Książki: „ASSESSING SEVERITY”

1

Barclay, R. J. Disturbance index method for assessing severity of procedures on rodents. Wheathampstead, Herts: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 1988.

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Dombrowski, Stefan C., Karen L. Gischlar i Martin Mrazik. Assessing and Treating Low Incidence/High Severity Psychological Disorders of Childhood. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9970-2.

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L, Gischlar Karen, i Mrazik Martin, red. Assessing and treating low incidence/high severity psychological disorders of childhood. New York: Springer, 2011.

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Achkasov, Evgeniy, Yuriy Vinnik i Svetlana Dunaevskaya. Immunopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1089245.

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The monograph devoted to the study of the role of the immune system in the development and progression of acute pancreatitis consistently covers the issues of etiology, classification, diagnosis and modern treatment principles. Special attention is paid to the issues of non-specific immune protection, indicators of immune status, types of generation of reactive oxygen species in macrophage-granulocyte cells depending on the severity of acute pancreatitis. The section for assessing the structural and functional state of lymphocytes in the development of acute pancreatitis by evaluating the blebbing of the plasma membrane of the cell is presented. It is intended for General surgeons, anesthesiologists, resuscitators, residents who are trained in the specialty "Surgery". It can be useful for doctors of other specialties and senior students of higher medical schools.

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Dorfan, Nicole M., i Sheila R. Woody. Assessing OCD Symptoms and Severity. Redaktor Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0051.

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This chapter describes methods and tools for assessing obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The chapter outlines the purposes of assessment and discusses special challenges presented by OCD, such as shame associated with socially unacceptable obsessional content. Several types of assessment tools are discussed, including structured diagnostic interviews, semistructured clinician interviews to assess OCD symptom profile and severity, self-report instruments, behavioral assessment and self-monitoring, assessment of appraisals and beliefs relevant to OCD, and functional impairment. The importance of linking assessment findings to an evidence-based treatment plan is discussed.

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6

Bain, G. Peter, i Leslie J. Findley. Assessing Tremor Severity (Standards in Neurology). Smith-Gordon & Co Ltd, 1993.

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Gischlar, Karen L., Martin Mrazik i Stefan C. Dombrowski. Assessing and Treating Low Incidence/High Severity Psychological Disorders of Childhood. Springer, 2011.

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Hart, Graeme K., i David Pilcher. Severity of illness scoring systems. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0029.

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Clinical outcome comparisons for research and quality assurance require risk adjustment measures validated in the population of interest. There are many scoring systems using intensive care unit (ICU)-specific or administrative data sets, or both. Risk-adjusted ICU and hospital mortality outcome measures may be not granular enough or may be censored before the absolute risk of the studied outcome reaches that of the population at large. Data linkage methods may be used to examine longer-term outcomes. Organ failure scores provide a method for assessing the intra-episode time course of illness and scores using treatment variables may be useful for assessing care requirements. Each adjustment system has specific merits and limitations, which must be understood for appropriate use. Graphical representations of the comparisons facilitate understanding and time-appropriate response to variations in outcome. There are, as yet, no universally-accepted measures for severity of illness and risk adjustment in deteriorating patients outside the ICU.

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Herbert, W. J., T. B. Poole i R. J. Barclay. Disturbance Index Method for Assessing Severity of Procedures on Rodents (Ufaw Animal Welfare Research Report). Hyperion Books, 1999.

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Leach, Dr Richard, Professor Derek Bell i Professor Kevin Moore. Introduction to acute medicine. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199565979.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 provides an introduction to acute medicine, and discusses aspects relevant to the initial, acute management phase, including recognizing and assessing the acutely unwell patient, organization of acute medical admission wards, admission and discharge guidelines, general supportive care, severity of illness scoring systems, the hypotensive patient and shock, the blue and breathless (cyanosed) patient, the oliguric patient, the confused/disorientated/‘obtunded’ patient, and the ongoing management of acutely ill patient.

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Haldar, Pranabashis. Investigation in respiratory disease. Redaktorzy Patrick Davey i David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0127.

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Investigation in respiratory disease may be broadly classified as (1) tests that aid with diagnosis; (2) tests that assess disease severity—these are usually measures of respiratory function and inform prognosis; and (3) tests that assess disease activity—these are usually non-invasive biomarkers, enabling serial measurement, and may inform therapy. One of the challenges of respiratory medicine is the limited spectrum of clinical expression associated with a diverse spectrum of pathologies. Clinical symptoms in respiratory medicine are often of poor specificity for securing a diagnosis or assessing disease severity. Investigations, therefore, necessarily form a critical part of assessment. The most appropriate choice of investigation is an important component of clinical decision-making that affects patient care and may be influenced by a number of different questions that the clinician will need to consider.

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Assessing severely and profoundly handicapped individuals. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas, 1985.

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Alexander, Jennifer, i Douglas W. Woods. Tic Disorders. Redaktorzy Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White i Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.28.

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This chapter provides a broad overview of tic disorders. Specifically described are different tic disorders and the psychiatric and psychosocial difficulties commonly experienced by children with tic disorders. Common conceptual models of tic disorders and neurobiological and behavioral research that support these models are reviewed. Recommended practices for assessing children with tic disorders are discussed, commonly used measures for assessing tic-related severity and impairment are detailed, and both evidence-based and experimental treatments for tic disorders are described. A case example is provided to demonstrate how clinicians may implement the recommended assessment practices and one of the evidence-based treatments discussed in the chapter (Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics). The chapter concludes by considering theoretical and practical challenges and implications specific to tic disorders.

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Turner, Joshua A., i Todd M. Brown. Treadmill Exercise Testing. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0011.

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Treadmill exercise testing is an important tool in the field of cardiology and is very commonly used because it is readily available, inexpensive, noninvasive, and provides pertinent diagnostic and prognostic information in assessing for the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). For decades, its primary use was to provoke and diagnose myocardial ischemia, but its clinical indications have become more numerous with time. In this chapter, we will review role of treadmill exercise testing in patients with known or suspected CAD, as well as the contraindications, complications, performance, interpretation, and its prognostics utility.

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Hatfield, Anthea. Postoperative pain. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199666041.003.0006.

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This chapter begins with a list of pain principles. It goes on to describe misunderstandings about pain and guidelines are given for diagnosing non-surgical causes of pain, such as myocardial ischaemia. Gauging the severity of pain and using pain scales are explained as well as the use of an acute pain service. Different techniques are described for assessing pain in different groups including the elderly, neonates, and the mentally impaired. Pre-emptive analgesia and multimodal analgesia are discussed. Suggestions for looking after patients with nerve blocks and day surgery patients are offered.

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Muraru, Denisa, Ashraf M. Anwar i Jae-Kwan Song. Heart valve disease: tricuspid valve disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0037.

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The tricuspid valve is currently the subject of much interest from echocardiographers and surgeons. Functional tricuspid regurgitation is the most frequent aetiology of tricuspid valve pathology, is characterized by structurally normal leaflets, and is due to annular dilation and/or leaflet tethering. A primary cause of tricuspid regurgitation with/without stenosis can be identified only in a minority of cases. Echocardiography is the imaging modality of choice for assessing tricuspid valve diseases. It enables the cause to be identified, assesses the severity of valve dysfunction, monitors the right heart remodelling and haemodynamics, and helps decide the timing for surgery. The severity assessment requires the integration of multiple qualitative and quantitative parameters. The recent insights from three-dimensional echocardiography have greatly increased our understanding about the tricuspid valve and its peculiarities with respect to the mitral valve, showing promise to solve many of the current problems of conventional two-dimensional imaging. This chapter provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art assessment of tricuspid valve pathology by echocardiography, including the specific indications, strengths, and limitations of each method for diagnosis and therapeutic planning.

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Rigo, Fausto, Covadonga Fernández-Golfín i Bruno Pinamonti. Familial cardiomyopathies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0047.

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The tricuspid valve is currently the subject of much interest from echocardiographers and surgeons. Functional tricuspid regurgitation is the most frequent aetiology of tricuspid valve pathology, is characterized by structurally normal leaflets, and is due to annular dilation and/or leaflet tethering. A primary cause of tricuspid regurgitation with/without stenosis can be identified only in a minority of cases. Echocardiography is the imaging modality of choice for assessing tricuspid valve diseases. It enables the cause to be identified, assesses the severity of valve dysfunction, monitors the right heart remodelling and haemodynamics, and helps decide the timing for surgery. The severity assessment requires the integration of multiple qualitative and quantitative parameters. The recent insights from three-dimensional echocardiography have greatly increased our understanding about the tricuspid valve and its peculiarities with respect to the mitral valve, showing promise to solve many of the current problems of conventional two-dimensional imaging. This chapter provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art assessment of tricuspid valve pathology by echocardiography, including the specific indications, strengths, and limitations of each method for diagnosis and therapeutic planning.

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Makoul, Gregory, Joshua Hauser i Henry Schneiderman. Medical student training in communication skills. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0007.

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This chapter reviews contemporary approaches to teaching and assessing communication skills at the medical school level, explicating considerations for effective communication in the context of oncology and primary care. Primary approaches for training involve small-group teaching with either role play or interviews with simulated patients. The SEGUE Framework for Teaching and Assessing Communication Skills is a widely used conceptual framework that is flexible enough for diverse situations, yet sufficiently specific to afford practical guidance. Several aspects of communication in oncology and palliative care make communication particularly challenging and important: (i) physician role; (ii) illness severity; (iii) interdisciplinary teams; (iv) dying and death; (v) family involvement. Accordingly, this context presents predicaments requiring advanced communication skills, which augment the basic skills needed to accomplish tasks outlined in the SEGUE Framework. These include addressing: (i) bad news; (ii) prognosis/uncertainty; (iii) goals of care/palliative care; (iv) conflict management; (v) family meetings; (vi) teamwork.

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Del Boca, Frances K., Jack Darkes i Bonnie McRee. Self-Report Assessments of Psychoactive Substance Use and Dependence. Redaktor Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.005.

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Accurate assessment is critical to clinical interventions for problems associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs, and it is essential for research on the causes, consequences, and treatment of addiction. Verbal report is the most common method of assessing substance use behavior, diagnosing alcohol and drug use disorders, and measuring dependence severity. The authors describe self-report methods for the assessment of substance use and related constructs, together with the factors that influence their validity and utility. First, assessment procedures are described in terms of the characteristics and dimensions on which they vary. Guidelines for selecting specific types of instruments for clinical and research purposes are then provided, and the strengths and limitations of major assessment approaches are discussed. Finally, a social-psychological framework for understanding the question-answering process is presented, and assessment methods are evaluated in relation to the model. The authors conclude by identifying relevant areas of research.

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Baumgartner, Helmut, Stefan Orwat, Elif Sade i Javier Bermejo. Heart valve disease (aortic valve disease): aortic stenosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0032.

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Echocardiography has become the gold standard for the assessment of patients with aortic stenosis (AS). It allows morphological assessment of the aortic valve and provides information on the aetiology of the disease. The quantification of AS includes primarily the measurement of transaortic jet velocities and gradients as well as the calculation of the valve area, thus combining flow-dependent and relatively flow-independent variables. Awareness of potential pitfalls is fundamental when assessing these variables. Haemodynamic consequences of AS on left ventricular (LV) size, wall thickness, and function as well as associated valve lesions and estimates of pulmonary artery pressure are required for the comprehensive evaluation of the disease. In the setting of classical low-flow–low-gradient AS with reduced LV systolic function, low-dose dobutamine echocardiography is of particular diagnostic and prognostic importance. The entity of severe low-flow–low-gradient AS in the presence of preserved LV function remains a particular diagnostic challenge. For accurate differentiation from pseudo-severe AS or misclassified moderate AS, an integrated approach including additional variables such as the extent of valve calcification by computed tomography may be required. In addition to the assessment of AS aetiology and quantification of its severity, echocardiography can provide predictors of outcome that may have a major impact on the decision for intervention.

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Evangelista, Arturo, Eduardo Bossone i Alain Nchimi. Diseases of the aorta. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0053.

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Echocardiography plays an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of aortic diseases. Evaluation of the aorta is a routine part of the standard echocardiographic examination. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) permits adequate assessment of several aortic segments, particularly the aortic root and proximal ascending aorta. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) overcomes the limitations of TTE in thoracic aorta assessment. TTE and TOE should be used in a complementary manner. Echocardiography is useful for assessing aorta size, biophysical properties, and atherosclerotic involvement of the thoracic aorta. TTE appears to suffice for aortic root assessment. TOE is the gold standard in thoracic aorta assessment. It provides excellent morphological information on aortic dissection and is superior to TTE in the diagnosis of intramural haematomas and aortic ulcers. TTE may be used as the initial modality in the emergency setting. Intimal flap in proximal ascending aorta, pericardial effusion/tamponade, and left ventricular function can be easily visualized by TTE. However, a negative TTE does not rule out aortic dissection and other imaging techniques must be considered. TOE should define entry tear location, mechanisms and severity of aortic regurgitation, and true lumen compression. In addition, echocardiography is essential in selecting and monitoring surgical and endovascular treatment and in detecting possible complications. Although other imaging techniques have a greater field of view and may yield complementary information, echocardiography is portable, rapid, accurate and cost-effective in the diagnosis and follow-up of most aortic diseases.

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Rummell, Christina M. Support Groups and Behavioral Science. Redaktorzy Tomasz Rogula, Philip Schauer i Tammy Fouse. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190608347.003.0003.

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While a psychological evaluation is often a required part of a weight-loss surgery workup, providers are becoming aware of the need for behavioral health services during each phase of the surgery process. Research has documented a higher prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in severely obese patient populations, with those who receive behavioral health interventions before surgery having better outcomes than those who do not. Common recommendations and interventions for pre- and postoperative behavioral health optimization are reviewed and discussed.Statistics indicate a greater lifetime prevalence of substance use disorders in weight-loss surgery patients than in the general population. Postoperative complications have been shown to result from substance abuse, making it one of the top-cited contraindications for surgery. Preliminary recommendations for assessing and addressing substance use in bariatric surgery candidates are discussed.

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Lawrence, Erika, i Kieran T. Sullivan, red. The Oxford Handbook of Relationship Science and Couple Interventions. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199783267.001.0001.

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Marriage and other long-term committed relationships are an integral part of our lives and confer many benefits. Unfortunately, many couples experience significant relationship distress and about half of marriages end in divorce. Among those who stay married, a notable number of couples remain in stably, severely distressed marriages for years or even decades. Given the serious physical and psychological consequences of relationship distress and divorce for spouses and their children, it is clear that relationship science––the basic and applied study of relationship development, maintenance, and dysfunction––is of critical importance.The Oxford Handbook of Relationship Science and Couple Interventionsshowcases cutting-edge research in relationship science, including couple functioning, relationship education, and couple therapy. The book begins with the most current definitions of and classifications for relationship dysfunction, which are reflected in the most recent versions of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-5)and theInternational Classification of Diagnoses (ICD-11). Next, the latest research on the biological, psychological, and interpersonal causes and correlates of couple dysfunction and subsequent treatment implications is presented. The latest findings regarding empirically supported prevention and treatment interventions for couple dysfunction are then presented, and diversity and cultural issues are discussed in the context of working with couples. The information contained in this handbook will benefit researchers who seek to understand relationship distress and design interventions to prevent and treat couple distress, and clinicians who are diagnosing, assessing, and treating couple dysfunction in their practices.

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