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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Arid rivers"
1
Juanico, Marcelo, i Eran Friedler. "Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel". Water Science and Technology 40, nr 4-5 (1.08.1999): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0573.
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Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.
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Atazadeh, Ehsan, Andrew Barton, Mozhgan Shirinpour, Mahdi Zarghami i Abbas Rajabifard. "River management and environmental water allocation in regulated ecosystems of arid and semi-arid regions – A review". Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv für Hydrobiologie 193, nr 4 (23.06.2020): 327–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/fal/2020/1286.
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Rivers make a significant contribution in providing goods and services for human well-being. Today, many rivers and streams have been heavily regulated to ensure adequate provision of water resources for anthropogenic uses. Riverine ecosystems, especially those in arid and semi-arid regions, are experiencing severe stress due to the increasing demands on the ecosystem services they provide, coupled with anthropogenic catchment-scale impacts and factors associated with natural and human-induced climate variability and change. In this paper, the various flow components in regulated riverine ecosystems and the methods to determine environmental flows are reviewed. The review also focuses on the concurrent developments of eco-hydrological models and on the new opportunities for improving environmental flows of rivers by sustainably adjusting consumptive flows to fine-tune environmental flows and maximize the ecological benefit. In fact, the present paper highlights the role of consumptive flows, towards improving environmental flows, which has largely been neglected by river scientists and water managers. Indeed, consumptive flows can provide an opportunity to improve and support environmental flows in regulated riverine ecosystems. Addressing these challenges may aid water management efforts in finding sustainable solutions in riverine ecosystems by balancing environmental/ecological and human water requirements.
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Woodhouse, Connie A., i Bradley Udall. "Upper Gila, Salt, and Verde Rivers: Arid Land Rivers in a Changing Climate". Earth Interactions 26, nr 1 (styczeń 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-21-0014.1.
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Abstract The major tributary of the lower Colorado River, the Gila River, is a critical source of water for human and natural environments in the southwestern United States. Warmer and drier than the upper Colorado River basin, with less snow and a bimodal precipitation regime, the Gila River is controlled by a set of climatic conditions that is different from the controls on upper Colorado River flow. Unlike the Colorado River at Lees Ferry in Arizona, the upper Gila River and major Gila River tributaries, the Salt and Verde Rivers, do not yet reflect significant declines in annual streamflow, despite warming trends. Annual streamflow is dominated by cool-season precipitation, but the monsoon influence is discernable as well, variable across the basin and complicated by an inverse relationship with cool-season precipitation in the Salt and Verde River basins. Major multiyear streamflow droughts in these two basins have frequently been accompanied by wet monsoons, suggesting that monsoon precipitation may partially offset the impacts of a dry cool season. While statistically significant trends in annual streamflow are not evident, decreases in autumn and spring streamflow reflect warming temperatures and some decreases in spring precipitation. Because climatic controls vary with topography and the influence of the monsoon, the impact of warming on streamflow in the three subbasins is somewhat variable. However, given relationships between climate and streamflow, current trends in hydroclimate, and projections for the future, it would be prudent to expect declines in Gila River water supplies in the coming decades. Significance Statement This research investigates the climatic controls on the Gila River and its major tributaries, the Verde and Salt Rivers, to gain insights on how trends in climate may impact future water supply. The Gila River is the major tributary of the lower Colorado River, but, unlike the situation for the upper Colorado River, no significant decreasing trends in annual streamflow are evident despite warming temperatures. Climate–streamflow relationships are more complex in this part of the Colorado River basin, and several factors may be buffering streamflow to the impact of warming. However, given the key climatic controls on streamflow, current and emerging trends in climate, and projections for the future, declines in streamflow should be expected in the future.
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Khaleghi, Somaiyeh, i Nicola Surian. "Channel Adjustments in Iranian Rivers: A Review". Water 11, nr 4 (31.03.2019): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040672.
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Channel adjustments in Iranian rivers have been intense over the last decades due to natural and human factors. Iran has six major basins, all with different climates, from very humid to very arid. This work is a review of the available studies and data about channel adjustments in Iranian rivers, and aims to reconstruct a first outline, at a national scale, of types, magnitude, and causes of adjustments. The results show that most of the rivers have undergone incision (1 to 2 m and, in some cases, up to 6 to 7 m) and narrowing (from 19% to 73%), although widening (from 22% to 349%) has occurred in some rivers. Narrowing is due to dams and sediment mining; widening is due to climate change and sediment mining. Incision is due to gravel and sand mining, dams, channelization, with in-channel mining being the main cause of incision. Channel adjustments have occurred in basins with different climates, but it seems that widening has been more intense in arid and semi-arid climates. Such adjustments have several negative effects (e.g., damage to bridges, degradation of river ecosystems, and instability of banks). The comparison between Iran and other countries shows that narrowing and incision have been the dominant processes in most of the rivers, while damming and in-channel mining have been used as the main controlling factors. Data about adjustments in Iranian rivers are neither homogeneous nor complete for all the rivers. This lack of completeness implies that our understanding of channel changes, and their causes, should be improved by further investigation.
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Chan, Chun-Ngai, Hongyan Shi, Boyi Liu i Lishan Ran. "CO2 and CH4 Emissions from an Arid Fluvial Network on the Chinese Loess Plateau". Water 13, nr 12 (8.06.2021): 1614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13121614.
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The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from inland waters are an important component of the global carbon (C) cycle. However, the current understanding of GHGs emissions from arid river systems remains largely unknown. To shed light on GHGs emissions from inland waters in arid regions, high-resolution carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emission measurements were carried out in the arid Kuye River Basin (KRB) on the Chinese Loess Plateau to examine their spatio-temporal variability. Our results show that all streams and rivers were net C sources, but some of the reservoirs in the KRB became carbon sinks at certain times. The CO2 flux (FCO2) recorded in the rivers (91.0 mmol m−2 d−1) was higher than that of the reservoirs (10.0 mmol m−2 d−1), while CH4 flux (FCH4) in rivers (0.35 mmol m−2 d−1) was lower than that of the reservoirs (0.78 mmol m−2 d−1). The best model developed from a number of environmental parameters was able to explain almost 40% of the variability in partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) for rivers and reservoirs, respectively. For CH4 emissions, at least 70% of the flux occurred in the form of ebullition. The emissions of CH4 in summer were more than threefold higher than in spring and autumn, with water temperature being the key environmental variable affecting emission rates. Since the construction of reservoirs can alter the morphology of existing fluvial systems and consequently the characteristics of CO2 and CH4 emissions, we conclude that future sampling efforts conducted at the basin scale need to cover both rivers and reservoirs concurrently.
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Makhmudova, U., A. Djuraev i T. Khushvaktov. "Environmental flows in integrated sustainable water resource management in Tuyamuyin water reservoir, Uzbekistan". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, nr 3 (1.12.2021): 032024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032024.
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Abstract Climate change is causing extreme recession of the mountain glaciers in Central Asia. Also increased evapotranspiration from higher temperatures in arid and semi-arid zones in Uzbekistan. Additionally, climate change has an effect increased exceptional water deficits. In such scenarios Environmental despite for a more sustainable water supply system, available reservoir capacity. Central Asia unlock watershed region, its main rivers are the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and its key problems of the region the efficient use of water from these rivers. Supplying water to the Khorezm oasis and Karakalpakstan, Tuyamuyin reservoir is the main water resource. With an increasing population of the region and Aral Sea ecological problems, mounting demand exists for a more sustainable water supply system. Water reservoirs of Central Asian river contribute to the improvement of water resources management in the lower part of the region and thus, play a strategic role in regional water supplication. 70% of Central Asia is arid and semi-arid regions and therefore, water supply for irrigation and population purposes is the main water sector of all Central Asian countries.
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Whiting, J. P., M. F. Lambert, A. V. Metcalfe, P. T. Adamson, S. W. Franks i G. Kuczera. "Relationships between the El-Niño Southern Oscillation and spate flows in southern Africa and Australia". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, nr 6 (31.12.2004): 1118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-1118-2004.
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Abstract. The flow records of arid zone rivers are characterised by a high degree of seasonal variability, being dominated by long periods of very low or zero flow. Discrete flow events in these rivers are influenced by aseasonal factors such as global climate forcings. The atmospheric circulations of the El-Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been shown to influence climate regimes across many parts of the world. Strong teleconnections between changing ENSO regimes and discharges are likely to be observed in highly variable arid zones. In this paper, the influence of ENSO mechanisms on the flow records of two arid zone rivers in each of Australia and Southern Africa are identified. ENSO signals, together with multi-decadal variability in their impact as identified through seasonal values of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) index, are shown to influence both the rate of occurrence and the size of discrete flow episodes in these rivers. Keywords: arid zones, streamflow, spates, climate variability, ENSO, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation, IPO
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Cockayne, B. J., D. Sternberg, D. W. Schmarr, A. W. Duguid i R. Mathwin. "Lake Eyre golden perch (Macquaria sp.) spawning and recruitment is enhanced by flow events in the hydrologically variable rivers of Lake Eyre Basin, Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 66, nr 9 (2015): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14242.
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Understanding the links between fish recruitment and riverine flows is integral for setting priorities for river-management strategies, particularly in hydrologically variable and unpredictable arid and semi-arid zone rivers. In the present study, we used daily and annual otolith age estimates to identify relationships between riverine flow and spawning and recruitment of Lake Eyre golden perch (Macquaria sp.); an endemic fish of the Lake Eyre Basin, central Australia. We found a close association between Lake Eyre golden perch spawning and periods of increased river flow, with most of spawning occurring 0–35 days after the start of these flow events. Spawning occurred throughout the year but was commonly observed during the first flow events proceeding consecutive months of no-flow when water temperatures exceeded 26°C. Spawning was not dependent on floodplain inundation, with most spawning occurring during within-channel flow events. Annual average year-class strength was related to the number of flow events per year, but not total annual discharge, or the number of low-flow days per year. These results highlight the importance of natural within-channel flow patterns to Lake Eyre golden perch spawning and recruitment and demonstrate the importance of maintaining the natural flow regime of Australia’s arid- and semi-arid-zone rivers.
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Wang, Hailong, Yu Shen, Li Liang, Yubin Yuan, Yuan Yan i Guanghui Liu. "River Extraction from Remote Sensing Images in Cold and Arid Regions Based on Attention Mechanism". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (22.08.2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9410381.
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The extraction of rivers in cold and arid regions is of great significance for applications such as ecological environment monitoring, agricultural planning, and disaster warning. However, there are few related studies on river extraction in cold and arid regions, and it is still in its infancy. The accuracy of river extraction is low, and the details are blurred. The rapid development of deep learning has provided us with new ideas, but with lack of corresponding professional datasets, the accuracy of the current semantic segmentation network is not high. This study mainly presents the following. (1) According to the characteristics of cold and arid regions, a professional dataset was made to support the extraction of rivers from remote sensing images in these regions. (2) Combine transfer learning and deep learning, migrate the ResNet-101 network to the LinkNet network, and introduce the attention mechanism to obtain the AR-LinkNet network, which is used to improve the recognition accuracy of the network. (3) A channel attention module and a spatial attention module with residual structure are proposed to strengthen the effective features and improve the segmentation accuracy. (4) Combining dense atrous spatial pyramid pooling (DenseASPP) with AR-LinkNet network expands the network receptive field, which can extract more detailed information and increase the coherence of extracted rivers. (5) For the first time, the binary cross-entropy loss function combined with the Dice loss function is applied to river extraction as a new loss function, which accelerates the network convergence and improves the image quality. Validation on the dataset shows that, compared with typical semantic segmentation networks, the method performs better on evaluation metrics such as recall, intersection ratio, precision, and F 1 score, and the extracted rivers are clearer and more coherent.
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Wang, Yichu, Jinren Ni, Yao Yue, Jiaye Li, Alistair G. L. Borthwick, Ximing Cai, An Xue, Li Li i Guangqian Wang. "Solving the mystery of vanishing rivers in China". National Science Review 6, nr 6 (11.02.2019): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz022.
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Abstract A major controversy was sparked worldwide by a recent national water census claiming that the number of Chinese rivers with watersheds ≥100 km2 was less than half the previous estimate of 50 000 rivers, which also stimulates debates on the potential causes and consequences. Here, we estimated the number of rivers in terms of stream-segmentation characteristics described by Horton, Strahler and Shreve stream-order rules, as well as their mixed mode for named rivers recorded in the Encyclopedia of Rivers and Lakes in China. As a result, the number of ‘vanishing rivers’ has been found to be highly relevant to statistical specifications in addition to the erroneous inclusion of pseudo-rivers primarily generated in arid or frost-thaw areas. The modified Horton stream-order scheme reasonably depicts the configuration of complete natural streams from headwater to destination, while the Strahler largely projects the fragmentation of the named river networks associated with human aggregation to the hierarchical river systems.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Arid rivers"
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Carini, Giovannella, i n/a. "Effects of Contemporary and Historical Processes on Population Genetic Structure of Two Freshwater Species in Dryland River Systems (Western Queensland, Australia)". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050113.081250.
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Arid and semiarid river systems in Western Queensland, Australia, are characterized by the unpredictable and highly variable nature of their hydrological regimes as a result of the episodic nature of rain events in the region. These dryland rivers typically experience episodic floods and extremely low or no flow periods. During low or no flow periods, water persists only in relatively wide and deep sections of the river channels, which are called 'waterholes'. These isolated waterholes serve as refugia for aquatic species during protracted intervals between floods. In such discontinuous riverine habitat, dispersal of freshwater species may be achieved only during wet seasons, when water is flowing in rivers and the nearby floodplains. Obligate aquatic species occur in habitats that represent discrete sites surrounded by inhospitable terrestrial landscapes. Thus, movements are very much limited by the physical nature and arrangement of the riverine system. In addition, the distribution of a species may be also largely dependent on historical events. Landscape and river courses continually change over geological time, often leaving distinct phylogenetic 'signatures', useful in reconciling species' biology with population connectivity and earth history. The main aim of this study was to resolve the relative importance of contemporary and historical processes in structuring populations of two freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. To address this aim, a comparative approach was taken in analysing patterns of genetic variation of two freshwater invertebrates: a snail (Notopala sublineata) and a prawn (Macrobrachium australiense). Mitochondrial sequences were used for both the species. In addition, allozyme and microsatellites markers were employed for N. sublineata. These species have similar distributions in Western Queensland region, although N. sublineata appears to be extinct in some catchments. M. australiense is thought to have good dispersal abilities due to a planktonic larval phase in its life cycle and good swimming capabilities, whereas N. sublineata is thought to have limited dispersal abilities, because of its benthic behaviour and because this species is viviparous. It was hypothesised that these freshwater invertebrates, would display high levels of genetic structure in populations, because physical barriers represented by terrestrial inhospitable habitat, are likely to impede gene flow between populations inhabiting isolated river pools. Genetic data for the two species targeted in this study supported this hypothesis, indicating strong population subdivision at all spatial scales investigated (i.e. between and within catchments). This suggests that contemporary dispersal between isolated waterholes is relatively restricted, despite the potential good dispersal abilities of one of the species. It was hypothesised that levels of gene flow between populations of aquatic species were higher during the Quaternary (likely movements of individuals across catchment boundaries) and that they have been isolated relatively recently. There is evidence that historically gene flow was occurring between populations, suggesting that episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was likelier in the past. Episodic historical movements of aquatic fauna were facilitated by higher patterns of river connectivity as a result of the climate changes of the Pleistocene. Because the two species targeted in this study exhibit analogous spatial patterns of evolutionary subdivision it is likely that they have a shared biogeographic history. The unpredictable flow regime of rivers in Western Queensland is likely to have considerable effects on the genetic diversity of aquatic populations. First, if populations of obligate freshwater organisms inhabiting less persistent waterholes are more likely to experience periodic bottlenecks than those inhabiting more persistent ones, they would be expected to have lower levels of genetic diversity. Second, if populations inhabiting less persistent waterholes periodically undergo local extinction with subsequent recolonisation, there should be higher levels of genetic differentiation among them, due to the founder effects, than among those populations inhabiting more persistent waterholes. Contrary to the first prediction, the observed levels of genetic diversity in both N. sublineata and M. australiense were high in both more persistent and less persistent waterholes. There was no tendency for genetic diversity to be lower in less persistent than in more persistent waterholes. However, when Cooper waterholes were ranked in order of persistence, positive correlation between water persistence time in waterholes and genetic diversity was detected in N. sublineata but not in M. australiense. Contrary to the second prediction, highly significant genetic differentiation was found among populations from both less persistent and more persistent waterholes. This indicates that not only populations from less persistent but also those from more persistent waterholes were very dissimilar genetically. This study demonstrated the importance of both contemporary and historical processes in shaping the population structure of obligate freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. It has indicated that contemporary movements of freshwater species generally are extremely limited across the region, whereas episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was possible during the Pleistocene, due to different patterns of river connectivity.
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Carini, Giovannella. "Effects of Contemporary and Historical Processes on Population Genetic Structure of Two Freshwater Species in Dryland River Systems (Western Queensland, Australia)". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367070.
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Arid and semiarid river systems in Western Queensland, Australia, are characterized by the unpredictable and highly variable nature of their hydrological regimes as a result of the episodic nature of rain events in the region. These dryland rivers typically experience episodic floods and extremely low or no flow periods. During low or no flow periods, water persists only in relatively wide and deep sections of the river channels, which are called 'waterholes'. These isolated waterholes serve as refugia for aquatic species during protracted intervals between floods. In such discontinuous riverine habitat, dispersal of freshwater species may be achieved only during wet seasons, when water is flowing in rivers and the nearby floodplains. Obligate aquatic species occur in habitats that represent discrete sites surrounded by inhospitable terrestrial landscapes. Thus, movements are very much limited by the physical nature and arrangement of the riverine system. In addition, the distribution of a species may be also largely dependent on historical events. Landscape and river courses continually change over geological time, often leaving distinct phylogenetic 'signatures', useful in reconciling species' biology with population connectivity and earth history. The main aim of this study was to resolve the relative importance of contemporary and historical processes in structuring populations of two freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. To address this aim, a comparative approach was taken in analysing patterns of genetic variation of two freshwater invertebrates: a snail (Notopala sublineata) and a prawn (Macrobrachium australiense). Mitochondrial sequences were used for both the species. In addition, allozyme and microsatellites markers were employed for N. sublineata. These species have similar distributions in Western Queensland region, although N. sublineata appears to be extinct in some catchments. M. australiense is thought to have good dispersal abilities due to a planktonic larval phase in its life cycle and good swimming capabilities, whereas N. sublineata is thought to have limited dispersal abilities, because of its benthic behaviour and because this species is viviparous. It was hypothesised that these freshwater invertebrates, would display high levels of genetic structure in populations, because physical barriers represented by terrestrial inhospitable habitat, are likely to impede gene flow between populations inhabiting isolated river pools. Genetic data for the two species targeted in this study supported this hypothesis, indicating strong population subdivision at all spatial scales investigated (i.e. between and within catchments). This suggests that contemporary dispersal between isolated waterholes is relatively restricted, despite the potential good dispersal abilities of one of the species. It was hypothesised that levels of gene flow between populations of aquatic species were higher during the Quaternary (likely movements of individuals across catchment boundaries) and that they have been isolated relatively recently. There is evidence that historically gene flow was occurring between populations, suggesting that episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was likelier in the past. Episodic historical movements of aquatic fauna were facilitated by higher patterns of river connectivity as a result of the climate changes of the Pleistocene. Because the two species targeted in this study exhibit analogous spatial patterns of evolutionary subdivision it is likely that they have a shared biogeographic history. The unpredictable flow regime of rivers in Western Queensland is likely to have considerable effects on the genetic diversity of aquatic populations. First, if populations of obligate freshwater organisms inhabiting less persistent waterholes are more likely to experience periodic bottlenecks than those inhabiting more persistent ones, they would be expected to have lower levels of genetic diversity. Second, if populations inhabiting less persistent waterholes periodically undergo local extinction with subsequent recolonisation, there should be higher levels of genetic differentiation among them, due to the founder effects, than among those populations inhabiting more persistent waterholes. Contrary to the first prediction, the observed levels of genetic diversity in both N. sublineata and M. australiense were high in both more persistent and less persistent waterholes. There was no tendency for genetic diversity to be lower in less persistent than in more persistent waterholes. However, when Cooper waterholes were ranked in order of persistence, positive correlation between water persistence time in waterholes and genetic diversity was detected in N. sublineata but not in M. australiense. Contrary to the second prediction, highly significant genetic differentiation was found among populations from both less persistent and more persistent waterholes. This indicates that not only populations from less persistent but also those from more persistent waterholes were very dissimilar genetically. This study demonstrated the importance of both contemporary and historical processes in shaping the population structure of obligate freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. It has indicated that contemporary movements of freshwater species generally are extremely limited across the region, whereas episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was possible during the Pleistocene, due to different patterns of river connectivity.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
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Wittenberg, Lea. "Structural patterns and bed stability of humid temperate, Mediterranean and semi-arid gravel bed rivers". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391270.
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Sarma, Diganta. "Assessment of sustainable groundwater utilization with case studies from semi-arid Namibia". University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5649.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDThe thesis addresses sustainability of groundwater utilization in arid and semiarid regions of Namibia. Recharge in this hydrogeological setting occurs as discrete events to aquifers that are bounded in extent. Case studies involving fractured hardrock and alluvial aquifers with aquifer-ephemeral river interaction were considered. The nature of recharge to arid region bounded aquifers was explored. In arid region aquifers, roundwater storage is depleted during extended dry periods due to pumping and natural discharge. Steady state conditions are rarely achieved. With lowering of the water table, evapotranspiration is reduced thus decreasing aquifer discharge. However, depletion of ephemeral river flow is the primary source of water to boreholes. Physical constraints such as river bed and aquifer hydraulic properties set a limit to the degree of natural replenishment possible during flow events. An approach to assessing sustainable yield of a fractured rock aquifer associated with ephemeral river flow is discussed using a case study from rural semi-arid Namibia. Limited data required the simulation results to be verified against geological and hydrogeological constraints. The aquifer’s gain in storage is estimated through numerical simulation. It provides a basis for groundwater scheme management that rely on limited data in semi-arid conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. Aspects related to ephemeral river flow and groundwater recharge to strip alluvial aquifers was addressed in the second case study. The processes controlling infiltration, significance of surface water and groundwater losses, and possible artificial recharge options were investigated through numerical simulation. It was concluded that recharge processes in arid alluvial aquifers differ significantly from those in humid systems. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources require artificial augmentation of aquifer recharge due to constrains in natural infiltration rates. The study provides a reference for sustainable management of alluvial aquifer systems in similar regions. It is seen from the study that high rates of groundwater exploitation deplete surface water resources needed downstream while failure to capture surface flow during flood events cause loss of potential recharge. It is concluded that as water demand in Namibia increases, basin wide combined surface water and groundwater resource evaluation and management have become a necessity.
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Lindsey, Melanie. "Sampling Frequency for Semi-Arid Streams and Rivers: Implications for National Parks in the Sonoran Desert Network". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193445.
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In developing a water quality monitoring program, the sampling frequency chosen should be able to reliably detect changes in water quality trends. Three datasets are evaluated for Minimal Detectable Change in surface water quality to examine the loss of trend detectability as sampling frequency decreases for sites within the National Park Service's Sonoran Desert Network by re-sampling the records as quarterly and annual datasets and by superimposing step and linear trends over the natural data to estimate the time it takes the Seasonal Kendall Test to detect trends of a specific threshold. Wilcoxon Rank Sum analyses found that monthly and quarterly sampling consistently draw from the same distribution of trend detection times; however, annual sampling can take significantly longer. Therefore, even with a loss in power from reduced sampling, quarterly sampling of Park waters adequately detects trends (70%) compared to monthly whereas annual sampling is insufficient in trend detection (30%).
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Hussey, Stephen W. "The feasibility of sand-abstraction as a viable method of ground water abstraction". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14054.
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Many rural communities in arid areas of the world make extensive use of perennial water supplies retained within the sediment of a river channel. This naturally filtered water provides for their basic subsistence. A general term applied to the abstraction of water from river sediment is sand-abstraction. Ephemeral and seasonal rivers primarily drain the dryland regions of the world. These arid regions are typically subject to extensive environmental degradation with a consequent high degree of surface erosion. As a result, many of the rivers have become sand rivers, filled with copious amounts of sediment. Most arid areas are subject to occasional rainstorms and flash floods that immediately drain to waterways and saturate the sediment within the river channel. In larger rivers a perennial supply of water is maintained within the sediment. Despite a perceived potential for this water resource there has been little development of any small-scale technology that is suitable for use at a basic rural level. A research and study programme was instigated to assess fully, the potential of such a resource. Field research was undertaken to characterise typical sand rivers and to assess the water storage and water loss and retention factors within river sediment. A check list for identifying possible sand-abstraction sites was devised. In the process of this study the advantages of storing water in sand was fully appreciated and attention given to the development of initially less suitable sites in serious water deficit areas. Systems for efficient abstraction of water were reviewed and designs formulated for the fabrication of equipment to mechanically draw water from river sediment. A series of well-screens, well-points, infiltration galleries and caissons have been designed and initial tests have been conducted under field conditions. Simple technology handpumps that it was considered could be operated, maintained and repaired by rural communities using locally available materials have been developed in conjunction with the abstraction equipment. In consultation with rural people an analysis was made of the technical and sociological requirements that are considered essential for the sustainability of technology suitable for use by disadvantaged rural communities. Both practical and literature research has indicated the latent possibility of this technology. Interaction has been maintained with four communities throughout the research and development period and contributions and indications received are that there is a need to develop such a water source with an upgraded technology. The conclusion from the work undertaken is that development of the technology is worthwhile and that greater efforts should be made to promote it at a small-scale, rural level. In addition the potential to provide clean water in arid regions from such a lowtechnology application should be drawn to the attention of professional water engineers.
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Capon, Samantha Jane, i n/a. "Flow Variability and Vegetation Dynamics in a Large Arid Floodplain: Cooper Creek, Australia". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040513.110733.
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Throughout arid and semi-arid inland Australia, many extensive floodplains occur in association with rivers which are amongst the most hydrologically variable in the world. As rainfall in these areas is characteristically low and patchy, conditions in Australia's 'dryland' floodplains fluctuate unpredictably between extended periods of drought and huge floods that transform vast areas into wetlands, often for months at a time. Vegetation in these floodplains is commonly dominated by short grass and forb associations and patches of open succulent shrubland which are attributed with high ecological and socio-economic values due to their provision of habitat to a diverse array of terrestrial and aquatic fauna and their productive native pasture growth. In temperate and tropical floodplains, a substantial number of studies have shown that plant community composition and structure is determined primarily by flow and alterations to flow in these areas, through water extraction or river regulation, have resulted in many changes to the vegetation including loss of biodiversity and mass invasions of exotic species. Despite increasing pressure for water resource development in 'dryland' regions, relatively little is known regarding the effects of highly variable flows on the vegetation dynamics of arid floodplains, particularly in Australia. This thesis addresses this knowledge gap by examining the role of flow in the vegetation dynamics of a large arid floodplain in central Australia: the Cooper Creek floodplain. The effects of flow on plant community dynamics, from an organism level to that of the landscape, are examined across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Results are presented from a two year temporal vegetation survey during which time two flood pulse events of differing sizes occurred. A large-scale spatial survey was also conducted to determine the effects of flood history on spatial variation in plant community composition and structure. The composition of the soil seed bank and its contribution to vegetation dynamics were additionally investigated through a series of germination trials. Amongst common arid floodplain plants, life history traits that enable persistence under variable hydrological conditions were also considered via several experiments aimed at determining the effects of flow on the outcomes of various life history stages including germination, growth and dispersal. Throughout the study, results are presented for plant groups that were predefined on the basis of life form, life span and taxonomic divisions within these categories. Plant community composition and structure in the Cooper Creek floodplain exhibits significant shifts both temporally, in response to flood pulse wetting and drying, and spatially, in response to flood history. Flood pulse inundation has the potential to influence each life history stage across the range of plant groups present and the outcomes of these appear to be determined by hydrological attributes such as flood pulse timing, duration and rate of drawdown. Vegetation consequently exhibits gradual zonation on a gradient of flood frequency along which plant groups occur at predictable locations depending on their life history traits and recent hydrological conditions. A substantial proportion of species display ruderal life history traits including large, persistent soil seed banks and rapid life cycles which enable escape in time from the stresses associated with flooding and drought. These species, mostly comprising annual monocots and forbs, are widespread throughout the landscape and their presence in the extant vegetation is related primarily to the time since the last flood pulse event and the hydrological attributes of this. Perennial species, particularly shrubs, do not appear to rely similarly on the soil seed bank for recruitment and their distribution in the floodplain vegetation is likely to be determined more by their ability to tolerate either flooding or drought. Overall, this study demonstrates that flow, despite its variability, has an overriding influence on vegetation dynamics in the arid floodplain of the Cooper Creek. The spatial and temporal variability of flow maintains a heterogeneous mosaic of plant communities of differing composition and structure. Given this close relationship between flow and vegetation dynamics, anthropogenic alterations to flow are likely to result in changes to the vegetation including homogenisation of plant communities across the floodplain landscape and eventual loss of biodiversity.
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Capon, Samantha Jane. "Flow Variability and Vegetation Dynamics in a Large Arid Floodplain: Cooper Creek, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366451.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Throughout arid and semi-arid inland Australia, many extensive floodplains occur in association with rivers which are amongst the most hydrologically variable in the world. As rainfall in these areas is characteristically low and patchy, conditions in Australia's 'dryland' floodplains fluctuate unpredictably between extended periods of drought and huge floods that transform vast areas into wetlands, often for months at a time. Vegetation in these floodplains is commonly dominated by short grass and forb associations and patches of open succulent shrubland which are attributed with high ecological and socio-economic values due to their provision of habitat to a diverse array of terrestrial and aquatic fauna and their productive native pasture growth. In temperate and tropical floodplains, a substantial number of studies have shown that plant community composition and structure is determined primarily by flow and alterations to flow in these areas, through water extraction or river regulation, have resulted in many changes to the vegetation including loss of biodiversity and mass invasions of exotic species. Despite increasing pressure for water resource development in 'dryland' regions, relatively little is known regarding the effects of highly variable flows on the vegetation dynamics of arid floodplains, particularly in Australia. This thesis addresses this knowledge gap by examining the role of flow in the vegetation dynamics of a large arid floodplain in central Australia: the Cooper Creek floodplain. The effects of flow on plant community dynamics, from an organism level to that of the landscape, are examined across a range of spatial and temporal scales. Results are presented from a two year temporal vegetation survey during which time two flood pulse events of differing sizes occurred. A large-scale spatial survey was also conducted to determine the effects of flood history on spatial variation in plant community composition and structure. The composition of the soil seed bank and its contribution to vegetation dynamics were additionally investigated through a series of germination trials. Amongst common arid floodplain plants, life history traits that enable persistence under variable hydrological conditions were also considered via several experiments aimed at determining the effects of flow on the outcomes of various life history stages including germination, growth and dispersal. Throughout the study, results are presented for plant groups that were predefined on the basis of life form, life span and taxonomic divisions within these categories. Plant community composition and structure in the Cooper Creek floodplain exhibits significant shifts both temporally, in response to flood pulse wetting and drying, and spatially, in response to flood history. Flood pulse inundation has the potential to influence each life history stage across the range of plant groups present and the outcomes of these appear to be determined by hydrological attributes such as flood pulse timing, duration and rate of drawdown. Vegetation consequently exhibits gradual zonation on a gradient of flood frequency along which plant groups occur at predictable locations depending on their life history traits and recent hydrological conditions. A substantial proportion of species display ruderal life history traits including large, persistent soil seed banks and rapid life cycles which enable escape in time from the stresses associated with flooding and drought. These species, mostly comprising annual monocots and forbs, are widespread throughout the landscape and their presence in the extant vegetation is related primarily to the time since the last flood pulse event and the hydrological attributes of this. Perennial species, particularly shrubs, do not appear to rely similarly on the soil seed bank for recruitment and their distribution in the floodplain vegetation is likely to be determined more by their ability to tolerate either flooding or drought. Overall, this study demonstrates that flow, despite its variability, has an overriding influence on vegetation dynamics in the arid floodplain of the Cooper Creek. The spatial and temporal variability of flow maintains a heterogeneous mosaic of plant communities of differing composition and structure. Given this close relationship between flow and vegetation dynamics, anthropogenic alterations to flow are likely to result in changes to the vegetation including homogenisation of plant communities across the floodplain landscape and eventual loss of biodiversity.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
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McIntyre, Rebecca Elise Sinclair. "Soil biogeochemistry and flooding in intermittent streams of the semi-arid Pilbara region". University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0115.
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[Truncated abstract] Most of Australia, and large areas of many other continents, is drained by intermittent rivers and streams, however comparatively few biogeochemical studies have been completed for these systems. Intermittent, dryland streams are highly dynamic environments subject to unpredictable and sporadic flow. Natural disturbance from lengthy drought periods and sudden floods are typical for these systems. Without adequate baselines for natural disturbances, it is difficult to quantify other effects from anthropogenic disturbance such as dewatering, land clearing, and urbanisation, or climate change. This thesis presents work from a four-year study examining the biogeochemistry of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) in soils and sediments of two intermittent streams (Barnett Creek and Pirraburdoo Creek) in the Pilbara region of north-west Australia. The Pilbara is an area of ancient geology and highly weathered environments that is undergoing rapid development yet is poorly understood from an ecological perspective. The principal objectives of this thesis were to determine: i) how flooding affects the spatiotemporal patterns of nutrients in intermittent stream landscapes; ii) the role of flooding in N and C mineralisation and microbial dynamics; and iii) the connections between benthic algae, microbes and nutrient availability in channel sediments. To address these objectives, three field studies and two incubation experiments were conducted. Field studies at Barnett Creek indicated that flooding reduced the spatial heterogeneity of available soil nutrients and microbes in the stream landscape, and that topography (relative elevation) in the stream landscape was of less importance in influencing nutrient and microbial patterns than flooding or landscape position. ... Field studies at Pirraburdoo Creek indicated that microbial biomass and activity increased in benthic algal mats during mat senescent stages, and decreased after flooding when mat biomass peaked. Benthic algae grew rapidly in gravel run environments after flooding, while declining in pools, and demonstrated moderate N limitation and strong P limitation. Pools had two to eight times greater NO3-N, three to five times more total N, and two to three times more labile P, OC and total C than either pools after flooding, or runs before or after flooding. Hence, the pools at Pirraburdoo Creek represented a local, interflood store of nutrients in otherwise nutrient-poor landscape, when connectivity to upstream reaches or upland environments was weak or non-existent. This thesis provides the first detailed analysis of soil and sediment biogeochemical responses to flooding for intermittent streams in the Pilbara region and for semi-arid Australia. Further pressing questions raised by this work include: What is the key pulse size and frequency for maintaining Pilbara riparian communities as well as soil microbial function? How do the spatio-temporal nutrient and microbial patterns observed persist over (i) multi-decadal scales, (ii) mega-spatial (larger landscape to regional) scales, (iii) different flood frequency-magnitude regimes, and (iv) different stream sizes? Stream biogeochemistry is a burgeoning field, and it is therefore reasonable to expect such existing gaps in knowledge may be addressed in the near future.
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Cunha, Costa Alexandre. "Analyzing and modelling of flow transmission processes in river-systems with a focus on semi-arid conditions". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5969/.
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One of the major problems for the implementation of water resources planning and management in arid and semi-arid environments is the scarcity of hydrological data and, consequently, research studies. In this thesis, the hydrology of dryland river systems was analyzed and a semi-distributed hydrological model and a forecasting approach were developed for flow transmission processes in river-systems with a focus on semi-arid conditions.
Three different sources of hydrological data (streamflow series, groundwater level series and multi-temporal satellite data) were combined in order to analyze the channel transmission losses of a large reach of the Jaguaribe River in NE Brazil. A perceptual model of this reach was derived suggesting that the application of models, which were developed for sub-humid and temperate regions, may be more suitable for this reach than classical models, which were developed for arid and semi-arid regions. Summarily, it was shown that this river reach is hydraulically connected with groundwater and shifts from being a losing river at the dry and beginning of rainy seasons to become a losing/gaining (mostly losing) river at the middle and end of rainy seasons.
A new semi-distributed channel transmission losses model was developed, which was based primarily on the capability of simulation in very different dryland environments and flexible model structures for testing hypotheses on the dominant hydrological processes of rivers. This model was successfully tested in a large reach of the Jaguaribe River in NE Brazil and a small stream in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in the SW USA. Hypotheses on the dominant processes of the channel transmission losses (different model structures) in the Jaguaribe river were evaluated, showing that both lateral (stream-)aquifer water fluxes and ground-water flow in the underlying alluvium parallel to the river course are necessary to predict streamflow and channel transmission losses, the former process being more relevant than the latter. This procedure not only reduced model structure uncertainties, but also reported modelling failures rejecting model structure hypotheses, namely streamflow without river-aquifer interaction and stream-aquifer flow without groundwater flow parallel to the river course. The application of the model to different dryland environments enabled learning about the model itself from differences in channel reach responses. For example, the parameters related to the unsaturated part of the model, which were active for the small reach in the USA, presented a much greater variation in the sensitivity coefficients than those which drove the saturated part of the model, which were active for the large reach in Brazil.
Moreover, a nonparametric approach, which dealt with both deterministic evolution and inherent fluctuations in river discharge data, was developed based on a qualitative dynamical system-based criterion, which involved a learning process about the structure of the time series, instead of a fitting procedure only. This approach, which was based only on the discharge time series itself, was applied to a headwater catchment in Germany, in which runoff are induced by either convective rainfall during the summer or snow melt in the spring. The application showed the following important features:
• the differences between runoff measurements were more suitable than the actual runoff measurements when using regression models;
• the catchment runoff system shifted from being a possible dynamical system contaminated with noise to a linear random process when the interval time of the discharge time series increased;
• and runoff underestimation can be expected for rising limbs and overestimation for falling limbs.
This nonparametric approach was compared with a distributed hydrological model designed for real-time flood forecasting, with both presenting similar results on average.
Finally, a benchmark for hydrological research using semi-distributed modelling was proposed, based on the aforementioned analysis, modelling and forecasting of flow transmission processes. The aim of this benchmark was not to describe a blue-print for hydrological modelling design, but rather to propose a scientific method to improve hydrological knowledge using semi-distributed hydrological modelling. Following the application of the proposed benchmark to a case study, the actual state of its hydrological knowledge and its predictive uncertainty can be determined, primarily through rejected hypotheses on the dominant hydrological processes and differences in catchment/variables responses.Die Bewirtschaftung von Wasserressourcen in ariden und semiariden Landschaften ist mit einer Reihe besonderer Probleme konfrontiert. Eines der größten Probleme für die Maßnahmenplanung und für das operationelle Management ist der Mangel an hydrologischen Daten und damit zusammenhängend auch die relativ kleine Zahl wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten zu dieser Thematik. In dieser Arbeit wurden 1) die grundlegenden hydrologischen Bedingungen von Trockenflusssystemen analysiert, 2) ein Modellsystem für Flüsse unter semiariden Bedingungen, und 3) ein nichtparametrisches Vorhersage-verfahren für Abflussvorgänge in Flüssen entwickelt. Der Wasserverlust in einem großen Abschnitt des Jaguaribe Flusses im nordöstlichen Brasilien wurde auf Basis von Daten zu Abflussraten, Grundwasserflurabstände und mit Hilfe multitemporaler Satellitendaten analysiert. Dafür wurde zuerst ein konzeptionelles hydrologisches Modell über die Mechanismen der Transferverluste in diesem Abschnitt des Trockenflusses erstellt. Dabei ergab sich, dass der Flussabschnitt mit dem Grundwasser hydraulisch verbunden ist. Der Flussabschnitt weist in der Trockenenzeit und am Anfang der Regenzeit nur Wasserverlust (Sickerung) zum Grundwasser auf. Im Laufe der Regenzeit findet auch ein gegenseitiger Austausch vom Grundwasser mit dem Flusswasser statt. Aufgrund dieser hydraulischen Kopplung zwischen Flusswasser und Grundwasser sind für diesen Flussabschnitt hydrologische Modellansätze anzuwenden, die generell für gekoppelte Fluss-Grundwassersysteme, v.a. in feuchtgemäßigten Klimaten, entwickelt wurden. Es wurde ein neuartiges hydrologisches Simulationsmodell für Transferverluste in Trockenflüssen entwickelt. Dieses Modell ist für unterschiedliche aride und semiaride Landschaften anwendbar und hat eine flexible Modellstruktur, wodurch unterschiedliche Hypothesen zur Relevanz einzelner hydrologische Prozesse getestet werden können. Es wurde für den zuvor genannten großen Abschnitt des Jaguaribe Flusses im nordöstlichen Brasilien und für einen kleinen Flussabschnitt im „Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed“ (WGEW) in Arizona, Südwest-USA, angewendet. Für die eine prozess-orientierte Simulation von Abflussbedingungen und Transferverlusten im Einzugsgebiet des Jaguaribe hat sich gezeigt, dass die am besten geeignete Modellstruktur sowohl den Austausch zwischen Flusswasser und Grundwasser (senkrecht zur Fließrichtung des Flusses) als auch die parallel zum Fluss verlaufende Grundwasserströmung enthält. Die Simulationsexperimente mit unterschiedlichen Modellstrukturen („Hypothesentest“) reduzierte nicht nur die Modellstrukturunsicherheit, sondern quantifizierte auch die Qualität der Modellergebnisse bei folgenden Varianten der Modellstruktur: a) Abflluss im Fluss ohne Interaktion mit dem Grundwasser (keine Transferverluste) und b) Interaktion zwischen Fluss und Grundwasser ohne parallelen Grundwasserstrom zum Flussstrom. Durch die Anwendung auf die beiden unterschiedlichen Trockenflusssysteme wurden neue Erkenntnisse über die Sensitivität des Modells unter verschiedenen Bedingungen erworben. Beispielsweise waren die Parameter der ungesättigten Zone, die von hoher Relevanz für den kleinen Flussabschnitt im WGEW waren, viel sensitiver als die Parameter der gesättigten Zone, die besonders relevant für den Jaguaribe Flussabschnitt in Brasilien waren. Die Ursache für diese sehr unterschiedliche Sensitivität liegt darin, dass beim WGEW das Flusswasser nur mit der ungesättigten Zone in Kontakt steht, da sich in diesem Gebiet, welche im Vergleich zur Jaguaribe-Region noch deutlich trockener ist, kein Grund-wasserleiter bildet. Letztlich wurde ein nicht-parametrisches Verfahren, zur Simulation der deterministischen Evolution und stochastischen Fluktuation der Abflussdynamik entwickelt. Im Unterschied zu prozessbasiertem Modellsystemen basiert dieses Verfahren nicht auf Modellkalibrierung sondern auf einem Lernprozess, basierend auf Zeitreihendaten. Als Anwendungsbeispiel wurde ein mesoskaliges Einzugsgebiet im Erzgebirge, NO-Deutschland gewählt, in dem starke Abflussereignisse entweder durch konvektive Niederschlagsereignisse oder durch Schneeschmelze generiert werden. Die folgenden wichtigsten Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: • Regressionsmodellansätze basierend auf den zeitlichen Änderungen der Abflüsse liefern bessere Ergebnisse gegenüber Ansätzen basierend auf direkten Abflussdaten; • mit zunehmendem Vorhersagehorizont wandelt sich das hydrologische System von einem mit Zufallsanteilen verrauschten dynamischen System zu einem linearen probabilistischen Zufallsprozess; • Bei zunehmendem Abfluss (ansteigenden Ganglinie) erfolgt meist eine Abflussunterschätzung, bei abnehmendem Abfluss (fallende Ganglinie) erfolgt meist eine Abflussüberschätzung. Dieses nichtparametrische Verfahren ergibt im Vergleich mit einem prozess-orientierten und flächenverteilten hydrologischen Hochwasservorhersagemodell bis zu einem Vorhersagezeitraum von 3 Stunden Ergebnisse von vergleichbar guter Qualität. Letztendlich wurde ein Vorgehen bzgl. künftiger Forschungen zu hydrologischer Modellierung vorgeschlagen. Das Ziel dabei war ein wissenschaftliches Verfahren zur Verbesserung des hydrologischen Wissens über ein Einzugsgebiet. Diese Verfahren basiert auf einem Hypothesentest zu den relevanten hydrologischen Prozessen und der Untersuchung der Sensitivitäten der hydrologischen Variablen bei unterschiedlichen Einzugsgebieten.
Książki na temat "Arid rivers"
1
Graf, William L. Fluvial processes in dryland rivers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
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Ferrick, M. G. The winter low-flow balance of the semiarid White River, Nebraska and South Dakota. [Hanover, N.H]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1995.
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Ferrick, M. G. The winter low-flow balance of the semiarid White River, Nebraska and South Dakota. [Hanover, N.H]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1995.
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Ferrick, M. G. The winter low-flow balance of the semiarid White River, Nebraska and South Dakota. [Hanover, N.H]: US Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory, 1995.
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Thilenius, John F. Vegetation on semi-arid rangelands, Cheyenne River Basin, Wyoming. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1995.
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Holocene morphogenesis and anthropisation of a semi-arid watershed, Gialias River, Cyprus. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2008.
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Ellis, Catherine H. Oracle and the San Pedro River Valley. Charlston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2008.
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Sharma, M. L. Geomorphology of semi-arid region: A case study of Gambhir River Basin, Rajasthan, India. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers, 1986.
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A, Young Richard, i Spamer Earle E, red. The Colorado River: Origin and evolution. Grand Canyon, Ariz: Grand Canyon Association, 2003.
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Gan han qu nei lu he liu yu shui wen mo xing: Hydrological model of inland river basin in arid land = Ganhanqu neiluhe liuyu shuiwen moxing. Beijing: Zhongguo huan jing ke xue chu ban she, 2012.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Arid rivers"
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Smythe, William E. "Excerpt From The Conquest Of Arid America". W Land of Rivers, redaktor Peter C. Mancall, 125–28. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501738777-029.
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Kingsford, Richard T. "Science, river communities, governments and media: a turbulent mixture for Australia's arid zone rivers". W Animals of Arid Australia, 172–87. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2007.048.
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Reid, Ian, i Lynne E. Frostick. "Channel Form, Flows and Sediments of Endogenous Ephemeral Rivers in Deserts". W Arid Zone Geomorphology, 301–32. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470710777.ch13.
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Tiyip, Tashpolat, Gregory N. Taff, Hsiang-te Kung i Fei Zhang. "Remote Sensing Assessment of Salinization Impacts in the Tarim Basin: The Delta Oasis of the Ugan and Kuqa Rivers". W Water and Sustainability in Arid Regions, 15–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2776-4_2.
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Garrick, Dustin, Lucia De Stefano, Jamie Pittock i Daniel Connell. "Transboundary Water Management in Federal Political Systems: A Story of Three Semi-arid Rivers". W The Global Water System in the Anthropocene, 343–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07548-8_22.
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Tooth, Stephen, i Gerald C. Nanson. "Distinctiveness and Diversity of Arid Zone River Systems". W Arid Zone Geomorphology, 269–300. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470710777.ch12.
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Andreu, Joaquin, Javier Ferrer-Polo, M. Angel Pérez, Abel Solera i Javier Paredes-Arquiola. "Drought Planning and Management in the Júcar River Basin, Spain". W Drought in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, 237–49. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6636-5_13.
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Tamagawa, Ichiro. "Evaporation in Arid Regions". W River Basin Environment: Evaluation, Management and Conservation, 311–28. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4070-5_14.
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Overton, Ian C., i Tanya M. Doody. "The River Murray-Darling Basin: Ecosystem Response to Drought and Climate Change". W Drought in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, 217–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6636-5_12.
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Jones, H. A. "The influence of hydrology on freshwater mussel (Bivalvia: Hyriidae) distributions in a semi-arid river system, the Barwon-Darling River and Intersecting Streams". W Animals of Arid Australia, 132–42. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2007.046.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Arid rivers"
1
Melrose, R. T., R. T. Kingsford i A. K. Milne. "Using radar to detect flooding in arid wetlands and rivers". W IGARSS 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6352427.
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"Mapping of flow paths in large, anastomosing arid zone rivers: Cooper Creek, Australia". W 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.l4.mohammadi.
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Jia, S., S. Lin, Z. Sheng, R. Li, D. Liu, H. Yan i N. Feng. "Runoffs of the Xiangride and Qaidum Rivers in the Arid Qaidum Basin, Northwest China". W World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)641.
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Ramatlapeng, Goabaone, Eliot A. Atekwana i Loago Molwalefhe. "SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CONTROLS ON SOLUTE BEHAVIOR IN RIVERS IN ARID WATERSHEDS: THE OKAVANGO RIVER IN THE OKAVANGO DELTA, NW BOTSWANA". W GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-367664.
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Letshele, Kesego P., Eliot A. Atekwana, Loago Molwalefhe i Goabaone J. Ramatlapeng. "THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN THE STABLE ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN AND SOLUTES IN THE OKAVANGO RIVER IN THE OKAVANGO DELTA, NW BOTSWANA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOLUTE CYCLING IN RIVERS IN ARID WATERSHEDS". W GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-369090.
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Gunkel, G., D. Lima, F. Selge, M. Sobral i S. Calado. "Aquatic ecosystem services of reservoirs in semi-arid areas: sustainability and reservoir management". W RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rm150171.
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Kassem, A., i A. Pietroniro. "An integrated approach for the assessment of water availability for irrigation in semi-arid regions". W RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rm070071.
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Zende, A., i R. Nagarajan. "Evaluation of surface water storage: supply infrastructure of a river basin in a semi-arid region". W RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/rbm130141.
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Al-Ghazawi, Ziad, i William Blanford. "RIVER BANK FILTRATION FOR WASTEWATER REUSE IN IRRIGATION: ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE". W 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.47.
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In the context of adaptation of the water resources sector to climate change, water reuse is widely proposed and encouraged especially in arid and semi-arid areas like the Middle East. We consider riverbank filtration (RBF) an appropriate technology that efficiently and dependably procure quality water from Zarqa River thus making a contribution to protect Jordan�s remaining surface and ground water resources. The river is contaminated with treated domestic and industrial wastewater principally from the city of Amman, but still serves as a main source for irrigation water. Since 2007, a riverbank filtration (RBF) well field consisting of six wells was installed along the Zarqa river, Jordan. Salt tracers were released to the hyporheic zone and were detected in a RBF well (5 m distance from the river) during subsequent pumping. From the tracer test data (pumping rate: 10 m3/h), rapid travel times were approximated (14 m/min). Additional sampling demonstrated that fecal indicator bacteria and bacteriophages were removed from river water by RBF at the Zarqa River field site by up to 4.2 log10, which is a significant improvement of the river water quality. This implies that public health risks from exposure to riverbank filtrated water, like consumption of raw vegetables that are irrigated with this water, may be reduced by 2000 to 2500 times as compared to using river water directly. These results suggest that riverbank filtration is an appropriate technology which can enhance the safe reuse of treated wastewater.
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Linus Zhang i Lijun Liao. "Wavelet analysis of precipitation in an arid, inland river basin". W 2011 International Symposium on Water Resource and Environmental Protection (ISWREP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iswrep.2011.5893562.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Arid rivers"
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Gauglitz, P. A., T. M. Bergsman i S. M. Caley. Six-phase soil heating for enhanced removal of contaminants: Volatile organic compounds in non-arid soils integrated demonstration, Savannah River Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193982.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios i Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Big Bend National Park: Water year 2019. Redaktor Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294267.
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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, streamflow, and water quality is central to assessing the condition of park resources. This report combines data collected on climate, groundwater, and springs at Big Bend National Park (NP) to provide an integrated look at climate and water conditions during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). However, this report does not address the Rio Grande or its tributaries. Annual precipitation was higher than normal (1981–2010) for Big Bend NP at four of the five National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Observer Program weather stations: 111% of normal for Chisos Basin, 122% of normal for Panther Junction, 155% of normal for Persimmon Gap, and 124% of normal for Rio Grande Village. Castolon had 88% of normal annual precipitation. All five stations had higher than normal rainfall in October and December, while rainfall totals were substantially below normal at all stations in November, February, and March. Monthly precipitation totals for April through September were more variable from station to station. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures were below normal in the fall months, with Panther Junction as much as 7.5°F below normal in October. Monthly temperatures from January through July were more variable. Temperatures in August and September were warmer than normal at every station, up to +9.4°F at Rio Grande Village and +8.7°F at Chisos Basin in July. The reconnaissance drought index values indicate generally wetter conditions (based on precipitation and evaporative demand) at Chisos Basin since WY2016 and at Panther Junction and Persimmon Gap since WY2015, except for WY2017. This report presents the manual and automatic groundwater monitoring results at nine wells. Five wells had their highest water level in or just before WY2019: Panther Junction #10 peaked at 99.94 ft below ground surface (bgs) in September 2018, Contractor’s Well peaked at 31.43 ft bgs in November 2018, T-3 peaked at 65.39 ft bgs in December 2018, K-Bar #6 Observation Well peaked at 77.78 ft bgs in February 2019, and K-Bar #7 Observation Well peaked at 43.18 ft bgs in February 2019. This was likely in response to above normal rainfall in the later summer and fall 2018. The other monitoring wells did not directly track within-season precipitation. The last measurement at Gallery Well in WY2019 was 18.60 ft bgs. Gallery Well is located 120 feet from the river and closely tracked the Rio Grande stage, generally increasing in late summer or early fall following higher flow events. Water levels in Gambusia Well were consistently very shallow, though the manual well measurement collected in April was 4.25 ft bgs—relatively high for the monitoring record—and occurred outside the normal peak period of later summer and early fall. The last manual measurement taken at TH-10 in WY2019 was 34.80 ft bgs, only 0.45 ft higher than the earliest measurement in 1967, consistent with the lack of directional change in groundwater at this location, and apparently decoupled from within-season precipitation patterns. The last water level reading in WY2019 at Oak Springs #1 was 59.91 ft bgs, indicating an overall decrease of 26.08 ft since the well was dug in 1989. The Southwest Network Collaboration (SWNC) collects data on sentinel springs annually in the late winter and early spring following the network springs monitoring protocol. In WY2019, 18 sentinel site springs were visited at Big Bend NP (February 21, 2019–March 09, 2019). Most springs had relatively few indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Natural disturbances included recent flooding, drying, and wildlife use. Anthropogenic disturbances included flow modifications (e.g., springboxes), hiking trails, and contemporary human use. Crews observed one to seven facultative/obligate wetland plant...