Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Arabis – Reproduction (biologie)”

Background. Anemia is a major health problem in Saudi Arabia and has multiple etiologies. Many studies have been conducted in Saudi Arabia in specific population groups like school children, adolescents, university students, and females in the reproductive age group, and most have reported high prevalence of anemia. This study was conducted in a specialist hospital in Makkah city and includes all outpatients aged 15 years and above. Objective. To study the burden of anemia among hospital attendees, its stratification based on gender and age, and its severity along with the morphological types of anemia. Methods. This is a study conducted at a specialist hospital in Makkah city and one-month data were collected retrospectively from the laboratory database and include demographic and routine hematological results of complete blood count (CBC). Results. A total of 21,524 patients were included, out of which 9444 (43.9%) were males and 12020 (56.1%) were females. The overall prevalence of anemia was 38.7% (8339). Prevalence was very high in females, accounting for 68.2% (5689), whereas it was 31.8% (2650) in males. There were 39.6% (3301), 43.9% (3657), and 16.6% (1381) cases of mild, moderate, and severe anemia, respectively. In females, anemia was more prevalent in the age group of 15 to 49, which is considered as the reproductive age group. Microcytic anemia was the most prevalent type observed in this age group, accounting for 40.7% of all anemia cases. Normocytic anemia was more prevalent in the males, accounting for 52%. Conclusion. Our study showed high prevalence of anemia among the patients attending outpatient departments in a specialist hospital. Females have high prevalence of anemia when compared to male population. Microcytic anemia was the most common anemia type among females and was seen in the 15–49 age group. There is an increase in prevalence of anemia with age for males, whereas, in females, increased prevalence is observed in the reproductive age groups and the anemia prevalence maintained a steady decrease towards the 5th to the 9th decades. Normocytic anemia was more prevalent in the 5th to the 9th decades, indicating that there are more etiologies other than iron deficiency in the causation of anemia. Macrocytic anemia was the least reported anemia type. Anemia of mild and moderate severity was predominant in both genders, although severe anemia showed higher prevalence in females as compared to males. Conclusion. Anemia is highly prevalent in adolescents, adults, and the elderly in Makkah region. The most common cause is thought to be iron deficiency, although other causes are not uncommon. The authorities need to address the problem of prevention and reduction in anemia prevalence by taking effective measures and interventions.

Background. The assessed reproduction technologies (ART) often involve a range of controversial ethical and legal issues that are inspiring for research. Purpose. Comprehensive study on ways to use certain types of technologies. Materials. This paper provides with research of a legal framework of the ART based on the legislation of 13 Muslim countries: Oman, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Morocco, Jordan, the UAE, Malaysia, Iran, Lebanon, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia and Turkey. Results. Due to a range of religious, ethical, legal and social reasons access to the ART was prohibited, but in recent decades mujtahids and fakihs have come to conclusion that for the sake of national prosperity and sustainable development of the ummah medically assisted reproduction may be permissible under certain conditions and must be regulated by laws and correspond to fatwas. The limits of usage of certain technologies have common tendency in gulf countries and the Northern Africa. Nevertheless, some other Muslim countries (e.g., Iran and Malaysia) address this issue in a more detailed and open-minded way. Conclusion. Although there’re legal mechanisms and tools for a broader interpretation and a wider interpretation despite critical opinion of theologies and restricted nature of so-called «gates of al-ijtihad», because they are based on established years ago institutes an, in fact, don’t contradict the foundations of Qur’an and Sunnah. However, features of Muslim law remain.

Since the first confirmed case of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) on March 02, 2020, Saudi Arabia has not reported quite a rapid COVD-19 spread as seen in America and many European countries. Possible causes include the spread of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases. To characterize the transmission of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia, a susceptible, exposed, symptomatic, asymptomatic, hospitalized, and recovered dynamical model was formulated, and a basic analysis of the model is presented including model positivity, boundedness, and stability around the disease-free equilibrium. It is found that the model is locally and globally stable around the disease-free equilibrium when R 0 < 1 . The model parameterized from COVID-19 confirmed cases reported by the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia (MOH) from March 02 till April 14, while some parameters are estimated from the literature. The numerical simulation showed that the model predicted infected curve is in good agreement with the real data of COVID-19-infected cases. An analytical expression of the basic reproduction number R 0 is obtained, and the numerical value is estimated as R 0 ≈ 2.7 .

Musca domestica L., a pest of animals and humans, has developed resistance to alpha-cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to control medically important pests in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. We investigated the mechanism underlying the development of alpha-cypermethrin resistance and life history characteristics of alpha-cypermethrin–susceptible (Alpha-SS) and alpha-cypermethrin-resistant (Alpha-RS) M. domestica using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory, which is crucial for developing a future rational management strategy and minimizing the negative effects of alpha-cypermethrin on the environment. Our results showed that Alpha-RS M. domestica had a 405.93-fold increase in resistance to alpha-cypermethrin relative to Alpha-SS M. domestica. This increase in the resistance toward insecticide was attributed to metabolic enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferases, specific esterases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Furthermore, Alpha-RS M. domestica exhibited lower relative fitness (0.50), longevity, survival rate, life expectancy, reproductive values, intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate, fecundity, maternity, and finite rate of increase, along with shorter larval, female preadult, and adult durations than Alpha-SS M. domestica, indicating fitness costs associated with most parameters. However, no significant differences were found between the strains in the following parameters: egg, pupa, and male preadult durations; adult preoviposition, total preoviposition, and oviposition periods; female ratio; and total generation time. Additionally, Alpha-RS M. domestica had a markedly lower intrinsic rate of increase, net reproductive rate, and finite rate of increase than Alpha-SS M. domestica. The results of this study suggest that alpha-cypermethrin resistance may lead to dominant fitness costs in M. domestica. Overall, these findings will aid in the development of rational control strategies for M. domestica as well as help to reduce pesticide pollution.

Understanding the response variation of morphological parameters and biomass allocation of plants in heterogeneous saline environments is helpful in evaluating the internal correlation between plant phenotypic plasticity mechanism and biomass allocation. The plasticity of plants alters the interaction among individuals and their environment and consequently affects the population dynamics and aspects of community and ecosystem functioning. The current study aimed to assess the plasticity of Aeluropus lagopoides traits with variation in saline habitats. Understanding the habitat stress tolerance strategy of A. lagopoides is of great significance since it is one of the highly palatable forage grass in the summer period. Five different saline flat regions (coastal and inland) within Saudi Arabia were targeted, and the soil, as well as the morphological and physiological traits of A. lagopoides, were assessed. Comprehensive correlation analyses were performed to correlate the traits with soil, region, or among each other. The soil analysis revealed significant variation among the five studied regions for all measured parameters, as well as among the soil layers showing the highest values in the upper layer and decreased with the depth. Significant differences were determined for all tested parameters of the morphological and reproductive traits as well as for the biomass allocation of A. lagopoides, except for the leaf thickness. In the highly saline region, Qaseem, A. lagopoides showed stunted aerial growth, high root/shoot ratio, improved root development, and high biomass allocation. In contrast, the populations growing in the low saline region (Jizan) showed the opposite trend. Under the more stressful condition, like in Qaseem and Salwa, A. lagopoides produce low spikes in biomass and seeds per plant, compared to the lowest saline habitats, such as Jouf. There was no significant difference in physiological parameters except stomatal conductance (gs), which is highest in the Jizan region. In conclusion, the population of A. lagopoides is tolerant of harsh environments through phenotypic plasticity. This could be a candidate species to rehabilitate the saline habitats, considering saline agriculture and saline soil remediation.

L'auto-incompatibilité sporophytique est un système génétique empêchant l'autofécondation par reconnaissance du soi. Chez de nombreuses espèces, ce système est contrôlé par un locus unique, le locus S, composé de deux gènes liés codant pour les protéines de reconnaissance du pistil et du pollen. Le locus d'auto-incompatibilité est un cas classique d'une forme particulière de sélection équilibrante appelée sélection fréquence dépendante négative. Cette forme de sélection est censée provoquer une accumulation de polymorphisme dans les régions flanquantes du locus S, y compris des mutations délétères. Chez les Brassicacea, ce système présente une hiérarchie de dominance linéaire entre les allèles S. Ce réseau de dominance est contrôlé par des interactions entre les allèles S. Ce réseau de dominance est contrôlé par des interactions entre les petits ARN liés aux allèles S dominants et leurs séquences cibles sur les allèles récessifs du gène contrôlant les spécificités polliniques SCR. Il est prédit que le niveau de dominance a un effet sur l'accumulation de polymorphismes dans les régions immédiatement liées au locus S, avec une accumulation plus importante de la charge génétique par les allèles S dominants que par les allèles S récessifs.Dans mon projet de thèse, j'ai d'abord étudié l'effet de la sélection équilibrante au locus S sur le polymorphisme dans les régions flanquantes afin de déterminer l'ampleur du pic de polymorphisme et de caractériser ses propriétés moléculaires. J'ai utilisé les données de reséquençage du génome entier de plusieurs populations d'A. halleri et d'A. lyrata pour déterminer spécifiquement la distance chromosomique jusqu'à laquelle l'effet du locus S peut encore être observé. J'ai observé une augmentation du polymorphisme dans les premiers 25kb autour du locus S, principalement expliquée par une augmentation de la proportion de sites polymorphes.J'ai ensuite testé si la dominance des allèles S influence la charge génétique qu'ils accumulent. J'ai combiné une approche génomique utilisant des trios parents-descendant pour mettre en phase les haplotypes liés au locus S et comparer le nombre de mutations délétères liées aux allèles S dominants vs récessifs, avec une approche phénotypique pour mesurer expérimentalement l'impact de cette charge génétique protégée. J'ai démontré que la dominance favorise des profils contrastés de la charge génétique entre les allèles S récessifs et dominants.Enfin, j'ai utilisé une approche de modélisation basée sur des simulations stochastiques pour prédire l'évolution du réseau de dominance entre les allèles S, en prenant explicitement en compte les interactions entre les petits ARN et leurs cibles SCR. Mes résultats montrent que les mutations ont des probabilités de fixation différentes selon qu'elles se produisent sur des allèles S dominants ou récessifs, et aussi selon qu'elles touchent le locus producteur de petits ARN ou ses sites cibles. La distribution de la charge génétique abritée entre les allèles S dominants et récessifs est également un déterminant important de l'évolution du réseau de dominance
Sporophytic self-incompatibility is a genetic system preventing self-fertilization by self-recognition. In many species, this system is controlled by a single locus, the S-locus, composed of two linked genes coding for the pistil and pollen recognition proteins. The self-incompatibility locus is a classical case of a particular form of balancing selection called negative frequency dependent selection. This form of selection is predicted to cause an accumulation of polymorphism in the flanking regions of the S-locus, including sheltered deleterious mutations. In the Brassicacea, this system exhibits a linear dominance hierarchy between S-alleles. This dominance network is controlled by interactions between small RNAs linked to dominant S-alleles and their target sequences on recessive alleles of the gene controlling the pollen specificities SCR. The dominance level is predicted to have an effect on the accumulation of polymorphisms in regions immediately linked to the S-locus, with a higher accumulation of the genetic load sheltered by dominant S-alleles than by recessive S-alleles.In my PhD project, I first studied the effect of balancing selection at the S-locus on polymorphism in the flanking regions in order to determine the magnitude of the peak of polymorphism and to characterize its molecular properties. I used whole genome resequencing data from several populations of A. halleri and A. lyrata to specifically determine the chromosomal distance up to which the effect of the S-locus can still be observed. I observed an increase of polymorphism in the first 25kb around the S-locus, mainly explained by an increase of the proportion of polymorphic sites.I then tested if dominance of the S-alleles influences the genetic load they accumulate. I combined a genomic approach using parent-offspring trios to phase haplotypes and compare the number of deleterious mutations linked to dominant vs. recessive S-alleles, with a phenotypic approach to experimentally measure the severity of the load. I demonstrated that dominance promotes contrasted profiles of the genetic load between the recessive and the dominant S-alleles.Finally, I used a modeling approach based on stochastic simulations to predict the evolution of the dominance network between S-alleles, taking interactions between small RNAs and their SCR targets explicitly into account. My results show that mutations have different fixation probabilities according to whether they occur on dominant vs. recessive S-alleles, and also whether they hit the small RNA producing locus or its target sites. The distribution of the sheltered genetic load between dominant and recessive S-alleles is also an important determinant of the evolution of the dominance network

AbstractThe genetic improvement of C. arabica L. is challenged by its low genetic diversity and autogamous reproductive biology. Induced mutagenesis offers an alternative approach to conventional cross-breeding to increase genetic variability in wild and cultivated Arabica coffee germplasm for further use in breeding programs and genetic studies. Here protocols are described for the preparation of zygotic embryos from C. arabica seed and for toxicity testing of zygotic embryos using two chemical mutagens, sodium azide (NaN3) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Zygotic embryos were immersed for 10 min in a solution of NaN3 (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0 and 20. 0 mM) and for 2 h in a solution of EMS (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 % v/v). The percentage survival was evaluated and the LD values for NaN3 and EMS were determined at 12.5 mM (51.6%) and 1 % v/v (48.3%), respectively. Our protocols indicate that coffee zygotic embryos are suitable propagules for NaN3 and EMS mutagenesis and expand the types of propagules suitable for induced mutagenesis, breeding and genetic studies in Arabica coffee.