Artykuły w czasopismach: „Arterial pulse”

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Maddury, Jyotsna. "Arterial Pulse." Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women WINCARS 02, no. 04 (December 2017): 099–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1636691.

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Daniel Paz-Martín. "Análisis de la onda de presión arterial en Anestesiología y Cuidados Intensivos I." Revista Electrónica AnestesiaR 12, no. 6 (July 6, 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.30445/rear.v12i6.858.

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La frecuencia y la forma del pulso arterial han sido empleadas desde hace milenios en un amplio abanico de escenarios clínicos. Cada componente de la onda de la presión arterial; presión pico, presión diastólica, tiempo de eyección, ascenso de la presión arterial durante la sístole y presión arterial media son el resultado de una compleja interrelación de procesos ventrículo-arteriales. Su correcta interpretación puede ser de gran utilidad a la hora de tomar decisiones clínicas. ABSTRACT Pulse wave analysis in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. The rate and shape of the arterial pulse have been used for millennia in a wide range of clinical settings. Each component of the blood pressure wave; peak pressure, diastolic pressure, ejection time, rise in blood pressure during systole and mean blood pressure are the result of a complex interrelation of ventricle-arterial processes. Its correct interpretation can be very useful when making clinical decisions.

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Mohiuddin, Mohammad W., Glen A. Laine, and Christopher M. Quick. "Increase in pulse wavelength causes the systemic arterial tree to degenerate into a classical windkessel." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 293, no. 2 (August 2007): H1164—H1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00133.2007.

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Two competing schools of thought ascribe vascular disease states such as isolated systolic hypertension to fundamentally different arterial system properties. The “windkessel school” describes the arterial system as a compliant chamber that distends and stores blood and relates pulse pressure to total peripheral resistance ( Rtot) and total arterial compliance ( Ctot). Inherent in this description is the assumption that arterial pulse wavelengths are infinite. The “transmission school,” assuming a finite pulse wavelength, describes the arterial system as a network of vessels that transmits pulses and relates pulse pressure to the magnitude, timing, and sites of pulse-wave reflection. We hypothesized that the systemic arterial system, described by the transmission school, degenerates into a windkessel when pulse wavelengths increase sufficiently. Parameters affecting pulse wavelength (i.e., heart rate, arterial compliances, and radii) were systematically altered in a realistic, large-scale, human arterial system model, and the resulting pressures were compared with those assuming a classical (2-element) windkessel with the same Rtot and Ctot. Increasing pulse wavelength as little as 50% (by changing heart rate −33.3%, compliances −55.5%, or radii +50%) caused the distributed arterial system model to degenerate into a classical windkessel ( r2 = 0.99). Model results were validated with analysis of representative human aortic pressure and flow waveforms. Because reported changes in arterial properties with age can markedly increase pulse wavelength, results suggest that isolated systolic hypertension is a manifestation of an arterial system that has degenerated into a windkessel, and thus arterial pressure is a function only of aortic flow, Rtot, and Ctot.

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Nguyen, Phuc H., Egemen Tuzun, and Christopher M. Quick. "Aortic pulse pressure homeostasis emerges from physiological adaptation of systemic arteries to local mechanical stresses." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 311, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): R522—R531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00402.2015.

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Aortic pulse pressure arises from the interaction of the heart, the systemic arterial system, and peripheral microcirculations. The complex interaction between hemodynamics and arterial remodeling precludes the ability to experimentally ascribe changes in aortic pulse pressure to particular adaptive responses. Therefore, the purpose of the present work was to use a human systemic arterial system model to test the hypothesis that pulse pressure homeostasis can emerge from physiological adaptation of systemic arteries to local mechanical stresses. First, we assumed a systemic arterial system that had a realistic topology consisting of 121 arterial segments. Then the relationships of pulsatile blood pressures and flows in arterial segments were characterized by standard pulse transmission equations. Finally, each arterial segment was assumed to remodel to local stresses following three simple rules: 1) increases in endothelial shear stress increases radius, 2) increases in wall circumferential stress increases wall thickness, and 3) increases in wall circumferential stress decreases wall stiffness. Simulation of adaptation by iteratively calculating pulsatile hemodynamics, mechanical stresses, and vascular remodeling led to a general behavior in response to mechanical perturbations: initial increases in pulse pressure led to increased arterial compliances, and decreases in pulse pressure led to decreased compliances. Consequently, vascular adaptation returned pulse pressures back toward baseline conditions. This behavior manifested when modeling physiological adaptive responses to changes in cardiac output, changes in peripheral resistances, and changes in local arterial radii. The present work, thus, revealed that pulse pressure homeostasis emerges from physiological adaptation of systemic arteries to local mechanical stresses.

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Driscoll, M. Darcy, J. Malcolm, O. Arnold, Gordon E. Marchiori, Linda A. Harker, and Marvin H. Sherebrin. "Determination of Appropriate Recording Force for Non-Invasive Measurement of Arterial Pressure Pulses." Clinical Science 92, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0920559.

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1. Non-invasive recording techniques of the arterial pressure pulse will distort the arterial wall and may alter pulse wave measurements. We hypothesized that intersubject variability of these measurements would be reduced if recording forces were normalized to reflect individualized arterial occlusion forces. 2. In 10 normal male subjects (age 24 ± 1 years), brachial, radial and finger arterial pressure pulses were recorded simultaneously using volume displacement pulse transducers (Fukuda TY-303) and a finger pressure monitoring system (Finapres, Ohmeda 2300) and were made at 2, 5 and 10–100% (10% increments) of the brachial arterial force associated with marked distortion of finger pulsations. Forces were applied at the brachial site in a randomized order while a constant 1.8 N force was applied at the radial artery site. Pressure pulses were analysed using the discrete fast Fourier transform. 3. Pulse amplitude, contour, wave velocity and relative transmission ratios remained relatively constant until the brachial artery recording force exceeded 59.9 ± 0.3% of the largest recording force used in each subject (7.14 ± 0.75 N). The finger pulse pressures (P < 0.0001), radial pulse amplitudes (P < 0.0001) and contours (harmonics 2–6, P < 0.003), pulse wave velocity (P < 0.021) and relative transmission ratios (harmonics 3–7, P < 0.01) then decreased with higher recording forces. 4. To avoid distortion, non-invasive recordings of arterial pressure pulse amplitude, contour, pressure wave velocity and relative transmission ratios along a peripheral arterial segment should use recording forces of less than 60% of the force associated with marked distortion of finger pulsations.

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O'Rourke, M. F., and S. S. Franklin. "Arterial stiffness: reflections on the arterial pulse." European Heart Journal 27, no. 21 (September 25, 2006): 2497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehl312.

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Kandee, Moragot, Poonpong Boonbrahm, and Valla Tantayotai. "Development of Virtual Pulse Simulation for Pulse Diagnosis Studies." International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 12, no. 7 (November 8, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v12i7.9640.

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Pulse signals can be used to observe the early sign of patients' health problems. From medical researches, monitoring the characteristic of arterial pulse waveform shows some risk indicator of specific diseases, e.g., hypertension, cardiovascular and heart failure diseases. A simple way to get arterial pulse wave is by using fingers to touch the radial artery position on the wrist. In the traditional Chinese medicine, a physician can use the information of arterial pulse wave-form to identify diseases based on the physician’s ability and experience. The improvement of the skill in pulse measurement can be improved by training using various kinds of pulses that represent each disease. This paper proposes a development of the virtual pulse simulation using Augmented Reality (AR) and haptic device for pulse diagnosis studies under various situations. The pulse simulation generates arterial pulse waveforms based on Sine and Gaussian functions. In this study, the mathematical model can generate the pulse wave like human pulse by setting up specific parameters. We can generate pulse waveform which representing different kinds and states of diseases by varying the mathematical model and parameters such as pulse rate or pulse pressure. The features of this work include how to generate force feedback from the mathematical models using the haptic device and how the virtual 3D can display visual feedback. The pulse simulation is useful for the health sciences students, especially the nursing students in training to identify some diseases. The evaluation of the system was carried out by first-year nursing students regarding usability, satisfaction, and performance.

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Hamilton, Paul K., Christopher J. Lockhart, Cathy E. Quinn, and Gary E. Mcveigh. "Arterial stiffness: clinical relevance, measurement and treatment." Clinical Science 113, no. 4 (July 13, 2007): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20070080.

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Most traditional cardiovascular risk factors alter the structure and/or function of arteries. An assessment of arterial wall integrity could therefore allow accurate prediction of cardiovascular risk in individuals. The term ‘arterial stiffness’ denotes alterations in the mechanical properties of arteries, and much effort has focused on how best to measure this. Pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, pulse waveform analysis, localized assessment of blood vessel mechanics and other methods have all been used. We review the methodology underlying each of these measures, and present an evidence-based critique of their relative merits and limitations. An overview is also given of the drug therapies that may prove useful in the treatment of patients with altered arterial mechanics.

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Nikolov, P. "STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL VASCULAR CHANGES IN HIGH NORMAL ARTERIAL PRESSURE." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 23, no. 1 (2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547//tjs.2020.01.002.

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The PURPUSE of the present study is changes in function and structure of large arteries in individuals with High Normal Arterial Pressure (HNAP) to be established. MATERIAL and METHODS: Structural and functional changes in the large arteries were investigated in 80 individuals with HNAP and in 45 with optimal arterial pressure (OAP). In terms of arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AI), central aortic pressure (CAP), pulse pressure (PP) were followed up in HNAP group. Intima media thickness (IMT), flow-induced vasodilatation (FMD), ankle-brachial index (ABI) were also studied. RESULTS: Significantly increased values of pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, central aortic pressure, pulse pressure are reported in the HNAP group. In terms of IMT and ABI, being in the reference interval, there is no significant difference between HNAP and OAP groups. The calculated cardiovascular risk (CVR) in both groups is low. CONCLUSION: Significantly higher values of pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, central aortic pressure and pulse pressure in the HNAP group are reported.

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Husmann, Marc, Vincenzo Jacomella, Christoph Thalhammer, and Beatrice R. Amann-Vesti. "Markers of arterial stiffness in peripheral arterial disease." Vasa 44, no. 5 (September 2015): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000452.

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Abstract. Increased arterial stiffness results from reduced elasticity of the arterial wall and is an independent predictor for cardiovascular risk. The gold standard for assessment of arterial stiffness is the carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity. Other parameters such as central aortic pulse pressure and aortic augmentation index are indirect, surrogate markers of arterial stiffness, but provide additional information on the characteristics of wave reflection. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is characterised by its association with systolic hypertension, increased arterial stiffness, disturbed wave reflexion and prognosis depending on ankle-brachial pressure index. This review summarises the physiology of pulse wave propagation and reflection and its changes due to aging and atherosclerosis. We discuss different non-invasive assessment techniques and highlight the importance of the understanding of arterial pulse wave analysis for each vascular specialist and primary care physician alike in the context of PAD.

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Moffatt, C. J., M. I. Oldroyd, R. M. Greenhalgh, and P. J. Franks. "Palpating Ankle Pulses is Insufficient in Detecting Arterial Insufficiency in Patients with Leg Ulceration." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559400900409.

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Objective: To investigate the ability of district nurses to detect lower limb arterial disease by palpation of ankle pulses. Design: Ankle pulse palpation of patients presenting with ulcerated limbs and comparison with Doppler ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI). Patients: Sequential patients presenting to community ulcer clinics. Main outcome measure: Sensitivity and specificity of pulse palpation to detect arterial disease compared with ABPI. Results: Of 533 limbs with ulceration in 462 patients (mean age 74 years, 67% female), 167 (31%) had no detectable pulses at the ankle. Of the 93 limbs with ABPI <0.9, 34 (37%) had detectable pulses. Of those limbs with ABPI ≥ 0.9, 108 out of 440 (25%) had no detectable ankle pulses. Sensitivity for lack of pulses as a predictor of arterial disease (ABPI <0.9) was 63% with a specificity of 75% and positive predictive value of only 35%. Using only the absence of palpable pulses would lead to 37% of patients with arterial disease being treated inappropriately. Conclusion: Palpation of pedal pulses by community nurses is a poor predictor of leg arterial disease and must be used in combination with ABPI. Only when significant arterial disease is excluded should compression be applied.

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Vícha, Marek, and Jan Václavík. "Arterial hypertension and pulse pressure." Medicína pro praxi 15, no. 4 (September 1, 2018): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/med.2018.039.

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Wei, L. Y., and T. Winchester. "Electronic Diagnoser of Arterial Pulse." Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 9, no. 4 (January 1985): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03091908509032604.

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Greenwald, S. E. "Pulse pressure and arterial elasticity." QJM 95, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/95.2.107.

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Zagidullin, N. Sh, R. Kh Zulkarneev, E. S. Scherbakova, Yu F. Safina, and Sh Z. Zagidullin. "Arterial stiffness as a cardiovascular events risk marker and possibilities for its downregulation by contemporary antihypertensive medications." Kazan medical journal 95, no. 4 (August 15, 2014): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1847.

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Arterial blood pressure measured by Korotkov’s method is a non-valid predictor for possible cardiovascular events, which requires introduction of new methods of arterial hypertension diagnostics. Recently, the effect on arterial stiffness has become a very important characteristic of antihypertensive drugs overall efficacy. Evaluation of arterial stiffness (central aortic pressure, augmentation index and pulse wave velocity) contributes to more precise cardiovascular risk stratification and reflects target organ damage and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment. In particular, pulse wave velocity exceeding 12 m/s is a significant risk factor of cardiovascular events. Arterial compliance can be determined by applanation tonometry, pulse wave shift at the carotid and femoral arteries, finger photoplethysmography, volume pulsoxymetry, echo-tracking, suprasystolic pulse waves recording method and cardio-ankle vascular index. Different effects of antihypertensive drugs on arterial stiffness at the same blood pressure reduction have been repeatedly shown. The article discusses the impact of the most commonly used antihypertensive drugs, including contemporary antihypertensive drugs combinations, on arterial stiffness. Effect of beta-blockers greatly varies depending on the characteristics of the drug, diuretics have neutral effect, calcium antagonists (especially amlodipine) decrease the pulse wave speed and arterial wall stiffness. Both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers (more data for enalapril, perindopril and valsartan) were effective in decreasing arterial wall stiffness. A significant reduction in arterial wall stiffness was mainly found if antihypertensive drugs combinations were used, especially the combination of calcium antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers.

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Quick, Christopher M., David S. Berger, and Abraham Noordergraaf. "Apparent arterial compliance." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 274, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): H1393—H1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.4.h1393.

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Recently, there has been renewed interest in estimating total arterial compliance. Because it cannot be measured directly, a lumped model is usually applied to derive compliance from aortic pressure and flow. The archetypical model, the classical two-element windkessel, assumes 1) system linearity and 2) infinite pulse wave velocity. To generalize this model, investigators have added more elements and have incorporated nonlinearities. A different approach is taken here. It is assumed that the arterial system 1) is linear and 2) has finite pulse wave velocity. In doing so, the windkessel is generalized by describing compliance as a complex function of frequency that relates input pressure to volume stored. By applying transmission theory, this relationship is shown to be a function of heart rate, peripheral resistance, and pulse wave reflection. Because this pressure-volume relationship is generally not equal to total arterial compliance, it is termed “apparent compliance.” This new concept forms the natural counterpart to the established concept of apparent pulse wave velocity.

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Yossef Hay, Ohad, Meir Cohen, Itamar Nitzan, Yair Kasirer, Sarit Shahroor-karni, Yitzhak Yitzhaky, Shlomo Engelberg, and Meir Nitzan. "Pulse Oximetry with Two Infrared Wavelengths without Calibration in Extracted Arterial Blood." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 3457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103457.

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Oxygen saturation in arterial blood (SaO2) provides information about the performance of the respiratory system. Non-invasive measurement of SaO2 by commercial pulse oximeters (SpO2) make use of photoplethysmographic pulses in the red and infrared regions and utilizes the different spectra of light absorption by oxygenated and de-oxygenated hemoglobin. Because light scattering and optical path-lengths differ between the two wavelengths, commercial pulse oximeters require empirical calibration which is based on SaO2 measurement in extracted arterial blood. They are still prone to error, because the path-lengths difference between the two wavelengths varies among different subjects. We have developed modified pulse oximetry, which makes use of two nearby infrared wavelengths that have relatively similar scattering constants and path-lengths and does not require an invasive calibration step. In measurements performed on adults during breath holding, the two-infrared pulse oximeter and a commercial pulse oximeter showed similar changes in SpO2. The two pulse oximeters showed similar accuracy when compared to SaO2 measurement in extracted arterial blood (the gold standard) performed in intensive care units on newborns and children with an arterial line. Errors in SpO2 because of variability in path-lengths difference between the two wavelengths are expected to be smaller in the two-infrared pulse oximeter.

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Kubarko, A. I., V. A. Mansurov, A. D. Svetlichny та L. D. Ragunovich. "РULSE WAVES РROPAGATION IN SMALL VESSELS: MEASUREMENT RESULTS AND MODELLING APPROACHES". Emergency Cardiology and Cardiovascular Risks 4, № 2 (2020): 1037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51922/2616-633x.2020.4.2.1037.

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The objective of the research work was to develop devices and algorithm for synchronous recording of pulse waves and ECG for measuring the delay time of pulse waves in the branches of various arteries relative to the R wave on an ECG, and to carry out computer simulation of the pulse wave propagation process to determine the dependence of the pulse wave propagation velocity on branching and other hemodynamic and morphological parameters of blood vessels. Material and methods. The study was conducted in 74 healthy subjects aged 18-23 years. The propagation time of the pulse wave by the arterial branches of the vessels of the common carotid, internal, external carotid and radial arteries was measured. The time was calculated by the delay of the beginning of the pulse wave relative to the tip of the R wave on the ECG. Vascular pulsations were recorded using mechanical sensitive and photosensitive sensors, which signals were amplified, digitized, recorded and analyzed using original computer soft wares. Computer simulation of the propagation of pulse waves along the wall of an “equivalent” vessel corresponding to the branching of several arterial vessels was carried out. Results. The velocity of propagation of a pulse wave along the branches of small arterial vessels was lower than its value for larger main arteries. The simulation results confirmed that the propagation velocity of a pulse wave can significantly slow down its movement along branched arterial vessels, which differ in the mechanical properties of the main arteries. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that the developed devices and measurement algorithms make it possible to register pulse waves of various small arteries and obtain reproducible indices of the delay time of the pulse wave relative to the R wave on the ECG. The time and velocity of the pulse wave propagation depends on the length of the studied vessels, the mechanical properties of the walls of the vessels, which follows from the comparison of the obtained data with the morphological features of the structure of vascular networks. Simulation results for an “equivalent” vessel show that one of the possible causes of a lower pulse wave propagation velocity in small vessels is lower mechanical properties of the branches of small vessels compared with those of larger arteries. However, the identification of the nature of these dependencies and their connection with stiffness of the walls of small vessels requires further study.

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Erdan, Alper, Abdullah Ozkok, Nadir Alpay, Vakur Akkaya, and Alaattin Yildiz. "Volume status and arterial blood pressures are associated with arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients." International Journal of Artificial Organs 41, no. 7 (May 28, 2018): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0391398818778212.

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Background: Arterial stiffness is a strong predictor of mortality in hemodialysis patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate possible relations of arterial stiffness with volume status determined by bioimpedance analysis and aortic blood pressure parameters. Also, effects of a single hemodialysis session on these parameters were studied. Methods: A total of 75 hemodialysis patients (M/F: 43/32; mean age: 53 ± 17) were enrolled. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and aortic pulse pressure were measured by applanation tonometry before and after hemodialysis. Extracellular fluid and total body fluid volumes were determined by bioimpedance analysis. Results: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (9.30 ± 3.30 vs 7.59 ± 2.66 m/s, p < 0.001), augmentation index (24.52 ± 9.42 vs 20.28 ± 10.19, p < 0.001), and aortic pulse pressure (38 ± 14 vs 29 ± 8 mmHg, p < 0.001) significantly decreased after hemodialysis. Pre-dialysis carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with age (r2 = 0.15, p = 0.01), total cholesterol (r2 = 0.06, p = 0.02), peripheral mean blood pressure (r2 = 0.10, p = 0.005), aortic-mean blood pressure (r2 = 0.06, p = 0.02), aortic pulse pressure (r2 = 0.14, p = 0.001), and extracellular fluid/total body fluid (r2 = 0.30, p < 0.0001). Pre-dialysis augmentation index was associated with total cholesterol (r2 = 0.06, p = 0,02), aortic-mean blood pressure (r2 = 0.16, p < 0.001), and aortic pulse pressure (r2 = 0.22, p < 0.001). Δcarotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with Δaortic-mean blood pressure (r2 = 0.06, p = 0.02) and inversely correlated with baseline carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (r2 = 0.29, p < 0.001). Pre-dialysis Δaugmentation index was significantly associated with Δaortic-mean blood pressure (r2 = 0.09, p = 0.009) and Δaortic pulse pressure (r2 = 0.06, p = 0.03) and inversely associated with baseline augmentation index (r2 = 0.14, p = 0.001). In multiple linear regression analysis (adjusted R2 = 0.46, p < 0.001) to determine the factors predicting Log carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, extracellular fluid/total body fluid and peripheral mean blood pressure significantly predicted Log carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). Conclusion: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and aortic pulse pressure significantly decreased after hemodialysis. Arterial stiffness was associated with both peripheral and aortic blood pressure. Furthermore, reduction in arterial stiffness parameters was related to reduction in aortic blood pressure. Pre-dialysis carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with volume status determined by bioimpedance analysis. Volume control may improve not only the aortic blood pressure measurements but also arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients.

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Obeid, Hasan, Catherine Fortier, Charles-Antoine Garneau, Mathilde Pare, Pierre Boutouyrie, Rosa Maria Bruno, Hakim Khettab, Rémi Goupil, and Mohsen Agharazii. "Radial-digital pulse wave velocity: a noninvasive method for assessing stiffness of small conduit arteries." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 320, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): H1361—H1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00551.2020.

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Aortic stiffness, a cardiovascular risk factor and a marker of arterial aging, is assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV) over this arterial segment. The interaction between the stiffness of various arterial segments is important in understanding the behavior of pressure and flow waves along the arterial tree. However, PWV assessment has been limited to large elastic vessels (aorta) or medium-sized arteries (i.e., brachial artery). In this paper, we provide a novel and noninvasive method of assessing the regional stiffness of small conduit arteries using the same piezoelectric sensors used for determination of PWV over large and medium-sized arteries. This development allows for an integrated approach to arterial stiffness from large to medium-sized arteries and now to small conduit arteries in humans.

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Munir, Shahzad, Benyu Jiang, Antoine Guilcher, Sally Brett, Simon Redwood, Michael Marber, and Philip Chowienczyk. "Exercise reduces arterial pressure augmentation through vasodilation of muscular arteries in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 294, no. 4 (April 2008): H1645—H1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01171.2007.

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Exercise markedly influences pulse wave morphology, but the mechanism is unknown. We investigated whether effects of exercise on the arterial pulse result from alterations in stroke volume or pulse wave velocity (PWV)/large artery stiffness or reduction of pressure wave reflection. Healthy subjects ( n = 25) performed bicycle ergometry. with workload increasing from 25 to 150 W for 12 min. Digital arterial pressure waveforms were recorded using a servo-controlled finger cuff. Radial arterial pressure waveforms and carotid-femoral PWV were determined by applanation tonometry. Stroke volume was measured by echocardiography, and brachial and femoral artery blood flows and diameters were measured by ultrasound. Digital waveforms were recorded continuously. Other measurements were made before and after exercise. Exercise markedly reduced late systolic and diastolic augmentation of the peripheral pressure pulse. At 15 min into recovery, stroke volume and PWV were similar to baseline values, but changes in pulse wave morphology persisted. Late systolic augmentation index (radial pulse) was reduced from 54 ± 3.9% at baseline to 42 ± 3.7% ( P < 0.01), and diastolic augmentation index (radial pulse) was reduced from 37 ± 1.8% to 25 ± 2.9% ( P < 0.001). These changes were accompanied by an increase in femoral blood flow (from 409 ± 44 to 773 ± 48 ml/min, P < 0.05) and an increase in femoral artery diameter (from 8.2 ± 0.4 to 8.6 ± 0.4 mm, P < 0.05). In conclusion, exercise dilates muscular arteries and reduces arterial pressure augmentation, an effect that will enhance ventricular-vascular coupling and reduce load on the left ventricle.

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Volobuev, Andrei N., and Petr I. Romanchuk. "A specific feature of the diagnosis of primary arterial hypertension in elderly patients." Science and Innovations in Medicine 5, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35693/2500-1388-2020-5-3-148-153.

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Objective the analysis of a group of factors, leading to the increase of pulse pressure in the direction from aorta to microcirculation vessels, in order to define the diagnostic criterion for exception of primary arterial hypertension. Material and methods.In the study, the modelling of the functions of arteries in cardiovascular system was used. Results.The role of the increase of pulse pressure to the periphery of blood circulation was regarded as the diagnostic attribute of exception of the primary arterial hypertension. It was noted, that physical factors of the increase of pulse pressure to the periphery of blood circulation were insignificant. The cardiovascular reflex has the major influence on the increase of pulse pressure, its deterioration results in the decrease of this pressure. Conclusion.The analysis revealed the fact, that the normal ankle-brachial index allows for exclusion of primary arterial hypertension in a patient, even if the absolute values of arterial pressure are in the limits corresponding to this disease.

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Avolio, A. P., W. W. Nichols, and M. F. O'Rourke. "Propagation of pressure pulse in kangaroo arterial system." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 249, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): R335—R340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.249.3.r335.

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The pressure pulse contour in the ascending aorta of kangaroos is markedly different from that seen in other species, but the changes undergone by the pulse propagating along the aorta are quite similar. Alteration of wave contour and progressive amplification of the pulse in the distal aorta and peripheral arteries of other mammals have been attributed to elastic nonuniformity of the aorta and to peripheral wave reflection. In kangaroos the aorta approximates a uniform tube with essentially constant viscoelastic properties, whereas wave reflection from the lower body appears to be unusually intense and to emanate from a single functionally discrete reflecting site; this appears to be the result of arterial terminations in the muscular lower body. Intense wave reflection from the lower body is the dominant mechanism responsible for changes in the pressure pulse of kangaroos between the ascending aorta and peripheral arteries. Contour of the pulse in the ascending aorta is attributable to this and to close proximity of reflecting sites in the upper body.

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Singh, Omkar, and Ramesh Kumar Sunkaria. "Detection of Onset, Systolic Peak and Dicrotic Notch in Arterial Blood Pressure Pulses." Measurement and Control 50, no. 7-8 (September 2017): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294017729958.

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In this paper, we proposed an effective method for detecting fiducial points in arterial blood pressure pulses. An arterial blood pressure pulse normally consists of onset, systolic peak and dicrotic notch. Detection of fiducial points in blood pressure pulses is a critical task and has many potential applications. The proposed method employs empirical wavelet transform for locating the systolic peak and onset of blood pressure pulse. The proposed method first estimates the fundamental frequency of blood pressure pulse using empirical wavelet transform and utilizes the combination of the blood pressure pulse and the estimated frequency for locating onset and systolic peak. For dicrotic notch detection, it utilizes the first-order difference of blood pressure pulse. The algorithm was validated on various open-source databases and was tested on a data set containing 12,230 beats. Two benchmark parameters such as sensitivity and positive predictivity were used for the performance evaluation. The comparison results for accuracy of the detection of systolic peak, onset and dicrotic notch are reported. The proposed method attained a sensitivity and positive predictivity of 99.95% and 99.97%, respectively, for systolic peaks. For onsets, it attained a sensitivity and predictivity of 99.88% and 99.92%, respectively. For dicrotic notches, a sensitivity and positive predictivity of 98.98% and 98.81% were achieved, respectively.

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Chen, Wen-Shiung, Shang-Yuan Yuan, and Ho-En Liao. "Data Compression for Arterial Pulse Waveform." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 29, no. 03n04 (January 2001): 533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x01000563.

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The arterial pulse possesses important clinical information in traditional Chinese medicine. It is usually recorded for a long period of time in the applications of telemedicine and PACS systems. Due to the huge amount of data, by recognizing the strong correlation between successive beat patterns in arterial pulse waveform sequences, a novel and efficient data compression scheme based mainly on pattern matching is introduced. The simulation results show that our coding scheme can achieve a very high compression ratio and low distortion for arterial pulse waveform.

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Nicholson, Christopher. "Advanced cardiac examination: the arterial pulse." Nursing Standard 28, no. 47 (July 23, 2014): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.28.47.50.e8664.

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O'Rourke, M. F., W. W. Nichols, and M. E. Safar. "Pulse waveform analysis and arterial stiffness." Journal of Hypertension 22, no. 8 (August 2004): 1633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjh.0000125473.35523.3f.

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Quick, C. M., D. S. Berger, and A. Noordergraaf. "Arterial pulse wave reflection as feedback." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 49, no. 5 (May 2002): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.995682.

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Kuvin, J. T., M. Sidhu, A. R. Patel, K. A. Sliney, N. G. Pandian, and R. H. Karas. "Pulse pressure and peripheral arterial vasoreactivity." Journal of Human Hypertension 19, no. 6 (February 24, 2005): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001844.

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Beraia, Merab. "Arterial pulse impact on blood flow." Health 02, no. 06 (2010): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2010.26080.

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Papaioannou, Theodore G., Elias Gialafos, Marianna Karamanou, Gregory Tsoucalas, and Dimitris Tousoulis. "The ‘Divine’ or ‘Golden’ Arterial Pulse." European Heart Journal 38, no. 39 (October 14, 2017): 2925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx542.

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Eom, Sunghoon, Jaehee Park, and Jonghun Lee. "Optical fiber arterial pulse wave sensor." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 52, no. 6 (March 19, 2010): 1318–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.25200.

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Fedotov, A. A., and S. A. Akulov. "Structure of Arterial Pulse Signal Transducers." Biomedical Engineering 48, no. 3 (September 2014): 160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10527-014-9443-0.

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Nicholson, Christopher. "How to check the arterial pulse." Nursing Standard 30, no. 10 (November 4, 2015): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.30.10.34.s45.

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Blyth, Kevin G., Raheel Syyed, James Chalmers, John E. Foster, Tarek Saba, Robert Naeije, Christian Melot, and Andrew J. Peacock. "Pulmonary arterial pulse pressure and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension." Respiratory Medicine 101, no. 12 (December 2007): 2495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.07.004.

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Zhang, Yi, Patrick Lacolley, Athanase D. Protogerou, and Michel E. Safar. "Arterial Stiffness in Hypertension and Function of Large Arteries." American Journal of Hypertension 33, no. 4 (February 15, 2020): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpz193.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Arterial stiffness—typically assessed from non-invasive measurement of pulse wave velocity along a straight portion of the vascular tree between the right common carotid and femoral arteries—is a reliable predictor of cardiovascular risk in patients with essential hypertension. METHODS We reviewed how carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity increases with age and is significantly higher in hypertension (than in age- and gender-matched individuals without hypertension), particularly when hypertension is associated with diabetes mellitus. RESULTS From the elastic aorta to the muscular peripheral arteries of young healthy individuals, there is a gradual but significant increase in stiffness, with a specific gradient. This moderates the transmission of pulsatile pressure towards the periphery, thus protecting the microcirculatory network. The heterogeneity of stiffness between the elastic and muscular arteries causes the gradient to disappear or be inversed with aging, particularly in long-standing hypertension. CONCLUSIONS In hypertension therefore, pulsatile pressure transmission to the microcirculation is augmented, increasing the potential risk of damage to the brain, the heart, and the kidney. Furthermore, elevated pulse pressure exacerbates end-stage renal disease, particularly in older hypertensive individuals. With increasing age, the elastin content of vessel walls declines throughout the arterial network, and arterial stiffening increases further due to the presence of rigid wall material such as collagen, but also fibronectin, proteoglycans, and vascular calcification. Certain genes, mainly related to angiotensin and/or aldosterone, affect this aging process and contribute to the extent of arterial stiffness, which can independently affect both forward and reflected pressure waves.

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Panchenkova, L. A., Kh A. Khamidova, M. O. Shelkovnikova, T. E. Yurkova, N. V. Rassudova, M. R. Ustinova, E. E. Kazantseva, E. V. Bychkova, and A. I. Martynov. "24-hour arterial stiffness monitoring in comorbid patients with cardiovascular pathology." Kazan medical journal 97, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2016-5.

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Aim. To evaluate 24-hour dynamics of the arterial stiffness main indicators in patients with arterial hypertension associated with metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods. The study included 54 patients with hypertension, who formed main groups: the first group - 17 patients with hypertension amid the metabolic syndrome, the second - 21 patients with metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease, the third group - 16 patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. All patients underwent the vascular stiffness parameters study using a multifunctional complex for the 24-hour monitoring and office measurements of blood pressure and vessels condition. At the same time blood pressure, cardiac function and vascular stiffness indicators were examined: PWVao - pulse wave velocity in the aorta (m/s); PWTT - the pulse wave transit time (m/s); Aix - augmentation index (%); Asi - the arterial stiffness index. (mmHg).Results. When comparing the 24-hour arterial stiffness dynamics indicators, changes were found in all main patients groups compared to the healthy group. Thus, a statistically significant increase in the pulse wave velocity in the aorta (PWVao) in all groups of patients compared with the control group, a decrease in the index of the pulse wave transit time (PWTT) in all main groups of patients and a significant increase in arterial stiffness index (Asi) were found. When assessing the results of arterial stiffness monitoring at night time significantly larger values of the pulse wave velocity in the aorta were observed in patients with the metabolic syndrome and combination of metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease. The obtained data are indicative of improvement in vascular stiffness indicators at night time in healthy individuals group, as well as maintaining a high degree of the vascular wall stiffness both in the night and in the daytime in a group of examined patients, especially in groups with the metabolic syndrome, and a combination of metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease.Conclusion. 24-hour monitoring of vascular stiffness indicators in comorbid patients have revealed variability of the main indicators during the day; such arterial stiffness indicators as the pulse wave transit time, pulse wave velocity in the aorta, the arterial stiffness index, augmentation index can be used to assess early signs of the major arteries remodeling.

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Fushimi, Yasutaka, Tomohisa Okada, Akira Yamamoto, Mitsunori Kanagaki, Koji Fujimoto, and Kaori Togashi. "Timing dependence of peripheral pulse-wave-triggered pulsed arterial spin labeling." NMR in Biomedicine 26, no. 11 (June 20, 2013): 1527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.2986.

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Bighamian, Ramin, and Jin-Oh Hahn. "Relationship between Stroke Volume and Pulse Pressure during Blood Volume Perturbation: A Mathematical Analysis." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/459269.

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Arterial pulse pressure has been widely used as surrogate of stroke volume, for example, in the guidance of fluid therapy. However, recent experimental investigations suggest that arterial pulse pressure is not linearly proportional to stroke volume. However, mechanisms underlying the relation between the two have not been clearly understood. The goal of this study was to elucidate how arterial pulse pressure and stroke volume respond to a perturbation in the left ventricular blood volume based on a systematic mathematical analysis. Both our mathematical analysis and experimental data showed that the relative change in arterial pulse pressure due to a left ventricular blood volume perturbation was consistently smaller than the corresponding relative change in stroke volume, due to the nonlinear left ventricular pressure-volume relation during diastole that reduces the sensitivity of arterial pulse pressure to perturbations in the left ventricular blood volume. Therefore, arterial pulse pressure must be used with care when used as surrogate of stroke volume in guiding fluid therapy.

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Kaapa, P., J. Usha Raj, R. Hillyard, and J. Anderson. "Segmental vascular resistance during pulsatile and steady perfusion in 3- to 5-wk-old rabbit lungs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 261, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): H506—H513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.2.h506.

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To determine the mechanisms by which pulsatile perfusion reduces vascular resistance in isolated lungs, we compared the effects of pulsatile versus steady perfusion on total and segmental vascular resistance in isolated lungs of 3- to 5-wk-old rabbits. Lungs were perfused alternately with steady and pulsatile flow for 45-min periods at a constant total arteriovenous pressure drop. Blood flow was adjusted to keep mean pulmonary arterial pressure at 20 cmH2O, when left atrial and airway pressures were 8 and 6 cmH2O, respectively. We partitioned the pulmonary circulation into three longitudinal vascular segments, i.e., arteries, microvessels, and veins, by measuring pressures in 20- to 50-microns-diameter subpleural arterioles and venules by the micropipette servo-nulling method. We found that in the isolated, perfused 3- to 5-wk-old rabbit lung, in which arteries and veins are the main sites of resistance, pulsatile flow results in a 20-36% reduction in total vascular resistance, mainly due to a reduction in arterial and venous resistances. The decrease in total vascular resistance was similar in lungs that were untreated or treated with papaverine, indicating that the effect of pulsatile flow was not due to active vasomotion. The reduction in arterial resistance was greater than that in veins (31-55 vs. 19-22%), especially when pulse amplitude was high (5-10 vs. 20-30 cmH2O). Total vascular resistance was also lower after 45 min of pulsatile perfusion with a pulse rate of 200 pulses/min than 80 pulses/min (0.126 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.154 +/- 0.059 cmH2O.min.ml-1.kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Mac-Way, Fabrice, Amélie Leboeuf, and Mohsen Agharazii. "Arterial Stiffness and Dialysis Calcium Concentration." International Journal of Nephrology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/839793.

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Arterial stiffness is the major determinant of isolated systolic hypertension and increased pulse pressure. Aortic stiffness is also associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease, hypertension, and general population. Hemodynamically, arterial stiffness results in earlier aortic pulse wave reflection leading to increased cardiac workload and decreased myocardial perfusion. Although the clinical consequence of aortic stiffness has been clearly established, its pathophysiology in various clinical conditions still remains poorly understood. The aim of the present paper is to review the studies that have looked at the impact of dialysis calcium concentration on arterial stiffness. Overall, the results of small short-term studies suggest that higher dialysis calcium is associated with a transient but significant increase in arterial stiffness. This calcium dependant increase in arterial stiffness is potentially explained by increased vascular smooth muscle tone of the conduit arteries and is not solely explained by changes in mean blood pressure. However, the optimal DCa remains to be determined, and long term studies are required to evaluate its impact on the progression of arterial stiffness.

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Zarrinkoob, Laleh, Khalid Ambarki, Anders Wåhlin, Richard Birgander, Bo Carlberg, Anders Eklund, and Jan Malm. "Aging alters the dampening of pulsatile blood flow in cerebral arteries." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 36, no. 9 (July 20, 2016): 1519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16629486.

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Excessive pulsatile flow caused by aortic stiffness is thought to be a contributing factor for several cerebrovascular diseases. The main purpose of this study was to describe the dampening of the pulsatile flow from the proximal to the distal cerebral arteries, the effect of aging and sex, and its correlation to aortic stiffness. Forty-five healthy elderly (mean age 71 years) and 49 healthy young (mean age 25 years) were included. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging was used for measuring blood flow pulsatility index and dampening factor (proximal artery pulsatility index/distal artery pulsatility index) in 21 cerebral and extra-cerebral arteries. Aortic stiffness was measured as aortic pulse wave velocity. Cerebral arterial pulsatility index increased due to aging and this was more pronounced in distal segments of cerebral arteries. There was no difference in pulsatility index between women and men. Dampening of pulsatility index was observed in all cerebral arteries in both age groups but was significantly higher in young subjects than in elderly. Pulse wave velocity was not correlated with cerebral arterial pulsatility index. The increased pulsatile flow in elderly together with reduced dampening supports the pulse wave encephalopathy theory, since it implies that a higher pulsatile flow is reaching distal arterial segments in older subjects.

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Khaisheva, Larisa A., Sergey V. Shlyk, Azat S. Samakaev, Svetlana E. Glova, Anna A. Pirozhenko, and Liudmila Yu Samokhina. "The study of vascular wall stiffness in patients with arterial hypertension depending on some factors of risk and associated clinical conditions." CardioSomatics 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/22217185.2019.1.190187.

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Aim. To study the effect of gender, age, duration of disease and different forms of ischemic heart disease on the stiffness of the vascular wall in patients with arterial hypertension by determining the propagation velocity of the pulse wave. Materials and methods. In order to study the propagation velocity of the pulse wave it was examined 369 patients with the method of volumetric sphygmography. In all patients was diagnosed arterial hypertension I-III stage, 1-3 degree, besides 47 patients were diagnosed with stable angina I-III functional class, 50 patients had a history of prior myocardial infarction. The investigation was held with the help of hardware complex "Poli-Spektr" made by Neirosoft firm (city Ivanovo) by the classical method of determining the propagation velocity of the pulse wave using synchronous registration sphygmograms of the carotid, radial and femoral arteries. Results. Patients with arterial hypertension had statistically higher velocity of pulse wave propagation for elastic-type vessels in comparison with healthy volunteers (9.48±0.18 и 7.28±0.64 cm/sec; р

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Namba, Takayuki, Nobuyuki Masaki, Bonpei Takase, and Takeshi Adachi. "Arterial Stiffness Assessed by Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 3664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153664.

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Arterial stiffness is an age-related disorder. In the medial layer of arteries, mechanical fracture due to fatigue failure for the pulsatile wall strain causes medial degeneration vascular remodeling. The alteration of extracellular matrix composition and arterial geometry result in structural arterial stiffness. Calcium deposition and other factors such as advanced glycation end product-mediated collagen cross-linking aggravate the structural arterial stiffness. On the other hand, endothelial dysfunction is a cause of arterial stiffness. The biological molecular mechanisms relating to aging are known to involve the progression of arterial stiffness. Arterial stiffness further applies stress on large arteries and also microcirculation. Therefore, it is closely related to adverse outcomes in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a promising diagnostic tool for evaluating arterial stiffness. The principle is based on stiffness parameter β, which is an index intended to assess the distensibility of carotid artery. Stiffness parameter β is a two-dimensional technique obtained from changes of arterial diameter by pulse in one section. CAVI applied the stiffness parameter β to all of the arterial segments between heart and ankle using pulse wave velocity. CAVI has been commercially available for a decade and the clinical data of its effectiveness has accumulated. The characteristics of CAVI differ from other physiological tests of arterial stiffness due to the independency from blood pressure at the time of examination. This review describes the pathophysiology of arterial stiffness and CAVI. Molecular mechanisms will also be covered.

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Dai, K., H. Xue, R. Dou, and Y. C. Fung. "On the Detection of Messages Carried in Arterial Pulse Waves." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 107, no. 3 (August 1, 1985): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138552.

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The hypothesis is made that a disturbance in blood flow at one place can be detected in the arterial pulse waves at a distant site. This hypothesis was motivated by the traditional Chinese medicine which uses arterial pulse waves as a principal means of diagnosis. We formulated a test by asking whether a disturbance to the blood flow in a leg can be detected by changes in the pulse waves in the radial arteries. In particular, we ask whether the radial artery can differentiate a disturbance in the right leg from that in the left leg. We put force transducers on the radial arteries, depressed them by a specific amount, and recorded the force waves in response to a 2-min occlusion of the blood flow in the right or left tibial artery. The results show that the radial artery force waves do change in response to the flow disturbance. For a given individual, the force varies with the location of the force transducer on the radial artery, the specific amount of initial depression, and the right or left leg occlusion. Generally, an occlusion in the right leg reduces the force level in both radial arteries, the more so in the right radial artery than in the left. Although the discrimination is not very strong, the phenomenon is novel, and warrants further investigation.

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Umapathy, E., S. T. Muthiraparampil, and A. Namugowa. "Assessment of variations in arterial tone during different phases of menstrual cycle." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 1810. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20191924.

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Background: Arterial tone parameters in young African women during the different phases of menstrual cycle were assessed in the present study.Methods: Out of the 30 student volunteers who participated in the study, only 15 completed the study. Anthropometric data using stadiometer, blood pressure using automated oscillometric pressure gauge were measured. Arterial stiffness parameters at the radial and ECG gated carotid and femoral arteries using sphygmocor tonometry was mesured in two consecutive menstrual cycles at early follicular, ovulation and luteal phase. Estrogen and progesterone concentrations were analyzed using Elisa kits in all three phases.Results: Estrogen level in ovulation phase and progesterone in luteal phase were higher. Peripheral augmentation index in ovulation phase was higher compared to luteal phase. Pulse pressure amplification value at follicular and luteal phases was higher than in ovulation phase. Pulse wave velocity and pulse pressure amplification was negatively correlated to progesterone in follicular phase. The arterial stiffness increased at ovulation and decreased in follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle.Conclusions: No significant correlation between arterial stiffness parameters and ovarian hormones was found.

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Doupis, John, Nikolaos Papanas, Alison Cohen, Lyndsay McFarlan, and Edward Horton. "Pulse Wave Analysis by Applanation Tonometry for the Measurement of Arterial Stiffness." Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal 10, no. 1 (August 31, 2016): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192401610010188.

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The aim of our study was to investigate the association between pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis (PWA)-derived measurements for the evaluation of arterial stiffness. A total of 20 (7 male and 13 female) healthy, non-smoking individuals, with mean age 31 ± 12years were included. PWV and PWA measurements were performed using a SphygmoCor apparatus (Atcor Medical Blood Pressure Analysis System, Sydney Australia). PWV significantly correlated with all central aortic haemodynamic parameters, especially with pulse pressure (PP) (p < 0.0001), augmentation index corrected for 75 pulses/min (AI75) (p = 0.035) and augmentation pressure (AP) (p = 0.005). Male subjects presented significantly higher PWV compared with females (p = 0.03), while there were no differences in PP, AP and AI75. In conclusion, PWA is strongly correlated with PWV as a method for the evaluation of arterial stiffness.

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Mocelin, Cláudia Debona, Marina Ribeiro Rocha, and Mariana Poltronieri Pacheco. "Triagem da síndrome hepatopulmonar: oximetria de pulso ou gasometria arterial?/ Hepatopulmonary syndrome screening: pulse oximetry or arterial gasometry?" Arquivos Médicos dos Hospitais e da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo 64, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.26432/1809-3019.2019.64.3.184.

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Objetivo: Avaliar se a realização rotineira da gasometria arterial em todos os pacientes cirróticos pode ser substituída pela oximetria de pulso isolada para a triagem de SHP. Material e métodos: Estudo observacional, individuado e transversal do tipo inquérito, por meio da análise dos prontuários dos pacientes do ambulatório de gastroenterologia e hepatologia do Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, localizado na cidade de Vitória - ES, e por meio da análise da gasometria arterial destes pacientes. Como critérios para o diagnóstico de cirrose, foram utilizados a história clínica, o exame físico, a análise laboratorial e pelo menos um exame de imagem. Resultados: A amostra teve 75,4% de homens, com etiologia alcoólica sendo mais prevalente (53%). A idade média foi de 54 anos, não tendo correlação com a PaO2 (p = 0,754) e com a AaO2 (p = 0,574). A prevalência de pacientes Child A foi de 88,2% e Child B de 11,8%. A maioria (88,2%) dos pacientes apresentaram gradiente AaO2 ≥ 20 mmHg, compatível com critério diagnóstico gasométrico de SHP. Discussão: Não foi observada correlação significativa entre a oxigenação sanguínea medida pela gasometria arterial e pela oximetria de pulso. Pacientes com PaO2 < 60 mmHg apresentaram SatO2 mínima de 93% e mediana de 97%, DP 2,2, comparado com mínima de 85% e mediana de 87%, DP 3,9, nos pacientes com níveis ≥ 60 mmHg (p = 0,827). Portanto, nota-se que a SatO2 medida pela oximetria de pulso não é um bom parâmetro para triagem de SHP nos pacientes cirróticos. Conclusões: A gasometria arterial é indispensável em todos os pacientes cirróticos para triagem da Síndrome Hepatopulmonar, independente da classe funcional, não podendo ser substituída pela oximetria de pulso. Tal conduta visa acelerar o diagnóstico dessa síndrome, considerando a inexistência de correlação entre os critérios diagnósticos gasométricos já estabelecidos e os valores obtidos na oximetria de pulso e no escore Child-Pugh. Tendo em vista que a Síndrome Hepatopulmonar é uma indicação de transplante hepático, seu diagnóstico precoce pode adiantar o processo, melhorando a resposta terapêutica e a sobrevida dos pacientes.Descritores: Síndrome hepatopulmonar, Cirrose hepática, Transplante de fígado, Oximetria, GasometriaABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate whether routine arterial blood gas analysis in all cirrhotic patients can be replaced by isolated pulse oximetry for HPS screening. Material and methods: Observational, individualized and cross-sectional study, by analyzing the medical records of patients from the gastroenterology and hepatology outpatient clinic of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória Hospital, located in the city of Vitória - ES, and by analyzing the laboratory results of the arterial blood gases of these patients. The criteria for the diagnosis of cirrhosis were clinical history, physical examination, laboratory analysis and at least one imaging exam. Results: A total of 75.4% of the sample consisted of males, with alcoholic etiology being more prevalent (53%). The mean age was 54 years, with no correlation with PaO 2 (p = 0.754) and AaO 2 (p = 0.574). The prevalence of Child A patients was 88.2% and of Child B was 11.8%. The majority (88.2%) of the patients presented a AaO2 gradient ≥ 20 mmHg, compatible with HPS gasometric diagnostic criteria. Discussion: No significant correlation was observed between blood oxygenation as measured by arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry. Patients with PaO2 <60 mmHg had a minimum SatO2 of 93% and a median of 97%, SD 2.2, compared with a minimum of 85% and a median of 87%, SD 3.9, in patients with levels ≥ 60 mmHg (p = 0.827). Therefore, it is noted that SatO2 measured by pulse oximetry is not a good parameter for screening for SHP in cirrhotic patients. Conclusion: Arterial blood gas analysis is indispensable in all cirrhotic patients in screening for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome, regardless of functional class, and cannot be replaced by pulse oximetry. Such conduct aims to accelerate the diagnosis of this syndrome, considering the inexistence of correlation between the already established gasometric diagnostic criteria and the values obtained in pulse oximetry and Child- Pugh score. Since the existence of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome is an indication for liver transplantation, early diagnosis may accelerate the process, improving therapeutic response and survival in patients.Keywords: Hepatopulmonary syndrome, Liver cirrhosisc Liver transplantation, Oximetry, Gasometry

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O’Rourke, Michael F., Audrey Adji, and Michel E. Safar. "Structure and Function of Systemic Arteries: Reflections on the Arterial Pulse." American Journal of Hypertension 31, no. 8 (July 16, 2018): 934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpy084.

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Kislyak, O. A. Kislyak, and A. V. Starodubova Starodubova. "Pulse Wave Velocity and Pulse Pressure in Patients With Arterial Hypertension." Kardiologiia 5_2014 (May 18, 2014): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/cardio.2014.5.34-38.

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