTOD calculation in BS7448 and J-based conversion in ASTM E1290 since the ASTM International revised E1290 in 2002, and it is useful to transform one CTOD into the other CTOD. In this study, analytical and experimental investigations into the ratio of ASTM E1290-CTOD to BS7448-CTOD were carried out, and two ratios of ASTM-CTOD to BS-CTOD, R1 and R2, were characterised in terms of cleavage cracking. These two characteristic CTOD ratios are helpful in simply transforming one critical CTOD to the other.

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Rawlings, Samantha, John Lo Verde i Wayland Dong. "The use and application of pressure-based acoustical metrics adopted within the International Building Code". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, nr 4 (październik 2022): A66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015562.

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The 2021 International Building Code (IBC) includes pressure-based metrics as the field acoustical standards for conformance. These include normalized noise isolation class (NNIC) and normalized impact sound rating (NISR) (ASTM E336-20 and ASTM E1007-21, ASTM International; 2021 International Building Code, Section 1206, International Code Council). Pressure-based metrics were intentionally used in lieu of power based metrics. The authors here address why pressure-based metrics are more appropriate than power-based metrics for field verification, following from previous work [LoVerde and Dong, “Field impact insulation testing: Inadequacy of existing normalization methods and proposal for new ratings analogous to those for airborne noise reduction,” JASA 118, 638 (2005); LoVerde, Dong, and Rawlings, “Sound pressure-based ratings for evaluation of in situ sound isolation,” Denver (2022)]. Furthermore, the authors shall present the application of these metrics as they pertain to Building Code requirements. This paper will include and present code interpretation as it relates to sample size and evaluation for compliance as it relates to Building Code and sampling of systems for acceptance.

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Levin-Epstein, Michael. "John R. Logar Begins Term as ASTM International Board Chair". Journal of Clinical Engineering 46, nr 2 (kwiecień 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jce.0000000000000455.

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Pospíšil, Karel. "Technical Notes on Participation on balloting process of ASTM International". Transactions on Transport Sciences 2, nr 3 (1.09.2009): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/tots.2009.020.

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Becker, Elaine F. "ASTM International Standards on Color and Appearance Measurement, Seventh Edition". Color Research & Application 30, nr 2 (2005): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/col.20099.

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NATIONALINSTITUTEOFSTANDARDSA. "ASTM international symposium on computerization and use of materials property data". NDT & E International 24, nr 6 (grudzień 1991): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0963-8695(91)90139-t.

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Green, Martin A. "Limiting photovoltaic efficiency under new ASTM International G173-based reference spectra". Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 20, nr 8 (25.07.2011): 954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.1156.

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Simon, Carl G., Michael J. Yaszemski, Anthony Ratcliffe, Paul Tomlins, Reto Luginbuehl i John A. Tesk. "ASTM international workshop on standards and measurements for tissue engineering scaffolds". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 103, nr 5 (15.09.2014): 949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.33286.

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Waqar, Taha, i Faramarz Djavanroodi. "Investigating States of Locally Manufactured Steel Reinforced Bars through Mechanical and Chemical Analysis". Materials Science Forum 1013 (październik 2020): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1013.125.

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Steel reinforced bars are increasingly becoming important and demanding for their role in reinforced concrete structures for which accurate information about their properties and chemical composition is becoming essential during the manufacturing stage. The minimum required properties of the bars is determined with the aid of international standards such as ASTM A615 within Saudi Arabian manufacturers. In this work, the variation within the mechanical properties and chemical composition of various reinforced steel produced in KSA was evaluated. Experimental tests were performed on ASTM A615 Grade 60 samples to obtain their yield, tensile strength, elongation and chemical composition. Statistical analysis showed the selected properties follow different types of continuous distributions for their respective cases. Finally, control charts have been generated to identify results falling above and below 3-sigma. Results showed that 1.5%, 3% and 7.3% of samples failed to meet the minimum ASTM criteria for yield, tensile strength and weight; while less than 3% of steel bars failed to meet ASTM standards for chemical composition.

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Freeman, Charles, Reuben Burch, Lesley Strawderman, Catherine Black, David Saucier, Jaime Rickert, John Wilson i in. "Preliminary Evaluation of Filtration Efficiency and Differential Pressure ASTM F3502 Testing Methods of Non-Medical Masks Using a Face Filtration Mount". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 8 (13.04.2021): 4124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084124.

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Research surrounding the mandated use of non-medical fabric masks is inconsistent and often confusing when compared to the standard N95. A recently published standard from ASTM International and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention attempts to normalize evaluation procedures. The purpose of this study is to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the new methods for testing filtration efficiency of masks outlined by ASTM International F3502, where results can be directly compared to standards outlined for non-medical fabric masks. Eleven consumer non-medical fabric masks were tested for filtration efficiency and airflow resistance using a face filtration mount in accordance with the newly released ASTM International standard for facial barriers. The mean FE% (SD) ranged from 0.46% (0.44) to 11.80% (2.76) with the 3-layer athletic mesh having the highest performance and the highest deviations. All the masks tested following the procedure failed to meet to minimum FE of 20%; however all masks performed below the minimum upper limits for airflow resistance. Using a non-medical fabric masks as the sole mitigation strategy may not be as effective, as previously reported. With efforts to standardize and regulate the non-medical fabric mask market, this study demonstrates a variety of currently available consumer mask products do not meet the minimum standards nor are these remotely close to the standards of surgical or N95 masks.

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Tyulenev, Denis, Vladimir Sholom, Aleksey Abramov, Vladimir Zhernakov i Dmitry Puzyrkov. "THE RESULTS OF DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING NEW WATERPOLYMER". Transport engineering 2024, nr 1 (14.01.2024): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2024-1-13-19.

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The paper objective is to develop and implement import-substituting water-soluble quenching media Rosoil for heat treatment of metals. Comparative results of laboratory tests of Rosoil quenching media cooling capacity and imported analogues are presented. Laboratory tests to determine the cooling capacity of quenching media were carried out using UZS-2 domestic installation, which allows testing in accordance with the requirements of international standards ISO 9950, ASTM D6200 - 01 and ASTM D6482 – 06. The results of pilot tests and the introduction of new Rosoil waterpolymer quenching media are described.

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Gottsegen, Mark D. "ASTM INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR ARTISTS’ MATERIALS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MODERN PAINTS". Studies in Conservation 49, sup2 (1.09.2004): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sic.2004.49.s2.042.

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Hockett, R. S. "An Update on Standards Activity for Txrf and the Challenges Ahead". Advances in X-ray Analysis 39 (1995): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/s0376030800023223.

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Standards organizations active in surface analysis using TXRF and VPD/TXRF include: (a) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), (b) Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International (SEMI), (c) Ultra Clean Society of Japan (UCS), and (d) International Standards Organization Technical Committee 201 (ISO TC/201). The standards activities are presently dynamic, and they are on an international scale, This paper provides an update on the status of these activities, and presents the challenges ahead yet to be resolved.

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Friel, John J. "Precision and bias in quantitative EDS: ASTM results". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, nr 2 (sierpień 1992): 1654–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010013290x.

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Committee E-04 on Metallography of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) conducted an interlaboratory round robin test program on quantitative energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The test program was designed to produce data on which to base a precision and bias statement for quantitative analysis by EDS. Nine laboratories were sent specimens of two well characterized materials, a type 308 stainless steel, and a complex mechanical alloy from Inco Alloys International, Inconel® MA 6000. The stainless steel was chosen as an example of a straightforward analysis with no special problems. The mechanical alloy was selected because elements were present in a wide range of concentrations; K, L, and M lines were involved; and Ta was severely overlapped with W. The test aimed to establish limits of precision that could be routinely achieved by capable laboratories operating under real world conditions. The participants were first allowed to use their own best procedures, but later were instructed to repeat the analysis using specified conditions: 20 kV accelerating voltage, 200s live time, ∼25% dead time and ∼40° takeoff angle. They were also asked to run a standardless analysis.

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Lilly, Jerry G. "A review of ASTM International standards relating to impact sound transmission in buildings". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, nr 4 (październik 2017): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5014096.

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Ovcharov, V. I., L. A. Sokolova i O. A. Panfilova. "Transfer of methods for determining the vulcanization characteristics of elastomer compositions". Science, technologies, innovation, nr 3(27) (2023): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.35668/2520-6524-2023-3-09.

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Methods and standards of main rheokinetic parameters of elastomeric compounds vulcanization process are characterized in the paper, including international standard ASTM DIN 53529, which is successfully applied for solving tire production problems at “Rosava Tires”, Bila Tserkva. According to the experimental data taken by the vibrorheometer of rotorlesstype MDR 3000 Professional of the company MonTech Werkstoffprufmaschinen GmbH, a correlation was established between the characteristics of the isotherms of the elastomeric compositions based on non-stereoregular butadiene-α-methylstyrene rubber (at presence technological active additives), according to the ASTM DIN 53529 standard and according to other methods. The features of the selection of four parameters are shown, which are taken into account with the help of MonControl analytical security.

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Cristache, Corina Marilena. "Aditive Manufacturing in Maxillofacial Prosthodontics". Applied Sciences 13, nr 17 (4.09.2023): 9972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13179972.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) or additive layer manufacturing (ALM), defined by the International Organization for Standardization and American Society of Testing and Materials (ISO/ASTM 52900) as the “process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies” [...]

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Gomes, Cleiton James, Francisca de Fátima dos Anjos i Haroldo Reis Alves Macêdo. "Deposição de Nitreto de Titânio em aço F138 por nitretação a plasma". Somma: Revista Cientifica do Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Piauí 10 (15.01.2024): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51361/somma.v10i1.198.

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Introdução. O aço inoxidável ASTM F138 é utilizado em implantes devido à combinação das suas propriedades mecânicas e de biocompatibilidade. Objetivos. Para aprimorar essas propriedades, são necessárias modificações superficiais. Uma forma viável de modificação é a nitretação por plasma em gaiola catódica de titânio, que permite a deposição de uma camada de nitreto de titânio para melhorar as propriedades superficiais do material. Metodologia. Foram Investigados os efeitos da nitretação por plasma em amostras de aço ASTM F138 em diferentes condições de tempo e temperatura. As amostras de aço inoxidável ASTM F138 passaram por um processo de nitretação por plasma em um reator especial, envolvendo etapas de limpeza e tratamento com uma mistura de hidrogênio e nitrogênio em diferentes condições de temperatura e tempo. Posteriormente, essas amostras foram caracterizadas por várias técnicas, como Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Difração de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia Raman (RAMAN), Rugosidade e Microdureza. Resultados e discussão. O processo de nitretação por plasma permitiu a deposição de filmes de nitreto de titânio (TiN) sobre amostras de aço ASTM F138, variando de acordo com as combinações de tempo e temperatura. Houve um aumento significativo na microdureza Vickers das amostras tratadas, chegando a incrementos de até 120% em relação às amostras não tratadas. Além disso, as amostras tratadas apresentaram maior rugosidade em comparação com as não tratadas, variando conforme o tempo de tratamento. Conclusão. Esses resultados destacam a eficácia do processo de nitretação por plasma na modificação das propriedades superficiais do aço ASTM F138, aprimorando suas características mecânicas e de biocompatibilidade.

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Bouchard, Mathieu, John Anzelmo, Sebastien Rivard, Alexander Seyfarth, Larry Arias, Kai Behrens i Soodabeh Durali-Müller. "Global cement and raw materials fusion/XRF analytical solution. II". Powder Diffraction 26, nr 2 (czerwiec 2011): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.3591181.

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A previous paper portrayed sample preparation by fusion methodology and the XRF analysis conditions for the calibration of cement materials [Bouchard et al., 2009. “Global cement and raw materials fusion/XRF analytical solution,” Adv. X-Ray Anal. 53, 263–279]. The results of two well known cement chemical analysis Standard Methods were also presented. These results proved that this robust analytical method is able to qualify by the ASTM C114 [ASTM C114-08 (2008). “Standard test methods for chemical analysis of hydraulic cement,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards Vol. 04.01 (ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA), pp. 150–157)] and ISO/DIS 29581-2 [Draft Standard, 2007-07 (2007). “Methods of testing cement—Chemical analysis of cement—Part 2: Analysis by X-ray fluorescence” ISO/DIS 29581-2, 2007, pp. 1–30]. This robust analytical method was developed using an automated fusion instrument for the sample preparation and a WDXRF spectrometer for the determination of all elements of interest relating to the cement industry. This method was used to prepare finished products, process materials, as well as a very large range of raw materials. The first part of this second paper examines all the XRF analysis conditions for the calibration of the raw materials using the robust fusion sample preparation methodology as well as the numerous reference materials (RMs) used for this analytical application. All interesting results will be presented. The second part of this paper reveals the rapid analytical method results using sample preparation by fusion on nonignited samples. It will also be proven that this faster method, combined with the WDXRF spectrometer, complies with both cement analysis Standard Methods: ASTM C114 and ISO/DIS 29581-2.

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Mendoz Vera, Judith Rosalía, Víctor Joseph García Chávez, Segundo Alcides García Muentes, Gabriel Alfonso Burgos Briones i Gonzalo Oswaldo García Vinces. "EPOXIDACIÓN DEL ACEITE VEGETAL DE JATROPHA CURCAS L. CON ÁCIDO FÓRMICO, DE LA PROVINCIA DE MANABÍ, ECUADOR". Revista Bases de la Ciencia. e-ISSN 2588-0764 6, nr 3 (31.12.2021): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/rev_bas_de_la_ciencia.v6i3.4125.

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Una de las modificaciones químicas exitosas que mejora las propiedades físico-químicas de los aceites vegetales es la epoxidación, el aceite de Jatropha tiene potencial como materia prima para aplicaciones industriales porque es renovable y no comestible. La epoxidación fue realizada en aceite Jatropha curcas L. proveniente de la provincia de Manabí, Republica del Ecuador, mediante la reacción del ácido fórmico con peróxido de hidrógeno. Los parámetros del aceite crudo y epoxidado son determinados a través de las normas de la Sociedad Americana para Pruebas y Materiales (ASTM) para índice de acidez ASTM D-664, densidad ASTM D-1298, viscosidad dinámica y cinemática ASTM D-445, índice de saponificación ASTM D-94, contenido de humedad ASTM D-2709, Norma Europea (EN) para índice de yodo EN 14111, Organización Internacional de Estandarización (ISO) para índice de peróxido ISO 3960 y Sociedad Americana de Químicos del Aceite (AOCS) para porcentaje de acidez AOCS con el Método oficial Ca 5a-40, respectivamente. Los resultados presentan que el aceite de Jatropha curcas L. epoxidado posee menor índice de yodo (27,48 g I2/g grasa) e índice de peróxido (158,28 mEq O/Kg grasa), mayor índice de acidez (34,92 mg KOH/g aceite), acidez (17,55 %), densidad (1,01 ± 0,01 g/cm3), viscosidad dinámica y cinemática a 100 y 40 ºC entre otras propiedades. Del análisis se concluye que este es un método efectivo para conseguir que las propiedades del aceite de Jatropha curcas L. mejoren y demuestran la capacidad de utilidad del aceite de Jatropha curcas L epoxidado para la formulación de grasas lubricantes biodegradables. Palabra clave: epoxidación, aceite vegetal, lubricantes, Jatropha curcas L. Abstract One of the successful chemical modifications that improves the physico-chemical properties of vegetable oils is epoxidation, Jatropha oil has potential as a raw material for industrial applications because it is renewable and inedible. The epoxidation was carried out in Jatropha curcas L. oil from the province of Manabí, Republic of Ecuador, through the reaction of formic acid with hydrogen peroxide. The parameters of the crude and epoxidized oil are determined through the standards of the American Society for Tests and Materials (ASTM) for acid number ASTM D-664, density ASTM D-1298, Dynamic and kinematic viscosity ASTM D-445, Saponification index ASTM D-94, Moisture content ASTM D-2709, European Standard (EN) for iodine number EN 14111, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for peroxide number ISO 3960 and American Society of Oil Chemists (AOCS) for Percentage of Acidity AOCS with the official Method Ca 5a-40, respectively. The results show that the epoxidized Jatropha curcas L. oil has a lower iodine value (27.48 g I2 / g fat) and peroxide value (158.28 mEq O / Kg fat), and a higher acidity index (34.92 mg KOH / g oil), acidity (17.55%), density (1.01 ± 0.01 g / cm3), dynamic and kinematic viscosity at 100 and 40 ºC among other properties. From the analysis it is concluded that this is an effective method to improve the properties of Jatropha curcas L. oil and demostrates the usefulness of epoxidized Jatropha curcas L. oil for the formulation of biodegradable lubricating greases. Keywords: epoxidation, vegetable oil, lubricants, Jatropha curcas L.

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Olang’o, Mildred Akinyi, Sixtus Kinyua Mwea i Francis J. Gichaga. "Pavement Performance Testing of the Newly Constructed Port Reitz and Moi International Airport, Mombasa Access Road". East African Journal of Engineering 5, nr 1 (13.09.2022): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eaje.5.1.838.

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The 6.4 km long Port Reitz/Moi International Access Road project constructed under the design and build procurement method with an inherent risk of poor quality. A post-construction pavement performance evaluation is thus critical to evaluate the extent to which poor quality occurred. The International Roughness Index was measured using the Hawkeye-2000 Digital Laser Profiler with Pavement Logging Video Camera mounted on a calibrated vehicle and data was analysed using the Hawkeye Processing Toolkit Version 5.0.45, while the road roughness Rating was based on the Australian Road Research Board. The video record was analysed in blocks of equal lengths of 100 m for observation and assessment of the surface defects. The level of defects observed graded together with the IRI measurements gave the Present serviceability Index. Pavement Serviceability Index (PSI) was computed in compliance with ASTM 6433. The falling weight deflectometer equipment meeting the requirement of ASTM D4694 - 09 and ASTM D4695 used to measure pavement deflections under known load simulated the behaviour of the as-built pavement under loading, thus giving the pavement strength and the expected pavement life span. The deflection measurements were conducted on all lanes at intervals of approximately 100 m. The raw deflections (rd) data were converted to normalised deflection (nd) to simulate a standard pressure of 707 KPa from a dual-wheel assembly of 10-ton (100-kN). Back calculation of deflection data done using Rosy Design Software determined the layer strength and residual life. The analysis indicates that the road has residual life ranging from 20-6 years compared to 20-year design life consistent with the assumptions by Ogunsanmi (2019) that Design and Build contracts have an inherent risk of poor quality. In addition to incorporation and monitoring of quality through the design, construction and maintenance stages of the project, identification, evaluation, management, and monitoring of the inherent project risks are recommended for Design and Built Contracts in road projects.

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Golden, Matthew, Ethan Bourdeau, Jeffrey Fullerton, Herb Singleton, Karl Peterman i Andrew Barnard. "Overview of technical certificate program from the Institute of Noise Control Engineering". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, nr 4 (październik 2022): A66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015564.

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Standards are often misunderstood by even the most seasoned of acoustic professionals, let alone new technicians and engineers in the field, as they are often very complicated, written in piecemeal fashion by committees and are updated often. Some of the standards even conflict with one another. To help alleviate this problem, the Institute of Noise Control Engineering (INCE) is developing two technical certificate programs designed to educate and evaluate participants on the details of common standards used in the noise control industry. Each program will contain education, testing, and continuing education on ASTM International and Acoustics Society of America (ASA) standards. The first program will cover general acoustical measurements and environmental noise measurements. The second program will cover field testing of building acoustics, including airborne and impact noise insulation as described in ASTM E336, ASTM E1007, and associated standards. The courses are currently being developed with a target launch date of early 2023. Comparisons to similar programs that have been developed in other countries will be included. A business case will be made on how these programs will save noise control engineering firms time and money in training new staff.

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DA MAIA, B. I., A. H. FUTAMI i M. A. DE OLIVEIRA. "NANO CERAMIC COATING APPLIED IN SURFACE TREATMENTS". Periódico Tchê Química 15, nr 30 (20.08.2018): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.360_periodico30_pgs_357_363.pdf.

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This paper presents practical results of comparison of corrosion resistance in products with application of nano ceramic sealant, the results are compared with products that have surface treatments of electrolytic galvanization, KLT and organometallic. The ceramic nano sealant consists of nano metric colloidal silica. The tests carried out followed the procedures established in the international standard ASTM B117 which assigns test standards to evaluate the corrosion of products. To perform the tests, samples were developed with the application of the nano ceramic sealant and samples that only passed through the process of electroplating, KTL and organometallic electroplating. All samples were submitted to the tests established by ASTM B117. The obtained results, express superior performance of corrosion resistance of the products that went through the process with nano ceramic finish.

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Golden, Matthew V. "Comparison of laboratory building acoustics standards from ASTM International, Japanese Industrial Standards Committee, and the International Organization for Standardization". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, nr 4 (październik 2016): 2971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4969194.

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SHOJI, Hiroto. "Report of Attendance at 19th International ASTM/ESIS Symposium on Fatigue and Fracture Mechanic". JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 89, nr 2 (2020): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.89.148.

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Suits, L. D., T. C. Sheahan, William Likos, L. David Suits i Thomas Sheahan. "Note of Appreciation to ASTM International Geotechnical Testing Journal Editorial Board Members and Reviewers". Geotechnical Testing Journal 32, nr 6 (2009): 102737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj102737.

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Comley, Peter N. "The ASTM International Standard Test Method for Determining the Superplastic Properties of Metallic Materials". Materials Science Forum 551-552 (lipiec 2007): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.551-552.105.

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Over the last 40 years there have been many papers published showing superplastic properties of metallic materials. However there has been no standardized test available to assess and compare material, and researchers and companies in the field have devised a number of different methods to show superplastic properties. The value of these properties can vary dependent on the test method used. ASTM International (formerly The American Society for Testing and Materials ) has developed a standardized test method for superplastic properties. The standard is intended for all to use as a common platform for testing, evaluating and publishing superplastic properties to a uniform format, useful for both academia and industry. The paper outlines the main points of the standard, including:- The coupon geometry and the method of clamping the coupon in the grips. The furnace and test machine requirements. The testing conditions and the method of pulling the coupon. The analysis of the load and extension data from the test, and the standard presentation of superplastic properties. The basic superplastic properties of stress versus strain for any particular constant strain rate. The method to determine ‘m’, using a step method at a particular strain. Some data is presented showing how the properties of fine grain Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy are derived and presented using the standard.

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Okafor, Chidinma Peace, Chioma Blaise Chikere, Onyewuchi Akaranta i Khayalethu Ntushelo. "Crude oil hydrocarbons' effect on soil microbial metagenome from Niger Delta polluted soils". F1000Research 11 (28.09.2022): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.124785.1.

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Crude oil pollution is an endemic environmental problem in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria with background pollution levels greater than the regulatory intervention limit of 5000mg/kg of soil as stipulated in the Environmental Guidelines and Standards for Petroleum Industry in Nigeria (EGASPIN) in most polluted sites. Hence, the essence of this study was to evaluate the extent of damage caused by the pollutant (crude oil hydrocarbons) on the soil physicochemical parameters and microbial communities as well as to determine pollution effects on soil microbial ecosystem services. The soil microbial community composition, diversity, functional genes, and metabolic pathways were studied to evaluate the pollutant effect on soil microbiomes and their ability to utilize petroleum hydrocarbons as carbon and energy sources. Two sites Bodo (N4.620134, 7.282998E) and Ngia-Ama Tombia (N4.9816667; 7.0608333E) were chosen for the study. The America standard testing methods (ASTM International) were used in measuring physicochemical parameters of the soil influencing microbial response and pollutant behavior in the soil environment. Soil pH was measured using a pH meter, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) using gas chromatography with a mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (ASTM D5412-93(2017) e1), Heavy metals analysis (ASTM D8404-21), soil texture (ASTM D6913/D6913M-17). Shotgun metagenomic analysis was used to determine microbial community composition, following “DNA extraction”, library preparation (Nextera® DNA Flex Library Prep Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA), and sequencing using Illuminana NovaSeq® 6000. The results were analyzed using bioinformatics pipelines. The sequences generated were deposited in the European nucleotide Archive (ENA) with project accession number PRJEB53529.

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Kelshaw, Patricia M., Trenton E. Gould, Mark Jesunathadas, Nelson Cortes, Amanda Caswell, Elizabeth D. Edwards i Shane V. Caswell. "Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Pristine and Used Headgear for Girls’ Lacrosse". Journal of Applied Biomechanics 35, nr 4 (1.08.2019): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2018-0457.

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Girls’ lacrosse participation and head injury rates have increased within the past decade. In response, optional headgear was implemented following the recently developed ASTM International lacrosse headgear performance standards. It remains unknown how lacrosse headgear responds to blunt impacts after use. Our purpose was to compare the peak linear acceleration between girls’ lacrosse headgear conditions (pristine and used) during blunt impacts. Pristine headgear (n = 10) were tested in their original condition and used headgear (n = 10) were worn for an entire competitive season. A Cadex Monorail Impactor impacted all headgear following ASTM standards (F1446-15b, F2220-15, and F3137-15) in the required testing locations. A 2 × 7 repeated-measures analysis of variance compared peak linear acceleration among headgear conditions and impact locations with a simple effects analysis planned comparison. There was no difference between headgear conditions for peak linear acceleration (pristine: 47.12 [13.92] g; used: 46.62 [14.84] g; F = 2.11, P > .05). A main effect for impact location (F = 983.52, P < .01), and an interaction effect of condition and impact location (F = 12.79, P < .01) were observed. All headgear, regardless of condition, met the ASTM performance standard. This suggests that headgear performance may not degrade subsequent to a single season of high school girls’ lacrosse.

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Marochkina, V. V., E. I. Bueva i E. S. Kulagina. "Comparative analysis of methods for the determination of chromium, vanadium, copper, nickel, and manganese in steel and cast iron by flame atomic absorption spectrometry". Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 89, nr 2(II) (2.03.2023): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2023-89-2-ii-57-64.

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A comparative analysis of the methods used for determination of a number of elements in steels and cast irons by atomic absorption spectroscopy with flame atomization have been carried out (vanadium by COST 12351-2003, GOST 22536.12-88, GOST 2604.7-84; chromium by GOST 12350-78, GOST 22536.7-88, GOST 2604.6-77; copper by GOST 22536.8-87, GOST 12355-78, GOST 2604.9-83, GOST 4943-2010; manganese by GOST 12348-78, GOST 22536.5-87, GOST 2604. 5-84; nickel by GOST 12352 - 81, GOST 22536.9-88, GOST 2604.8-77, GOST 4940-2010; in alloyed and unalloyed steels and alloyed and unalloyed cast irons). Analysis of the data obtained revealed the possibility of combining the considered Russian national standards into universal multi-element methods for the materials under study. The developed methods have been then certified in the analytical laboratory of the testing center of the Institute for certified reference materials (ICRM). The proposed methods provide an extension of the range of determined concentrations under optimal conditions of analysis. Comparison of the developed methods for the determination of vanadium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel in steels and cast irons with international standards ASTM E350-18, ASTM E351-18, ASTM E352-18 have been carried out.

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Chi-wai, Kan, Chan Kwong i Marcus Yuen Chun-wah. "THE POSSIBILITY OF LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA TREATED WOOL FABRIC FOR INDUSTRIAL USE". AUTEX Research Journal 4, nr 1 (1.03.2004): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2004-040107.

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Abstract In this paper, low-temperature plasma (LTP) treatment was applied to a wool fabric. The LTP-treated wool fabric was tested according to different international standard testing methods, and the results were compared with the industrial requirements (ASTM requirements). It was revealed that the LTP-treated wool fabric did meet industrial requirements. The results of the investigation are thoroughly discussed in this paper.

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Li, Yongqi, i James Delton. "Approaches to Evaluation of Profiler Accuracy". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1860, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1860-14.

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The inadequacy of the existing ASTM E950 method for definition of the bias of an inertial profiler in the measurement of a pavement profile is analyzed. An improved bias calculation method is proposed. An analysis of the profile measurements and international roughness indexes (IRIs) of four pavement locations was conducted, and the results show that there is no statistical correlation between the profile biases and IRI bias. This analysis demonstrates that a profiler classified as having high accuracy in measuring profiles by ASTM E950 or other proposed bias criteria does not necessarily provide an accurate measurement of IRI. Therefore, it is recommended that the accuracy of a profiler in the measurement of IRI be evaluated independently when IRI, instead of profile, is used for a smoothness specification or other purposes. A criterion to evaluate profilers’ accuracy to measure IRI is developed based on the concept of probability.

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Lilly, Jerry G. "Results of a laboratory round robin for ASTM International Standard E477-13 for duct silencers". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141, nr 5 (maj 2017): 3685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4988013.

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Hix Mays, Renee. "Environmental Site Assessment Standards Revised by the American Society for Testing and Methods (ASTM) International". Environmental Quality Management 23, nr 3 (marzec 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21368.

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Hanson Jimit, Roy, Kamarul Ariffin Zakaria, Omar Bapokutty i Sivakumar Dhar Malingam. "Tensile and Fatigue Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Composites". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.17 (1.08.2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.17.16615.

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This document contains the formatting information for the papers presented at the International conference on “4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Automotive Engineering & Mobility Research (ReCAR IV)”. The conference would be held at Hotel Bangi-Putrajaya during August 8-10, 2017. Fibreglass composites are one of the materials that can be used in manufacturing of the vehicles part due to their excellent lightweight properties. Composite structures may undergone the fatigue failure when subjected to a certain numbers of cyclic loading, which is normally occurs below the ultimate strength of material. However, there still lack of studies on the effect of fibre orientations on the fatigue strength of glass fibre reinforced composites (GFRC). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine which orientation would have the highest fatigue strength. The fibre materials used in this study is unidirectional glass fibre with [0/90]°, [ ±45]° orientation and chopped strand mat (CSM). The composite is fabricated from glass fibre and polyester resin using a hand lay-up technique according to ASTM D3039 for tensile test and ASTM D3479 for fatigue test. The results were presented in the form of S-N curve. The results show that the mechanical properties and fatigue behavior were significantly affected by the fibre orientation of the GFRC

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Popescu, Laurențiu-Ștefan, i Adrian Ceptureanu. "Geophysical Analyses on the Geomechanical Characteristics of the Soil for Choices of the Drilling Rig, in the Area of Târgu Ocna, Bacău County, Romania". Mining Revue 28, nr 3 (1.09.2022): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/minrv-2022-0020.

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Abstract As part of the company Geoscan Service S.R.L., I was contacted to investigate the possibility of using resistivity, refraction seismic data and MASW seismic to identify the stratification up to 15m deep so that the client could choose the type of drilling rig for installing the conductor in order to drill two water injection wells. The main problem in the choice of geophysical methods was the lack of detailed geological data for calibrating the obtained results, as the presence of groundwater, the thicknesses of the deluvial layer and the bedrock. The choice of geophysical methods and the work procedure are carried out according to the international standards in force, ASTM D6429-99 “Standard guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods”, ASTM D5777-00 “Standard guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation, “Standard Guide for Using the Direct Current Resistivity Method for Subsurface Site Characterization”, STAS 1242/7-84 “Geophysical research of the land by seismic methods”.

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Sholom, Andrey, Semyon Pilyugin, Aleksey Abramov i Vladimir Sholom. "COOLING AND TRIBO-ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF OIL LUBRICANTS". Transport engineering 2023, nr 12 (14.12.2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2782-5957-2023-12-63-70.

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The paper presents the results of studies aimed at defining the effect of the cooling properties of oil lubricants used in various metalworking processes. The design and a brief description of the installation are given, which allows to obtain temperature-time, temperature-velocity dependencies of various liquids. The use of this installation gives the opportunity to select lubricants according to its cooling properties, depending on the temperature range required by the process. The assessment results of lubricant cooling properties at UZS-2 installation, manufactured according to the requirements of international standards ISO 9950, ASTM D6200 - 01 and ASTM D6482 – 06 are presented. The dependences of tribo-engineering properties of the tested oil lubricants on their cooling characteristics are found out. It is shown that with an increase in the temperature at which the maximum cooling rate of the lubricant is provided, its extreme pressure and anti-wear properties determined according to GOST on a four-ball friction machine increase.

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Miller, Sharry, i John Kotula. "ALASKA'S APPROACH TO DETERMINING OIL RECOVERY RATES AND EFFICIENCIES". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, nr 1 (1.05.2014): 1749–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1749.

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ABSTRACT The determination of effective daily recovery capacities for oil skimmers and pumps has been controversial and increasingly critical in recent years. Oil discharge events around the world have highlighted the importance of having effective oil spill response plans, equipment, and procedures in place and available for immediate activation. The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) has determined that the standard practice of using an effective oil recovery capacity equal to 20 percent of the equipment manufacturer's rated throughput capacity over a 24-hour period is not always realistic for predicting recovery capabilities during an oil spill response. Additionally, always using 20 percent does not give equipment manufacturers incentives to develop improved equipment, nor are plan holders motivated to use best available technology in their response systems. The development of ASTM International (ASTM) “F 2709–08 Standard Test Method for Determining Nameplate Recovery Rate of Stationary Oil Skimmer Systems” (hereafter called ASTM 2709–08) provided a starting point for the assessment of realistic oil recovery rates (ORR) and oil recovery efficiencies (ORE). The standard states, “This test method defines a method and measurement criteria to quantify the nameplate recovery rate (capacity) of a stationary skimmer system in ideal conditions.” The ADEC has worked with plan holders, oil spill response organizations, and oil shipping industry representatives to use the results of testing under ASTM 2709–08 (ideal conditions) as a baseline for determining ORR and ORE in realistic field conditions. This work has been based on a “systems approach” which takes into consideration the operating environments in which the skimmer will be used and the booms which will be used to concentrate and contain oil for skimming. The resulting “Request for Assessment of Skimmer System Efficiency” provides a means for plan holders to convey information which the ADEC can use to make a determination about the skimming system's recovery capabilities.

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Boreiko, N. P., G. T. Tkachenko i M. A. Efremova. "Ways of Addressing Problems of Quality Control of Synthetic Rubber Products at an International Level". International Polymer Science and Technology 45, nr 1 (styczeń 2018): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1804500106.

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The importance of developing GOST standard specifications for the quality control of different grades of synthetic rubber produced in Russia, incorporating standard elastic strength and rheometric characteristics, is shown. Here, ISO and ASTM test procedures must be used, as well as positive features of Russian technical documentation. The need for and the possibility of producing and certifying home-produced reference ingredients and carbon black are also shown. The creation of a unified base of reference materials (ingredients, carbon black, etc.) will make it possible to increase the reliability of product quality control at synthetic rubber, tyre, and mechanical rubber goods plants.

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El-Maghraby, Rehab M. "A Study on Bio-Diesel and Jet Fuel Blending for the Production of Renewable Aviation Fuel". Materials Science Forum 1008 (sierpień 2020): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1008.231.

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Aviation industry is considered one of the contributors to atmospheric CO2emissions. It is forced to cut off carbon dioxide emission starting 2020. Current trends in bio-jet production involve mega projects with million dollars of investments. In this study, bio-jet fuel production by blending bio-diesel with traditional jet fuel at different concentrations of bio-diesel (5, 10, 15, 20 vol. %) was investigated. This blending technique will reduce bio-jet production cost compared to other bio-jet techniques. Bio-diesel was originally produced by the transesterification of non-edible vegetable oil (renewable sources), so, its blend with jet fuel will has a reduced carbon foot print. The blend was tested to ensure that the end product will meet the ASTM D1655 international specifications for Jet A-1 and Jet A and can be used in aircrafts.Available data on biodiesel blending with jet fuel in the literature is not consistent, there are many contradictory results. Hence, more investigations are required using locally available feedstocks. The main physicochemical properties for Jet A-1 and Jet A according to ASTM D1655 were tested to check if the blend will be compatible with existing turbojet engine systems. Different tests were conducted; vacuum distillation, smoke point, kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, total acidity and freezing point. In addition, heating value of the blend was calculated. The result was then compared with calculated value using blending indices available in the literature. Blending indices were able to predict the laboratory measured specifications for the studied blends.It was found that only 5% bio-diesel- 95% jet fuel blend (B5) meets ASTM standard for Jet A. Hence, biodiesel can be safely used as a blend with fossil-based jet for a concentration of up to 5% without any change in the ASTM specifications. Freezing point is the most important constrain for this blending technique. Higher blends of biodiesel will cause the bio-jet blend to fail ASTM specifications. In general, blending technique will reduce the cost impact that may have been incurred due to change in infrastructure when using other production techniques.

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Ashley, Kevin, Martin Harper, Eun Gyung Lee, Bruce Harvey i Michael Beard. "The Effect of a Proposed Change to Fiber-Counting Rules in ASTM International Standard D7200-06". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 4, nr 5 (26.03.2007): D42—D45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15459620701246414.

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Simon, John A. "Editor's Perspective-ASTM International Approves its Greener Cleanup Standard Guide: Establishing Guidance on Green Remediation Projects". Remediation Journal 24, nr 1 (grudzień 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rem.21373.

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Koukounian, Viken N., i Chris K. Mechefske. "Commissioning of an Atypical Acoustic Facility for Experimental Testing". Journal of the IEST 59, nr 1 (1.01.2016): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/1098-4321.59.1.22.

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Abstract Computational modeling (BEM, FEM, and SEA) is often implemented at different stages of the design process to optimize manufacturing and performance parameters. Computational results are typically verified experimentally. Experimental testing standards, particularly those related to vibro-acoustic testing, are defined by various agencies such as ASTM, ANSI, and ISO. An investigation proposing a new computational methodology of analyzing the vibro-acoustic behavior of an aircraft fuselage due to the turbulent boundary layer required verification of the predictions experimentally. In the face of certain limitations, an atypical acoustic facility was constructed challenging conventional standards while complying with the defined criteria of international testing standards. Principal deviations relate to the geometric requirements that recommend large volumes of certain construct, and microphone and acoustic source positioning. The calculated 95% confidence intervals compared exceptionally well against defined criteria (strictest measure is 1 for frequencies greater than 315 Hz) by averaging less than 0.4 for each test product across a frequency range that exceeded is the range specified by ASTM E90. The requirements for qualification of the reverberation chamber according to ANSI S12.51 were also satisfied, with the exception of measurements at 125 Hz and 160 Hz that observed heightened sensitivity due to near field effects and room modes. The calculated permissible ratio of decay variation showed good agreement against ASTM C423 criteria despite the intrinsic challenge of creating a diffuse and reverberant field in a confined, or constricting, volume. The last compliance measure reviewed flanking to ensure acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. It was clearly demonstrated that the silenced sound pressure levels (with the presence of the specimen) were greater than 10 dB above the background sound pressure levels (with the consequences of flanking considered). The investigation confirmed the feasibility of using an atypical acoustic facility to comply with various international testing standards. The noted deviations and shortcomings are not specific to the presented work, but are common challenges that all facilities observe.

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Kropivna, Alena, i Olexandr Kuzyk. "Analysis and Harmonization of National and International Quality Standards for Compacted Graphite Cast Irons". Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, nr 3(34) (październik 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).88-95.

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Ensuring and coordination of high quality indicators of materials in the foundry industry is necessary in the development of Ukraine's economy. High quality products need to be enshrined in new national standards, harmonized with international and European standards. Thus, the purpose of this work is to analyze national and international standards for quality indicators of vermicular graphite iron and their harmonization with each other. The foundry industry of Ukraine has developed mainly with the use of interstate standards - GOST, which differ significantly from European and international and requires coordination and other approaches to the development of new standards. Today there are a number of international standards: ISO, SAE, CEN, VDG, ASTM, JIS, GB, STAS, which regulate the properties of cast iron with vermicular graphite. Most standards define the range of permissible content of spherical graphite (0… 20%) in the structure of cast iron with vermicular graphite, as well as determine the shape of samples to determine the properties and provide for the determination of graphite on surfaces formed after machining castings. In accordance with the needs of the automotive industry, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has created the standard SAEJ1887 JUL2002 for cast iron with vermicular graphite. The DSTU standard in force in Ukraine regulates only the temporary resistance to tensile and elongation laid down in the brand designation. Thus, the improvement, provision and harmonization of the national standard at the vermicular graphite iron by achieving high quality indicators of materials in the foundry industry, will ensure the stability of the technological production process, and further entry into international and European markets and a qualitatively new level of domestic engineering. An analysis of the current standards in Ukraine DSTU for cast iron with vermicular graphite is given, as well as its regulated mechanical properties and recommended chemical composition. The properties of similar international and European standards for cast iron with vermicular graphite according to ISO, SAE, CEN, VDG, ASTM, JIS, GB, STAS standardization are analyzed, as well as cross-references to ISO 16112 to other standard brands of the vermicular graphite iron. The conformity of brands of materials, depending on their chemical composition and mechanical properties given in GOST, international and European indicators is found out.

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Vander Voort, George F. "Application of quantitative microscopy to specialty metals". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, nr 2 (sierpień 1992): 1606–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132662.

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Quantitative microscopy methods have been utilized for the characterization of specialty metal microstructures for many years. Initially, most work was more qualitative than quantitative because all methods were manual. However, since the introduction of more capable image analyzers in the 1980s, with vastly improved computer software and hardware, automated techniques have gained favor. With the implementation of automated image analysis equipment, users have quickly realized that specimen preparation techniques must be improved and also automated. The primary applications of quantitative microscopy methods in the specialty steel industry are: inclusion ratings, grain size measurement, volume fraction determination, and carbide distribution studies.The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has been a leader in the development of microscopical test methods, chiefly through Committee E-4 on Metallography, which recently celebrated its 75th anniversary. Other technical societies, companies, organizations in other countries, and international organizations have also made notable contributions. ASTM standards are developed by volunteers from industry (both producers and purchasers), equipment manufacturers and academia using a consensus approach requiring voting at three levels.

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