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Nkene, Mezui Estelle. "Influence du tempérament écologique sur les propriétés technologiques des bois d'essences d'origine gabonaise". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UCFA0117.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrees need light for their growth and development. However, some species have the capacity, or preference, to tolerate shade without this being detrimental to their development. This ecological preference leads to different strategies in these species, resulting in a compromise between performance and safety, in terms of mechanical support, conduction and protection against bio-aggressors. Grouping together forest species that share common growth strategies is essential if wood is to be used wisely, responsibly and profitably. The study of ecological strategies and associated functional traits provides a better understanding not only of biodiversity but also of the development of wood quality in terms of technological properties useful to man. Three ecological strategies linked to light temperament were studied. They include species that are light-demanding (pioneer), species that grow in full sun but can tolerate temporary shade (hemi-heliophilous) and species that can grow with little light (shade-tolerant). The species studied are tropical hardwoods from Gabon that have been tested in the laboratory and characterised anatomically, physically, mechanically and chemically. The methods used include academic methods and new rapid, non-destructive methods for determining wood properties. The results obtained were first compared with the results of CIRAD's physical and mechanical database in relation to the ecology of the species. Similarities and some differences were observed. Secondly, relationships were established between the anatomy, chemistry, physics and mechanics of wood. The results show that shade species have better physical and mechanical performance and therefore better mechanical support. They also have low anisotropy, which translates into good dimensional stability. This high performance is linked to their very thick walls, numerous vessels, smaller vessel diameters than hemi-heliophiles, high wood density and high levels of lignin and hemicelluloses. The high density of these species is linked to their very thick walls. These species can be used in materials engineering in heavy construction or load-bearing structures and in aesthetic design, for example. Pioneer species were found to have a significant amount of extractables compared with hemiheliophilic species, giving them good protection against bio-aggressors. They could therefore be used for outdoor constructions. However, they were more sensitive to dimensional variations due to variations in humidity. There was no significant difference between the extractives content of pioneer and shade-tolerant species. Overall, hemi-heliophilic species were not statistically different from pioneer and shade-tolerant species. No significant differences were found between the fibre lengths and cellulose content of the three temperaments. Lesser-known shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant secondary species were identified as potential substitutes for heavily exploited species in terms of the quality of their wood
Ananias, Rubén A. "Modélisation du séchage convectif basse température et optimisation du séchage du hêtre vis à vis des problèmes de discoloration". Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0174_A.ANANIAS.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaLaghdir, Aziz. "Modélisation de la fissuration en bout de grumes liée aux contraintes de croissance : application aux eucalyptus". Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20079.
Pełny tekst źródłaMoukoumi, Judicaël. "Effet des essences forestières sur la biodégradation des matières organiques : impact sur la dynamique et le cycle du carbone, de l'azote et des éléments minéraux". Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10133.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this study was to determine the relevant indicators of the dynamic of organic matter (OM) and some steps of the cycle of carbon, nitrogen and mineral nutrients in relation with the nature of tree species. The experimental site of Breuil-Chenue (Morvan), which allows on similar conditions, to follow the tree species effect, was used as work support. Field and laboratory experimental approaches show that 30 years after the plantation, the expression of the native forest (a coppice with standards dominated by beech, 150 year-old) disappeared, under the effect of young tree species. Marked differences were observed in litter decomposition, carbon and nitrogen mineralization, and dynamics of major elements, even in soil aggregate fractions. Groups of tree species stands were distinguished: the first one having a good potential of decomposition, concerns Douglas fir and beech, whose OM in the A1 horizon, was not abundant but relatively recalcitrant. Nitrate production was higher and implicated on Ca, Mn and Mg mobility. The second group was characterized by a low potential of decomposition. It includes native forest, and spruce plantation whose needles richest in lignin, Fe and Al accumulate on topsoil. Soil OM from these both stands presented a weak nitrate production, but release much more soluble organic compounds with a great potential of carbon mineralization in lab. Fe and Al were more mobilized. The oak plantation, with leaf litter low in lignin and richer in Ca, Mg, Mn and K, occupied an intermediate position. Plant materials were decomposed rapidly. However, strong production of litter and its high proportion of wood result in it accumulation on topsoil
Grison-Eyharabide, Brigitte. "Fibres lignocellulosiques et résines urée-formaldéhyde : mise au point d'un substrat horticole. Approche agronomique". Toulouse, INPT, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPT012A.
Pełny tekst źródłaGrivet, Delphine. "Phylogéographie et évolution moléculaire comparée d'arbres forestiers à l'aide des marqueurs chloroplastiques". Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10002.
Pełny tekst źródłaMishra, Shree Prakash. "Blanchiment des fibres cellulosiques par l'ozone : effet sur les propriétés des fibres". Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0013.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe effect of ozone on viscosity, fibre morphology, beating behaviour and strength properties of kraft pulp has always been a matter of discussion among the mill experts, ozone suppliers and research groups. The present thesis research work is aimed at further advancing and enriching the knowledge base in the area and to help proliferation of the ozone bleaching technology for a more sustainable pulp industry. It has been established that incorporating an ozone stage in an ECF bleaching sequence of eucalyptus and Pinus radiata kraft pulps is a straightforward way to reduce the chemical cost with a possibility of having higher brightness ceiling. Bleaching with ozone results in a substantial decrease of the pulp viscosity which is shown to have no consequence on the main strength properties and fibre morphology of the pulp. Other advantages of the ozone containing ECF sequence are the smaller content in residual extractives, the savings in the beating energy and the lower water retention value
El, Zein Rana. "Dynamiques saisonnières des réserves carbonées et azotées chez le chêne sessile (Quercus petraea) et le hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) adultes". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10002/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSessile oak and beech are two deciduous temperate broadleaved species, characterized by contrasted foliar and cambial phenologies. In order to progress in our understanding of reserves management in these species, we studied the seasonal dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) reserves in adult trees in their natural environment. For this purpose, we developed a multidisciplinary approach associating ecophysiology, biochemistry and isotopy. The monthly monitoring of seasonal variation in C and N reserves in the stem sapwood showed a strong remobilization of starch from the most recent rings of oak in the spring in order to supply the necessary C for early wood growth that is concomitant to leaf expansion in this species. For beech, spring growth seemed to be less dependant on C stored within the stem sapwood. In both species, 2 polypeptides of 13 and 26 kDa accumulated with leaf senescence in the autumn and were highly abundant during the dormant period then they were remobilized with bud burst in the spring. This seasonal variation supports their role in nitrogen storage as vegetative storage proteins (VSP) and does not exclude a role in cold hardiness too. In sessile oak, the in situ 15N labeling of soil N (newly absorbed N) during the bud burst in the spring showed that N reserves accounted for 90% of total N of the new organs (leaves and twigs) at the first stages of growth. The contribution of newly assimilated N became more important when bud burst was achieved. The distribution patterns of non-structural C and N concentrations and amounts at the tree level was realized by an exhaustive sampling of trees from both species in the winter (January) and at full leaf expansion (June). This study showed i) that the distribution of concentrations among tree organs was dependant of the physiological function, wood anatomy and proximity to sink organs, ii) the importance of stem sapwood and coarse roots in reserves storage during the winter, iii) the importance of non-structural nitrogen amounts in leaves and twigs despite their low biomass, iv) higher amounts of non-structural C and N compounds in oak compared to beech, that reflects contrasted needs for spring growth and tissue maintenance during the winter dormancy
Bohnke, Isabelle. "Etude expérimentale et théorique des traitements thermiques du bois. Caractérisation physico-mécanique des bois traités". Paris, ENMP, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844044.
Pełny tekst źródłaDongmo, Keumo Jiazet Joël Hans. "Acclimatation des arbres au changement des sollicitations mécaniques induites par le vent suite à une éclaircie dans un peuplement de Hêtre". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AGPT0014.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhile the tree growth potential is mainly determined by access to resources such as light or water, the distribution of produced biomass is under strong biomechanical control. The tree response to mechanical stimuli such as those induced by wind is called thigmomorphogenesis. This response has been mainly studied on very young trees under controlled condition, and only rarely in natural condition. This is the first study dealing with the tree growth in a broadleaf stand aiming to quantify the importance of thigmomorphogenetic effect as a growth factor in the silvicultural context. The experimental set-up includes forty trees divided into four groups of ten trees selected in a dense 35yrs old F. sylvatica L .stand. Each group was submitted to one of following treatments: thinning without guying, thinning with guying, guying only and controls.Considering the thigmomorphogenetic effect on the biomass allocation inside the tree, our results show that 45% of the stem volume growth and 61% of the root radial growth of thinned trees are due to wind-induced mechanical stimuli. Further, the distribution of tree ring area along the tree stem is under strong mechanosensitive control. In contrast, no effect of mechanical stimuli or thinning was observed on axial growth. Considering the explanation of the circumferential growth anisotropy, our results do not highlight a thigmomorphogenetic effect despite the identification of dominant sectors for strong winds and strains. The hypothesis put forward is that the directional variability of perceived strains is too high to induce a strongly directional growth response as it is usually the case under controlled conditions
La, Chapelle Virginie de. "Etude du jaunissement à la chaleur des pâtes papetières chimiques blanchies par des séquences sans chlore". Grenoble INPG, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPG0155.
Pełny tekst źródłaGenet, Hélène. "Impact du vieillissement et de la fertilité minérale sur l'allocation du carbone entre croissance, respiration, stockage et reproduction chez le chêne et le hêtre : Approche expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10121/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to increase our understanding of carbon allocation in broadleaved species, our research consisted of studying the effects of ageing and soil mineral fertility on the carbon allocation between growth, storage and reproduction for oaks and beech. Ageing was studied over a forest succession using a chronosequences approach. Two liming experiments were investigated in order to study the variation of carbon allocation with soil mineral fertility in contrasting situations. The productivity decline in beech was followed by substantial changes in carbon allocation, with a continuous decrease of carbon allocation to growth, to the benefit of reproduction and storage functions. Conversely, carbon allocation in oak remained stable during its entire development. The dendrochronological analysis of inter-annual variations of radial growth shown also that beech and oaks presented contrasted climate-response of growth. There was clear evidence of a long-term increase with time in radial growth in both species. We also observed a long-term increase of inter-annual variations of growth with time for beech but not for oaks. The declining beech presented a sharp decreasing allocation to growth to the benefit of the carbon storage compounds. Moreover, liming induced an temporary increase of radial growth. However, the increase of carbohydrates in limed beeches was still significant 15 after treatment compare to the controls. These results suggested that the stock of carbohydrates is a key parameter of the physiological integrity for adult beeches. These results concerning the intrinsic (ageing) and external (liming, climate) factors of carbon allocation in oaks and beech enabled to confirm two contrasted models of carbon functioning
Hatton, Pierre-Joseph. "Séquestration du carbone et de l’azote des feuilles de hêtre dans les associations organo-minérales du sol : Approches macroscopiques, nanométriques & moléculaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0050.
Pełny tekst źródłaOrgano-mineral associations play a key role in the long-term sequestration of organic matter in forest soils. However, knowledge about the contribution of the different types of organo-mineral associations and the microbial processes involved in soil organic matter stabilisation is scant. To solve it, stable isotope techniques have been combined with the sequential density fractionation of organo-mineral associations. Isolated fractions were investigated in field and in lab, at different temporal (from 8 hours to 12 years) and spatial scales (macro-, submicron- and molecular scales).Four types of organo-mineral associations were distinguished: plant debris with little mineral attached, plant aggregates, microbial aggregates and mineral grains. Isotopically labeled beech leaf litters were tracked at a decadal time-scale to reveal transfers in between organo-mineral associations. Both litter-derived carbon and nitrogen entered the soil as plant fragments to progressively pass through plant and microbial aggregates. Aggregates appeared particularly meaningful for the stabilisation of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at a decadal time-scale. Little of the litter-derived carbon and nitrogen was found quickly stabilized to mineral grains. Microbial activities appeared as a major controlling factor for the evolvement of organo-mineral associations, responsive for the transfers of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen. Indeed, plant debris colonized by microorganisms are progressively trapped into plant aggregates. As decomposition proceeds, plant aggregates disrupt into denser microbial aggregates. These aggregates are loaded with lesser organic matter, but enriched in stable microbial materials.Stabilisation by soil microorganisms has been studied at the macro-, submicronand molecular- scales, using mostly NanoSIMS and LC-IRMS. Microbial stabilization operated (i) directly through immobilization in microbial cells and, (ii) indirectly through large production of extracellular microbial products. By calibrating the NanoSIMS for accurate C/N ratios, extracellular microbial products have been shown to be stabilized onto organo-mineral associations without apparent control of the mineral-attached organic matter chemistry. The incorporation of 13C tracers into amino sugars, biomarkers of bacterial and fungal biomasses, revealed that living microorganisms grow where the resource is, but accumulate in microbial aggregates. Microbial biomasses moved from plant debris to microbial aggregates, likely along with the transfers of decaying litter residues as described above.This work points aggregates as meaningful organo-mineral associations for the sequestration of litter-derived carbon and nitrogen at the decadal time-scale. It also revealed the role of microorganisms in the transfers and stabilization of litterderived carbon and nitrogen within organo-mineral associations
Taccoen, Adrien. "Détermination de l'impact potentiel du changement climatique sur la mortalité des principales essences forestières européennes". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaForest ecosystems are one of the main providers of terrestrial ecosystem services, whose functioning has already been altered by recent climate change. Increases in tree mortality rates have been highlighted in different biomes worldwide, as well as increases in the frequency of massive mortality events following droughts. However, tree mortality is a multi-causal process. It is difficult to quantify the importance of the different factors that can possibly lead to tree death, and particularly the importance of climate change in comparison with forest dynamics and competition-related effects, environmental or biotic factors. This thesis aims at assessing the drivers of background tree mortality, which is the mortality observed in a stand in the absence of extreme perturbation, for the main European tree species. We used data from the French forest inventory of the National Geographic Institute (IGN) and historic climate data from Météo-France spanning the years 1961 to 2015.First, we modelled background tree mortality for 43 tree species in order to identify the drivers of background tree mortality. We used 372.974 trees, including 7.312 dead trees surveyed between the years 2009 and 2015. We found that factors related with competition, tree development stage, stand structure and species composition and logging intensity explained 85% of the recent tree mortality. Environmental factors (soil and climate conditions) accounted for 9% of the total modelled mortality. Temperature increases and rainfall decreases since the period 1961 – 1987 had a significant effect on the mortality of 45% of the 43 species and explained in average 6% of the total modelled mortality.Secondly, we focused on the link between trees locations along temperature and rainfall gradients and their sensitivity to changes of temperature and rainfall. We found that, for 9 species out of 12, temperature increases and rainfall decreases effects were more important in areas with high mean temperature and low mean rainfall. These results show that climate change-related tree mortality could be exacerbated towards the species’ warm and dry edges.Finally, we sought to evaluate how climate change-related tree mortality varied along trees social statuses and sizes gradients. We found that suppressed trees were more sensitive to temperature increases than dominant trees. On the contrary, dominant trees, and particularly large dominant trees, appear to be more sensitive to rainfall decrease than suppressed trees. Overall, our results show that climate change-related tree mortality is globally more important for suppressed than dominant trees.We highlighted the existence of a link between recent temperature increases and rainfall decreased and observed tree mortality rates on around half of the species of the French forest. We also showed that these effects were exacerbated towards the warm and dry edges of the species ranges. Finally, we showed that these effects differed according to trees social statuses and development stages. These results allow us to better understand the impacts of climate change on French and European forest and to better anticipate their effects through the adaptation of silvicultural practices
Purba, Citra Yanto Ciki. "Characterization and valorization of secondary quality hardwood as structural material". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0002.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo improve the value of secondary quality hardwood, it is important to understand its wood properties and optimize its mechanical properties. The variability of some structural, physical and mechanical properties of wood from beech and oak trees issued from thinning was studied. Logs from these trees were rotary peeled in three different veneer thicknesses (2.1, 3, and 4.2 mm). Veneer quality was assessed by measuring the veneer knot proportion and checking properties. The mechanical properties of LVL (laminated veneer lumber) made from these veneers were measured using the static and dynamic method. Juvenile wood in both species is concentrated in a very small area near the pith thus there will be no or low part juvenile wood peeled. The wood mechanical and physical properties of both species were strongly influenced by the wood density. The 3 mm thick veneer provided the optimal mechanical properties for LVL for both species. Such mechanical properties are comparable to LVL made with other hardwood species. The internal veneer provided LVL with higher density, but lower mechanical properties as a result of its higher proportion of knots
Zapater, Marion. "Diversité fonctionnelle de la réponse à la sécheresse édaphique d'espèces feuillues en peuplement mélangé : Approches écophysiologique et isotopique". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10133/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn regard to the various functions of forests and considering the general idea that mixed stands would be more resistant and resilient to disturbances, those stands are more and more promoted than pure stands. In such a context, characterize co-occurring species behaviour and define the possible interaction between them appeared to be necessary. The main objective of this work was to characterize the functional diversity in water uptake and regulation in a young broad leaved mixed forest, particularly under drought conditions. The study was focused on (i) drought response of the species from sap flow and predawn leaf water potential measurements, (ii) water absorption through two-dimensional root distribution and labeling experiments (using deuterium and 18O) and (iii) vulnerability to cavitation of the different species and its protection through stomatal regulation. Radial growth, phenology and water use efficiency were also taken into account in this analysis. A principal component analysis highlights a spatial and temporal partitioning of water resource and underlines contrasted tree water use strategies among co-occurring species. At stand level, this functional diversity results in complementarity soil water use and facilitation mechanism (hydraulic lift) that benefits to mixed in comparison to pure forest stands
Gueye-Follet, Marie-Laure. "Relations ioniques dans l'activité cambiale et la xylogénèse : approche par microscopie ionique analytique". Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES050.
Pełny tekst źródłaGeorge, Jonathan Robert. "Délignification prolongée en milieu alcalin à l'aide d'un réacteur à lit fixe et à faible temps de passage : application à la fabrication de la pâte à papier". Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0052.
Pełny tekst źródłaHatton, Benjamin. "Modélisation d'un procédé de bûcheronnage mécanisé". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22490.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe research work presented here and realized within the framework of the ECOMEF project - which aims to develop a harvester head more specifically designed to process and fell broad-leaved trees – focuses on the modeling of the cut-to-length logging process, and particularly on the felling and processing (delimbing and bucking) operations. Several models have been developed in order to study the transmission of the feed force to the trunk or the delimbing process. In the same time, different benches have been designed in order to carry out experimental tests that allow a better understanding of the considered phenomenons as well as the experimental characterization of the models’ parameters. Finally, a multi-body dynamic simulation has been developed, in order to study the adaptation of different kinematic architectures of articulated frames to the crooked trunks specific to broad-leaved trees. This simulation contains each analytic model and allow a global study of the phenomenon by considering the interaction between each model
Purba, Citra Yanto Ciki. "Characterization and valorization of secondary quality hardwood as structural material". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AGPT0002/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTo improve the value of secondary quality hardwood, it is important to understand its wood properties and optimize its mechanical properties. The variability of some structural, physical and mechanical properties of wood from beech and oak trees issued from thinning was studied. Logs from these trees were rotary peeled in three different veneer thicknesses (2.1, 3, and 4.2 mm). Veneer quality was assessed by measuring the veneer knot proportion and checking properties. The mechanical properties of LVL (laminated veneer lumber) made from these veneers were measured using the static and dynamic method. Juvenile wood in both species is concentrated in a very small area near the pith thus there will be no or low part juvenile wood peeled. The wood mechanical and physical properties of both species were strongly influenced by the wood density. The 3 mm thick veneer provided the optimal mechanical properties for LVL for both species. Such mechanical properties are comparable to LVL made with other hardwood species. The internal veneer provided LVL with higher density, but lower mechanical properties as a result of its higher proportion of knots
Toïgo, Maude. "Productivité des forêts mélangées : effet de la diversité en essences dans un contexte climatique et édaphique variable". Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2018.
Pełny tekst źródłaGlobal environmental changes may lead to a modification of abiotic factors and biological diversity. The production function in forest ecosystems has the particularity to be both subjected to, and a regulator of, these environmental changes. Understanding how forest productivity is driven by species diversity and environmental factors is therefore a critical issue. This PhD thesis studies how tree species mixture affects their productivity along edaphic and climatic gradients. Based on an approach using both an original dataset and the national forest inventory dataset, I focused on five major species of European forests in pure and two-species forests: Quercus petraea, Pinus sylvestris, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba and Picea abies. In lowlands, abiotic factors had little impacts on the outcome of tree species mixture on productivity. In addition, the effect of tree species mixture was determined by the shade tolerance of companion species. In highlands, the positive effects of tree species mixture were strongest when the abiotic factors were the most limiting for growth. These results highlight the importance of considering abiotic factors and the functional characteristics of species as drivers of the effect of biological diversity on ecosystem functions