Artykuły w czasopismach: „Arable cropping”

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Alabdulkader, A. M., A. I. Al-Amoud i F. S. Awad. " Optimization of the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia using a mathematical programming sector model". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 58, No. 2 (5.03.2012): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8/2011-agricecon.

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A mathematical sector model has been formulated to optimize the cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia aiming at maximizing the net annual return of the agricultural sector in Saudi Arabia and ensuring the efficient allocation of the scarce water resources and arable land among the competing crops. The results showed the potential for Saudi Arabia to optimize its cropping pattern and to generate an estimated net return equivalent to about 2.42 billion US$ per year. The optimized cropping pattern in Saudi Arabia has been coupled with about 53% saving in the water use and about 48% reduction in the arable land use compared to the base-year cropping pattern. Comparable weights was given to different crop groups by allocating about 48.4%, 35.4%, 13.1%, and 3.2% to grow cereals, fruits, forages, and vegetables, respectively. These findings were in line with the national strategy to rationalize the cultivation of water-intensive crops in favour of highly water-efficient crops.  

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van Eekeren, Nick, Lydia Bommelé, Jaap Bloem, Ton Schouten, Michiel Rutgers, Ron de Goede, Dirk Reheul i Lijbert Brussaard. "Soil biological quality after 36 years of ley-arable cropping, permanent grassland and permanent arable cropping". Applied Soil Ecology 40, nr 3 (listopad 2008): 432–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.06.010.

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Johnston, A. Edward, i Keith W. T. Goulding. "Rational potassium manuring for arable cropping systems". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 46, nr 1 (1988): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740460102.

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Korsaeth, Audun. "N, P, and K Budgets and Changes in Selected Topsoil Nutrients over 10 Years in a Long-Term Experiment with Conventional and Organic Crop Rotations". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/539582.

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This study presents soil system budgets of N, P and K in six contrasting cropping systems during 10 years of a long-term experiment in southeast Norway. The experiment included systems with arable cash-cropping and with mixed arable-dairy cropping (cash- and fodder crops), with organic and conventional management represented in both groups. All major nutrient inputs and outputs were measured or estimated. State of the art conventional cash-cropping appeared to be balanced in terms of N, whereas conventional mixed cropping had an N surplus. By contrast, less up to date conventional arable cash-cropping and all the organic systems showed indications of soil organic N depletion (negative N budgets). All the organic systems showed that mining of the soil P and K content occurs, whereas the conventional systems all had P and K surpluses. The results corresponded well with measured differences between systems in terms of ignition loss, P-AL, K-AL and K-HNO3measured in 2009. This study shows that a fertile soil may be exposed to substantial mining of N, P and K over many years before it is detectable by traditional analyses, and that field nutrient budgeting is a feasible, but data-demanding, approach to detect such misbalances at an early stage.

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Ogunwole, Joshua Olalekan, Luiz Fernando Pires i Bello Muhammed Shehu. "Changes in the Structure of a Nigerian Soil under Different Land Management Practices". Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 39, nr 3 (czerwiec 2015): 830–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140017.

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Quantification of soil physical quality (SPQ) and pore size distribution (PSD) can assist understanding of how changes in land management practices influence dynamics of soil structure, and this understanding could greatly improve the predictability of soil physical behavior and crop yield. The objectives of this study were to measure the SPQ index under two different land management practices (the continuous arable cropping system and natural bush fallow system), and contrast the effects of these practices on the structure of PSD using soil water retention data. Soil water retention curves obtained from a pressure chamber were fitted to van Genuchten’s equation, setting m (= 1-1/n). Although values for soil bulk density were high, soils under the continuous arable cropping system had good SPQ, and maintained the capacity to support root development. However, soils under the natural bush fallow system had a worse structure than the continuous arable system, with restrictions in available water capacity. These two management systems had different PSDs. Results showed the inferiority of the natural bush fallow system with no traffic restriction (which is the common practice) in relation to the continuous arable cropping system in regard to physical quality and structure.

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Jayasuriya, M. C. N. "Use of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products in ruminant production systems in developing countries". BSAP Occasional Publication 16 (1993): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00031062.

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AbstractRuminant production systems in developing countries could be classified into three categories: the extensive systems, systems incorporating arable cropping and systems integrated with tree cropping. Systems have evolved in response to the agro-ecological environment, the availability and type of land, nature of cropping patterns, frequency and intensity of cropping, area of uncultivated land and animal species and animal numbers.Smallholder livestock farmers in most developing countries appear to have adopted a mixed system that incorporates the traditional extensive system and the system that combines arable cropping with livestock. Both in Africa and in Asia, livestock production is an important component of traditional agriculture, complementing arable cropping. Livestock utilize existing food resources such as communal grazing lands which are marginal for arable cropping, crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. Besides supplying meat and milk, organic manure and draft power, livestock are an investment and an insurance against crop failure.Crop residues and agro-industrial by-products are a major source of nutrients for ruminant livestock in developing countries, especially during periods of fodder shortage. Despite the large research effort on upgrading crop residues in recent years, there has been little improvement in the utilization of crop residues in developing countries. Reasons for this are many but include, the absence of detailed production patterns of crop residues within countries, including when and where they are produced, the difficulties of transporting and storing crop residues, inappropriate technology and the near absence of extension services.Both in the African and Asian continents, smallholder farmers who rear livestock for supplementary income are rather reluctant to change their traditional practices, when new technologies call for extra labour, time and capital, since the methods may be too demanding in relation to the benefit produced. The more likely application of any new technology will be with larger-scale operations where benefits are clearer and sufficiently large to warrant the extra efforts.

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McKillop, Heather. "Ancient Maya Tree Cropping". Ancient Mesoamerica 5, nr 1 (1994): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536100001085.

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AbstractThe predominance of tree crops among abundant, well-preserved plant food remains from coastal sites in southern Belize suggests that these island Maya had a specialized subsistence focus. Limited arable land on offshore islands, together with a maritime economy, may have been important factors in the use of tree crops. The Wild Cane Cay Maya utilized a variety of native palm fruits – Orbignya cohune, Acrocomia mexicana, and Bactris major, as well as other wild tree fruits, in addition to corn. These coastal data support the view that specialized adaptation to diverse environments was a feature of ancient Maya subsistence.

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Leeson, J. Y., J. W. Sheard i A. G. Thomas. "Weed communities associated with arable Saskatchewan farm management systems". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, nr 1 (1.01.2000): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-039.

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The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a range of management systems on weed communities in cropped fields on farms in Saskatchewan. Farms (n = 28) with management systems defined by a combination of different cropping histories and chemical input levels were selected. Fields were surveyed on each farm in 1995, 1996, and 1997 after any post-emergent weed control to ensure that their weed communities reflected the impact of all agronomic management practices typical of the management system. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to determine whether weed communities were significantly correlated with management system after removal of variance due to ecoregion and year. The largest difference in weed communities attributable to farming system was between the systems with annual cropping histories and those that included perennials in the cropping history. Thus, the life history of the weeds reflected the life history of the crops. Herbicide use was correlated with the next largest difference between systems. A significant association between weed communities and different management systems indicates that weed species are being selected for by these systems. If such selection pressure continues, these species may become a threat to the system's sustainability. Key words: Weed communities, chemical input level, cropping history, canonical correspondence analysis, correspondence analysis, farming system

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Beule, Lukas, i Petr Karlovsky. "Tree rows in temperate agroforestry croplands alter the composition of soil bacterial communities". PLOS ONE 16, nr 2 (10.02.2021): e0246919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246919.

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Background Tree-based intercropping (agroforestry) has been advocated to reduce adverse environmental impacts of conventional arable cropping. Modern agroforestry systems in the temperate zone are alley-cropping systems that combine rows of fast-growing trees with rows of arable crops. Soil microbial communities in these systems have been investigated intensively; however, molecular studies with high taxonomical resolution are scarce. Methods Here, we assessed the effect of temperate agroforestry on the abundance, diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities at three paired poplar-based alley cropping and conventional monoculture cropland systems using real-time PCR and Illumina sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Two of the three systems grew summer barley (Hordeum vulgare); one system grew maize (Zea mays) in the sampling year. To capture the spatial heterogeneity induced by the tree rows, soil samples in the agroforestry systems were collected along transects spanning from the centre of the tree rows to the centre of the agroforestry crop rows. Results Tree rows of temperate agroforestry systems increased the abundance of soil bacteria while their alpha diversity remained largely unaffected. The composition of the bacterial communities in tree rows differed from those in arable land (crop rows of the agroforestry systems and conventional monoculture croplands). Several bacterial groups in soil showed strong association with either tree rows or arable land, revealing that the introduction of trees into arable land through agroforestry is accompanied by the introduction of a tree row-associated microbiome. Conclusion The presence of tree row-associated bacteria in agroforestry increases the overall microbial diversity of the system. We speculate that the increase in biodiversity is accompanied by functional diversification. Differences in plant-derived nutrients (root exudates and tree litter) and management practices (fertilization and tillage) likely account for the differences between bacterial communities of tree rows and arable land in agroforestry systems.

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Ikuerowo, Joseph Olubukun, i Olanrewaju Abidemi Tehinloju. "Factors Influencing Arable Crop Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Bio-Organic Technology in Ondo State, Nigeria". Journal of Agricultural Extension 25, nr 1 (1.03.2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v25i1.3.

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The study analysed factors influencing arable crop farmers’ willingness to adopt bio-organic technology in Ondo State. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 180 respondents for the study. Questionnaire was used to collect data which were analysed with percentages, 4-point likert-type scale and logit regression model. The findings revealed that the females (67.0%) dominated arable crop farming, the mean age was 41 years and 55.6% had formal education. All the respondents are aware of mixed cropping and croprotation and less than 50% were aware of alley cropping (43.2) and biological pest control (26.6). The majority (67.6%) of the arable crop farmers had unfavourable perception of bio-organic technology. The study showed that increase in extension visit, membership of farmers’ group, access to information and education positively increase the likelihood of farmers to adopt bio-organic technology. Enhanced extension services that would adequately support farmer and extended education programs geared towards broadening farmers’ knowledge on bio-organic technology should be promoted. Keywords: willingness, adoption, bio-organic technology, arable crop farmer

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Tamms, Laura, Friederike de Mol, Michael Glemnitz i Bärbel Gerowitt. "Weed Densities in Perennial Flower Mixtures Cropped for Greater Arable Biodiversity". Agriculture 11, nr 6 (28.05.2021): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060501.

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The cropping of perennial wildflower mixtures to produce biomass for use in biogas plants is one option for breaking maize’s dominance as a bioenergy feedstock. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of weeds in commercially produced perennial wildflower mixtures. Weed control during the establishment of perennial wildflower mixtures is very difficult to manage and raises the issue of the development of new weed problems when cropping perennial wildflower mixtures. In a three-year field experiment with staggered starts in four sites in northeast Germany, a perennial crop mixture was sown each year. The weeds and sown crops were surveyed annually in June. Plant densities and species numbers were counted and diversity indices calculated. Data were analysed using linear mixed models. Across all sites, weed density decreased significantly over the years of use (=cropping seasons), while weed species richness in the perennial mixture remained unchanged. The sown crop species richness significantly decreased, while the sown crop densities increased with cropping seasons. Weed density did not increase at any of the experimental sites. Although weed densities were high and crop establishment was poor in the first growing seasons, the perennial mix was able to suppress weeds in the following growing season. It was concluded that the cropping of perennial flower mixtures could contribute to biodiversity without causing new weed problems.

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Li, Le, Zurui Ao, Yaolong Zhao i Xulong Liu. "Impacts of Rapid Socioeconomic Development on Cropping Intensity Dynamics in China during 2001–2016". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, nr 11 (18.11.2019): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110519.

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Changes in cropping intensity reflect not only changes in land use but also the transformation of land functions. Although both natural conditions and socioeconomic factors can influence the spatial distribution of the cropping intensity and its changes, socioeconomic developments related to human activities can exert great impacts on short term cropping intensity changes. The driving force of this change has a high level of uncertainty; and few researchers have implemented comprehensive studies on the underlying driving forces and mechanisms of these changes. This study produced cropping intensity maps in China from 2001 to 2016 using remote sensing data and analyzed the impacts of socioeconomic drivers on cropping intensity and its changes in nine major agricultural zones in China. We found that the average annual cropping intensity in all nine agricultural zones increased from 2001 to 2016 under rapid socioeconomic development, and the trends in the seven major agricultural zones were significantly increased (p < 0.05), based on a Mann–Kendall test, except for the Northeast China Plain (NE Plain) and Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QT Plateau). Based on the results from the Geo-Detector, a widely used geospatial analysis tool, the dominant factors that affected cropping intensity distribution were related to the arable land output in the plain regions and topography in the mountainous regions. The factors that affected cropping intensity changes were mainly related to the arable land area and crop yields in northern China, and regional economic developments, such as machinery power input and farmers’ income in southern China. These findings provide useful cropping intensity data and profound insights for policymaking on how to use cultivated land resources efficiently and sustainably.

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Hawes, Young, Banks, Begg, Christie, Iannetta, Karley i Squire. "Whole-Systems Analysis of Environmental and Economic Sustainability in Arable Cropping Systems: A Case Study". Agronomy 9, nr 8 (8.08.2019): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080438.

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The long-term sustainability of crop production depends on the complex network of interactions and trade-offs between biotic, abiotic and economic components of agroecosystems. An integrated arable management system was designed to maintain yields, whilst enhancing biodiversity and minimising environmental impact. Management interventions included conservation tillage and organic matter incorporation for soil biophysical health, reduced crop protection inputs and integrated pest management strategies for enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem functions, and intercropping, cover cropping and under-sowing to achieve more sustainable nutrient management. This system was compared directly with standard commercial practice in a split-field experimental design over a six-year crop rotation. The effect of the cropping treatment was assessed according to the responses of a suite of indicators, which were used to parameterise a qualitative multi-attribute model. Scenarios were run to test whether the integrated cropping system achieved greater levels of overall sustainability relative to standard commercial practice. Overall sustainability was rated high for both integrated and conventional management of bean, barley and wheat crops. Winter oilseed crops scored medium for both cropping systems and potatoes scored very low under standard management but achieved a medium level of sustainability with integrated management. In general, high scores for environmental sustainability in integrated cropping systems were offset by low scores for economic sustainability relative to standard commercial practice. This case study demonstrates the value of a ‘whole cropping systems’ approach using qualitative multi-attribute modelling for the assessment of existing cropping systems and for predicting the likely impact of new management interventions on arable sustainability.

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Wiesmeier, M., M. Lungu, R. Hübner i V. Cerbari. "Remediation of degraded arable steppe soils in Moldova using vetch as green manure". Solid Earth 6, nr 2 (29.05.2015): 609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-609-2015.

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Abstract. In the Republic of Moldova, non-sustainable arable farming led to severe degradation and erosion of fertile steppe soils (Chernozems). As a result, the Chernozems lost about 40% of their initial amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). The aim of this study was to remediate degraded arable soils and promote carbon sequestration by implementation of cover cropping and green manuring in Moldova. Thereby, the suitability of the legume hairy vetch (Vicia sativa) as cover crop under the dry continental climate of Moldova was examined. At two experimental sites, the effect of cover cropping on chemical and physical soil properties as well as on yields of subsequent main crops was determined. The results showed a significant increase of SOC after incorporation of hairy vetch mainly due to increases of aggregate-occluded and mineral-associated OC. This was related to a high above- and belowground biomass production of hairy vetch associated with a high input of carbon and nitrogen into arable soils. A calculation of SOC stocks based on equivalent soil masses revealed a sequestration of around 3 t C ha−1yr−1 as a result of hairy vetch cover cropping. The buildup of SOC was associated with an improvement of the soil structure as indicated by a distinct decrease of bulk density and a relative increase of macroaggregates at the expense of microaggregates and clods. As a result, yields of subsequent main crops increased by around 20%. Our results indicated that hairy vetch is a promising cover crop to remediate degraded steppe soils, control soil erosion and sequester substantial amounts of atmospheric C in arable soils of Moldova.

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Zarina, Livija, Barbel Gerowitt, Bo Melander, Jukka Salonen, Roman Krawczuk i Teo Verwijst. "Crop diversification for weed management in organic arable cropping systems". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (17.06.2015): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2015vol2.274.

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Within the ERA-net CORE Organic Plus transnational programmes supported project PRODIVA producing of the information required for a better utilization of crop diversification for weed management in North European organic arable cropping systems was started. To fulfill the goal of this project- not to eradicate weed problems, which is unlikely to happen in any arable farming system, but to maintain a diversified and manageable weed flora that can support beneficial organisms- there were data from ongoing long-termed cropping system experiments from Latvia analyzed.It is hypothesised that: a) perennial weeds can be suppressed in the post-harvest period by improved cover crop establishment and pertinent selection of cover crop species; b) on-farm practices of crop diversification are related to weed pressure and species composition.On the bases on data from organic farm and ongoing long-termed cropping system experiment on weed dynamics in six-field crop rotations with cover crop was concluded that red clover as cover crop after the harvest period is effective to manage perennial weeds. In crop rotation with higher proportions of cereals weed infection growth in six-field rotation with 50% share of cereals up to 3.4, but with 33.3 % share-up to 2.1 times.

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Szajdak, Lech, Irena Życzyńska-Bałoniak, Teresa Meysner i Andrzej Blecharczyk. "Bound amino acids in humic acids from arable cropping systems". Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 167, nr 5 (październik 2004): 562–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200321174.

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Zhang, W. J., X. J. Wang, M. G. Xu, S. M. Huang, H. Liu i C. Peng. "Soil organic carbon dynamics under long-term fertilizations in arable land of northern China". Biogeosciences Discussions 6, nr 4 (3.07.2009): 6539–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6539-2009.

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Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) data were collected from six long-term experiment sites in the upland of northern China. Various fertilization (e.g. inorganic fertilizations and combined inorganic-manure applications) and cropping (e.g. mono- and double-cropping) practices have been applied at these sites. Our analyses indicate that long-term applications of inorganic nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) result in a significant increase in SOC at the sites with the double-cropping systems. The applications of inorganic NP and/or NPK combined with manure lead to a significantly increasing trend in SOC content at all the sites. However, the application of NPK with crop residue incorporation can only increase SOC content in the warm-temperate areas with the double-cropping systems. Regression analyses suggest that soil carbon sequestration responds linearly to carbon input at all the sites. Conversion rates of carbon input to SOC decrease significantly with an increase of annual accumulative temperature or precipitation, showing lower rates (6.8%–7.7%) in the warm-temperate areas than in the mid-temperate areas (15.8%–31.0%).

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Herrmann, Antje, Sandra Claus, Ralf Loges, Christof Kluß i Friedhelm Taube. "Can arable forage production be intensified sustainably? A case study from northern Germany". Crop and Pasture Science 65, nr 6 (2014): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13362.

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Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) resulting from forage production contribute a major share to ‘livestock’s long shadow’. A 2-year field experiment was conducted at two sites in northern Germany to quantify and evaluate the carbon footprint of arable forage cropping systems (continuous silage maize, maize–wheat–grass rotation, perennial ryegrass ley) as affected by N-fertiliser type and N amount. Total GHG emissions showed a linear increase with N application, with mineral-N supply resulting in a steeper slope. Product carbon footprint (PCF) ranged between –66 and 119 kg CO2eq/(GJ net energy lactation) and revealed a quadratic or linear response to fertiliser N input, depending on the cropping system and site. Thus, exploitation of yield potential while mitigating PCF was not feasible for all tested cropping systems. When taking credits or debts for carbon sequestration into account, perennial ryegrass was characterised by a lower PCF than continuous maize or the maize-based rotation, at the N input required for achieving maximum energy yield, whereas similar or higher PCF was found when grassland was assumed to have achieved soil carbon equilibrium. The data indicate potential for sustainable intensification when cropping systems and crop management are adapted to increase resource-use efficiency.

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Zhang, W. J., X. J. Wang, M. G. Xu, S. M. Huang, H. Liu i C. Peng. "Soil organic carbon dynamics under long-term fertilizations in arable land of northern China". Biogeosciences 7, nr 2 (2.02.2010): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-409-2010.

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Abstract. Soil carbon sequestration is a complex process influenced by agricultural practices, climate and soil conditions. This paper reports a study of long-term fertilization impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamic from six long-term experiments. The experiment sites are located from warm-temperate zone with a double-cropping system of corn (Zea mays L.) – wheat (Triticum Aestivium L.) rotation, to mild-temperate zones with mono-cropping systems of continuous corn, or a three-year rotation of corn-wheat-wheat. Mineral fertilizer applications result in an increasing trend in SOC except in the arid and semi-arid areas with the mono-cropping systems. Additional manure application is important to maintain SOC level in the arid and semi-arid areas. Carbon conversion rate is significant lower in the warm-temperate zone with double cropping system (6.8%–7.7%) than that in the mild-temperate areas with mono-cropping systems (15.8%–31.0%). The conversion rate is significantly correlated with annual precipitation and active accumulative temperature, i.e., higher conversion rate under lower precipitation and/or temperature conditions. Moreover, soil high in clay content has higher conversion rate than soils low in clay content. Soil carbon sequestration rate ranges from 0.07 to 1.461 t ha−1 year−1 in the upland of northern China. There is significantly linear correlation between soil carbon sequestration and carbon input at most sites, indicating that these soils are not carbon-saturated thus have potential to migrate more CO2 from atmosphere.

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Roberts, J., A. Suarez Infiesta, B. Schäbitz, J. Fourie i A. Werner. "Active optical sensing of canopies in pasture management". Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (1.01.2015): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.487.

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Commercial units of Active Optical Sensor (AOS) systems are designed for sensing arable crops to estimate the required amount of nitrogen fertiliser and are well established in intensive arable cropping systems in Europe. A research version AOS (RU-AOS) of a commercial system was tested as a potential canopy sensor for New Zealand dairy pastures. To study the applicability of this sensor a sensitivity experiment was conducted. Additionally, a plot experiment investigated the relationship between the spectrometer and biomass attributes on ryegrass and white clover canopies fertilised with five different nitrogen amounts. The pasture plots were sensed with the RU-AOS and results compared with measured biomass dry matter and nitrogen amount. For some events a strong linear relationship between dry matter (DM) and the water index (WI) was evident (i.e. r2 = 0.80) as well as between nitrogen (N) amount and simple ratio (SR) (i.e. r2 = 0.89). The results suggest there is potential for this sensor to estimate New Zealand dairy pasture attributes. This could be used to develop a pasture system similar to commercial arable cropping nitrogen sensor AOSs. Keywords: Active Optical Sensor; pasture; nitrogen

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Wiesmeier, M., M. Lungu, R. Hübner i V. Cerbari. "Remediation of degraded arable steppe soils in Moldova using vetch as green manure". Solid Earth Discussions 7, nr 1 (30.01.2015): 509–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-7-509-2015.

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Abstract. In the Republic of Moldova, non-sustainable arable farming led to severe degradation and erosion of fertile steppe soils (Chernozems). As a result, the Chernozems lost about 40% of their initial amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC). Aim of this study was to remediate degraded arable soils and promote carbon sequestration by implementation of cover cropping and green manuring in Moldova. Thereby, the suitability of the legume hairy vetch (Vicia sativa) as cover crop under the dry, continental climate of Moldova was examined. At two experimental sites, the effect of cover cropping on chemical and physical soil properties as well as on yields of subsequent main crops was determined. The results showed a significant increase of SOC after incorporation of hairy vetch due to a high above- and belowground biomass production that was related with a high input of carbon and nitrogen. A calculation of SOC stocks based on equivalent soil masses revealed a sequestration of around 3 t C ha-1 yr-1 as a result of hairy vetch cover cropping. The buildup of SOC was associated with an improvement of the soil structure as indicated by a distinct decrease of bulk density and a relative increase of macroaggregates at the expense of microaggregates and clods. As a result, yields of subsequent main crops increased by around 20%. Our results indicated that hairy vetch is a promising cover crop to remediate degraded steppe soils, control soil erosion and sequestrate substantial amounts of atmospheric C in arable soils of Moldova.

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Squire, Geoffrey R., Mark Young, Linda Ford, Gillian Banks i Cathy Hawes. "Defining Targets for Reversing Declines of Soil Carbon in High-Intensity Arable Cropping". Agronomy 10, nr 7 (6.07.2020): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10070973.

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Soil organic carbon (SOC) is declining globally due to intensification of agriculture. Reversing declines should reduce soil erosion, maintain yields, raise the soil’s atmospheric carbon sink, and improve habitat for biodiversity. Commercial fields were sampled in a diverse European Atlantic zone cropland to relate SOC status to cropping intensity and to define a realistic target for restoration. SOC (%C by mass) decreased from 4% to 2% as the proportion of high-intensity crops increased from zero to 55% (linear regression, F pr. < 0.001). In further sampling in and around high-intensity fields, mean SOC increased from 2.4% in cultivated soil to 3.3% in field margins and 4.8% in nearby uncultivated land (F pr. < 0.001). Three broad zones of SOC in close spatial proximity were then defined: 1) high-intensity arable from 1% to 3%, 2) mid-intensity arable and arable-grass from 3% to 5% and 3) uncultivated and semi-natural land from 5% upwards. C:N ratio was constrained around 12, unaffected by cropping intensity, but slightly lower in fields than in margins and uncultivated land (F pr. < 0.001). A feasible target SOC of just above 3% was defined for high-intensity sites. There should be no biophysical obstacle to raising SOC above 3% in the high-input sector. Results argue against treating cropland of this type as uniform: assessment and restoration should be implemented field by field.

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French, RJ. "Changes in Cropping Systems at the Boundaries of the Pastoral and Cropping Zones in Southern Australia." Rangeland Journal 15, nr 1 (1993): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9930117.

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A history of cropping at the margins between arable and pastoral lands is examined. Assessment is made of the climatic factors that caused the abandonment of cropping. These criteria are then used to assess the likelihood that future cropping will persist along the present pastoral margins in different states of Australia. A minimum requirement is that the ratio of water use to evaporation in the growing season should exceed 0.3. An analysis of past climatic data should also be made to identify sequences of years when rainfall was both above and below average. Periods of above-average rainfall can lead to undue optimism for future cropping. Simple climatic models are required so that farmers can use them to predict the rainfall in the growing season and thereby make appropriate management decisions. Farming is a complex technical and financial business and farmers will need skills in monitoring, measuring and recording factors that influence their livelihood.

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ZHOU, D., P. AN, Z. PAN i F. ZHANG. "Arable land use intensity change in China from 1985 to 2005: evidence from integrated cropping systems and agro economic analysis". Journal of Agricultural Science 150, nr 2 (3.06.2011): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000396.

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SUMMARYA cropping system is the consequence of environmental and socio-economic conditions that determine the intensity of agricultural land use. Accurate information on regional land use intensity and changes in land use intensity is important for food security and sustainable resource management in China. Therefore, a better understanding of the spatial and temporal changes in arable land use intensity (ALUI) based on the cropping system used is essential to comprehend the changes in land use and the sustainability of the food system. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the spatial difference in ALUI and how it has changed in China by comparing data on cropping systems from 1985 and 2005. The basic cropping system data were acquired from the 1985 reference book and the 2005 national land use investigation. The ALUI was defined by the application of inputs (irrigation water and fertilizer) to arable land and the duration of disturbances (the duration of cultivation and the frequency of cropping), and it was calculated using the information entropy approach at the cropping region scale (cropping region being defined by the geographical and climatic conditions at the beginning of the 1980s). Spatial and temporal changes in the ALUI in China over the past two decades were observed and analysed. The results indicated a clear pattern in ALUI, increasing from the north to the south in 2005. Furthermore, the ALUI significantly increased after the 1980s, but the rate of increase was lower in the south than in the north. The most intensive land use in 1985 was in the area of the lower reach of the Yangtze and Huai Rivers, and it expanded northwards towards the Huang-Huai-Hai plain in 2005. The large increase in intensity in the northern single-cropping regions was strongly associated with a rapid increase in inputs and longer duration of cultivation. Decreases in duration of cultivation and planting area helped slow the ALUI increase in multiple cropping regions, which were concentrated in coastal and economically developed regions where more fertile soil and suitable climates existed, allowing the growth of multiple crops. These results suggested that a decrease in the planting area and a slow increase in the ALUI in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, South China, Southeast China and Northeast China should be of concern, but land use in some western regions should maintain the land production capacity to build sustainable cropping. In the future, it will be necessary to produce more food in a more sustainable way.

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Hounkpatin, Kpade O. L., Gerhard Welp, P. B. Irénikatché Akponikpè, Ingrid Rosendahl i Wulf Amelung. "Carbon losses from prolonged arable cropping of Plinthosols in Southwest Burkina Faso". Soil and Tillage Research 175 (styczeń 2018): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.08.014.

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Riley, H., i M. Bakkegard. "Declines of soil organic matter content under arable cropping in southeast Norway". Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science 56, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064710510029141.

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von Sperber, C., R. Stallforth, C. Du Preez i W. Amelung. "Changes in soil phosphorus pools during prolonged arable cropping in semiarid grasslands". European Journal of Soil Science 68, nr 4 (14.06.2017): 462–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12433.

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Chamen, W. C. T., D. Dowler, P. R. Leede i D. J. Longstaff. "Design, Operation and Performance of a Gantry System: Experience in Arable Cropping". Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 59, nr 1 (wrzesień 1994): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1994.1063.

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Seremesic, Srdjan, Ljiljana Nesic, Vladimir Ciric, Jovica Vasin, Ivica Djalovic, Jelena Marinkovic i Bojan Vojnov. "Soil organic carbon fractions in different land use systems of Chernozem soil". Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, nr 138 (2020): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn2038031s.

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The relationship between soil carbon fractions in Chernozem soils was assessed in soil samples of three different environments: arable soil, grassland and oak for?est. Grassland and oak forest had higher soil organic carbon (SOC), carbon soluble in hot water (HWC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated carbon (MOC) than the arable soil. The POC/MOC ratio was lowest in arable soil, indicating a smaller carbon pool for microbial turnover. POC increases with higher total SOC, indicating that the pres?ervation of organic matter depends on the renewal of labile fractions. Our results showed that fertilization had active role in soil carbon stabilization, while crop rotation had less effect on a soil carbon turnover. Our result could contribute to the better understanding of SOC fractions composition and relevance in Chernozem soil, thus could help in selection of cropping management systems for SOC preservation.

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Melander, Bo, Nicolas Munier-Jolain, Raphaël Charles, Judith Wirth, Jürgen Schwarz, Rommie van der Weide, Ludovic Bonin, Peter K. Jensen i Per Kudsk. "European Perspectives on the Adoption of Nonchemical Weed Management in Reduced-Tillage Systems for Arable Crops". Weed Technology 27, nr 1 (marzec 2013): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00066.1.

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Noninversion tillage with tine- or disc-based cultivations prior to crop establishment is the most common way of reducing tillage for arable cropping systems with small grain cereals, oilseed rape, and maize in Europe. However, new regulations on pesticide use might hinder further expansion of reduced-tillage systems. European agriculture is asked to become less dependent on pesticides and promote crop protection programs based on integrated pest management (IPM) principles. Conventional noninversion tillage systems rely entirely on the availability of glyphosate products, and herbicide consumption is mostly higher compared to plow-based cropping systems. Annual grass weeds and catchweed bedstraw often constitute the principal weed problems in noninversion tillage systems, and crop rotations concurrently have very high proportions of winter cereals. There is a need to redesign cropping systems to allow for more diversification of the crop rotations to combat these weed problems with less herbicide input. Cover crops, stubble management strategies, and tactics that strengthen crop growth relative to weed growth are also seen as important components in future IPM systems, but their impact in noninversion tillage systems needs validation. Direct mechanical weed control methods based on rotating weeding devices such as rotary hoes could become useful in reduced-tillage systems where more crop residues and less workable soils are more prevalent, but further development is needed for effective application. Owing to the frequent use of glyphosate in reduced-tillage systems, perennial weeds are not particularly problematic. However, results from organic cropping systems clearly reveal that desisting from glyphosate use inevitably leads to more problems with perennials, which need to be addressed in future research.

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Bhaskar, B. P., S. G. Anantwar, S. S. Gaikwad i S. V. Bobade. "Land resource assessment for agricultural development in Seoni district (Madhya Pradesh), India". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, nr 2 (1.06.2016): 750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.869.

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The objective of land resource assessment for rainfed agridevelopment in tribal dominated Seoni ditrict, Madhya Pradesh was to assess the suitability of thrity soil mapping units for sorghum-cotton based systems in relation to fertility constraints and for enhancing crop productivity. The arability and suitability analysis showed that fifty six per cent of arable land is suitable for eleven land use systems. The twenty two per cent of arable basaltic lands in northen plateaus were evaluated as suitable for for citrus, sorghum and soybean cropping systems with limitations of low available nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc whereas in southern precipitous zone , fifteen per cent of granitic lands were evaluated as suitable for sorghum and cotton with limitations of stoniness, low water holding capacity, low status of available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc and eighteen per cent of area in sagar and hirvi river valleys for rice, citrus, maize, sunflower and vegetables. Out of 44.6 per cent of nonarable land, thirty seven per cent of land was evaluated as suitable for forestry / grazing and 6.8 per cent for wild life.The study advocates agroecological zonation for maximum utilization of land resources for potential cropping systems in improving produvtivity and fertility management.

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Wittwer, Raphaël A., S. Franz Bender, Kyle Hartman, Sofia Hydbom, Ruy A. A. Lima, Viviana Loaiza, Thomas Nemecek i in. "Organic and conservation agriculture promote ecosystem multifunctionality". Science Advances 7, nr 34 (sierpień 2021): eabg6995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg6995.

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Ecosystems provide multiple services to humans. However, agricultural systems are usually evaluated on their productivity and economic performance, and a systematic and quantitative assessment of the multifunctionality of agroecosystems including environmental services is missing. Using a long-term farming system experiment, we evaluated and compared the agronomic, economic, and ecological performance of the most widespread arable cropping systems in Europe: organic, conservation, and conventional agriculture. We analyzed 43 agroecosystem properties and determined overall agroecosystem multifunctionality. We show that organic and conservation agriculture promoted ecosystem multifunctionality, especially by enhancing regulating and supporting services, including biodiversity preservation, soil and water quality, and climate mitigation. In contrast, conventional cropping showed reduced multifunctionality but delivered highest yield. Organic production resulted in higher economic performance, thanks to higher product prices and additional support payments. Our results demonstrate that different cropping systems provide opposing services, enforcing the productivity–environmental protection dilemma for agroecosystem functioning.

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Colomb, Bruno, i Anne Glandières. "Sustainability assessment of organic arable cropping systems of the French Midi-Pyrenees region". Cahiers Agricultures 23, nr 2 (marzec 2014): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1684/agr.2014.0693.

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Miller, M. N., B. J. Zebarth, C. E. Dandie, D. L. Burton, C. Goyer i J. T. Trevors. "Denitrifier Community Dynamics in Soil Aggregates under Permanent Grassland and Arable Cropping Systems". Soil Science Society of America Journal 73, nr 6 (listopad 2009): 1843–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0357.

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Sohlenius, B., S. Bostrom i A. Sandor. "Long-Term Dynamics of Nematode Communities in Arable Soil Under Four Cropping Systems". Journal of Applied Ecology 24, nr 1 (kwiecień 1987): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403792.

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GRAGLIA, E., B. MELANDER i R. K. JENSEN. "Mechanical and cultural strategies to control Cirsium arvense in organic arable cropping systems". Weed Research 46, nr 4 (sierpień 2006): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2006.00514.x.

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Frampton, Geoff K., i Paul J. van den Brink. "Influence of cropping on the species composition of epigeic Collembola in arable fields". Pedobiologia 46, nr 3-4 (styczeń 2002): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0031-4056-00140.

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Rakotovololona, Lucia, Nicolas Beaudoin, Aïcha Ronceux, Eric Venet i Bruno Mary. "Driving factors of nitrate leaching in arable organic cropping systems in Northern France". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 272 (luty 2019): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.10.005.

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Burkart, Silvia E., Rolando J. C. León, María C. Conde i Susana B. Perelman. "Plant species diversity in remnant grasslands on arable soils in the cropping Pampa". Plant Ecology 212, nr 6 (29.12.2010): 1009–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9881-z.

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Holst, Jirko, Wenping Liu, Qian Zhang i Reiner Doluschitz. "Crop evapotranspiration, arable cropping systems and water sustainability in southern Hebei, P.R. China". Agricultural Water Management 141 (lipiec 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.03.013.

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Berg, Per, i Thomas Rosswall. "Seasonal variations in abundance and activity of nitrifiers in four arable cropping systems". Microbial Ecology 13, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02014964.

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Råberg, Tora Matilda, Georg Carlsson i Erik Steen Jensen. "Productivity in an arable and stockless organic cropping system may be enhanced by strategic recycling of biomass". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, nr 1 (22.05.2017): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000242.

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AbstractRecirculation of nitrogen (N) from crop residue and green-manure biomass resources may reduce the need to add new reactive N to maintain crop yield and quality. The aim of this study was to determine how different strategies for recycling residual and green-manure biomass influence yield and N concentration of the edible parts of food crops in a stockless organic cropping system. For this purpose, three biomass distribution treatments were investigated in a field experiment, based on a cropping system designed to produce both high-quality food crops and biomass resources from crop residues, cover crops and a green-manure ley. The three treatments, applied at the cropping system level, were: (1) incorporating the aboveground biomass resources in situ (IS); (2) harvesting, ensiling and redistributing the same biomass resources to the non-legume crops (biomass redistribution, BR); and (3) harvesting, ensiling and using the biomass resources as substrate for production of bio-methane via anaerobic digestion (AD) followed by distribution of the digestate as bio-fertilizer to the non-legume crops. The redistribution of ensiled (BR) and digested (AD) biomass did not increase the yield of the edible parts in winter rye (Secale cereal L.), white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) or red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) compared with leaving the biomass on the ground at harvest (IS). The BR treatment increased the yield of lentil intercropped with oat, compared with IS treatment in one of the two studied years. The total biomass yield of the cover crop following winter rye was significantly higher in the BR treatment than in IS in both years. The legume proportion in the green-manure ley was significantly higher in the AD and BR treatments as compared with IS in one of the experimental years. This study showed that strategic biomass redistribution has the potential to enhance biomass productivity while maintaining food crop yields, thereby enhancing whole system productivity. Biomass redistribution systems both with and without biogas digestion offer a new strategy for the development of multifunctional arable cropping systems that rely on internal nutrient cycling.

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Banjarnahor, Dina, i Bistok Hasiholan Simanjuntak. "Evaluasi Kesesuaian Lahan Sumba Tengah Untuk Tanaman Pangan Serta Perancangan Pola Tanamnya Yang Spesifik Lokasi". Bumi Lestari Journal of Environment 16, nr 2 (1.08.2016): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/blje.2016.v16.i02.p04.

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The regency of Sumba Tengah in the province of East Nusa Tenggara relies on rainfall to support its dry land agriculture hence should be supported with land suitability evaluation and cropping pattern design for a more sustainable crop production. This study aims to evaluate land suitability for food crops in Sumba Tengah and formulate the appropriate precipitation-based cropping patterns. This work was carried out from March to June 2015. Stages of research were: 1) characterizing land attributes (climate and soil) by soil analysis and desk study, 2) assessing land suitability level by comparing land attributes and crops requirements, and 3) composing feasible cropping patterns by using water balance method. Soils of Sumba Tengah varied from sandy to clayey with low to neutral pH and low to very high content of organic carbon and nitrogen. Phosphate and potassium availability was very low. Sumba Tengah was exposed to only four wet months a year with annual precipitation of less than 2000 mm. This region was highly and moderately suitable for growing paddy, maize, tubers, and legumes. It was not suitable for wheat. Some of the northern part was arable merely for one cropping season in a year, mostly from December to April, with the alternative of growing paddy or other crops. The remaining was likely to cultivate for two cropping seasons. Legumes were recommended to include in the rotation for soil conservation. Shortage of irrigation led to the unlikeliness of three cropping seasons in a year.

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Curtin, D., P. M. Fraser i M. H. Beare. "Loss of soil organic matter following cultivation of long-term pasture: effects on major exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity". Soil Research 53, nr 4 (2015): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr14173.

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Cultivation of grassland is known to lead to the depletion of soil organic matter (SOM), but the effect on the size and composition of the exchangeable cation suite has not been documented. We measured cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations (calcium, Ca; magnesium, Mg; potassium, K; sodium, Na), as well as soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (0–7.5, 7.5–15, and 15–25 cm), 8 years after conversion of long-term ryegrass–white clover pasture (grazed by sheep) to annual crop production. The trial was near Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand. The trial included three tillage treatments: crops established using intensive cultivation (mouldboard ploughing), minimum tillage (shallow cultivation, ~10 cm), or no-tillage. The 8-year rotation was barley, wheat, pea, barley, pea, barley, barley, barley. A sheep-grazed pasture was maintained as an experimental control. The experiment also included a permanent fallow treatment (maintained plant-free using herbicides; not cultivated). After 8 years under arable cropping, soil C stocks (0–25 cm) were 10 t ha–1 less, on average, than under pasture. The vertical distribution of soil organic matter (SOM) was affected by tillage type, but the total amount of organic matter in the top 25 cm did not differ (P > 0.05) among the tillage treatments. Under permanent fallow (C loss of 13 t ha–1 relative to pasture), total exchangeable cation (Ca + Mg + K +Na) equivalents declined by 47 kmolc ha–1, a 20% decrease compared with pasture. Loss of exchange capacity resulted in the selective release of cations with lower affinity for SOM (K, Na, Mg). Smaller losses of exchangeable cations were recorded under the arable cropping rotation (average 31 kmolc ha–1), with no differences among tillage treatments. Effective CEC (at field pH) decreased under permanent fallow and cultivated treatments because of: (1) depletion of SOM (direct effect); and (2) soil acidification, which eliminated some of the remaining exchange sites (indirect effect). Acidification in the permanent fallow can be attributed to the N mineralisation process, whereas in the cropped systems, excess cation removal in harvested straw and grain accounted for about half of the measured acidification. There was evidence that the organic matter lost under arable cropping and fallow had lower CEC than SOM as a whole.

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Thill, Donald C., i Carol A. Mallory-Smith. "The nature and consequence of weed spread in cropping systems". Weed Science 45, nr 3 (czerwiec 1997): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450009295x.

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Weeds spread through movement of seeds and vegetative reproductive propagules. Pollen movement can spread weedy traits, such as herbicide resistance, between related weed and crop species. Weed seeds can spread short or long distances by natural plant dehiscence mechanisms, wind, water, animals, and man&s activities. This symposium paper is a practical review of short-distance spread of weed seeds in and between nearby arable fields and noncrop lands, examining some of the causes of spread and subsequent effects on crop production. Pollen movement, as it affects the spread of herbicide resistance, also is considered a component of short-distance weed spread. Specific weed management options can be used to reduce man-caused weed seed spread within and between nearby fields, thus reducing potential crop yield losses. Long-term management will be more difficult for weed seed spread by natural dispersal mechanisms.

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Girvan, Martina S., Juliet Bullimore, Jules N. Pretty, A. Mark Osborn i Andrew S. Ball. "Soil Type Is the Primary Determinant of the Composition of the Total and Active Bacterial Communities in Arable Soils". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, nr 3 (marzec 2003): 1800–1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.3.1800-1809.2003.

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ABSTRACT Degradation of agricultural land and the resulting loss of soil biodiversity and productivity are of great concern. Land-use management practices can be used to ameliorate such degradation. The soil bacterial communities at three separate arable farms in eastern England, with different farm management practices, were investigated by using a polyphasic approach combining traditional soil analyses, physiological analysis, and nucleic acid profiling. Organic farming did not necessarily result in elevated organic matter levels; instead, a strong association with increased nitrate availability was apparent. Ordination of the physiological (BIOLOG) data separated the soil bacterial communities into two clusters, determined by soil type. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA identified three bacterial communities largely on the basis of soil type but with discrimination for pea cropping. Five fields from geographically distinct soils, with different cropping regimens, produced highly similar profiles. The active communities (16S rRNA) were further discriminated by farm location and, to some degree, by land-use practices. The results of this investigation indicated that soil type was the key factor determining bacterial community composition in these arable soils. Leguminous crops on particular soil types had a positive effect upon organic matter levels and resulted in small changes in the active bacterial population. The active population was therefore more indicative of short-term management changes.

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Wijnands, F. G., i P. Vereijken. "Region-wise development of prototypes of integrated arable farming and outdoor horticulture." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 40, nr 3 (1.09.1992): 225–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v40i3.16508.

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In the Netherlands integrated arable farming systems (IFS) are being developed at three regional experimental farms, with region-specific crop rotations and cropping systems. Most pesticide and fertilizer inputs appear to be replaceable by non-chemical methods and organic manure, with economic results similar to conventional systems. The targeted reductions in pesticide use in the Netherlands' Multi-Year Crop Protection Plan for the year 2000 can already clearly be met. Further improvements of the prototype systems are considered. Recently started farming systems research for outdoor horticulture is briefly discussed. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Beckwith, C. P., J. Cooper, K. A. Smith i M. A. Shepherd. "Nitrate leaching loss following application of organic manures to sandy soils in arable cropping." Soil Use and Management 14, nr 3 (19.01.2006): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00135.x.

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Lewis, Kathleen A., Andrew Green, Douglas J. Warner i John Tzilivakis. "Carbon accounting tools: are they fit for purpose in the context of arable cropping?" International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11, nr 2 (28.08.2012): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2012.719105.

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Hauggaard-Nielsen, Henrik, Simon Mundus i Erik Steen Jensen. "Grass-clover undersowing affects nitrogen dynamics in a grain legume–cereal arable cropping system". Field Crops Research 136 (wrzesień 2012): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.07.001.

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