Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Art arctique”

Ittoqqortoormiit est une petite ville située sur la côte nord-est du Groenland, à l’entrée du fjord de Scoresby Sund. Basée sur une économie cynégétique, la communauté était prospère jusqu’à la chute du marché des peaux mais, aujourd’hui, les possibilités d’embauche sont faibles et les habitants partent à la recherche d’un emploi dans le sud. Face à ces difficultés, la municipalité tente de redynamiser son économie et le tourisme paraît être une alternative intéressante. En effet, le tourisme polaire prend de l’ampleur dans l’ensemble de l’Arctique et le Scoresby Sund correspond, en termes de faune et de paysages, à la demande touristique. La région symbolise à elle seule le «véritable Arctique» que les visiteurs souhaitent vivre mais deux problèmes majeurs freinent le développement touristique à Ittoqqortoormiit. Le premier est le revers de la médaille de ce «véritable Arctique», sa difficulté d’accès. Les infrastructures manquent pour accueillir, en tout temps, le visiteur. Le deuxième problème empêchant Ittoqqortoormiit de bénéficier des revenus générés se trouve dans la forme même du tourisme d’aujourd’hui. Que ce soit le tourisme de croisière ou celui d’aventure, l’argent circule de mains occidentales en mains occidentales. Très peu d’argent est dépensé sur le territoire d’accueil et il ne bénéficie pas aux populations locales. Consciente de ces difficultés, l’agence de tourisme locale, Nanu Travel, s’emploie à rendre visible Ittoqqortoormiit au niveau international en offrant de nouvelles perspectives touristiques impliquant les Inuit.

Purpose. Arctigenin (ARG) is a natural lignan compound extracted from Arctium lappa and has displayed anticancer function and therapeutic effect in a variety of cancers. Arctigenin is mainly from Arctium lappa extract. It has been shown to induce autophagy in various cancers. However, as for whether arctigenin induces autophagy in gliomas or not, the specific mechanism is still worth exploring. Methods. Using CCK8, the monoclonal experiment was made to detect the proliferation ability. The scratch experiment and the transwell experiment were applied to the migration and invasion ability. PI/RNase and FITC-conjugated anti-annexin V were used to detect the cell cycle and apoptosis. Western blotting was used to determine the specified protein level, and constructed LC3B-GFP plasmid was used for analysis of autophagy.Results. Our research showed that ARG inhibited the growth and proliferation and invasion and migration of glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner (U87MG and T98G) and arrested the cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, ARG induced autophagy in a dose-dependent manner. We applied Western blotting to measure the increase in the key autophagy protein LC3B, as well as some other autophagy-related proteins (increase in Beclin-1 and decrease in P62). In order to further explore the mechanism that ARG passed initiating autophagy to inhibit cell growth, we further found by Western blotting that AKT and mTOR phosphorylation proteins (P-AKT, P-mTOR) were reduced after ARG treatment, and we used AKT agonists to rescue, and the phosphorylated proteins of AKT and mTOR increased, and we found that the autophagy-related proteins were also reversed. And interestingly, the protein of apoptosis was also reversed along with autophagy. Conclusions. We thought ARG inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells by inducing autophagy and apoptosis through the AKT/mTOR pathway.

RÉSUMÉ Des populations d'aulne vert (Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh) de la région de la rivière aux Feuilles (58°15' N, 72° O) sont particulièrement bien développées sur les versants bien drainés exposés au sud et situés au-delà de la limite locale des forêts. Ces populations correspondent à une importante expansion de l'espèce surtout au cours du XXe siècle, entre 1920 et 1960. L'essentiel des populations d'aulne vert sont apparues après 1920, à la suite de la germination des graines sur les plaques de sol nu d'origine périglaciaire (ostioles, traînées de gélifluction, etc.). Au cours de la succession, la végétation lichénique et arbustive rase d'origine s'est graduellement transformée, en quelques décennies, en une végétation clairsemée de sous-bois sous le contrôle d'une épaisse litière produite par l'aulne. Le développement graduel des populations d'aulne a aussi causé des changements sensibles dans les sols de ces milieux: épaississement de l'horizon organique à la suite de fortes accumulations de feuilles d'aulne, augmentation du pourcentage de la matière organique, diminution du rapport C/N, augmentation de la CEC, des bases totales et du contenu en azote, et diminution du pH. Au cours de cette séquence évolutive, la régénération végétative devient virtuellement le seul mode de reproduction de l'aulne. Cette situation de l'aulne vert à la rivière aux Feuilles a été retrouvée ailleurs dans l'ensemble de l'Hémi-arctique et indique 1) que l'espèce répond aux changements climatiques qui caractérisent cet important biome de la péninsule du Québec-Labrador et 2) que le phénomène est général dans cette région et mérite ainsi d'être étudié plus en détail pour des fins d'interprétation paléoécologique et palynologique. Département de phytologie et Centre

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of Arctium lappa L. (burdock) on the liver of adult male Wistar rats as measured by light microscopy and biochemical parameters. The rats received the extract in water bottles at doses of 10 or 20 g/L daily for 40 days. There were no significant changes in the plasma levels of albumin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), total protein, total cholesterol, urea, uric acid, triacylglycerol, calcium, phosphorus, chlorine and direct bilirubin. The morphological analysis did not reveal histopathological alterations in liver tissue. Both biochemical and morphological data did not indicate A. lappa toxicity.

Arctiin, a lignan glycoside, is isolated from Arctium lappa L. The anticancer effects of arctiin have been demonstrated in several studies. However, no research has been conducted on the anti-migration effect of arctiin in cervical cancer cells. The present study examined the effects of arctiin on cervical cancer cells and investigated the possible molecular mechanism. We demonstrated that arctiin exhibited low cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion in human cervical cancer cells. The S100A4 protein expression and mRNA levels were significantly reduced in HeLa and SiHa cells with arctiin treatment. Furthermore, silencing S100A4 by using small interfering RNA reduced cell migration, while overexpression of S100A4 mitigated the migration inhibition imposed by arctiin in cervical cancer cells. Western blotting revealed that arctiin significantly reduced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylation of Akt in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, selective Akt induction by an Akt activator, SC-79, reverted cervical cancer cell migration and S100A4 protein expression, which were reduced in response to arctiin. Taken together, these results suggest that arctiin inhibits cervical cancer cell migration and invasion through suppression of S100A4 and the PI3K/Akt pathway.

As a highly aggressive form of human cancer, melanoma is prone to metastasis, leading to 75% of all skin cancer deaths. The 5-year-survival rate of melanoma is below 20%. Therefore, new therapies for melanoma are urgently needed. Burdock (Arctium lappa L) root - known for its antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, neuroprotective, and endoplasmic reticulum stress regulatory effects - was evaluated for its effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of melanoma cells and its possible mechanism. The results show suppression of the proliferation and stimulation of apoptosis of A375 cells in vitro. Additionally, it suppressed the PI3K/AKT pathway in A375 cells. These data suggest burdock (A. lappa L) root preparation as a promising drug for the treatment of melanoma.

This article reveals that John Milton employed an allusion to the aurora borealis in book 6 (79–83) of Paradise Lost, unrecognized in more than three centuries of scholarly analysis. Two other likely allusions, and one certain, to the aurora have also been identified. This research casts doubt on the long-held belief, made popular by the astronomer Edmund Halley (1656–1742), that no notable aurora was visible in England in the seventeenth century. After examining an overlooked note by the English historian William Camden (1551–1623), this article explores the possibility that Milton actually saw an aurora. A solution is also presented here to the long-standing conundrum of the comet near the “Arctic” constellation Ophiuchus in book 2 (707–11) of Paradise Lost. Cet article révèle que John Milton fait allusion à une aurore boréale au sixième livre (79–83) de Paradise Lost, allusion qui est restée ignorée pendant plus de trois siècles de lectures savantes. Une autre allusion à une aurore boréale, ainsi que deux autres, probables, ont été identifiées. Cette recherche remet en question l’opinion tenue de longue date, et circulée par l’astronome Edmund Halley (1656–1742), qu’aucune véritable aurore boréale ne put être observée en Angleterre au dix-septième siècle. Grâce à l’analyse d’une note, longtemps négligée, de l’historien anglais William Camden (1551–1623), cet article explore la possibilité que Milton ait pu réellement observer une aurore boréale, ce qui pourrait alors résoudre l’énigme de la mention, au deuxième livre du Paradise Lost (707–711), d’une comète près de la constellation « arctique » Ophiuchus.

Arctium lappa L. (A. lappa) is a popular medicinal plant with promising hepatoprotective activity. This study investigated the protective effect of A. lappa root extract (ALRE) on lead (Pb) hepatotoxicity, pointing to its ability to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and protein kinase B/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β signaling. Rats received 50 mg/kg lead acetate (Pb(Ac)2) and 200 mg/kg ALRE or vitamin C (Vit. C) for 7 days, and blood and liver samples were collected. Pb(Ac)2 provoked hepatotoxicity manifested by elevated serum transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased total protein. Histopathological alterations, including distorted lobular hepatic architecture, microsteatotic changes, congestion, and massive necrosis were observed in Pb(II)-induced rats. ALRE ameliorated liver function and prevented all histological alterations. Pb(II) increased hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation, and serum C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β. Cellular antioxidants, and Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation levels were decreased in the liver of Pb(II)-induced rats. ALRE ameliorated LPO, NO, caspase-3, DNA fragmentation and inflammatory mediators, and boosted antioxidant defenses in Pb(II)-induced rats. In addition, ALRE activated Akt and inhibited GSK-3β in the liver of Pb(II)-induced rats. In conclusion, ALRE inhibits liver injury in Pb(II)-intoxicated rats by attenuating oxidative injury and inflammation, and activation of Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.

A pale yellow, Gram-reaction-negative, non-motile, aerobic bacterium, designated MC 3726T, was isolated from a tundra soil near Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway (78 °N). Growth occurred at 4–37 °C (optimum 25–30 °C) and at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 8.0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MC 3726T belonged to the genus Luteolibacter in the family Verrucomicrobiaceae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed 93.18, 92.54 and 92.44 % similarity to those of Luteolibacter cuticulihirudinis E100T, Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis A4T-83T and Luteolibacter yonseiensis EBTL01T, respectively. The cell wall of strain MC 3726T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acid. Strain MC 3726T contained iso-C14:0 (38.28 %), C16:0 (15.89 %), C16:1ω9c (14.24 %), iso-C16:0 (10.42 %) and anteiso-C15:0 (5.75 %) as the predominant cellular fatty acids, MK-9 and MK-10 as the major respiratory quinones, and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol as the main polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 60.7 mol %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain MC 3726T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Luteolibacter, for which the name Luteolibacter arcticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MC 3726T ( = CCTCC AB 2014275T = LMG 28638T). An emended description of the genus Luteolibacter is also provided, along with emended descriptions of Luteolibacter cuticulihirudinis, Luteolibacter yonseiensis and Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis.

Gayo is the second largest ethnic groups in Aceh, which is most misunderstood. Actually, Aceh has consisted nine ethnics, including one smallest ethnic that has been founded several years ago, named “Haloban” in Pulau Banyak, Singkil Regency. This arcticle shows the distinctive characters and culture of Gayo people. They were not only inhabiting in area “Gayo continent” such as Central Aceh, Bener Meriah, Gayo Lues Regency, but also Southeast Aceh (Alas), East Aceh (Lokop) Aceh Tamiang (Kalul), and Southwest Aceh Regency (Lhok Gayo). This article uses an ethnographic approach on the condition of culture, art, and history in Gayo landschape. In the long history of the Gayo people, Islam has become a value that has penetrated the joints of the socio-cultural life of its people. This situation is quitely different with Aceh east and west coastal. That happened because the Gayo people had faced challenges to live diverse, so that it influenced the appreciation of their Islamic life. in the religious practice, the Gayo people pay more attention for the esoteric values perspective rather than the exoteric perspective. This is the rich account of a muslim society in highland Gayo, that has been a long debate among themselves ideas of what Islam is and should be as it pertains to all areas of their lives, from work, arts performance, and worship. Many previous anthropological studies, like Snouck Hurgronje works have concentrated on the purely local aspects of culture and the tension between the local and universal in everyday life of Gayo people.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an oral precancerous condition associated with the habit of areca nut chewing and the TGF-β pathway. Currently, there is no curative treatment to completely heal OSF, and it is imperative to alleviate patients’ symptoms and prevent it from undergoing malignant transformation. Arctigenin, a lignan extracted from Arctium lappa, has been reported to have a variety of pharmacological activities, including anti-fibrosis. In the present study, we examined the effect of arctigenin on the cell proliferation of buccal mucosal fibroblasts (BMFs) and fibrotic BMFs (fBMFs), followed by assessment of myofibroblast activities. We found that arctigenin was able to abolish the arecoline-induced collagen gel contractility, migration, invasion, and wound healing capacities of BMFs and downregulate the myofibroblast characteristics of fBMFs in a dose-dependent manner. Most importantly, the production of TGF-β in fBMFs was reduced after exposure to arctigenin, along with the suppression of p-Smad2, α-smooth muscle actin, and type I collagen A1. In addition, arctigenin was shown to diminish the expression of LINC00974, which has been proven to activate TGF-β/Smad signaling for oral fibrogenesis. Taken together, we demonstrated that arctigenin may act as a suitable adjunct therapy for OSF.

Nowadays, the metabolic disorder exists along with other pathological conditions, such as hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia and gain of the excess abdominal fat. It has negative impact on human health, but especially the liver health. The present work was designed to study the liver supporting effect of ATE on mice with high-fructose and high-sucrose diet induced metabolic disorder. The study was conducted on mice, divided into following groups: NC; untreated MD; group with MD treated by ATE at the doses 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively. As a result, the liver supporting effect of ATE at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg was shown in the values of body weight, relative weight of the liver, kidneys and epidydimal fat. The same was observed in plasma biochemistry, in which groups treated with ATE showed normal levels of triglycerides, total and low-density cholesterol, ALT, AST. The treatment by 400 mg/kg ATE significantly inhibited the lipid accumulation and hepatocytes degeneration in the liver histological structure. In conclusion these findings provide the potential therapeutic usefulness into the effects of ATE in the treatment of metabolic disorder. Furthermore, it suggests that ATE has hepatoprotective effect which is conducted via its antioxidant properties.

AbstractA fossil assemblage containing molluscs, ostracodes, and fish has been recovered from lacustrine sediments from near Connersville, southeastern Indiana. The reversed remanent magnetic signature of the sediments and the extent of isoleucine epimerization in molluscan shell protein indicate a pre-Illinoian age for the fossils. The fauna includes four taxa of fish, Coregonus sp., cf. Prosopium sp., cf. Thymallus arcticus, and Catostomus sp.; four taxa of ostracodes, Cytherissa lacustris, Candona caudata, Cyclocypris ampla, and Candona sp.; and 28 taxa of molluscs. Elements of the aquatic molluscs, fish, and ostracodes suggest a cool-water lake (8° to 16°C). The terrestrial molluscs include boreal species that now reach the southern limits of their range in the Great Lakes region near the north shore of Lake Superior and imply average summer temperatures of about 15°C near the lake margins. The lake may have been formed when West Lebanon ice advanced into the Anderson-New Castle Buried Valley system which drained northwest as a tributary of the Lafayette Bedrock Valley System.

Northern form Dolly Varden is an anadromous char with significant ecological value found in high-gradient rivers of the Western Arctic. Because of declines in population abundance, Dolly Varden was recently designated as “Special Concern” under the federal Species at Risk Act. This species is also of great cultural and dietary significance to Indigenous Peoples of many communities in the Western Arctic; thus, expanding knowledge of the distribution, biology, and essential habitat is an important priority. We present results of a fisheries survey in the headwaters of the Arctic Red River, Northwest Territories, that focused on confirming the presence of Dolly Varden. Of 143 fish captured among 12 sampling locations, two were Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus), 33 were slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), and 108 were char identified using qualitative and quantitative morphological features. A subsample of 44 char voucher specimens were frozen whole and later identified using a linear discriminant function (LDF) based on meristic counts and morphological measurements, and a mitochondrial DNA genetic marker. LDF scores indicated that char collected in the Arctic Red River were northern form Dolly Varden. Genetic analysis showed that all but one char possessed mitochondrial DNA sequences common in northern form Dolly Varden from Canada. Our results confirm the presence of Dolly Varden in the Arctic Red River headwaters, extending the confirmed known distribution of this taxon in the Northwest Territories approximately 450 km south and 100 km east of previously delimited areas.

Abstract This article engages with the natural phenomena of meteorite concentrations in Antarctica to explore how ice, particularly flowing, viscous ice, can offer alternative conceptions of change over non-human time. Drawing from historical research at the Smithsonian Institute as well as ethnographic experience in the High Arctic, I foreground glaciological understandings of ice as a monomineralic rock, one that indicates geologic time (rather than climatological crisis). In highlighting the rocky relationality between ice and meteorites, this article focuses on moments of capricious interruption into uniformitarian time: material instances where the geo-logics that underpin scientific conceptions of the non-human past were ‘glitched’. This article argues that the glitches the viscous ice makes visible can help reframe human and non-human time, and Geo-Anthropos relations; a crucial step to better understanding the momentum and meaning of the ‘Anthrop’/‘Capital-ocene’. Resume Cet article a pour objet le phénomène naturel des concentrations de météorites dans l'Antarctique et explore la manière dont la glace, et particulièrement la glace visqueuse et se délitant, peut offrir des conceptions alternatives sur le temps non humain. À partir d'une recherche historique au Smithsonian Institute et d'une expérience ethnographique dans le Haut Arctique, je propose une compréhension glaciologique de la glace comme un roc non monominéral, porteur d'indications sur le temps géologique (plutôt que sur la crise climatologique). En se concentrant sur la relationalité rocheuse entre la glace et les météorites, cet article attire l'attention sur ces moments d'interruption capricieuse du temps uniforme : les instances matérielles où les géo-logiques qui sous-tendent les conceptions scientifiques sur le passé non humain connaissent des « ratés ». Cet article défend l'idée que les ratés que la glace visqueuse rend visibles peuvent nous aider à recadrer le temps humain et non humain et les relations Géo-Anthropos ; une étape cruciale pour mieux comprendre le momentum et la signification de « l'anthropo’-capital-ocène ».

The purpose of this study was to know the hepatotoxicity of ethanol in laboratory rats Rattus rattus and to observe the individual and combined phytotherapeutic role of five herbs viz. Arctium lappa, Curcuma longa, Piper longum, Plumbago zeylanica and Terminalia chebula through biochemical and histopathological parameters. Ethanol is commonly used as solvent, pharmaceutical, drugs and alcohol abuse. Lipidperoxidation, glutathione content, urinary hydroxyproline, collagen and histopathological studies showed hepatotoxicity of 1 ml/kg bodyweight dose of ethanol and protective role of 100 mg/kg body weight dose of herbs. Histopathological changes observed in the liver of rats after ethanol treatment showed hepatitis, collagenesis, fatty infiltration, sclerosis, perilobular necrosis, cytoplasmic degeneration, enlarged bile canaliculi, hydropic degeneration, focal necrosis, binucleated hepatocytes and nuclear degeneration. Mild cytoplasmic degeneration, necrosis, collagenesis and hepatocytes regenerations were observed in rats treated with same dose of ethanol and herbal combination.Ethanol treatment decreased the glutathione content, increased tissue malondialdehyde and collagen content, thus causing tissue injury and liver collagenesis. Urinary hydroxyproline level and biochemical parameters also showed the protective role of herbs against ethanol induced toxicity. Herbal combination i. e. 100ml/kg body weight from the mixture of five herbs given orally was found more effective than their individual role. Herbs and plants contain aromatic substances, secondary metabolites, alkaloids and polyphenols which act as antioxidant thus showing protective role.

Several reports have described the anti-cancer activity of arctigenin, a lignan extracted from Arctium lappa L. Here, we investigated the effect of arctigenin (ATG) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cell death using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The results showed that DOX-induced cell death was enhanced by ATG/DOX co-treatment in a concentration-dependent manner and that this was associated with increased DOX uptake and the suppression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) gene expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. ATG enhanced DOX-induced DNA damage and decreased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the expressions of RAD51 and survivin. Cell death caused by ATG/DOX co-treatment was mediated by the nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), reductions in cellular and mitochondrial Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and increases in mitochondrial BAX levels. However, caspase-3 and -7 did not participate in DOX/ATG-induced cell death. We also found that DOX/ATG-induced cell death was linked with activation of the p38 signaling pathway and suppressions of the phosphorylations and expressions of Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Taken together, these results show that ATG enhances the cytotoxic activity of DOX in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by inducing prolonged p21 expression and p38-mediated AIF-dependent cell death. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ATG might alleviate the side effects and improve the therapeutic efficacy of DOX.

Al-‘Ūd al-Hindī ialah bahan yang disyorkan oleh Rasulullah s.a.w. sebagai penawar kepada penyakit. Ia merupakan penamaan bagi dua herba yang dikenali oleh komuniti Rasulullah s.a.w. dan generasi selepasnya yang hampir dengan zaman beliau. Bagaimanapun, melihat kepada terjemahan dan interpretasi kontemporari berbahasa Inggeris dan Melayu bagi tumbuh-tumbuhan nadir dalam teks hadith, secara umum usaha tersebut tidak berjaya mengemukakan pengenalan sebenar. Hal ini berdasarkan fenomena-fenomena kesilapan dalam terjemahan dan perletakan tatanama binomial. Bagi mengisi sedikit kelompangan tersebut, kajian ini memfokuskan kepada al-‘ūd al-Hindī dalam hadith sahih yang diriwayatkan oleh `Umm Qays. Ia bermatlamat untuk memberi identifikasi kepada ungkapan al-‘ūd al-Hindī disertai tatanama binomial. Pendekatan kualitatif dipilih dengan menggunakan kajian kepustakaan bagi pengumpulan data daripada rujukan berkaitan. Kemudian, kajian ini melakukan analisis kontekstual bagi mengolah data yang dikumpulkan. Pendekatan ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan ciri-ciri tumbuh-tumbuhan tersebut daripada rujukan turath terutamanya dalam bidang hadith, serta mendapatkan kesinambungan dengannya daripada fakta biogeografi, justeru dapat dikemukakan pengenalpastian spesis. Hasilnya, dapat dikenalpasti dua herba al-‘ūd al-Hindī tersebut ialah al-qust al-Hindī dan al-qust al-baḥrī dalam bahasa Arab; yang merupakan akar kepada spesis Dolomiaea costus dan Arctium lappa. Bagaimanapun, berdasarkan tinjauan kepada pengemukaan herba tersebut dalam interpretasi hadith kontemporari, keseluruhannya tidak memberikan pengenalan sebenar kepada herba-herba tersebut. Hal ini boleh menghalang pembaca daripada mengenali tumbuh-tumbuhan tersebut. Kajian ini menyarankan inisiatif merujuk maklumat ciri-ciri tumbuhan nadir dalam buku klasik serta mendapatkan kesinambungan maklumatnya dengan fakta biogeografi sebelum menginterpretasikannya.

The low bioavailability of most phytochemicals limits their anticancer effects in humans. The present study was designed to test whether combining arctigenin (Arc), a lignan mainly from the seed of Arctium lappa, with green tea (GT) and quercetin (Q) enhances the chemopreventive effect on prostate cancer. We performed in vitro proliferation studies on different cell lines. We observed a strong synergistic anti-proliferative effect of GT+Q+Arc in exposing androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. The pre-malignant WPE1-NA22 cell line was more sensitive to this combination. No cytotoxicity was observed in normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells. For an in vivo study, 3-week-old, prostate-specific PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) knockout mice were treated with GT+Q, Arc, GT+Q+Arc, or the control daily until 16 weeks of age. In vivo imaging using prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) probes demonstrated that the prostate tumorigenesis was significantly inhibited by 40% (GT+Q), 60% (Arc at 30 mg/kg bw), and 90% (GT+Q+Arc) compared to the control. A pathological examination showed that all control mice developed invasive prostate adenocarcinoma. In contrast, the primary lesion in the GT+Q and Arc alone groups was high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), with low-grade PIN in the GT+Q+Arc group. The combined effect of GT+Q+Arc was associated with an increased inhibition of the androgen receptor, the PI3K/Akt pathway, Ki67 expression, and angiogenesis. This study demonstrates that combining Arc with GT and Q was highly effective in prostate cancer chemoprevention. These results warrant clinical trials to confirm the efficacy of this combination in humans.

Introduction. A revision of syntaxa was carried out within the framework of the classification of the Brown-Blanquet school identified in the Russian Arctic. A geodatabase (GDB) and GIS, which include several interconnected main modules (see: Matveyeva et al., 2019a, b), with information on species composition, structure, ecology, and geography of syntaxa of all levels, integrated in these databases, became the basis of the presented checklist. This is the first result of compiling information on the vegetation classification, performed with the prospect to produce Prodromus of syntaxa, identified in this territory, with detailed information (character/differential/diagnostic species, ecology, zonal position, geography, bibliography), available in the GDB. It will be in time included in the Prodromus and later will become the basis for a volume in multivolume series on the vegetation of the Russian Federation (see: Plugatar et al., 2020). Territory. The checklist contains information on syntaxa established in the Russian Arctic within the boundaries of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (hereafter CAVM) (CAVM Team, et al., 2003; Walker et al., 2005; Raynolds et al., 2019), as well as on the Barents Sea coast of the Kola Peninsula, which is referred to the tundra zone in accordance with the zonation of the Russian Arctic flat territory (see: Matveyeva, 1998). The list includes syntaxa found north of the treeline — in the tundra zone (subzones of the southern, typical, and arctic tundra) and polar deserts.1 Hence, it follows that there are no syntaxa from the forest-tundra as well as those above the treeline in the mountains adjacent to the tundra zone (Putorana and Anabarskoe plateaus). The syntaxa from the territory of the «Russian Arctic» (Barentsburg, Pyramida) on the West Spitsbergen Island (Spitsbergen archipelago) are also not taken into account (their positioning is logical in Spitzbergern syntaxonomy). History. The study of the Russian Arctic plant cover began in the second third of the XIXth century in the north-east of the European Russia (Schrenk, 1855) and in Siberia on the Taymyr Peninsula (Middendorf, 1860–1867). After a significant break, it continued in the USSR in the pre-war time and intensified after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The most intense (both in the size of the studied areas and the numbers and duration of the field works) was the period from the mid-1960s to the early 1990s. Researchers working both in other zones and in the Arctic processed the obtained data in accordance with the approaches of the dominant classification, and the relevés were either not published or presented in a small (4–5) number for association. Despite the obvious limitations of this approach, there were published (both in the form of text with listing of few dominants and with relevé tables) both general (Gorodkov, 1935) and regional (Andreev, 1932; Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef, 1938; Smirnova, 1938; Dedov, 2006 [1940]; Aleksandrova, 1956, 1983; Gorodkov, 1956, 1958 a, b; Katenin, 1972) classifications, and checklists — a draft classification of vegetation of the whole Arctic (Aleksandrova, 1979) and classification of Taymyr vegetation (Matveyeva, 1985). In the late 1980s, Russian phytosociologists turned to the Brown-Blanquet floristic (= floristic-sociological (Theurillat et al., 2021), or ecological-floristic (Mirkin, Naumova, 2014)), classification system as the most conceptually substantiated, with generally accepted rules for describing communities in the field and the technique of relevé tabular processing, and also with clear rules for the formation of syntaxon names. In this system, the obligatory publication of the original data and the requirements for its validity when describing the basic syntaxon are strictly postulated, which provides an objective comparison and classification of any plant community types, in whatever system these data are not submitted. Just as it is impossible to imagine the development of taxonomy without the existence of herbarium collections, so it should be an axiom for phytosociologists that since the relevé is the only documentary reflection of a natural phenomenon named «plant community» (Matveyeva, 2008), it should be available for analysis to all syntaxonomists. Since the second decade of the XXth century, the followers of the Braun-Blanquet system have published thousands of relevés from different regions of the globe, which made it possible to produce a unified classification of vegetation from the Arctic to the tropics and its constant replenishment. Currently, the process of creating electronic databases (archives) of relevés, including the Arctic Vegetation Archive, which accumulates information on circumpolar vegetation is accumulated, is actively underway (Walker et al., 2018). The starting point when Russian tundra experts began to work consistently, following the principles of this classification, is the first International Meeting on the Classification and Mapping of Arctic Vegetation, which took place in 1992 in Boulder, CO (USA). For the publication of its data, a special issue of the Journal of Vegetation Science (1994, Vol. 5, N 6) named «Circumpolar arctic vegetation» (where 4 papers by Russian syntaxonomists were published) was provided. After 1992, when the intensity of field works decreased sharply, the number of publications with complete characteristics of the communities of the Russian Arctic increased rapidly.The proposed checklist of syntaxa is the result of this almost 30-year acti­vity. The checklist structure. The arrangement of syntaxa of class rank is mainly the same as in the EuroVegChecklist — hereafter EVC (Mucina et al., 2016): zonal and intrazonal communities of the polar desert zone (one class); zonal (one class) and landscape-forming intrazonal (five classes) communities of the tundra zone; intrazonal communities (13 classes), united into groups according to the gradients of moisture, snow depth and soil mechanical composition. A syntaxon is represented as follows: — higher units of the rank Class/Order/Allian­ce (Suballiance): number (for Class), abbreviated rank in English (Cl., Ord., All. (Suball.)), in square brackets — code (if any) from EVC (Mucina et al., 2016); full name, author(s) and year; below is a brief description in two languages: English — in general as in the cited paper with some corrections due to the specificity in syntaxon geography and ecology in the Asian part; Russian — partly in accordance with the English version and/or to Prodromus of higher vegetation units of Russia (Ermakov, 2012), sometimes with minor corrections or clarifications. For new orders and alliances within the zonal tundra class differential taxon combinations are listed; — syntaxa of the rank Association, Community Type, Community, established on the territory of the Russian Arctic: abbreviated rank in English (Ass., Com. Type, Com.), name, author(s) and year (besides association, the cited papers are included in the Refe­rences). If syntaxon was previously described by European/American authors outside the Russian Fede­ration, the link to the publication, where it was found in the Russian Arctic, is placed in brackets. The ­arrangement of associations is alphabetical; — syntaxa of units of a lower (within association) rank (subassociation and vicariant, variant, subvariant, facies): abbreviated rank in English (subass. and vicar., var., subvar., fac.), name, in brackets author, year (besides subassociation, the cited papers are included in the References). The arrangement of the syntaxa is as follows: typicum(-cal, -ca), inops, then alphabetically. For subass. typicum authors are not listed (Theurillat et al., 2021), but if it was described by another author and/or in another paper, then the link to it is given in brackets and the paper is included in the References. All names of syntaxa are given in the author’s edition (as it was published), including the endings of a typical syntaxon within an association (subassociation, vicariant, variant, facia) — typicum, typical, typica. In different papers, there are two English spellings of Russian surnames: Aleksandrova/Alexandrova, Andreev/Andreyev, Bogdanovskaya-Giyenef/Bogdanovskaya-Gienef, Pristyazhnyuk/Prystyazhnyuk, Savich/Savič. A uniform (the first one) spelling of the surname is used here. If there was something that caused a disagreement with the author’s decision (including the assignment of an association to a syntaxon of a higher rank), there is a superscript number before the syntaxon name, or before the author’s surname (when it is in brackets), referring to critical comments. Critical comments. 1 – The name is invalid or needs change because: 1a – no reference to the nomenclature type; 1b – published ineffectively (names published as ‘manuscript’ or ‘unpublished’); 1c – not accompanied by a sufficient diagnosis, no tables with original relevés; 1d – suggested by the author as preliminary; 1e – not obvious from what species syntaxon epithet is formed and it cannot be extracted from the diagnosis and/or tables); 1f – syntaxon with the same name was described earlier (including the case of inversion); 1g – the form of the syntaxon name does not correspond to Art. 10 of «International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature» — hereafter ICPN (Theurillat et al., 2021); 1h – the given nomenclature type belongs to a different syntaxon, validation does not correspond to ICPN; 1i – the relevé chosen as an association or subassociation nomenclature type does not contain the name-giving taxon of this syntaxon; 1j – there is a subspecies in the original diagnosis and in the tables, while in the syntaxon name the species name is used; 1k – the nomenclature type is given for 2 variants of the vicariant, among which there is no tyicum one; 1l – published or validated in 2002 or later with no indication of novelty (like, Ass. nov.). 2 – the author(s) did not place the syntaxon among the higher units. 3 – the author(s) placed the syntaxon in other higher units than suggested in this list. 4 – the syntaxon was renamed due to a change in its rank; in this checklist it is also given under a new name. 5 – the syntaxon is described by the author(s) in the Community rank but is assigned within the known association as a unit of it internal division. 6 – the author(s) assigned the syntaxon to this class with a question. 7 – the author(s) unreasonably (noted in literature) placed the communities in given syntaxon that needs revision. 8 – in the EVC there is only one author, while in the original source there are two. 9 – it is written that the title proposed by the first author was valid, but according to Principle II of the ICPN it is not. 10 – the author(s) of the syntaxon is(are) incorrect: the syntaxonomic units originally described in the framework of the ecological-physiognomic classification are invalid in accordance with Principle II (Art. 3d ICPN), and have been validated by subsequent authors. 11 – the author(s) assigned the syntaxon to this class/order, but did not refer to an alliance or placed in the alliance other than that proposed in this checklist. 12 – the author(s) attributed the syntaxon to this alliance, but as part of a different class/order, or not attributed to the class/order. 13 – the author(s) changed the rank of the syntaxon in comparison with the original description. 14 – the spelling of the syntaxon name does not correspond to the rules of the ICPN; the correct name [recte[ is given in square brackets. 15 – in the EVC the alliance is placed in another order. 16 – the author(s) of the syntaxon are incorrect, the first author (in brackets) did not give such a name, or incorrect year. 17 – the author(s) of the syntaxon incorrectly cited, priority belongs to other author(s) who published the name earlier and/or effectively. 18 – in the EVC the alliance is placed in synonyms for another alliance, which name was changed but not yet approved (nom. mut. propos). THE CHECKLIST — see the main text. Brief analysis of the composition. The checklist is based upon analysis of more than 70 papers, professionally reviewed and published, which contain more than 6,000 geobotanical relevés, that make available information on the composition and structure of 734 syntaxa ranging from association/community type/community to facies. At the mid-2021, the checklist includes 241 associations (152 subassociations and 25 vicariants, 190 variants and 61 subvariants, 13 facies), 35 types of communities and 17 communities from 62 alliances (6 suballiances), 33 orders and 20 classes. Most of the higher rank units — Class/Order/Alliance — are taken from the classification of vegetation in Europe (Mucina et al., 2016) Class. Of the 20 classes, 19 are in EVC (Mucina et al., 2016), to which we have assigned 207 associations, although we do not consider this decision final. A new class for zonal tundra vegetation Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov.2 so far is left in the provisional status. Conventionally is used the class Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis which contains willow scrubs in the valleys and on the interfluves. Order. Of the 33 orders 29 are in EVC. Among the known ones there is formally described Salicetalia glauco-lanatae so far located in Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis. Three orders (Arctophiletalia fulvae; Chamerio–Betuletalia nanae; Schulzio crini­tae–Aquilegietalia glandulosae) were described by Russian authors. Three new orders (Salici polaris–Hylocomietalia alaskani ord. nov. prov., Caricetalia arctisibiricae-lugentis ord. nov. prov., Eriophoretalia vaginati ord. nov. prov.) are suggested here in the provisional status, for establishing within the tund­ra zonal class Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov. Nameless order is proposed for communities dominated by mesophytic arctic and/or arcto­alpine herbs often with dwarf shrubs (Salix arctica/polaris/reticulata, Dryas octopetala/punctata) and few mosses on the southern slopes of hills and high river banks in the tundra zone of Eurasia; conventionally it is placed in the Mulgedio–Aconitetea. According to both species composition and habitat the order Arabidetalia caeruleae is moved from Thlaspietea rotundifolii (as in EVC) into Salicetea herbaceae. Alliance. Of the 62 alliances 36 are in EVC, 5 of which (Arctophilion fulvae; Caricion stantis, Chamerio angustifolii–Matricarion hookeri; Dryado octopetalae–Caricion arctisibiricae, Polemonio acutiflorum–Veratrion lobeliani) are described by Russian authors. Alliance Oxytropidion nigrescentis, validated in 1998 (Matveyeva 1998, p. 81), is given as valid. The following 8 alliances are valid: Aulacomnio palustris–Caricion rariflorae, Polemonio acutiflorum–Salicion glaucae and Rubo chamaemori–Dicranion elongati on the European North, Carici concoloris–Aulacomnion turgidi, Oxytropido sordidae–Tanacetion bipinnati in Siberia, Androsaco arctisibiricae–Aconogonion laxmannii, Aulacomnio turgidi–Salicion glaucae, Salici pulchrae–Caricion lugentis on Chukotka. Another 7 alliances have invalid names (suggested as preliminary, no nomenclature type was chosen, etc.). For 6 of these validation is necessary and quite simple. An exeption is the alliance Luzulo–Festucion rubrae (Ektova, Ermokhina, 2012), with all invalid associations (no both relevés and diagnoses); after the later are validated they logically could be placed in Loiseleurio-Arctostaphylion. Within the tundra zonal class the alliance Salici polaris–Hylocomion alaskani all. nov. is formally described and the alliances Cassiopo tetragonae–Eriophorion vaginati all. nov. prov. and Poo arcticae–Calamagrostion holmii all. nov. prov. are proposed provisionally. It is recommended to establish 6 alliances (in the checklist with no name) in classes Drabo corymbosae–Papaveretea dahliani (3), Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis (1), Thlaspietea rotundifolii (1) and Mulgedio-Aconitetea (1). Syntaxonomic decisions, other than those derived from the EVC, are made on the positions of 4 alliances within the higher-rank units: Caricion stantis was moved from Sphagno warnstorfii–Tomentypnetalia to Caricetalia fuscae; Dryado octopetalae–Caricion arctisibiricae — from Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii to Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov. (see: Lavrinenko, Lavrinenko, 2018a); Potentillo–Polygonion vivipari is recognized (Koroleva et al., 2019) as different from Kobresio-Dryadion, synonym with which it is given in the EVC; the Honckenyo–Leymion arenarii is used compare to the EVC where it is the synonym of Agropyro–Honckenyion peploidis nom. mut. propos. Compared to the author’s decision, the alliance Carici concoloris–Aulacomnion turgidi from Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea is moved to Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov. Suballiance. Of the 6 suballiances 4 (Androsaco arctisibiricae–Aconogonenion laxmannii; Astragalo pseudadsurgentis–Calamagrostienion purpurascentis; Caricenion rariflorae; Oxytropido vassilczenkoi–Dryadenion punctatae) are valid, and two (Anemono parviflorae–Salicenion and Pediculari lapponicae–Salicenion) require validation. The suballiance Caricenion rariflorae placed in the checklist in Scheuchzerion palustris was originally established within the Sphagnion baltici, which in the EVC is synonymous with the first name. Association. Of 241 associations only 34 are known outside the Russian Arctic, and the remaining 207 are new. The known ones are mainly on coastal bio­topes — marshes (15) and dunes (3) — and extremely wet habitats (9). There are 4 associations described earlier in Europe within the large landscape-forming classes (Dryadetum octopetalae, Empetro–Betuletum nanae, Loiseleurio-Diapensietum, Phyllodoco–Vaccinietum myrtilli) which distribution ranges are extended to the European North of Russia, and 3 within small intrazonal classes (Geranietum sylvatici, Potentillo crantzii–Polygonetum vivipari, and Rumici–Salicetum lapponi) found on Kola Peninsula. Only 2 associations, described by European (Dryado–Cassiopetum tetragonae) and American syntaxonomists (Sphagno–Eriophoretum vaginati), occur in the Asian part of the Russian Arctic (with new subunits within both). The most association-rich are 8 main classes. The two zonal classes include Drabo corymbosae–Papaveretea dahliani (20 associations) in the polar desert zone and Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani class. prov. (34 associations) in the tundra zone — 54 in total. 129 associations are identified in the 6 main classes of intrazonal vegetation: Be­tulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis (29 associations) Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea 1960 (22 associations), Carici rupestris–Kobresietea (21 associations), Salicetea herbaceae (16), Scheuchzerio palustris–Caricetea fuscae (25 associations); Juncetea maritimi (16 associations) — 187 in total. The vegetation of other 12 classes is described locally geographically and selectively syntaxonomically. 37 associations were not assigned to any of the known classes. This, in particular, was the case with the vegetation of the polar desert zone (Matveyeva, 2006) before Drabo corymbosae–Papaveretea dahliani class was described in 2016. But it also happened when deciding to assign an association to some well-known class, authors stressed that they did this forcibly in the absence of an adequate unit. For example, before the proposal, albeit provisionally, of the class Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskanii class. prov., even zonal communities from the Arctic tundra subzone were placed in the Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea class accentuating that they do not contain a single characteristic species of this class (Kholod, 2007). Community type is distinguished when author does not establish new association due to the small number (less than 10) relevés in one location, leaving this for the future There are 35 such units, most of which (9) are in the Drabo corymbosae–Papaveretea dahliani in the polar desert zone. It is worth noting two points: 1) almost never Community types reach the association status; 2) not all authors are stopped by a small number of relevés, when naming syntaxa, and many associations are based upon on less than not 10, but even 5 relevés. As a result, units of different status often contain equally little information about their composition. Community. This rank exists when there is only one relevé, due to both the type rarity and the lack of time. There are 17 such units, with 7 in the polar desert zone. Two main subordinate levels are used within the association: the first — subassociation and vicariant (not protected by the ICPN), the second — variant. Both reflect small but obvious differences in composition, abundance, constancy of species from the type of association (typicum), conditioned edaphically, locally-climatically, chorologically (Ellenberg, 1956; Braun-Blanquet, 1964) or indicate different stages of succession (Westhoff, van der Maarel, 1978). Differences in the listed characteristics from the type group (typicum) due to ecology are an undoubted reason for identifying several subassociations even in a landscape. To reflect similar differences due to the object location in several areas on latitudinal (in different tundra subzones) or longitudinal (in different sectors of the same zone/subzone) gradients in similar habitats (on the same landscape elements, with the same soil type), subassociation (a unit protected by the ICPN) is used as well. However, the desire to distinguish the reasons that caused such differences is also understandable. Hence, understandable is the interest to the concept of geographic vicariant, perceived by some Russian syntaxonomists working in the Arctic, which is reflected in the checklist (since the unit is not protected by ICPN, after the name in brackets there is a link to References). Leading European phytosociologists E. van der Maarel and W. Westhoff, who in 1993 reviewed an article by N. Matveyeva on the vegetation of Taymyr (Matveyeva, 1994), recalling the concept of geographical races (Becking, 1957), or vicariants (Barkman, 1958), recommended to use the status of a geographic vicariant to reflect changes in the composition of communities of one association related with a geographic location, leaving ecologically determined differences for subassociations.The need for such a division is reflected in the famous paper of F. Daniëls (1982) on Greenland, where the author distinguishes ecologically (habitat-differential) and geographically (area-differential) determined syntaxa, although uses only the name of subassociations. It is a great pity that the concept of a geographical vicariant, which was formed in the minds of the classics of phytosociology almost 60 years ago, did not find formal support: this unit was not included nor in the 3rd edition of the ICPN (Weber et al., 2000), neither in the 4th (Theurillat et al., 2021). The question of whether such a unit should be covered by the ICPN regulations «... can be resolved with the accumulation of experience in its application» (Weber et al., 2000, p. 6); the results of such experience are reflected in this checklist. Subassociation. There are 152 subassociations within 71 associations: most of all in the Carici arctisibiricae–Hylocomietea alaskani (24), slightly less in Loiseleurio procumbentis–Vaccinietea (21) and Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis (23), more than 11 in Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii (16), Scheuchzerio palustris–Caricetea fuscae (17), Juncetea maritimi (12) and Thlaspietea rotundifolii (12). Usually there are 2–3 subassociations in one association. Vicariant. There are 25 vicarians in the 14 associations. 19 of these are latitudinal in associations of zonal, mire, snowbed (Matveyeva, 1994, 1998, 2006) and herb meadow (Zanokha, 1993, 1995a, b) communities within 3 tundra subzones and syntaxa, replacing them in the polar deserts on Severnaya Zemlya (Zanokha, 2001; Matveyeva, 2006. The appeal to the concept of vicariant on Taymyr, where in the only place on the Earth on the mainland at about 900 km a full latitudinal gradient from the tree line to the polar deserts is expressed (Matveyeva, 1998), is quite understandable and logical. The other 6 vicariants are longitudinal: 1 in the European North of Russia (Matveyeva, Lavrinenko, 2011) and 5 on Wrangel Isl. (Kholod, 2007). Variant. There are 190 variants within 66 associations. There are no clearly formulated rules regarding their fundamental difference from subassociations. It is also not obvious whether the level of variant is the next after subassociation in association subdivision, or these are units of the same rank: in 31 associations, variants are allocated within subassociations or vicariants, in 34 — directly in the association. There is no clear logic behind why even one and the same author follows the first way in some cases, and the second in others. Subvariant. This unit was used for the division of variants of technogenically disturbed vegetation (Sumina, 2012, 2018), where 54 subvariants (2–5 in each) were identified in 20 variants of 6 associations, as well as of the baydzharakh vegetation in the arctic tundra subzone in Siberia (7 subvariants). Facies. The unit without differentiaal taxa, recognized by the predominance (with a high abundance) of a species of the «normal» floristic complex of the association, due to particular or sometimes ­extreme abiotic factors, or under anthropogenic impact (Westhoff, van der Maarel, 1978). There are 14 facies in 2 associations of 2 classes on Wrangel Isl. (Kholod, 2007) and in 3 syntaxa of 3 classes in the Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Neshataev, Lavrinenko, 2020). Conclusion. One of the purposes of publishing this checklist is to draw the attention of northern phytosociologists to assessing the validity of syntaxa and the legality of their position in the Braun-Blanquet system. Our task was to bring together all available information, which is done in this article. Even a simple list of syntaxa makes it possible to assess the completeness of the geographical and syntaxonomic knowledge of vegetation. Geographically, sytaxonomic information is available for 12 of the 13 Russian floristic provinces (according to CAVM), in which about 130 districts have been investigated. The most studied provinces (from west to east) are Kanino-Pechora, Yamalo-Gydan, Taymyr, East Chukotka, Wrangel Island (the number of published relevés in each more than 600. There are no published data for the Kharaulakh province. It is not possible to say for sure to what extent the number of associations reflects the presence and distribution communities of 20 classes in different regions of the Russian Arctic. The completeness of the vegetation study depended on the tasks and on the possibility of their implementation. High attention to zonal vegetation is natural, since it is used for subdivision of the territory, for zonal division, and for maps of various scales. Both snowless (Carici rupestris–Kobresietea bellardii) and snowbed (Salicetea herbaceae) communities, as specific for the Arctic, are also always in the sphere of interests. Polygonal mires and bog-hollow vegetation (Scheuchzerio palustris–Caricetea) certainly require much more research, due to their vast areas in the eastern regions of the Siberian Arctic, where these types are not described. For the relatively well-studied shrub communities in the Asian part (conditionally assigned to the Betulo carpaticae–Alnetea viridis), validation of many syntaxa are required; the gap in the description of this object in the northern European regions has just begun to be filled. For 12 associations of grass-forbs communities on the well heated slopes conditionally positioned in the Mulgedio-Aconitetea, new orders and allian­ces, and, potentially, the class are necessary to be established. Unreasonably little data are available for raised bogs (Oxycocco-Sphagnetea), if even these are ­rather common of the southern regions of the tundra zone. Very scattered geographically and sparse syntaxonomic data are on the vegetation of naturally eroded mobile substrates (sand screes, gravel debris, landslides). In the Arctic, as in other regions of the globe, communities are placed in this class not by their species composition, but by habitat (unstable substrate), and the fact of the sparse cover. Only recently the zonal vegetation of polar deserts on horizontal surfaces with quite stable loamy substrates has been classified as a distinct class (Daniëls et al., 2016). In the list of habitat types with associated described Brown-Blanquet syntaxa from Arctic regions of Europe, Greenland, western North America, and Alaska, there are 5 classes (Walker et al., 2018) which are absent in our checklist: Juncetea trifidi Hadač in Klika et Hadač 1994, Saxifrago cernuae–Cochlearietea groenlandica Micuna et Daniëls in Mucina et al. 2016, Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939, Asplenietea trichomanis (Br.-Bl. in Meier et Br.-Bl. 1934) Oberd. 1977, Salicetea purpureae Moor 1958. Communities of these classes either exist in the Russian Arctic, but were not described (e. g. forest «islets» in tundra landscapes — Vaccinio-Piceetea, and the vegetation of rocks and rubble talus — Asplenietea trichomanis), or they exist, but are positioned in the other classes. An open question remains with Junce­tea trifidi on acidic substrates. Final conclusions on these classes will become possible after the thorough analysis of syntaxa throughout the entire circumpolar space. Even a very brief analysis of the available data revealed numerous cases of invalid names of syntaxa (no indication of the nomenclature type) or inconsistency names with ICPN rules (correct [recte] names are given for 43 ones); leaving the association outside of higher-level units or assigning one basic unit to ­several higher ones, etc. There are more such cases than we have noted now, especially taking into ­account the new edition of the ICPN (for example, the obligatory Latin or English terminology for denoting ranks and new units (ICPN 4th, Art. 3d, 3i, 3o, 5), mutation ­cases (Lat. mutatum, ICPN. 4th, Art. 45), inversions (Lat. inversum, ICPN. 4th, Art. 42) of names and autonym (Lat. autonym, ICPN 4th, Art. 13b, 4d). Now it becomes possible for each author to take measures to eliminate errors of various kinds to validate their syntaxa. Consolidated participation in joint publication is also possible. This is a necessary step for the next action — preparing the Prodromus of the vegetation syntaxa of the Russian Arctic with the expanded characteristics for all levels.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and strictly aerobic bacterium, designated NBU1238T, was isolated from marine sediment sampled on Meishan Island located in the East China Sea. Strain NBU1238T was able to grow optimally at 28–32 °C, at pH 7.5 and with no NaCl. Catalase and oxidase activities, H2S production and hydrolysis of Tweens 40 and 60 were positive. Methyl red reaction, Voges–Proskauer test and hydrolysis of starch, casein and Tweens 20 and 80 were negative. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C16 : 1 ω9c and C14 : 0. The only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-9. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain NBU1238T showed 95.6, 95.6, 94.8 and 93.8% sequence similarity to Luteolibacter flavescens GKXT, Luteolibacter luteus G-1-1-1T, Luteolibacter arcticus MC 3726T and Luteolibacter pohnpeiensis A4T-83T, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that strain NBU1238T clustered with the genus Luteolibacter and was closely related to strains L. flavescens GKXT, L. arcticus MC 3726T and L. luteus G-1-1-1T. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain NBU1238T and related species of genus Luteolibacter were well below the threshold limit for prokaryotic species delineation. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 65.0 mol%. Based on its phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic data, strain NBU1238T is considered to be a representative of a novel species in the genus Luteolibacter , for which the name Luteolibacter marinus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NBU1238T (=KCTC 82227T=MCCC 1K04772T).

Introduction: This review concerns three species of berries, namely, the high-latitude cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) and arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus), and the high-altitude yellow raspberry (Rubus ellipticus). These plants are mostly exploited on a local basis as food or traditional remedies but could have a wider usage as nutraceuticals due to their richness in ellagitannins (ETs) and other phenolic compounds. ETs are hexahydroxydiphenoyl esters of carbohydrates and the largest group of hydrolysable tannins. They are distinctly antioxidant and bioactive compounds, and therefore, are considered as the major responsible for the biological properties of ET-rich berries. The health benefits of ETs are mainly due to the release of ellagic acid and to their metabolic transformation by the gut microbiota into urolithins, and include, among others, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-bacterial, and anticancer actions. Methods: Based on the literature searches in the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases, ethnobotanical, pharmaceutical, medicinal, and nutritional knowledge concerning the three berry species was covered. This includes empirical use of traditional preparations and experimental studies with various extracts and fractions from fruits and other plant portions, covering in vitro, preclinical, and clinical research. Results: The complex of data reveals a wide spectrum of potential uses in health care, providing in some cases an experimental confirmation of traditional uses. Conclusions: The examined berry species can act as nutraceutical food producing positive effects on regular consumers but could also be exploited in more technological ways to produce food complements from ET-rich extracts.

Abstract1,3,5-Tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid is a caffeoylquinic acid derivative isolated from the roots of Arctium lappa L. Our previous studies have revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of the roots of A. lappa L. and the caffeoylquinic acids contained in it possess antioxidant properties, especially 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress and explore the underlying mechanism. We found that 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid prevented the decline of cell viability and excessive release of lactate dehydrogenase induced by hydrogen peroxide. In addition, Hoechst 33 342 staining and Annexin V-PI double staining showed that 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal cell apoptosis. 1,3,5-Tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid reduced the excessive production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, decreased the malondialdehyde content, and improved the activity of superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid restored the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in SH-SY5Y cells induced by hydrogen peroxide. 1,3,5-Tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid downregulated the overexpression of proapoptotic proteins, including Bax, cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3 as well as promoted the expression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases induced by hydrogen peroxide was inhibited by 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid. Pretreatment with 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid also promoted the activation of phosphorylated Akt. Taken together, these findings suggest that 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid exerts protective effects against hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal apoptosis. In addition, inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the activation of Akt are implicated in the antioxidant activity of 1,3,5-tri-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, giving new insight in searching for a compound with antioxidant activity for the treatment of oxidative stress-associated neurological diseases.

Arctigenin is a bioactive dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignan exhibiting various pharmacological activities. The neuroprotective effects of arctigenin were demonstrated to be mediated via inhibition of AMPA and KA type glutamate receptors in the somatosensory cortex of the rat brain. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of arctigenin with matairesinol and trachelogenin on synaptic activity in ex vivo rat brain slices. Arctigenin, matairesinol and trachelogenin were isolated from Arctium lappa, Centaurea scabiosa and Cirsium arvense, respectively, and applied on brain slices via perfusion medium at the concentration range of 0.5-40 µM. The effects of the lignans were examined in the CA1 hippocampus and the somatosensory cortex by recording electrically evoked field potentials. Arctigenin and trachelogenin caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in the amplitude of hippocampal population spikes (POPS) and the slope of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), whereas matairesinol (1 µM and 10 µM) decreased EPSP slope but had no effect on POPS amplitude. Trachelogenin effect (0.5 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM) was comparable to arctigenin (1 µM, 20 µM, 40 µM) (p ˃ 0.05). In the neocortex, arctigenin (10 µM, 20 µM) and trachelogenin (10 µM) significantly decreased the amplitude of evoked potential early component, while matairesinol (1 µM and 10 µM) had no significant effect (p>0.05). The results suggest that trachelogenin and arctigenin act via inhibition of AMPA and KA receptors in the brain and trachelogenin has a higher potency than arctigenin. Thus, trachelogenin and arctigenin could serve as lead compounds in the development of neuroprotective drugs.

<p>Manaus é a maior metrópole brasileira sem clubes nas duas principais divisões nacionais. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é analisar os discursos sobre o espaço e os discursos do espaço de atores socioespaciais do (Terceiro) espaço do futebol do Amazonas. Foram entrevistados quatro dirigentes e um treinador de diferentes clubes. As entrevistas foram analisadas a partir da Análise do Discurso. Na formação discursiva destacam-se aspectos, como: dificuldades financeiras, desvalorização do futebol local pela mídia e pelos torcedores (e grande identificação com clubes cariocas) e dificuldades esportivas e logísticas atribuídas por justamente estarem em Manaus/Amazonas (localização e isolamento). Os discursos revelaram dificuldade de os entrevistados agirem sobre o espaço (concebido), sendo fundamentalmente do espaço, portanto com fortes carga simbólica e dimensão territorial.</p><p>Abstract</p><p>DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SOCIOSPATIAL ACTORS OF AMAZONAS’ FOOTBALL FROM THIRDSPACE EPISTEMOLOGIES</p><p>Manaus is the largest Brazilian metropolis without clubs on the two main football national divisions. In this context, this arcticle aims at analysing the Amazonas football (Third) space sociospatial actors’ discourses on space and of space. Four managers and a coach from different clubs were interviewed. The interviews were analysed with Discourse Analysis. The highlighted aspects in the discoursive formation are: financial difficulties, devaluation of local football by the media and the fans (and big identification with Rio de Janeiro clubs) and sports and logistical difficulties attributed to being in Manaus/Amazonas (location and isolation). The discourses have revealed interviewers difficulties to act on space (conceived). Thus the discourses are fundamentally of space, therefore with strong symbolic load and strong territorial dimension.</p>

Small-stream irrigation diversions are key elements of many on-farm irrigation systems but can act as barriers to aquatic species. Denil fishways have been installed at irrigation diversion structures throughout the Big Hole River watershed in Montana to provide upstream passage for a population of Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus. When stream flows are low and irrigation demand is high, irrigators look for ways to maintain adequate diversion, but doing so may reduce the effectiveness of the fishways. In response, agencies and irrigators have proposed flow control plates placed at the upstream end of fishways. We conducted laboratory-based fishway efficiency experiments with Arctic Grayling placed in an open-channel flume fitted with a Denil fishway and three flow plates. A total of 200 fish were used, 154 fish were attracted to the fishway entrance and counted as participants. The fishway was operated under varying flow conditions using three flow control plate treatments and a control to investigate a) the extent to which each treatment reduced flow compared to the control, and b) the extent to which each treatment impacted passage success of Arctic Grayling relative to the control. Passage success was measured as the ratio of the number of fish that fully ascended the fishway treatment to the number of participant fish attracted to the fishway treatment. One of the three plates, the Denil slot treatment, showed no evidence of reducing either flow or passage success. Another plate, the standard treatment, showed no evidence of reducing flow but moderate evidence of reducing passage success (p=0.03). The only treatment to significantly reduce water flow rate was the narrowed Denil slot treatment and there was no evidence this treatment reduced passage in comparison to the control. Over all trials, water flow rate through the Denil fishway had a strong positive influence on fish passage success.

The most important breeding colonies for endangered roseate terns in Canada occur on coastal islands in Nova Scotia. The main threat to productivity at these sites appears to be predation, particularly from gulls. The goal of this paper is twofold: 1) to present the results of recent roseate tern surveys in Nova Scotia and 2) to report on the results of a non-lethal gull control program at one of the main breeding sites in the province. The results of the surveys suggest that the number of breeding pairs (approximately 130) in the province has remained relatively stable, and is similar to numbers reported 20 years ago. Breeding sites have, however, fluctuated in number from a high of 10 sites in 1999 to a low of 3 in 2003. Although the concentration of birds to few locations makes some management options easier, it also increases their vulnerability to chance events. The non-lethal gull control program initiated on Country Island in 1998 has proven relatively successful, resulting in an increase in the numbers of breeding common, arctic and roseate terns on the island and a decrease in predation of tern eggs and chicks. Although this program has been effective in reducing predation, it must be maintained in the long-term if these birds are to breed successfully.Au Canada, les plus grosses colonies de Sternes de Dougall, espèce en voie de disparition au pays, se trouvent sur des îles côtières de la Nouvelle-Écosse. La principale menace à la productivité de ces colonies semble être la prédation, en particulier par les goélands et les mouettes. Le présent document vise deux objectifs : 1) présenter les résultats des récents relevés de Sternes de Dougall en Nouvelle-Écosse et 2) faire état des résultats d’un programme de lutte non mortel contre les goélands et les mouettes mis en oeuvre dans un des principaux lieux de nidification de la province. Selon les relevés, le nombre de couples nicheurs (environ 130) est demeuré relativement stable dans la province et est comparable à celui signalé il y a 20 ans. Cependant, le nombre de lieux de nidification a varié, passant de 10 lieux en 1999 à 3 en 2003. La concentration des oiseaux en seulement quelques endroits peut faciliter l’application de certaines méthodes de gestion, mais elle rend plus vulnérables aux phénomènes stochastiques. Le programme de lutte non mortel contre les goélands et les mouettes mis en oeuvre en 1998 dans l’île Country a assez bien réussi et y a entraîné l’augmentation du nombre de Sternes pierregarins, de Sternes arctiques et de Sternes de Dougall nicheuses et une réduction de la prédation des oeufs et des poussins de sternes. Bien que le programme ait contribué à diminuer la prédation, il faut le maintenir à long terme pour que les oiseaux puissent se reproduire.

Fourteen strains, all isolated from the surface of freshwater habitats, were genomically, phylogenetically and phenotypically characterized. The strains were obtained from geographically and climatically broadly scattered sites. This included two lakes in Antarctica, one arctic pond located on the Svalbard archipelago (Norway), a tropical habitat located in Uganda, some lakes in Southern Europe (Spain and France), lakes, ponds and a puddle in Central Europe (Austria, Czech Republic and Germany), and lakes in Northern Europe (Finland). Most of the investigated strains were characterized by rather small cell sizes and rather slow growth on media such as nutrient broth–soyotone–yeast extract (NSY) medium. Phylogenomic analyses indicated that all fourteen strains are affiliated with the genus Polynucleobacter ( Burkholderiaceae , Pseudomonadota ). Thirteen of the strains were found to be affiliated with subcluster PnecC of the genus. All these strains were characterized by genome sizes in the range of 1.7–2.3 Mbp and G+C values of 44.9–46.5 mol%. Furthermore, all PnecC-affiliated strains shared 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities >99 %. Only one strain characterized by a larger genome size of 2.9 Mbp and a lower G+C value of 41.0 mol% was found to be affiliated with subcluster PnecA. Whole genome sequence comparisons revealed that all 14 strains shared among each other, as well as with the type strains of the previously described 17 Polynucleobacter species, whole-genome average nucleotide identities values <95 %. This suggested that the 14 investigated strains represent 14 different new species. We propose the establishment of 14 new Polynucleobacter species represented by the following type strains: UB-Domo-W1T (=DSM 103491T=CIP 111598T=JCM 32562T), VK13T (=DSM 103488T=JCM 32564T), LimPoW16T (=DSM 24085T=CIP 111098T), UK-Long2-W17T (=DSM 103489T=CIP 111328T=JCM 32563T), UK-Pondora-W15T (=DSM 103423T=JCM 32939T), MWH-Mekk-B1T (=DSM 106779T=JCM 32556T), MWH-Mekk-C3T (=DSM 103415T=JCM 32557T), Ross1-W9T (=DSM 103416T=JCM 32561T), MWH-Hall10T (=DSM 107042T=JCM 32938T), AP-Basta-1000A-D1T (=DSM 107039T=JCM 32933T), AP-Melu-1000-A1T (=DSM 107036T=JCM 32935T), es-MAR-2T (=DSM 103424T=JCM 32554T), AP-Mumm-500A-B3T (=DSM 107037T=JCM 32936T), MWH-UH21BT (=DSM 23884T=LMG 29707T).