Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Army and Navy Committee”

One of the steps taken by the new government in the political sphere was the abolition of the former national army. On May 7, the Revolutionary Committee of Azerbaijan decided to reorganize the army and navy. According to the decision, the new Azerbaijani army and navy were, in fact, created as part of the Red Army of Soviet Russia. Azerbaijani military units were directly subordinated to the commander of the XI Red Army, and warships to the command of the Caspian fleet. Thus, from the first months of its existence, the Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan "voluntarily" renounced the right to have an armed force, which is one of the important conditions of statehood. the Soviet authorities and the 11th Army were accused of open looting in Azerbaijan under the name of "confiscation of the property of the bourgeoisie." After the establishment of Soviet power in Guba, the old system of administrative management was completely abolished and a new administrative system - the Soviet system - was established. The article "Change of government in the Guba region of Azerbaijan and its tragic consequences" concerns the issue about the reactivation of the Armenians in Karabakh and Zangazur, the Azerbaijani army units defending the northern border – Guba. The paper was dedicated to the situation in the militia system improved relatively in the late 1920s. Tha aim of the study is to determine conditions the formation of new government structures in remote villages continued until mid-1921 under the influence of a number of factors. In this context, issues of the Communist newspaper were first listed, number of militiamen in the Guba district was determined, avtivities to increase technical training, communist centers, people`s attitude towards the militia were analyzed. This analysis was conducted with the study of the sources related to the subject, the analysis of the results obtained, the analysis and synthesis of the arguments, and also the comparative analysis method.

В статье рассматривается деятельность Наркомата речного флота СССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны по материально-техническому обеспечению боевых действий Красной армии и Военно-морского флота. Раскрываются основные направления и методы деятельности руководства наркомата в тяжелых условиях военного времени по организации работы предприятий и судов речного флота в прифронтовой полосе. The article deals with the activities of the People’s Commissariat of the River Fleet of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War on the logistics of the combat operations of the Red Army and the Navy. The authors reveal the main directions and methods of activity of the leadership of the people’s commissariat in difficult wartime conditions to organize the work of enterprises and ships of the river fleet in the front line.

ABSTRACT Introduction High physical fitness is associated with increased occupational performance, better health, and reduced risk of injuries in military personnel. Thus, the military emphasizes physical training to maintain or develop physical fitness in their soldiers. It is important to monitor the effect of the physical training regime, but such information is lacking for Norwegian military cadets. Hence, the primary aim of this study was to investigate changes in anthropometrics and physical fitness among male and female army, navy and air force cadets during 3 years of military academy education. Materials and methods 260 male and 29 female Norwegian cadets from the army, navy, and air force academies volunteered to participate. Anthropometrics, muscular power, muscular endurance, and maximal oxygen uptake were measured at entry (T0) and end of each year (T1, T2, and T3). Linear mixed models were used to examine the development in anthropometrics and physical fitness. We applied to the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics to review the study before start-up, but the study was considered exempted from notification. The study was reviewed and approved by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Results Male and female cadets significantly increased their body weight, fat-free mass, body mass index, and percent body fat by 1 to 5% from T0 to T3. Skeletal muscle mass was unchanged. Muscular power (medicine ball throw and vertical jump) and muscular endurance (pull-ups and push-ups) increased by 3 to 20% in male cadets, while female cadets only increased results significantly for the medicine ball throw (10%). Relative maximal oxygen uptake decreased by 4% in both sexes, while absolute maximal oxygen uptake only decreased significantly (by 2%) in male cadets. Most of the observed changes were classified as trivial or small, according to calculated effect sizes. The observed changes were generally of similar magnitude for male and female cadets, and similar among the three academies. Conclusions Anthropometrics and physical fitness were relatively stable in Norwegian male and female army, navy, and air force cadets during 3 years of military academy education. Observed changes were typically classified as trivial or small. The initial gap in physical fitness between male and female cadets did not narrow during the education years. Norwegian male and female cadets displayed relatively good physical fitness profiles, compared to sex-matched cadets and soldiers from previously studied military populations.

The goal of this symposium is to present the status and future directions of programs aimed at consideration of human factors early in military system design. Military initiatives of this nature are not new, but in the past they have not become integral parts of the military system acquisition process. Recent programs in each service, however, reflect more serious and in-depth attempts to use human factors data to influence and evaluate system design than has been the case in the past. The Army now requires MANPRINT analyses, Navy HARDMAN analyses are mandated, and the Air Force is now pilot testing its own program called MPTIS. This symposium consists of introductory remarks by Dr. Joseph Peters of Science Applications International Corporation, and papers from LTC William 0. Blackwood, HQ Department of the Army, CDR George S. Council, Jr., Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, and COL AI Grieshaber, HQ, U. S. Air Force. Dr. Peters' paper, “Human Factors Issues in Military System Design,” defines “human factors” as a combination of human factors engineering, biomedical engineering, manpower/personnel, and training elements. The paper presents three measures of success of human factors programs early in system acquisition: long-lasting policy, committed management, and availability of scientific technology for program Implementation and evaluation. LTC Blackwood's paper discusses the importance the Army places on its MANPRINT program. MANPRINT program history, status, and possible program evolution are addressed. CDR Council's paper addresses the potential for the addition of human factors to the Navy HARDMAN program which addresses manpower, personnel, and training. CDR Council suggests that human factors advocates present a human factors program which is clearly defined and limited in scope to render it easily appreciated by Navy management, and that advocates can benefit from lessons learned during the institutionalization of HARDMAN. COL Grieshaber's paper “MPT in the Air Force” describes a pilot MPT (manpower, personnel, training) program at Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright Patterson AFB. This program will analyze aircraft system designs for their MPT requirements, suggest design changes where requirements exceed Air Force availabilities, and assess design changes for their MPT impact.

Australian defence and foreign policy experienced a great shift in 1942. From that year on, the nation began to think of itself as an independent entity, and a key player in Southeast Asia. The first armed conflict that Australian units participated in after the end of the Second World War was the Malayan Emergency, where all service branches contributed forces to the successful counterinsurgency war. The aim of this article is, firstly to look at the events and factors that initiated this shift in Australian policy, and secondly to analyse the forces the nation committed to fighting the Emergency. This analysis includes the fighting forces of the Royal Australian Air Force, the Army as well as the Navy.

Цель исследования - раскрыть историю Свято-Никольского домового храма Союза служивших в Российских армии и флоте. В целом его история уже рассматривалась в научной литературе. Но в настоящей статье введены ранее не публиковавшиеся документы из переписки конфликтовавших сторон: епископа Шанхайского Симона, председателя Союза К. Ф. Вальтера, архиепископа Пекинского Иннокентия, а также таких задействованных сторон, как глава Зарубежного Синода митрополита Антония и Комитета защиты прав русских в Шанхае. На основе документов из переписки проведён анализ произошедших событий. В статье использованы сравнительно-аналитический и источниковедческий методы. Подробно разбираются причины возникшего конфликта, даётся наиболее вероятная версия произошедшего. Это позволяет более полно взглянуть на непростые отношения между эмиграцией и Церковью. Кроме того, история Никольского храма служит наглядной иллюстрацией внутрицерковных отношений и процессов на Дальнем Востоке, особенно между архиепископом Иннокентием и митрополитом Мефодием, а также вписывает ещё одну страницу в историю деятельности митрополитов Антония (Храповицкого) и Евлогия (Георгиевского) и показывает реальную степень влияния Карловацкого Синода на дела дальневосточных епархий. В результате исследования делается вывод, что события раскола, единственного на Дальнем Востоке за весь эмигрантский период, имели под собой реальное основание, и что действия обоих архиереев, епископа Симона и архиепископа Иннокентия, были вполне обоснованными. The purpose of the study is to reveal the history of the St. Nicholas house church of the Union of those who served in the Russian army and navy. In general, the history of this temple has already been considered in the scienti c literature. But this article introduces previously unpublished documents from the correspondence of the con icting parties - Bishop Simon of Shanghai, Chairman of the Union K. F. Walter, Archbishop Innocentiy of Beijing, as well as such parties involved as the Chairman of the Foreign Synod, Metropolitan Anthony, and the Committee for the Protection of the Rights of Russians in Shanghai, as well as on the basis of documents from the correspondence, a deep analysis of the events was carried out.- And this allows us to take a more complete look at the dif cult relationship between emigration and the Church. In addition, the history of the Nikolskiy Church serves as a clear illustration of intra-church relations and processes in the Far East, especially between Archbishop Innocentiy and Metropolitan Methodius, and can also add another page to the history of the activities of Metropolitans Anthoniy (Khrapovitskiy) and Evlogiy (Georgievskiy), and shows the real degree in uence of the Karlovatskiy Synod on the affairs of the Far Eastern dioceses. The article uses comparative-analytical and source study methods. The causes of the con ict are analyzed in detail, the most probable version of what happened is given. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the events of the only schism in the Far East for the entire emigrant period had a real basis, and the actions of both Bishops, Bishop Simon and Archbishop Innocentiy, were fully justied.

Abstract Over the past thirty years Denmark has become a capable and willing expeditionary ally, not least on account of an accelerated investment in new forces in the early to mid-2000s. With the 2005–2009 defence agreement the Danish Army scrapped its concept of conscripted mobilization and fully committed to deployable capacities; the navy became a ‘blue water’ navy given the commitment to build two combat support ships and three frigates and to scrap the submarine force; and the air force fully focused its organization on specialized and deployable ‘wings’. The literature suggests that external threats and technological innovation are key drivers of military change, which in broad strokes helps us understand Danish change—but not in full. As a small state, Denmark has been particularly attuned to the threat of abandonment by its NATO allies and the concomitant but rival desire to pay as little for defence as possible. NATO standing and money are thus the critical drivers of Danish military change and we are able to show how they have shaped three successive waves of military reform, beginning piecemeal in the 1990s and then continuing with deeper waves of reform in 2001 and 2014. Civil–military relations have throughout been quite solid and enabled change, which has to do with the political priority of securing Denmark's standing in NATO with as little money as possible, leaving it to the military services to figure out how to shape the toolkit.

In 1867, the reform of the judicial system of the Russian navy was carried out, which was modelled on the structural solutions adopted in the land army. It introduced three degrees of jurisdiction. The crewed courts and the military naval courts looked into the cases in terms of their substantial contents, meanwhile the complaints and cassation protests against the sentence were aimed at the Main Military Naval Court. Court proceedings were held in a collegial and public prosecution. Defendants were guaranteed the right to defense and the court proceedings were based on the principles of equality of the parties and free assessment of evidence. The prosecutor’s offices appeared in the Main Military Naval Court and the military naval courts, fulfilling prosecution functions. The obligation to conduct investigations fell on investigating judges. During ship cruises and military campaigns there were vessel courts and special committees, ruling on the basis of procedures different from those in the land naval courts.

In 1867, the reform of the judicial system of the Russian navy was carried out, which was modelled on the structural solutions adopted in the land army. It introduced three degrees of jurisdiction. The crew courts and the military naval courts looked into the cases in terms of their substantial contents, meanwhile the complaints and cassation protests against the sentences were submitted to the Main Military Naval Court. Court proceedings were held in a collegial, open and public manner. Defendants were guaranteed the right to defense and the court proceedings were based on the principles of equality of the parties and free assessment of evidence. The prosecutor’s offices appeared in the Main Military Naval Court and the military naval courts, fulfilling prosecution functions. The obligation to conduct investigations fell on investigating judges. During ship cruises and military campaigns there were vessel courts and special committees, ruling on the basis of procedures different from those in the land naval courts.

ABSTRACT The Department of Defense (DOD), operating through the Directorate of Military Support in the Department of the Army, supports state, local and other federal agency response operations in a wide range of natural and man-caused emergencies. Examples within the past six years include the Ashland Oil tank collapse in Floreffe, Pennsylvania, Exxon Valdez cleanup, Loma Prieta earthquake, hurricanes Hugo and Andrew, Mexico City earthquake, Armero (Columbia) volcanic eruption, and Puerto Rico floods and mudslides. From March 24 to September 27, 1989, the period of the Exxon Valdez initial cleanup operations, DOD provided military and civilian personnel, U. S. Navy ships for housing response workers, cargo and medical evacuation aircraft (fixed wing and helicopters), skimmers, modified dredges, landing craft, Dracones, Zodiak boats, radios, computers, and other miscellaneous equipment. This was in addition to assets of the Alaska Army and Air National Guard, which were committed by the governor. Support was provided to the U. S. Coast Guard on-scene coordinator and supervised by the Alaska Oil Spill Joint Task Force. The General Accounting Office, in its January 1990 report, Federal Costs Resulting from the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill, estimated that DOD spent $62.8 million through September 30, 1989, the largest expenditure by any federal agency. Use of military resources is a realistic scenario in certain situations. Primary responders at the federal and state level should understand how to request and employ these assets. This paper provides a background on DOD support to disaster relief operations, and discusses the types of support available to agencies responding to natural or man-caused emergencies, request and approval mechanisms, the Department of Defense organization to provide support, and reimbursement of the department.

Citizenship is a legal bond between a person and a country. Citizenship gives people an identity. According to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms that "everyone has the right to a nationality", thus this declaration recognizes the importance of citizenship legally and practically for the fulfillment of human rights. Therefore, governments must work to ensure that everyone has a nationality. Former members of extremist militant organizations themselves can be interpreted as military groups (Army, Navy and Air Force), and militias and volunteer corps that meet these four requirements, are called “Former members”. They are justified in actively participating in hostilities. Also included in the ex-member group are: residents of an area that has not been occupied by the enemy, who spontaneously took up arms when organizing themselves, and carried weapons openly. Extremism is not really new. There has been a lot of extremist behavior that is usually associated with terrorist behavior and attacks against a group, both in Indonesia and abroad. Extremist behavior is slightly different from criminal behavior in general. The crimes committed by extremists are crimes based on the path they have chosen regarding their way of seeing the world. Law number 12 of 2006 concerning citizenship, it is stated in article 23 that Indonesian citizens will lose their citizenship in several ways, starting from the person concerned obtaining another citizenship, entering the service of a foreign army, entering the service of a foreign country, swearing allegiance to a foreign country. , participating in the elections of foreign countries, and several other matters mentioned in Chapter IV of the law. So even though it is true that ISIS itself is not a country as described in the writing of this thesis, this cannot be used as a basis for guiding that an Indonesian citizen who is a member of ISIS cannot lose his citizenship because it is clearly regulated in both laws and regulations. The government is what causes the Indonesian citizen to lose his citizenship automatically, not because of certain individuals who can decide whether or not a person's citizenship is lost or not.

Despite the attention that has been given to the role of economic sanctions in Japan's decision to launch the Pacific war, Australia's decision to ban iron ore exports to Japan has been given little attention, even though this was one of the earliest economic sanctions imposed onimperial Japan in the 1930s. To a degree this neglect can be traced to a preoccupation with the actions and objectives of the great powers and a failure to consider the opportunities available to small nations to take significant initiatives. The following article traces the origins of the iron ore embargo back to 1934 when Essington Lewis, the Managing Director of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd (BHP), Australia's iron and steel monopoly, visited Japan and subsequently advocated the development of an Australian armaments industry to counter probable Japanese aggression in the Pacific. In Japan Lewis crossed paths with J. G. Latham, the Minister for External Affairs, who was leading the Australian government's Eastern Mission. Latham returned to Australia with conclusions that differed fundamentally from those of Lewis, who came up with a plan to take advantage of Japan's dependence on imports of iron ore and other iron products to finance investment in Australian armaments manufacturing. In explaining this outcome the article discusses interactions between a number of conflicts: between Latham and Lewis; between the British Treasury and the Foreign Office; and between the Japanese army and navy. In London the Treasury wanted to focus on the European theatre, while also holding down military spending in order to achieve balanced budgets. The Treasury believed that the way to best defend British commercial interests in Asia was to appease Japan. On the other hand, the Foreign Office was committed to the protection of British interests in the Far East by a more forceful diplomacy, although it was only willing to counten-ance behavior short of military action. Consistent with Latham's recommendations to his government, the emerging consensus in London was that while a settlement in China would help to safeguard British interests there, as long as the Japanese were bound up in their war in China they were less likely to attack British colonies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. In 1936 this orientation was challenged by a shift in the balance of power in Tokyo away from the army and in favor of the navy. Although priority continued to be placed on winning the war in China and guarding against an attack from the Soviet Union, now the navy's plan for southward expansion was given more careful consideration and credibility.

Before the Great Patriotic War (GPW) at least 1/3 of cumulative total yield of Leningrad factories was the products of ―defense‖ or ―special‖ function, i.e. military ones. A significant proportion of civilian products could also be used for the army, navy or the NKVD troop’s demands. Pre-war production planning provided for the all-round increase in the output of military products.In this regard, the city's enterprises experienced an acute shortage of production and office premises, electricity and personnel. Plants and factories operated with external raw materials and fuel which made them critically dependent on the functioning of the logistics chains connecting Leningrad with the regions of the USSR. The main criterion of evaluating the work of an industrial enterprise was the amount of output and the mandatory fulfillment or over-fulfillment of production plan. At the factories the problems of quality were ignored and this led to the necessity of conducting periodic campaigns of "struggle for quality" by senior management. However, such campaigns turned to be useless and did not result in the required demands due to the initially defective system of goal-setting in industry. The peculiarities of conducting economic activities in wartime, on the one hand, deepened the previous problems, on the other hand, made the processes of deploying new industries more dynamicby reducing the number of management links and lengthening work shifts,. The main role in setting production tasks to the enterprises was transferred from the specialized People's Commissariats to the City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party and the Military Council of the Front; factories were often forced to execute three parallel production plans. The establishment of the blockade regime focused the industry of Leningrad almost exclusively on the interests of the Leningrad Front. Mobilization into the army and recruitment into the people's militia deprived enterprises of the number of qualified personnel; at first, the replacement of experienced workers by housewives and adolescents could not be considered complete and equivalent. In September – October 1941 the reserves of fuelwere exhausted in the city and this led to a fuel and energy crisis in November – December 1941 and an almost complete shutdown of heavy and light industry enterprises in the first quarter of 1942. The factors which influenced the manufacturing processes of Leningrad industrial enterprises in the pre-war, war and blockade periods of 1941 have been considered in the present article.

Constant demand for new naval and commercial vessels has created special conditions for the Government-owned Soviet shipbuilding industry, which practically has not been affected by the world shipbuilding crisis. On the other hand, such chronic diseases of the centralized economy as lack of incentive, material shortage and poor workmanship cause specific problems for ship construction. Being technically and financially unable to rapidly improve the overall technology level and performance of the entire industry, the Soviets concentrate their efforts on certain important areas and have achieved significant results, especially in welding and cutting titanium and aluminum alloys, modular production methods, standardization, etc. All productivity improvement efforts are supported by an army of highly educated engineers and scientists at shipyards, in multiple scientific, research and design institutions. Discussion Edwin J. Petersen, Todd Pacific Shipyards Three years ago I addressed the Ship Production Symposium as chairman of the Ship Production Committee and outlined some major factors which had contributed to the U.S. shipbuilding industry's remarkable achievements in building and maintaining the world's largest naval and merchant fleets during the five-year period starting just before World War II. The factors were as follows:There was a national commitment to get the job done. The shipbuilding industry was recognized as a needed national resource. There was a dependable workload. Standardization was extensively and effectively utilized. Shipbuilding work was effectively organized. Although these lessons appear to have been lost by our Government since World War II, the paper indicates that the Soviet Union has picked up these principles and has applied them very well to its current shipbuilding program. The paper also gives testimony to the observation that the Soviet Government recognizes the strategic and economic importance of a strong merchant fleet as well as a powerful naval fleet. In reviewing the paper, I found great similarity between the Soviet shipbuilding productivity improvement efforts and our own efforts or goals under the National Shipbuilding Research Program in the following areas:welding technology, flexible automation (robotics), application of group technology, standardization, facilities development, and education and training. In some areas, the Soviet Union appears to be well ahead of the United States in improving the shipbuilding process. Most noteworthy among these is the stable long-and medium-range planning that is possible by virtue of the use and adherence to the "Table of Vessel Classes." It will be obvious to most who hear and read these comments what a vast and significant improvement in shipbuilding costs and schedules could be achieved with a relatively dependable 15year master ship procurement plan for the U.S. naval and merchant fleets. Another area where the Soviet Union appears to lead the United States is in the integration of ship component suppliers into the shipbuilding process. This has been recognized as a vital step by the National Shipbuilding Research Program, but so far we have not made significant progress. A necessary prerequisite for this "supplier integration" is extensive standardization of ship components, yet another area in which the Soviets have achieved significantly greater progress than we have. Additional areas of Soviet advantage are the presence of a multilevel research and development infrastructure well supported by highly educated scientists, engineering and technical personnel; and better integration of formally educated engineering and technical personnel into the ship production process. In his conclusion, the author lists a number of problems facing the Soviet economy that adversely affect shipbuilding productivity. Perhaps behind this listing we can delve out some potential U.S. shipbuilding advantages. First, production systems in U.S. shipyards (with the possible exception of naval shipyards) are probably more flexible and adjustable to meet new circumstances as a consequence of not being constrained by a burdensome centralized bureaucracy, as is the case with Soviet shipyards. Next, such initiatives as the Ship Production Committee's "Human Resources Innovation" projects stand a better chance of achieving product-oriented "production team" relationship among labor, management, and technical personnel than the more rigid Soviet system, especially in view of the ability of U.S. shipyard management to offer meaningful financial incentives without the kind of bureaucratic constraints imposed in the Soviet system. Finally, the current U.S. Navy/shipbuilding industry cooperative effort to develop a common engineering database should lead to a highly integrated and disciplined ship design, construction, operation, and maintenance system for naval ships (and subsequently for commercial ships) that will ultimately restore the U.S. shipbuilding process to a leadership position in the world marketplace (additional references [16] and [17]).On that tentatively positive note, it seems fitting to close this discussion with a question: Is the author aware of any similar Soviet effort to develop an integrated computer-aided design, production and logistics support system? The author is to be congratulated on an excellent, comprehensive insight into the Soviet shipbuilding process and productivity improvement efforts that should give us all adequate cause not to be complacent in our own efforts. Peter M. Palermo, Naval Sea Systems Command The author presents an interesting paper that unfortunately leaves this reader with a number of unanswered questions. The paper is a paradox. It depicts a system consisting of a highly educated work force, advanced fabrication processes including the use of standardized hull modules, sophisticated materials and welding processes, and yet in the author's words they suffer from "low productivity, poor product quality, . . . and the rigid production systems which resists the introduction of new ideas." Is it possible that incentive, motivation, and morale play an equally significant role in achieving quality and producibility advances? Can the author discuss underlying reasons for quality problems in particular—or can we assume that the learning curves of Figs. 5 and Fig. 6 are representative of quality improvement curves? It has been my general impression that quality will improve with application of high-tech fabrication procedures, enclosed fabrication ways, availability of highly educated welding engineers on the building ways, and that productivity would improve with the implementation of modular or zone outfitting techniques coupled with the quality improvements. Can the author give his impressions of the impact of these innovations in the U.S. shipbuilding industry vis-a-vis the Soviet industry? Many of the welding processes cited in the paper are also familiar to the free world, with certain notable exceptions concerning application in Navy shipbuilding. For example, (1) electroslag welding is generally confined to single-pass welding of heavy plates; application to thinner plates—l1/4 in. and less when certified—would permit its use in more applications than heretofore. (2) Electron beam welding is generally restricted to high-technology machinery parts; vacuum chamber size restricts its use for larger components (thus it must be assumed that the Soviets have solved the vacuum chamber problem or have much larger chambers). (3) Likewise, laser welding has had limited use in U.S. shipbuilding. An interesting theme that runs throughout the paper, but is not explicitly addressed, is the quality of Soviet ship fitting. The use of high-tech welding processes and the mention of "remote controlled tooling for welding and X-ray testing the butt, and for following painting" imply significant ship fitting capabilities for fitting and positioning. This is particularly true if modules are built in one facility, outfitted and assembled elsewhere depending on the type of ship required. Any comments concerning Soviet ship fitting capabilities would be appreciated. The discussion on modular construction seems to indicate that the Soviets have a "standard hull module" that is used for different types of vessels, and if the use of these hull modules permit increasing hull length without changes to the fore and aft ends, it can be assumed that they are based on a standard structural design. That being the case, the midship structure will be overdesigned for many applications and optimally designed for very few. Recognizing that the initial additional cost for such a piece of hull structure is relatively minimal, it cannot be forgotten that the lifecycle costs for transporting unnecessary hull weight around can have significant fuel cost impacts. If I perceived the modular construction approach correctly, then I am truly intrigued concerning the methods for handling the distributive systems. In particular, during conversion when the ship is lengthened, how are the electrical, fluid, communications, and other distributive systems broken down, reassembled and tested? "Quick connect couplings" for these type systems at the module breaks is one particular area where economies can be achieved when zone construction methods become the order of the day in U.S. Navy ships. The author's comments in this regard would be most welcome. The design process as presented is somewhat different than U.S. Navy practice. In U.S. practice, Preliminary and Contract design are developed by the Navy. Detail design, the development of the working drawings, is conducted by the lead shipbuilder. While the detail design drawings can be used by follow shipbuilders, flexibility is permitted to facilitate unique shipbuilding or outfitting procedures. Even the contract drawings supplied by the Navy can be modified— upon Navy approval—to permit application of unique shipbuilder capabilities. The large number of college-trained personnel entering the Soviet shipbuilding and allied fields annually is mind-boggling. According to the author's estimation, a minimum of about 6500 college graduates—5000 of which have M.S. degrees—enter these fields each year. It would be most interesting to see a breakdown of these figures—in particular, how many naval architects and welding engineers are included in these figures? These are disciplines with relatively few personnel entering the Navy design and shipbuilding field today. For example, in 1985 in all U.S. colleges and universities, there were only 928 graduates (B.S., M.S. and Ph.D.) in marine, naval architecture and ocean engineering and only 1872 graduates in materials and metallurgy. The number of these graduates that entered the U.S. shipbuilding field is unknown. Again, the author is to be congratulated for providing a very thought-provoking paper. Frank J. Long, Win/Win Strategies This paper serves not only as a chronicle of some of the productivity improvement efforts in Soviet shipbuilding but also as an important reminder of the fruits of those efforts. While most Americans have an appreciation of the strengths of the Russian Navy, this paper serves to bring into clearer focus the Russians' entire maritime might in its naval, commercial, and fishing fleets. Indeed, no other nation on earth has a greater maritime capability. It is generally acknowledged that the Soviet Navy is the largest in the world. When considering the fact that the commercial and fishing fleets are, in many military respects, arms of the naval fleet, we can more fully appreciate how awesome Soviet maritime power truly is. The expansion of its maritime capabilities is simply another but highly significant aspect of Soviet worldwide ambitions. The development and updating of "Setka Typov Su dov" (Table of Vessel Classes), which the author describes is a classic example of the Soviet planning process. As the author states, "A mighty fishing and commercial fleet was built in accordance with a 'Setka' which was originally developed in the 1960's. And an even more impressive example is the rapid expansion of the Soviet Navy." In my opinion it is not mere coincidence that the Russians embarked on this course in the 1960's. That was the beginning of the coldest of cold war periods—Francis Gary Power's U-2 plane was downed by the Russians on May 1, 1960; the mid-May 1960 Four Power Geneva Summit was a bust; the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961 and, in 1962, we had the Cuban Missile Crisis. The United States maritime embargo capability in that crisis undoubtedly influenced the Soviet's planning process. It is a natural and normal function of a state-controlled economy with its state-controlled industries to act to bring about the controlled productivity improvement developments in exactly the key areas discussed in the author's paper. As the author states, "All innovations at Soviet shipyards have originated at two main sources:domestic development andadaptation of new ideas introduced by leading foreign yards, or most likely a combination of both. Soviet shipbuilders are very fast learners; moreover, their own experience is quite substantial." The Ship Production Committee of SNAME has organized its panels to conduct research in many of these same areas for productivity improvement purposes. For example, addressing the areas of technology and equipment are Panels SP-1 and 3, Shipbuilding Facilities and Environmental Effects, and Panel SP-7, Shipbuilding Welding. Shipbuilding methods are the province of SP-2; outfitting and production aids and engineering and scientific support are the province of SP-4, Design Production Integration. As I read through the descriptions of the processes that led to the productivity improvements, I was hoping to learn more about the organizational structure of Soviet shipyards, the managerial hierarchy and how work is organized by function or by craft in the shipyard. (I would assume that for all intents and purposes, all Russian yards are organized in the same way.) American shipyard management is wedded to the notion that American shipbuilding suffers immeasurably from a productivity standpoint because of limitations on management's ability to assign workers across craft lines. It is unlikely that this limitation exists in Soviet shipyards. If it does not, how is the unfettered right of assignment optimized? What are the tangible, measurable results? I believe it would have been helpful, also, for the author to have dedicated some of the paper to one of the most important factors in improvement in the labor-intensive shipbuilding industry—the shipyard worker. There are several references to worker problems—absenteeism, labor shortage, poor workmanship, and labor discipline. The reader is left with the impression that the Russians believe that either those are unsolvable problems or have a priority ranking significantly inferior to the organizational, technical, and design efforts discussed. As a case in point, the author devotes a complete section to engineering education and professional training but makes no mention of education or training programs for blue-collar workers. It would seem that a paper on productivity improvement efforts in Soviet shipbuilding would address this most important element. My guess is that the Russians have considerable such efforts underway and it would be beneficial for us to learn of them.

Hospital records for 10 687 United States Army and Navy adult varicella (chickenpox) admissions were reviewed. Annual hospital admission rates for varicells increased more than fourfold in the active-duty army during 1980 to 1988 and more than 18-fold among active-duty navy enlisted personnel during 1975 to 1988. Fifty-seven percent of vanicella admissions occurred in the most junior military members, aged 17 to 20. More than half of the total vanicella admissions occurred in personnel with less than a year of military service. Multivariate analysis of the navy data confirmed increasing time-related trends of risk, suggesting a national temporal trend of increased vanicella susceptibility in US teenagers and young adults. Administering a safe and effective vanicella vaccine to army and navy recruits could prevent more than 7260 hospital-bed days during the first year of use.

ABSTRACT: Cases of completed suicide among U.S. Navy enlisted personnel occurring from 1974 through 1985 were identified and compared with similar rates in the U.S. general population and in the U.S. Army. Although the Navy suicide rate was the lowest of the three groups, this rate increased between 1976 and 1983. This was in contrast to national and Army trends during the same period. Young white males in the apprentice/recruit and blue‐collar occupations had the highest rates of completed suicide in the Navy. Recommendations for prevention and treatment are discussed.

Published reports of the military use of nasopharyngeal irradiation during World War II include treatment of U.S. aviators in England, the aerotitis control program of the Army Air Forces, treatment of Navy submarine trainees at New London, Connecticut, and other miscellaneous reports. In England, Army aviators developed hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Radon applicators were used to treat 220 Army aviators from 1942 to 1944. The radium applicator provided a much more stable applicator and allowed much shorter exposure times, making it suitable for field use. From 1944 to 1945 the Army Air Forces had an aerotitis control program that was developed on the recommendations of an expert panel convened by the air surgeon. Nasopharyngeal radium was used to treat 6881 aviators. Hyperplastic lymphoid tissue was also a problem in submarine escape training at New London. Reports indicate that 732 Navy submariners were treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Other documented military use included 60 Navy aviators by Northington and 277 aviators in the Pacific theater. The total number of U.S. military personnel treated in World War II is 8170. After the war, there were no indications that the Army or Air Force continued to use nasopharyngeal radium, but it was used by the Navy at New London for some time. Precise numbers treated are unknown, and it is unclear when use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was stopped.

The article deals with the interactions between the Literary Association of the Red Army and Navy (Leningrad Baltic Branch) and Gorkij’s publishing project «History of the Civil War»: the critics and the heads of the branch encouraged its other members to support the project, but moved no further to achieve a result. The situation seemed to have emerged from their predominant interest in exploring the theme of the modern army and navy.

The article presents new information about army medical officers of the Russian Imperial Army and Navy who were killed, taken prisoner or reported missing during battlefield engagements of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905.

At the beginning of 1916, the Caucasus was the only theatre of operations of the Great War from which good news for the Entente were coming. The Russian Caucasus Army successfully advanced on Erzurum and captured this Turkish fortress in early February. In February 1916, the forces of the Russian Caucasus Army’s right flank group started an offensive along the southern coast of the Black Sea. It soon became clear that the main factor of its success will be naval support. Mountainous territory and the absence of roads made the Army entirely dependent on the Russian Navy. It provided the land forces with artillery support, logistics, communication and reconnaissance. Even tactical maneuvers were not possible without the Navy: the only way to envelop a Turkish defensive line was to land troops in its’ rear. The Russian Black Sea Fleet managed to establish an effective system of communication and coordination with the advancing army units, helping them reach their goals. This is one of not well-known examples of the dominant role of naval support in the success of the army offensive. In this article, the author examines the scope and forms of interaction between the Army and the Navy in order to demonstrate how the warfare conditions could force to overcome traditional mistrust and misunderstanding of the two Services.

The article contains brief information about the origin and development of therapeutic care in the Russian Army and Navy. The transition from the “army clinic” of prof. M.Ya. Mudrov to the medical discipline “Military fi eld therapy” (“Naval therapy”) is described.

The objective of this panel is to provide attendees with the opportunity to learn about what they always wanted to know about the wide world of human factors consulting, but were afraid to ask (or didn’t know to ask). This session should be of interest to meeting attendees at any stage of their career, including students and those who might be considering a career change or branching out. These panelists, together, have experience over a wide range of consulting domains, as well as being individuals who are at different stages in their consulting careers. As such, the panel session will provide attendees with multiple perspectives on select topics and on responses to attendees’ questions. Sheree Gibson, PE, CPE is President of Ergonomic Applications, a small industrial ergonomics consulting firm in South Carolina. She has been a consultant for most of her professional life, working for a forensic consulting firm as well as an in-house ergonomics consultant for Michelin Tire before setting out on her own. She has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering and a M.S.E. in Applied Ergonomics, both from West Virginia University. She is active in the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the American Society of Safety Engineers and HFES. Sheree is also Vice-President of the Foundation for Professional Ergonomics. Richard Kelly, PhD earned his doctorate in Engineering Psychology from New Mexico State University and went on to work as an engineering psychologist for the Army at White Sands and then for the Navy at SPAWAR in San Diego. After about 10 years supporting large and small RDT&E programs and leading teams of scientists and engineers, he left the government to start Pacific Science & Engineering (PSE). Over the past 34 years, PSE has grown steadily from 2 to 50 employees and has been a prime contractor, subcontractor, and consultant on hundreds of projects in many different domains, including military, intelligence, industrial process, commercial, medical, education, autonomous vehicles, and more. PSE remains an independent, employee-owned company entirely focused on human performance in complex systems. The technical staff have received numerous recognitions from clients and professional groups for their outstanding work that makes a real difference for our users. Dee Miller, PhD works at Dell, Inc. in the Business Transformation Office as the Senior Principal UX & Service Design Engineer building relationships and appropriately influencing relevant internal teams and direct business contacts in the adoption of a human-centered approach to designing internal systems and processes and delivering services related to Order Experience Life Cycle. She recently started an independent consultancy called Dawn Specialty Consulting. One of the first projects of the new consultancy is consulting with a local non-profit and a police department on applying design thinking to community policing initiatives. Dee has prior experience consulting with state and federal government agencies on matters pertaining to transportation and healthcare. Tom Albin, PE, CPE, PhD is a licensed professional engineer and a certified professional ergonomist. He holds a PhD from the Technical University of Delft in the Netherlands. Currently the principal of High Plains Ergonomics Service, Tom has been engaged in ergonomics consulting since 2001. He has extensive experience as a researcher, a corporate ergonomist and as a product developer. He is active in the US and International Standards community, chairing the ANSI/HFES 100 computer workstation standard and serving as an accredited US expert on several ISO committees. He was Executive Director of the Office Ergonomics Research Committee from 2007 until retiring in 2018. Tom’s consulting work has been principally concerned with physical ergonomics issues in office and industrial settings. Current projects deal with evaluation of injury risk during push and pull tasks and with applied anthropometry. Topics Panelists will each be given time to introduce themselves at the beginning of the session. Each will speak for 7-10 minutes about their career path, ‘what I like best about consulting’, and ‘3-5 things I wish I had known before I started consulting’. The panel will also address the following topics: ethics, running a business (business plans, financing, insurance, legalities, managing employees, marketing, building relationships with clients, and writing contracts), and work/life balance. These topics will be introduced, in the form of questions from the moderator if/when questions from the audience are exhausted.

The Norwegian army and navy built their separate air arms around a few flimsy aircraft acquired from 1912. During the interwar period, the Army Air Force desired independence while its smaller naval counterpart fought tenaciously to remain part of the navy. The battle was carried out in the national military journals. Army aviation officers seduced by the air power theories of Giulio Douhet advocated independent operations; they maintained that challenges of air war and the skills required were independent of the surface over which it was fought. They also expected economic benefits from a unified service that could acquire fewer types of aircraft and unify technical services and education. Naval aviation officers maintained that naval air operations required knowledge of naval warfare, seamanship, tight naval integration, and specialized aircraft. What’s more, they resented the very idea that air power could win wars independently.

The present paper represents main periods of military and medical training in the Crimean Medical University named after S. I. Georgievsky from 1945 to 2010. The first period (1945–1970). Training of army medical officers for Army Forces was carried out at the Military Arts Division. In 1960, due to reduction in Army Forces by 1200000 servants the division was dissolved. From 1960 to 1968, training in Crimean Medical Institute was not conducted. In 1968, the Military Arts Division was restored and to 1970, the training of army medical officers for Army Forces was continued. The second period (1970–1991). In 1970, the Naval Division was found and training of surgeons for the Navy was started. The third period (1991–2010). The Naval Division was renamed in the Military Arts Division where training of army medical officers for Army Forces was started. The division was further changed its name twice to the Division of Extreme and Military Medicine and the Division of Disaster Medicine. In 2010, the government of Ukraine made a decision regarding cutbacks of the Division of Disaster and Military Medicine in the Crimean Medical University. In the same year, the last graduation of army medical officers was held. Throughout the military training period, of the more than 7000 graduates of the Crimean Medical Institute (University) were certified as reserve officers of Medical Service for the Navy and of the more than 8000 graduates — as reserve officers of Medical Service for the Armed Forces.

The Naval Aeronautical University basketball team represented the Navy to participate in the 2023 military academies "Strong Army Cup" basketball tournament, and won the runner-up, creating the best result of the Navy. This paper studies the special physical training and competition performance of basketball training for three months, analyzes the winning factors and shortcomings, and puts forward suggestions for improvement.

The sabre was introduced to Spain and other Hispanic countries from abroad, leading to the establishment of a Spanish sabre school based on the principles of Destreza. Several types of fencing books can be found. There were books on sabre instruction for the army and navy with simple techniques but also more developed works designed both for officers’ fencing and duelling and or for civilian duelling, and later for sportive entertainment.There are a considerable number of extant treatises, mainly available in continental Spain but also in the Americas. Many of the authors were army or navy officers who were also teaching in military institutions. The evolution of sabre fencing is followed until the beginning of the twentieth century.

Several years have already passed after the seventieth anniversary of German fascism ruining by Red Army and the Navy fleet of theUSSR, which withstood most of the burden imposed by World War II on nations involved in it. There is now no Nazi Germany; however, the tragedy that the human race suffered because of fascism will long be in spotlight for history and military science. Military medicine, in particular Navy, will too learn much from what was happening then. One of the aspects of the history of Navy medicine relates to the prominent constellation of navy doctors who were fulfilling their duties at Lenin Order Navy Hospital No. 35. Their deserves, which were honored with numerous national and governmental rewards, are addressed in the present paper.

I came to the theatre through the army. But it took me more than four decades to understand the connection. As a teenager my performative rebellion against the strict naval culture of my family was to bolt to what seemed to me the furthest remove from the navy. To my father’s disappointment, I joined the army cadets.

In the eighteenth and early nineteenth century assistant-ndash;surgeons in the Navy possessed an inferior status compared with their equivalents in the Army, despite protestations from the Physician of the Navy, Sir William Burnett FRS; lack of promotion was a major complaint. By abolishing the title of physician in the Navy, Sir Richard Dobson, FRS, surgeon to Greenwich Hospital, did much to rectify this injustice. Instead of only two promotions in 26 years, 26 medical officers were, as a result of his exertions, advanced to the rank above that of Surgeon in two years.

The article presents information about the participation of doctors of the Russian imperial army and navy during the events of the Yihetuan Movement in China in 1900–1901. A brief summary of the course of the battles in Pechelii Bay and Manchuria is presented. Biographical information about the doctors of the army land units and the ships of the Pacific squadron is given.

Este artículo pretende averiguar si las fuerzas armadas españolas se modernizaron entre 1891 y 1935. Para ello, se analiza el gasto de los ministerios militares (Guerra y Marina) desagregado entre gasto en material y gasto en personal. Se considera que un aumento del peso relativo del gasto en material es indicio de modernización. Según esto, las fuerzas armadas se modernizaron a lo largo del período estudiado, aunque la Armada lo hizo con mayor intensidad que el Ejército. Dicho avance coincidió con la reducción de la plantilla de oficiales y estuvo propiciado por los planes de reconstrucción de la Armada y la inversión en nuevo armamento para el Ejército, en buena medida impulsada por la guerra de Marruecos. This paper tries to find out whether the Spanish armed forces modernized between 1891 and 1935. To that end, the expenditure of the military Ministries (Army and Navy), disaggregated into material and personnel expenditure, is analyzed. We consider that an increase in the relative weight of material expenditures is a sign of modernization. According with this, during the period of the study the Spanish armed forced experienced an advance in modernization, more intense in the Army than in the Navy. This advance was propitiated by the reconstruction plans of the Navy and the investment in new armament by the Army, considerably spurred by the war in Morocco.

Abstract This article discusses the electoral position of the British Army and Royal Navy during the period between the Third Reform Act and the outbreak of war in 1914, offering a ‘bottom up’ perspective on the history of civil–military relations. Drawing heavily from contemporary newspapers and electoral registers, it shows that in a number of constituencies soldiers and sailors held significant voting influence. Because soldiers were assumed to be natural Conservatives, the struggle between Tory and Liberal election agents over their registration sheds light on the nature of local party politics during this time, as well as the practical operation of what was a complex and unsympathetic electoral system. More broadly, it offers a case-study in ‘positive Unionism’, which challenges the view of the Conservative Party as an unbending opponent of franchise reform and, similarly, sheds light on the less democratic side of the Liberal Party. In terms of the armed forces themselves, the article argues that while the Army harboured a strong Unionist identity, the Navy was much less partisan in its voting habits; Irish soldiers proved themselves Liberal in sympathies. Overall, the article provides a fresh perspective on the position of the Army and Navy in British society during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and, in its conclusion, adds context to the 1918 Representation of the People Act.

This study aims to suggest an improvement plan for the army branch system considering the development trend of weapon systems through a case analysis of the vision and major weapon systems for each army branch system in R.O.K army. In the future, with the development of science and technology, hyper-connected networks based on artificial satellites would be built, and mosaic warfare, which integrates multiple domains simultaneously, and weapon systems capable of performing all-weather multifunctional battles across land, sea, and air would emerge. As a result, the common areas of the Army, Navy, and Air Force would be expanded, and the division of each army or branch itself would become ambiguous. Hence, it will be inevitable to move away from the branch operation concepts that have been operational until now to seek the concept of jointness or integration. To study this phenomenon, based on the Korean Army Vision 2050 published by the Army, the transition process of the current Army branch system and the cases of vision and major weapon systems for each branch were analyzed. The results of the analysis confirmed that although new advanced complex weapon systems are being developed for each branch, relatively little change has been made to the system. In particular, with the advent of hybrid drones and intelligent autonomous combat robots that can simultaneously perform ‘Surveillance, Reconnaissance - Decision – Strike’, it is expected that the area of expansion and mutual redundancy of combat functions will be further deepened. Therefore, in connection with the development of the weapon system, we will seek a solution to improve the Army branch system in the future and clarify the implications for the Navy and Air Force in the future.

The article represents brief information about the origin and development of therapeutic care in the Russian Army and Navy. The gradual transformation from the «Army Clinic» of Prof. M.Ya. Mudrov to the medical discipline «Military fi eld therapy» («Naval therapy») is described. The data on the development of military fi eld therapy during the military confl icts of the late 1930s, the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period are presented.

The article is devoted to the consideration of issues of organizational design of the medical service of the Russian army in the XVII - early XVIII centuries. The prerequisites and main directions of the evolution of the legal regulation of the organization of the medical service of the Russian army, as well as the duties of the medical (nursing) staff are indicated. A high-quality transition to the creation of the army medical service as a special organization with clearly defined work principles, staffing structure, a system of staffing the army with medical personnel was noted, which was reflected in Peter I’s «Military Regulations». The issues of creating a system for training domestic medical personnel and financing their work, the recruitment of the Russian army and navy with medical personnel, military medicine management.

Institutions of education (lemdik) the naval education and training command (kodiklatal) has the duty to organize doctrine and organization guidance in the ranks of the Indonesian National Army Navy (TNI AL) as well as the training and training of the navy in support of the Navy's role in forming officers navy. For that reason, the leadership style transformation commander navy training education can be used as a reference in motivating and encouraging his subordinates to work professionally in accordance with the duties and responsibilities. In the context of the process of education and training of navy officers, it has been from the basic stage of military to the formation of officers that have been instilled in the attitude of loyalty, dedication and respect to senior officers or officers. Transformation of the leadership style of the commander the naval training commander should always be guided by the new spirit by the chief of staff of the navy to develop and develop new aspirations and passion for creative, innovative thinking and character as a naval officer the world class.

AbstractObjectiveTo measure the probable prevalence of psychological morbidity in military healthcare professionals using the General Health Questionnaire 28.Results21 (35%) of military healthcare workers showed psychological ill health. Royal Air Force health staff had a significantly higher prevalence of ill health than both the Army [12 (63%) vs 6 (23%)] and the Royal Navy [12 (63%) vs 1 (8%)]. RAF non-commissioned staff were found to have a highly significant prevalence of ill health compared to the Army non-commissioned staff [7(70%) vs 1 (7%)], and Royal Navy non-commissioned staff [7 (70%) vs 0 (0%)].ConclusionThe study shows significant differences in psychological ill health between Services at the RCDM. Comparison with civilian data showed that the overall prevalence of psychological morbidity was no higher than in NHS staff. The elevated level of ill health in the Royal Air Force staff warrants further investigation and possible intervention.