Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Arakawa”

This thesis will examine the works of artists-turned-architects, Arakawa and Gins in light of current research in the arts and sciences on affect and self-organisation. The aim of their project is to arrive at a 'daily research' in which a person may: 1. observe and learn about the operations of his or her own perception and action; 2. interact (dismantle and re-assemble) the identity boundaries reinforced by the habitual implementation of concept and category. This thesis takes account of multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to embodiment and engages Arakawa and Gins from a practising artist's point of view. Given this practical orientation of the study, the aim is to makes a series of critical reflections on the work of Arakawa and Gins and demonstrate how such an approach brings theory and practice together. Exploration of the central aspects of their processes will prepare a person (researcher or practitioner) to begin a practice that is designed to combine studies of embodiment with the co-evolving relationship of organisms and their surroundings, to form the basis of a practice of embodied cognition. The thesis sets out this investigation into three chapters. In Chapter 1, I propose that the context for Arakawa and Gins' work be understood as the result of multidisciplinary interarticulations and multi-modal approaches to embodied activity. The position they occupy in relation to disciplinary endeavours such as art, architecture, psychology, bio-topology and theoretical physics is a process of constant problematisation, convergence and repositioning. A survey of key writings on Arakawa and Gins demonstrates the complexity of their work and the difficulties authors encounter situating them within a context that adequately addresses the scope of their project. In Chapter 2, I map a series of activities that accrue to form embodied configurations made perceptible by Arakawa and Gins' procedural architecture. These tactics apply to the observational-heuristic stance they take towards the perceptions and actions that constitute a person's identity boundaries as well as the transformational approach they take towards perceptions and actions that construct the material surrounds. I propose that the movements initiated by their architectural procedures become the practice of embodied cognition. That is, the ability to increase awareness and construct the shape of awareness is, at the same time, the ability to observe and learn about the anatomical, physiological basis of cognition. Through Æffective readings and embodied engagements I explore how Arakawa and Gins propose that the distribution of awareness may reconfigure the relationships among the organism-person-surround. The practice that repositions a person in relation to him- or herself, to others, to constructions of knowledge and modes of acquiring knowledge, questions the autonomy of any construct, especially constructs that are historically entrenched such as the organism, art, science or agency in general. In Chapter 3, I argue that by investigating the connection between and across the organism, person and surround, a person must reconsider activities, such as judgment and Reason, as ongoing embodied processes. The implication of such a shift impacts upon everyday practices as well as vocational and professional practices aligned with research and development. Throughout this thesis I argue that tactics of Arakawa and Gins' procedural architecture and the ethics of their reversible destiny project are the most productive way to approach the practical and theoretical inquiry into the contributions that humans can make towards co-constructing the world. The complex and intricate processes that emerge from their work will enhance the quality of life by allowing persons to apply the benefits of research in art and science to everyday actions. By devising procedures for re-entering perception and action, the transition from self-awareness to a practice of embodied cognition acquires a renewed urgency for daily life. Further, I have suggested that Arakawa and Gins' works demonstrates how deliberate recursive action may become a practice of embodied cognition. This occurs in three ways. Firstly, any form of deliberate assessment and coordination of top-down conceptual-analytical processing and bottom-up perceptual processing will open the activities of reasoning, selecting, deciding, and judging to new embodied modes of knowledge acquisition and therefore to unprecedented configurations of value. Secondly, the reconfiguration of what counts as knowledge, from an ontological perspective, impacts upon research processes and the way in which research cultures are situated in relation to communities. Lastly, the practice of embodied cognition sets a new agenda for convergent 'daily research' especially the interaction between art and the 'outside of art' and between third-person science and the science of our own fiction. These practical actions will counteract our commitment to closure on many fronts, both personal and historical, from the education of the senses to the construction of social justice.

Arakawa and Gins, radical philosophers of the future, desire to construct life beyond the human condition. Their unique and original contribution to philosophy can be discerned most evidently in their concept of reversible destiny, an innovative response to our mortal condition. ‘We have decided not to die’, their ultimate declaration, is a testament not only to their architecture – an architecture predicated on the notion that death must be combated – but also, and perhaps most importantly, to its ability to teach us to think differently about the future. Even, and perhaps especially, the most fundamental and basic assumptions of our species are deliberately and evocatively called into question. It is this resistance to the present – in learning how not to die, in educating life differently – that will be addressed in this dissertation. The claim made here is that the highly instructive architectural philosophy of Arakawa and Gins produces a positive and useful philosophy of life, which orients us towards a new century of philosophy that operates beyond the human condition.

This thesis will examine the works of artists-turned-architects, Arakawa and Gins in light of current research in the arts and sciences on affect and self-organisation. The aim of their project is to arrive at a 'daily research' in which a person may: 1. observe and learn about the operations of his or her own perception and action; 2. interact (dismantle and re-assemble) the identity boundaries reinforced by the habitual implementation of concept and category. This thesis takes account of multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches to embodiment and engages Arakawa and Gins from a practising artist's point of view. Given this practical orientation of the study, the aim is to makes a series of critical reflections on the work of Arakawa and Gins and demonstrate how such an approach brings theory and practice together. Exploration of the central aspects of their processes will prepare a person (researcher or practitioner) to begin a practice that is designed to combine studies of embodiment with the co-evolving relationship of organisms and their surroundings, to form the basis of a practice of embodied cognition. The thesis sets out this investigation into three chapters. In Chapter 1, I propose that the context for Arakawa and Gins' work be understood as the result of multidisciplinary interarticulations and multi-modal approaches to embodied activity. The position they occupy in relation to disciplinary endeavours such as art, architecture, psychology, bio-topology and theoretical physics is a process of constant problematisation, convergence and repositioning. A survey of key writings on Arakawa and Gins demonstrates the complexity of their work and the difficulties authors encounter situating them within a context that adequately addresses the scope of their project. In Chapter 2, I map a series of activities that accrue to form embodied configurations made perceptible by Arakawa and Gins' procedural architecture. These tactics apply to the observational-heuristic stance they take towards the perceptions and actions that constitute a person's identity boundaries as well as the transformational approach they take towards perceptions and actions that construct the material surrounds. I propose that the movements initiated by their architectural procedures become the practice of embodied cognition. That is, the ability to increase awareness and construct the shape of awareness is, at the same time, the ability to observe and learn about the anatomical, physiological basis of cognition. Through Æffective readings and embodied engagements I explore how Arakawa and Gins propose that the distribution of awareness may reconfigure the relationships among the organism-person-surround. The practice that repositions a person in relation to him- or herself, to others, to constructions of knowledge and modes of acquiring knowledge, questions the autonomy of any construct, especially constructs that are historically entrenched such as the organism, art, science or agency in general. In Chapter 3, I argue that by investigating the connection between and across the organism, person and surround, a person must reconsider activities, such as judgment and Reason, as ongoing embodied processes. The implication of such a shift impacts upon everyday practices as well as vocational and professional practices aligned with research and development. Throughout this thesis I argue that tactics of Arakawa and Gins' procedural architecture and the ethics of their reversible destiny project are the most productive way to approach the practical and theoretical inquiry into the contributions that humans can make towards co-constructing the world. The complex and intricate processes that emerge from their work will enhance the quality of life by allowing persons to apply the benefits of research in art and science to everyday actions. By devising procedures for re-entering perception and action, the transition from self-awareness to a practice of embodied cognition acquires a renewed urgency for daily life. Further, I have suggested that Arakawa and Gins' works demonstrates how deliberate recursive action may become a practice of embodied cognition. This occurs in three ways. Firstly, any form of deliberate assessment and coordination of top-down conceptual-analytical processing and bottom-up perceptual processing will open the activities of reasoning, selecting, deciding, and judging to new embodied modes of knowledge acquisition and therefore to unprecedented configurations of value. Secondly, the reconfiguration of what counts as knowledge, from an ontological perspective, impacts upon research processes and the way in which research cultures are situated in relation to communities. Lastly, the practice of embodied cognition sets a new agenda for convergent 'daily research' especially the interaction between art and the 'outside of art' and between third-person science and the science of our own fiction. These practical actions will counteract our commitment to closure on many fronts, both personal and historical, from the education of the senses to the construction of social justice.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Arts
Full Text

Um dos fenômenos meteorológicos de verão mais importantes da América do Sul é a Zona de Convergência do Atlântico Sul (ZCAS). Diversos estudos têm sido feitos a fim de compreender a dinâmica atmosférica envolvida na sua formação. Neste trabalho, avalia-se a performance do modelo global do Centro de Previsão e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) durante três episódios de ZCAS. A avaliação do modelo é realizada com base em índices estatísticos, tais como erro médio, erro médio quadrático e coeficiente de correlação linear, para as variáveis altura geopotencial, temperatura virtual, convergência do fluxo de umidade, umidade específica, vento zonal, vento meridional e água precipitável. A avaliação da previsão de precipitação é baseada no índice threat score, dividindo-a em quatro categorias, chuva-não chuva, chuvas fracas, moderadas e fortes. Duas versões do modelo global são utilizadas, uma com o esquema de parametrização da convecção profunda tipo Kuo e outra com o esquema Arakawa-Schubert Relaxada (RAS). Compara-se a performance das duas versões para os casos de ZCAS selecionados em relação às regiões: América do Sul (AS), Tropical (TR), Extratropical (EX), Continente (CON) e Oceanos (OCE). Observa-se que a formação, a intensificação e a dissipação da ZCAS influenciam na qualidade das previsões, determinando em alguns casos, o final da previsão útil. A versão do modelo com parametrização Arakawa-Schubert apresenta melhor desempenho em prever a altura geopotencial (500 hPa), convergência de umidade (850 hPa), ventos zonal e meridional (850 hPa) em todas as regiões; no nível de 250 hPa, o vento zonal sobre as regiões AS, TR e CON e o vento meridional sobre a região TR; a temperatura virtual (1000 hPa) sobre as regiões AS, TR, EX e CON, e a água precipitável sobre as regiões AS, TR e CON. A versão com parametrização KUO apresenta-se melhor para a umidade específica em todas as regiões, para o vento zonal (250 hPa) e água precipitável sobre as regiões EX e OCE, e vento meridional sobre as regiões AS, EX, CON e OCE. A análise do índice threat score indica que ambas as versões apresentam melhor desempenho em prever a ocorrência/não ocorrência de precipitação e deficiência em prever chuvas fortes. Entretanto, em geral, a versão com Arakawa-Schubert apresenta melhores resultados.
One of the most important meteorological phenomena during summer in South America is the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). Several studies have been accomplished in order to understand the atmospheric dynamics involved in its formation. In this work, the performance of the Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies (CPTEC) global model is evaluated during three episodes of SACZ. The evaluation of the model is accomplished based on statistical indexes, such as mean errors (BIAS), root mean square errors and anomaly correlation of geopotential height, virtual temperature, moisture convergence, specific humidity, zonal and meridional winds and precipitable water. The evaluation of the precipitation forecast is achieved by using threat score for rain-no rain, weak rain, moderate rain and heavy rain categories. Two versions of the global model are used, one with the Kuo parameterization for the deep convection scheme, and the other with relaxed Arakawa-Schubert (RAS) scheme. The performance of the two versions is compared for the selected SACZ episodes over the regions: South America (AS), Tropics (TR), Extratropics (EX), Continent (CON) and Oceans (OCE). It is observed that the formation, the intensification and the dissipation of SACZ affect the forecasts quality, determining in some cases, the end of the useful forecast. The version of the model with Arakawa-Schubert parameterization shows better performance in forecasting the geopotential height (500 hPa), moisture convergence (850 hPa), zonal and meridional winds (850 hPa) in all the regions; at 250 hPa, the zonal wind on the regions AS, TR and CON, and the meridional wind on the region TR; the virtual temperature (1000 hPa) on the regions AS, TR, EX and CON, and the precipitable water on the regions AS, TR and CON. The version with Kuo parameterization shows better performance for the specific humidity in all the regions, for the zonal wind (250 hPa) and precipitable water on the regions EX and OCE, and meridional wind on the regions AS, EX, CON and OCE. The analysis of the threat score index indicates that both versions shows good performance in forecasting occurrence/not ocurrence of precipitation and deficiency in forecasting heavy rain. In general, forecasts based on the Arakawa-Schubert scheme produces better results.

L'Arakan, province occidentale de la Birmanie (Union du Myanmar) est resté jusqu'à une date très récente une région très peu étudiée. Cette thèse présente le développement de l'histoire politique entre 1404 et 1692. La 1ère partie présente l'état des sources. Le travail de recherche est surtout fondé sur des sources historiographiques arakanaises et birmanes qui sont ici présentées en partie pour la 1ère fois. Une introduction géographique et une liste chronologique des rois complètent cette partie. La deuxième et troisième parties présentent l'histoire événementielle (politique et militaire). De la 1ère moitié du XVe jusqu'au milieu du XVIe siècle, le pouvoir des rois et leur emprise sur le pays s'accroissent. Grâce à l'aide de mercenaires portugais et l'ouverture au commerce, le pays a les bases pour entamer une politique d'expansion qui l'oriente vers le Nord-Ouest, en direction du Bengale, mais aussi vers la Birmanie méridionale. Après la chute de Pègou, les Arakanais ne peuvent pourtant pas s'y imposer durablement. Le XVIIe siècle marque alors l'apogée du royaume sur le plan militaire, politique et économique. Les principaux chapitres sont suivis d'une brève présentation des monuments religieux construits sur l'initiative des rois. La 4e partie est une analyse des structures administratives et militaires ainsi que des bases économiques du royaume d'Arakan. L'Arakan fait partie de l'Asie du Sud-est continentale où s'épanouit la royauté de type bouddhiste theravadin ; il y a toutefois eu des liens privilégiés entre le Bengale hindou et musulman. L'analyse des institutions politiques marque un faible degré de centralisation. Toutes les fonctions administratives telles qu'elles furent trouvées dans les sources sont inventoriées. Militairement, la force du royaume dépendait d'un excellent système de défense de la capitale et d'une flotte où les mercenaires étrangers (Portugais, musulmans indiens et Mõns) jouaient un rôle important. La capitale Mrauk U était au XVIIe siècle un foyer de consommation important ; le pays exportait surtout du riz et des esclaves et servait de voie de transit pour les rubis d'Ava
Arakan, a Western province of Burma (Union of Myanmar), has remained up to a very recent date a little studied area. This thesis present the development of its political history between 1404 and 1692. The first part presents the available sources. Research was mainly founded on Arakanese and Burmese historiographical sources some of which are presented here for the first time. A geographical introduction and a chronological list of the kings complete the 1st part. The second and third parts deal with the political and military history of the kings. From the 1st part of the XVth to the middle of the 16th century, the power of the kings and their hold on the land are increasing. Thanks to Portuguese mercenaries and its openness to trade, the country had sufficient strength to undertake a course of expansion both to the north-east (Bengal) and to Lower Burma. Nevertheless after the fall of Pegu, the Arakanese did not succeed in establishing their power. The XVIIth century marks the apogee of the kingdom on the level of political, economic and military strength. The main chapters are followed by short presentations of the religious building initiated by the kings. The 4th part is an analysis of the administrative and military structures as well as the economic basis of the kingdom of Arakan. Arakan belongs to the part of continental Southeast Asia where the Theravadin Buddhist kingship predominates : there were nevertheless privileged relations with Hindu and Muslim Bengal. The analysis of political institutions shows little centralisation. All the administrative functions as found in the sources are catalogued. On the level of military power, the country relied on an excellent system of defense of its capital and its fleet where foreign mercenaries (Portuguese, Mon and Indian Muslims) played an important role. During the 17th century, the capital Mrauk U was an important market ; the country exported rice and slaves and served as a transit road for the Ava rubies

À partir de l’étude ethnographique de la maladie en milieu arakanais, cette thèse réfléchit sur le rapport individu-cosmos et sur le caractère pluriel, hybride et intégrateur de ce rapport. Une telle approche, innovatrice pour la Birmanie, s’éloigne de toute catégorisation et suggère en revanche que la médecine locale, la médecine d’origine occidentale, le bouddhisme Theravāda, l’astrologie, etc. forment un seul et même système de conceptualisation et de maîtrise de l’état de santé comme fruit du rapport au cosmos. La problématique développée s’appuie sur le postulat selon lequel la cohérence structurelle de l’ensemble – de son hybridité et de sa souplesse – réside dans le fait que les composantes sont liées entre elles par des rapports hiérarchiques et complémentaires. La hiérarchie, visible principalement dans l’hégémonie du référent bouddhique, est nuancée par le fait qu’aucune composante, y compris le bouddhisme, ne se suffit à elle même ; il y a toujours des restes qui échappent et qu’il revient à d’autres composantes de concevoir ou de gérer. Quant au caractère intégrateur du système, il est ici montré à travers l’exemple de la biomédecine dont l’intégration n’a été rendu possible qu’à travers de nécessaires adaptions du système lui-même. La thèse est organisée en cinq parties : la première est dédiée aux conceptions de la maladie ; la seconde partie est consacrée aux approches mises en œuvre par les villageois en vue de maintenir l’équilibre à tous les niveaux ; les troisième et quatrième parties portent sur la diversité des thérapeutes, de leurs formations et de leurs pratiques – aussi bien en termes de prévention que de soin – et de leur statut social ; la cinquième et dernière partie est quant à elle consacrée aux itinéraires multiples et complexes des malades
Based on the author’s personal ethnographic research on sickness-related conceptions and practices in an Arakanese context, this thesis examines the relationship between the individual and the cosmos with particular emphasis on the plural, hybrid and integrating nature of such relationship.This approach, rejecting any form of categorisation, represents an innovation in the context of Burma and suggests that both Burmese and Western medicine, as well as Buddhism, astrology, spirit cult, etc. form a single system of conceptualisation and management of the state of health as a fruit of the relationship with the cosmos. The central point of this structure – its hybridity and plasticity – relies on the fact that the links between the various components are hierarchical and complementary. The hierarchy, notably the hegemony of Buddhism at various levels (conceptual, practical and of values) is counterbalanced by the fact that no component is enough to cope with all factors; there is always something missing, a remainder that other components can conceive and manage. The integrative nature of the system is showed through the example of western medicine, whose integration has produced some changes in the previous system.This thesis is structured in five parts : the first part is dedicated to sickness related conceptions, the second one to the practices the villagers rely upon in order to maintain the balance at all levels, while the third and the forth parts examine different kind of healers, their trainings, their (preventive and healing) practices and their social status; finally in the last one, health seeking behaviours of sick people are discussed

Royaume côtier situé entre le Bangladesh et la Birmanie actuels, l’Arakan connut un âge d’or aux XVIe et XVIIe s. Cette période vit la formation d’une tradition littéraire bengali parmi les sujets musulmans du royaume, dans les campagnes autour du port de Chittagong et à Mrauk-U, la capitale. Cette étude analyse l’œuvre du principal représentant de cette tradition : Ālāol (fl. 1651-1671). Originaire d’un petit royaume du centre du Bengale, il arriva comme esclave à la capitale et intégra les groupes de services royaux. Il bénéficia de la protection de dignitaires musulmans de la cour du roi bouddhiste. Sous leur égide, il composa six textes, tous des traductions en bengali de l’hindoustani et du persan. La première partie de la thèse est une présentation du poète-traducteur et de son milieu. Nous analysons son discours sur la parole poétique en le replaçant dans le contexte des assemblées de Mrauk-U au XVIIe s. Parmi les sujets abordés, nous mettons l’accent sur le rôle du multilinguisme littéraire dans l’économie de ces cours secondaires. Nous fournissons également une description de la poétique de l’auteur dans ses aspects synchroniques et diachroniques. La seconde partie comprend des études de cas illustrant le processus de la traduction tel que le concevait Ālāol. La traduction y est présentée comme partie intégrante de la poétique de l’auteur et de sa conception de la tradition littéraire. Les textes et les traductions de la totalité des prologues de ses œuvres sont donnés en appendice. Cette étude contribue à la connaissance de l’histoire culturelle du royaume d’Arakan et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour les recherches sur la littérature bengali prémoderne
The kingdom of Arakan, located at the frontier of modern Bangladesh and Myanmar, experienced a golden age during the 16th and 17th c. AD. This period witnessed the formation of a Bengali literary tradition among the Muslim subjects of the kingdom, in the rural area around the port of Chittagong and the capital Mrauk-U. This study analyzes the works of the main representative of this tradition: Ālāol (fl. 1651-1671). Originally from a small kingdom in central Bengal, he arrived as a slave and joined the royal service groups. He gained the protection of Muslim dignitaries of the Buddhist king’s court. Under their patronage, he composed six poetic works, all translations into Bengali from the Hindustani and Persian. The first part of the dissertation deals with the poet-translator and his milieu. I explore his discourse about poetical speech within the context of the literary assemblies in Mrauk-U in 17th c. The central topic of this part is the role of literary multilingualism in the economy of these secondary courts. I also provide an introduction to the poetics of the author in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions. The second part includes case studies illustrating the process of translation as conceived by Ālāol. Translation is considered as a part of the author’s poetics and his conception of the literary tradition. I give the integral texts and translations of the prologues to his works in the appendices. This study contributes to our knowledge of the cultural history of Arakan and opens new research perspectives in the field of premodern Bengali literature
Le multilinguisme littéraire d'Ālāol, un poète bengali dans la cour royale d'Arakan au 17e siècle, impliquant la connaissance de 4 langues : l'hindoustani, le persan, le sanskrit et le bengali

ADP Ribosylation Factor 1 (ARF1) is a universal small GTP binding protein which has an important role in vesicular trafficking between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. ARF1 is a basic component of Coat Protein I (COPI) vesicles which have functions in both formation of coatomer complex and recruitment of cargo proteins. In this study, the expression ARF1 was analyzed in pea (P. sativum L. cv. Araka) grown at different developmental stages. Because of the differential hormonal levels at corresponding stages, the effects of hormones on ARF1 expression were also studied. The results of present research show that ARF1 expression in embryos and 2 days grown plants after germination is lower when compared to 6 days grown plants. In order to see the hormonal effect, 3 weeks old plants were supplied with 50µ
M of each hormone for 3 times on alternate days. Protein extraction, cell fractionation,Western blot was carried out and immunoblot analysis was conducted with AtARF1 polyclonal antibodies. It was shown that, in pea shoots, abscisic acid and gibberellin increases the inactive GDP bound ARF1 by hydrolyzing ARF-GTP through activating ARFGTPase activating protein (ARF-GAP) or partially inhibiting ARF-Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (ARF-GEF). In roots, ARF-GDP (cytosolic fraction), ARF-GTP (microsomal fraction) and total amount of ARF1 (13.000 x g supernatant fraction) were down regulated by ~11, ~19 and ~11 fold respectively with the application of gibberellin
and by ~11, ~7 and ~3 fold respectively with the application of abscisic acid
when compared to control plants. These results indicate the importance of plant hormones in the regulation of ARF1 in pea.

碩士
國立成功大學
都市計劃學系
105
The Japan’s Urban Redevelopment Act was enacted in 1969 under the trend of “de-regulation”, and claim it could solve the problem of the inner city, it produces such as Omotesando Hills as a famous urban renewal cases to international society. This paper assumes there are some fundamental detailed in japan’s urban design mechanism.Therefore this paper will majorly use content analysis to scrutinize from the law itself to figure out the design related problem, According to the theory of Miyazawa,the similar system: policy framework, planning framework, and controls framework, and the eight slices of aspects of design mechanism, will introduce to analyze the sophisticated system of urban design in the renewal cases, and the case study evaluated the Arakawa Wards to observe the connection of the design mechanism and the urban renewal projects’ outcome. In conclusion, most of the urban renewal cases in Arakawa met the goal of urban policy’s target and under the urban renewal design mechanism, through a well define the target and detailed supported guideline. Even there still have some parts should be reviewed and criticize, such integrative and controllable model of urban design mechanism in urban renewal must be adopted to eventually meet the target of urban renewal policy itself.

Dissertação de mestrado em Mediação Cultural e Literária
Fullmetal Alchemist é um manga da autoria de Hiromu Arakawa, cujo público-alvo compreende jovens rapazes entre os 10 e os 20 anos de idade, tendo um leque de leitores mais vasto do que o entendido. É uma obra que ganhou notoriedade tanto no Japão como no Ocidente graças às duas adaptações feitas para séries animadas e devido à inovação que trouxe ao género em que se insere – o shonen de aventura e ação – nomeadamente na estrutura narrativa e aos modelos utilizados na criação das personagens. A ideia para esta dissertação surgiu devido à elevada influência que a cultura ocidental tem nesta obra, desde os cenários onde a ação decorre aos temas abordados e às alusões feitas a mitos greco-latinos, como, por exemplo, Ícaro e Prometeu, e à tradição literária europeia, fazendo uma abordagem ao tema do conceito de humanidade que nos leva a pensar na Metamorfose de Kafka, ou utilizando motivos como a imortalidade que nos remetem aos contos de Borges. Assim, a intensão principal desta dissertação será a análise de Fullmetal Alchemist enquadrando a obra no seu meio de origem, a banda desenhada japonesa, ao mesmo tempo que serão estabelecidos pontos de contacto e de afastamento entre três dimensões: a estrutura típica do manga, o uso da mitologia europeia, e a estrutura narrativa e temática da tradição literária ocidental, desde o género de ação e aventura na literatura infantojuvenil, até obras mais emblemáticas, como a já referida Metamorfose, os contos de Borges pertencentes à coletânea O Aleph, e Fausto, de Goethe. Será feita, também, uma abordagem à intertextualidade exoliterária, apoiada em factos e acontecimentos históricos e em temas da sociedade contemporânea que constituem preocupações de cariz ético, tais como os confrontos armados, massacres étnicos e o uso da ciência para fins militares, acontecimentos esses que, apesar de constituírem preocupações globais, afetam mais o mundo ocidental e o Médio Oriente, não fazendo parte diretamente do quotidiano de um estado desmilitarizado e gozador de um certo isolamento geográfico como o Japão.
Fullmetal Alchemist is a manga written by Hiromu Arakawa, which the targeted audience comprehends boys between the ages of 10 and 20 years old, however the real public goes beyond this demography. It’s a manga that gained notoriety both in Japan and Western countries thanks to two anime adaptations made from it and due to the innovations it brought to its genre – action and adventure shonen – mainly in its narrative structure and models used to create and develop characters. The idea for this dissertation occurred due to the large western influence shown in this manga, from the sceneries where the action takes place to the themes addressed in it, to the allusions made to Greco-Latin myths, like Icarus and Prometheus, and to the European literary tradition, presenting an approach to the concept of the humanity theme that makes one think of Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, or using motifs such as immortality that refers the reader to Borges’ short stories. Thus, the main intention of this dissertation will be to analyze Fullmetal Alchimist, framing the work on its medium of origin, Japanese comics, and at the same time there will be points to be established taking in account resemblances and differences on three levels: the typical structure of manga; usage of European mythology; narrative and thematic structure seen in western literary tradition, from the action and adventure genre in children and youth literature, to more emblematic works, such as the already mentioned The Metamorphosis, by Kafka, Borges’ short stories compiled in the anthology The Aleph, and Faust, by Goethe. There will also be made an approach to exoliterary intertextuality, based on historic facts and events and themes from our contemporary society that constitute ethic concerns, such as armed confronts, ethnic massacres, and the use of science for military purposes. Although these themes are global concerns, they affect more the western world and the Middle East, not being a direct part of everyday life in Japan, which is a demilitarized country that is somewhat geographically isolated.

博士
國立中興大學
獸醫學系
89
ABSTRACT Leucocytozoonosis caused by Leucocytozoon caulleryi is a significant disease prevalent in open chicken houses of eastern Asia. L. caulleryi is transmitted by Culicoides arakawae, a blood-sucking vector. Leucocytozoonosis prevalence is influenced by vector population succession and parasites in an ingested blood bolus enter the midgut of midges and develop in hostile body. Thus the first examination was performed on a farm to investigate vector population succession and leucocytozoonosis prevalence in experimental chicks and to obtain the ecology data for assessing the prevalence. The second examination was performed to investigate effect of environmental humidity and midge density on development and fecundity of vectors. The last examination was performed to investigate blood-feeding methods and bloodmeal factors influencing gorged vectors infected with L. caulleryi. The findings were as follows: (1) C. arakawae adults might be highly host specific because they were rarely discovered on cattle or pig farms, and none of the experimental chickens were infected by L. caulleryi on those farms. (2) Identifying and counting gorged and gravid C. arakawae to assess leucocytozoonosis prevalence is a practical strategy. The critical vector index should be 5.0. The lowest vector mean was 110.5 in the prevalent period and the highest vector mean was 22.3 in the period not causing leucotocytozoonosis. (3) Taking vector means from three or more collections each month, should be the best assessment of leucocytozoonosis prevalence because C. arakawae succession appears to have a 3-week periodicity. (4) The gorged gravid wild female (P), reared in in 80 % ralative humidity was significantly improved (p < 0.0001). (5) Hatching larvae reared in the plates with Rhabditis sp., adding a teaspoon of 0.5 % agar gel could enhance pupation rate significantly (p < 0.025). (6) C. arakawae first generation (F1) larval period was 10-24 days. Emergence rate of pupae, survival rate of adults and blood-feeding rate of females all from C. arakawae larval period over 12 days were significantly declined (p < 0.05). (7) The adults reared at 80 % ralative humidity or in a humidity maintaining cup, showed significantly improved survival and blood feeding condition (p < 0.05). (8) P and F1 C. arakawae both showed better survival on lower density, however, only when they reared in 1.0 / ㎝3 and over midge density the survival rate significantly lowered (p < 0.05). (9) The larval density should not over 3.0 / ㎝3 for the larva efficient and constant development. (10) Density did not influence the fecundity of C. arakawae, when gravid females were confined in a petri dish containing 1.2 % agar for laying eggs. (11) Midge density significantly influenced F1blood-feeding efficience (p <0.05). C. arakawae blood-fed through a membrane in 1.0-1.5 /㎝3 density, females showed 46.9 % success rate that was significantly higher than 35.4 % found from 0.25-0.5 / ㎝3 (p <0.05) . (12) C. arakawae were successful blood-fed through fowl-egg-shell membranes. The blood feeding success rates were: turkey egg at 43.7 %, chicken egg at 45.2 % and duck egg at 38.8 %. (13) C. arakawae blood-fed through a chicken egg-shell membrane, the rates of vector infected with parasite were significantly lower (p<0.05) than vectors blood-fed on the breast skin of a live chicken. Therefore, the blood-feeding methods determine pathogen infectivity to vector. (14) The plasma factors in infected chicks significantly affected L. caulleryi sporogony (p<0.05) in C. arakawae bloodmeal. The inhibition effect of plasma factors calculated from sporozoite averages was 53.6 %. According these findings, our conclusions are as follows: C. arakawae population succession in relation to leucocytozoonosis is very definite. In high humidity enviroment, C. arakawae develope and emerge quickly. Moreover, the female gorged percentage is improved on high midge density. Therefore, environmental humidity and midge density influence vector population and pathogen transmission. Critical vector data contributing to assessing leucocytozoonosis prevalence is a helpful strategy. In addition, blood-feeding methods and bloodmeal factors both determine infectivity of L. caulleryi to C. arakawae. In bloodmeal complex factors, plasma factors were most critical. And, some vital transmission-blocking factors should exist in infected chicken plasma that should be investigated in detail.

Arakida Reijo has been described as the most prolific female writer in Japanese premodern history, with her literary output encompassing a huge number of texts in a variety of genres. However, her works remain for the most part untranslated from the original classical Japanese, and she is almost a nonentity in modern literary academia. Given the widespread lack of female education in the Tokugawa period combined with the era’s general image of male societal domination, an argument might be made for Reijo’s inclusion in modern scholarship due to her status as an educated woman alone. However, Reijo’s masterful handling of complicated plots, both interesting as entertainment and rewarding for further academic study, merits a place for her in the Japanese canon even apart from her rarity as an educated female author from the Tokugawa period. As will be examined in this paper, Reijo’s treatment of supernatural women in her 1778 collection of fantastic tales Ayashi no yogatari, or “Tales of the Uncanny,” stands as an interesting departure from the often misogynistic themes in premodern Japanese supernatural tales. Reijo’s treatment of supernatural women becomes all the more interesting when compared against traditional and contemporary literature, as rather than attempting a complete reversal of ideas and motifs of her day, Reijo instead affects more subtle but important changes. While the women in her stories still often lack agency and interiority, and furthermore still play the role of the “monster,” subject to supernatural metamorphoses, Reijo’s tales often lack both the ultimate judgement of these characters and the subsequent didactic atmosphere present in so many similar tales. An analysis of Reijo’s tales in comparison with traditional and contemporary literature reveals the uniqueness of her approach and its import in the Japanese literary tradition.