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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Aquatic stroke data"
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Marinho-Buzelli, Andresa R., Alison M. Bonnyman i Mary C. Verrier. "The effects of aquatic therapy on mobility of individuals with neurological diseases: a systematic review". Clinical Rehabilitation 29, nr 8 (13.11.2014): 741–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215514556297.
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Objective:To summarize evidence on the effects of aquatic therapy on mobility in individuals with neurological diseases.Data sources:MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycInfo, CENTRAL, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, PsycBITE and OT Seeker were searched from inception to 15 September 2014. Hand-searching of reference lists was performed in the selected studies.Review methods:The search included randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies that investigated the use of aquatic therapy and its effect on mobility of adults with neurological diseases. One reviewer screened titles and abstracts of retrieved studies from the search strategy. Two reviewers independently examined the full texts and conducted the study selection, data extraction and quality assessment. A narrative synthesis of data was applied to summarize information from included studies. The Downs and Black Scale was used to assess methodological quality.Results:A total of 116 articles were obtained for full text eligibility. Twenty studies met the specified inclusion criteria: four Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), four non-randomized studies and 12 before-and-after tests. Two RCTs (30 patients with stroke in the aquatic therapy groups), three non-randomized studies and three before-and-after studies showed “fair” evidence that aquatic therapy increases dynamic balance in participants with some neurological disorders. One RCT (seven patients with stroke in the aquatic therapy group) and two before-and-after tests (20 patients with multiple sclerosis) demonstrated “fair” evidence on improvement of gait speed after aquatic therapy.Conclusion:Our synthesis showed “fair” evidence supporting the use of aquatic therapy to improve dynamic balance and gait speed in adults with certain neurological conditions.
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Iliescu, Alice Mary, Amanda McIntyre, Joshua Wiener, Jerome Iruthayarajah, Andrea Lee, Sarah Caughlin i Robert Teasell. "Evaluating the effectiveness of aquatic therapy on mobility, balance, and level of functional independence in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Clinical Rehabilitation 34, nr 1 (18.10.2019): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215519880955.
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Objective: To meta-analyze and systematically review the effectiveness of aquatic therapy in improving mobility, balance, and functional independence after stroke. Data Sources: Articles published in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus up to 20 August 2019. Study Selection: Studies met the following inclusion criteria: (1) English, (2) adult stroke population, (3) randomized or non-randomized prospectively controlled trial (RCT or PCT, respectively) study design, (4) the experimental group received >1 session of aquatic therapy, and (5) included a clinical outcome measure of mobility, balance, or functional independence. Data Extraction: Participant characteristics, treatment protocols, between-group outcomes, point measures, and measures of variability were extracted. Methodological quality was assessed using Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) tool, and pooled mean differences (MD) ± standard error and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), gait speed, and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Data Synthesis: Nineteen studies (17 RCTs and 2 PCTs) with a mean sample size of 36 participants and mean PEDro score of 5.6 (range 4–8) were included. Aquatic therapy demonstrated statistically significant improvements over land therapy on FRT (MD = 3.511 ± 1.597; 95% CI: 0.381–6.642; P = 0.028), TUG (MD = 2.229 ± 0.513; 95% CI: 1.224–3.234; P < 0.001), gait speed (MD = 0.049 ± 0.023; 95% CI: 0.005–0.094; P = 0.030), and BBS (MD = 2.252 ± 0.552; 95% CI: 1.171–3.334; P < 0.001). Conclusions: While the effect of aquatic therapy on mobility and balance is statistically significant compared to land-based therapy, the clinical significance is less clear, highly variable, and outcome measure dependent.
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Rimkutė, Evelina, Brigita Kreivinienė, Daiva Mockevičienė, Eglė Radzevičienė, Žilvinas Kleiva i Sonata Mačiulskytė. "THE EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES WITH DOLPHINS FOR BALANCE, GAIT AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS AFTER HEMORRHAGIC STROKE: CASE ANALYSIS". Visuomenės sveikata 29, nr 2 (27.04.2019): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5200/sm-hs.2019.012.
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The aim of this research was to assess the effect of dolphin assisted specialized aquatic program applied in rehabilitation of psychomotor functions of persons after hemorrhagic stroke. The research was carried out in 2018 in Lithuania. Two persons with diagnosed hemorrhagic stroke have been surveyed. In the course of the investigation, the effect of aquatic dolphin assisted physical activities on coordination of arms, legs without using balance was assessed; static and dynamic change of dynamics, the effect on gait in water with dolphins were assessed. Additionally, the data on life quality aspects obtained by the SF-36 questionnaire was investigated. It is observed that after application of aquatic dolphin assisted therapeutic activities improvement of both static and dynamic balance has been recorded; three weeks later, most indicators remained the same. The conducted research revealed that therapy had a highly beneficial effect on persons with neurological diseases in terms of assessment of their dynamic balance, gait and gait speed (motor skills) as well as quality of life. Significant changes of motor skills in water in both surveyed individuals have been recorded. Therapeutic aquatic dolphin assisted activities are an effective method to improve the parameters of balance, gait and quality of life in patients; however, psycho-emotional and psycho-social factors, such as support of the social network supplementing continuing therapeutic activities, are a highly significant factor in ensuring further improvement of patient’s condition.
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van Dam, R. P., P. J. Ponganis, K. V. Ponganis, D. H. Levenson i G. Marshall. "Stroke frequencies of emperor penguins diving under sea ice". Journal of Experimental Biology 205, nr 24 (15.12.2002): 3769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.24.3769.
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SUMMARYDuring diving, intermittent swim stroke patterns, ranging from burst/coast locomotion to prolonged gliding, represent potential energy conservation mechanisms that could extend the duration of aerobic metabolism and, hence,increase the aerobic dive limit (ADL, dive duration associated with onset of lactate accumulation). A 5.6 min ADL for emperor penguins had been previously determined with lactate measurements after dives of <50 m depth. In order to assess locomotory patterns during such dives, longitudinal acceleration was measured with an attached accelerometer in 44 dives of seven adult birds diving from an isolated dive hole in the sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Detection of wing strokes in processed accelerometer data was verified in selected birds with analysis of simultaneous Crittercam underwater video footage. Mean dive duration of birds equipped with the accelerometer and a time-depth recorder (TDR) was 5.7±2.2 min; 48% of these dives were greater than the measured 5.6 min ADL (ADLM). Highest stroke frequencies (0.92±0.31 Hz, N=981) occurred during the initial descent to 12 m depth. Swimming effort was reduced to a mean stroke frequency<0.70 Hz during other phases of the dive (while traveling below 12 m depth,during foraging ascents/descents to and from the sub-ice surface, and during final ascents to exit). The longest stroke interval (8.6 s) occurred during a feeding excursion to the undersurface of the ice. In dives>ADLM, mean stroke frequency during travel segments was significantly less than that in dives <ADLM(P<0.05). Mean stroke frequency of the entire dive correlated inversely (P<0.05) with diving duration (r=-0.67) and with mean dive depth (r=-0.43). Emperor penguins did not exhibit any significant (>10 s) periods of prolonged gliding during these shallow(<60 m) foraging dives. However, a stroke/glide pattern was evident with more than 50% of strokes associated with a stroke interval >1.6 s, and with lower stroke frequency associated with increased dive duration.
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Schram, Ben, James Furness, Kevin Kemp-Smith, Jason Sharp, Matthew Cristini, Daniel Harvie, Emma Keady i in. "A biomechanical analysis of the stand-up paddle board stroke: a comparative study". PeerJ 7 (1.11.2019): e8006. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8006.
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Background Stand-up paddle boarding (SUP) is a rapidly growing global aquatic sport, with increasing popularity among participants within recreation, competition and rehabilitation. To date, few scientific studies have focused on SUP. Further, there is no research examining the biomechanics of the SUP paddle stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether variations in kinematics existed among experienced and inexperienced SUP participants using three-dimensional motion analysis. This data could be of significance to participants, researchers, coaches and health practitioners to improve performance and inform injury minimization strategies. Methods A cross-sectional observational design study was performed with seven experienced and 19 inexperienced paddlers whereby whole-body kinematic data were acquired using a six-camera Vicon motion capture system. Participants paddled on a SUP ergometer while three-dimensional range of motion (ROM) and peak joint angles were calculated for the shoulders, elbows, hips and trunk. Mann–Whitney U tests were conducted on the non-normally distributed data to evaluate differences between level of expertise. Results Significant differences in joint kinematics were found between experienced and inexperienced participants, with inexperienced participants using greater overall shoulder ROM (78.9° ± 24.9° vs 56.6° ± 17.3°, p = 0.010) and less hip ROM than the experienced participants (50.0° ± 18.5° vs 66.4° ± 11.8°, p = 0.035). Experienced participants demonstrated increased shoulder motion at the end of the paddle stoke compared to the inexperienced participants (74.9° ± 16.3° vs 35.2° ± 28.5°, p = 0.001 minimum shoulder flexion) and more extension at the elbow (6.0° ± 9.2° minimum elbow flexion vs 24.8° ± 13.5°, p = 0.000) than the inexperienced participants. Discussion The results of this study indicate several significant kinematic differences between the experienced and inexperienced SUP participants. These variations in technique were noted in the shoulder, elbow and hip and are evident in other aquatic paddling sports where injury rates are higher in these joints. These finding may be valuable for coaches, therapists and participants needing to maximize performance and minimize injury risk during participation in SUP.
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Skipper, A. N., D. W. Murphy i D. R. Webster. "Characterization of hop-and-sink daphniid locomotion". Journal of Plankton Research 41, nr 2 (25.02.2019): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbz003.
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Abstract This study characterizes the hop-and-sink locomotion of Daphnia magna, a zooplankton species widely studied in a variety of biological fields. Time-resolved tomographic particle image velocimetry (tomo-PIV) is used to obtain 3D kinematics and flow field data with high spatial and temporal resolution. The kinematics data show that the daphniid’s velocity quickly increases during the power stroke, reaching maximum accelerations of 1000 body lengths/s2, then decelerates during the recovery stroke to a steady sinking speed. The hop-and-sink locomotion produces a viscous vortex ring located under each second antennae. These flow structures develop during the power stroke, strengthen during the recovery stroke, and then decay slowly during the sinking phase. The time records of vortex circulation are self-similar when properly normalized. The flow fields were successfully modeled using an impulsive stresslet, showing good agreement between the decay of circulation and a conceptual model of the impulse. While no relationships were found between kinematics or flow field parameters and body size, the total energy dissipated by the daphniid hop-and-sink motion was found to scale exponentially with the vortex strength.
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Battista, Nicholas A. "Diving into a Simple Anguilliform Swimmer’s Sensitivity". Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, nr 5 (16.09.2020): 1236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa131.
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Synopsis Computational models of aquatic locomotion range from modest individual simple swimmers in 2D to sophisticated 3D multi-swimmer models that attempt to parse collective behavioral dynamics. Each of these models contain a multitude of model input parameters to which its outputs are inherently dependent, that is, various performance metrics. In this work, the swimming performance’s sensitivity to parameters is investigated for an idealized, simple anguilliform swimming model in 2D. The swimmer considered here propagates forward by dynamically varying its body curvature, similar to motion of a Caenorhabditis elegans. The parameter sensitivities were explored with respect to the fluid scale (Reynolds number), stroke (undulation) frequency, as well as a kinematic parameter controlling the velocity and acceleration of each upstroke and downstroke. The input Reynolds number and stroke frequencies sampled were from [450, 2200] and [1, 3] Hz, respectively. In total, 5000 fluid–structure interaction simulations were performed, each with a unique parameter combination selected via a Sobol sequence, in order to conduct global sensitivity analysis. Results indicate that the swimmer’s performance is most sensitive to variations in its stroke frequency. Trends in swimming performance were discovered by projecting the performance data onto particular 2D subspaces. Pareto-like optimal fronts were identified. This work is a natural extension of the parameter explorations of the same model from Battista in 2020.
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Ramamurti, Ravi, William C. Sandberg, Rainald Löhner, Jeffrey A. Walker i Mark W. Westneat. "Fluid dynamics of flapping aquatic flight in the bird wrasse:three-dimensional unsteady computations with fin deformation". Journal of Experimental Biology 205, nr 19 (1.10.2002): 2997–3008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.19.2997.
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SUMMARY Many fishes that swim with the paired pectoral fins use fin-stroke parameters that produce thrust force from lift in a mechanism of underwater flight. These locomotor mechanisms are of interest to behavioral biologists,biomechanics researchers and engineers. In the present study, we performed the first three-dimensional unsteady computations of fish swimming with oscillating and deforming fins. The objective of these computations was to investigate the fluid dynamics of force production associated with the flapping aquatic flight of the bird wrasse Gomphosus varius. For this computational work, we used the geometry of the wrasse and its pectoral fin,and previously measured fin kinematics, as the starting points for computational investigation of three-dimensional (3-D) unsteady fluid dynamics. We performed a 3-D steady computation and a complete set of 3-D quasisteady computations for a range of pectoral fin positions and surface velocities. An unstructured, grid-based, unsteady Navier—Stokes solver with automatic adaptive remeshing was then used to compute the unsteady flow about the wrasse through several complete cycles of pectoral fin oscillation. The shape deformation of the pectoral fin throughout the oscillation was taken from the experimental kinematics. The pressure distribution on the body of the bird wrasse and its pectoral fins was computed and integrated to give body and fin forces which were decomposed into lift and thrust. The velocity field variation on the surface of the wrasse body, on the pectoral fins and in the near-wake was computed throughout the swimming cycle. We compared our computational results for the steady, quasi-steady and unsteady cases with the experimental data on axial and vertical acceleration obtained from the pectoral fin kinematics experiments. These comparisons show that steady state computations are incapable of describing the fluid dynamics of flapping fins. Quasi-steady state computations, with correct incorporation of the experimental kinematics, are useful when determining trends in force production, but do not provide accurate estimates of the magnitudes of the forces produced. By contrast, unsteady computations about the deforming pectoral fins using experimentally measured fin kinematics were found to give excellent agreement, both in the time history of force production throughout the flapping strokes and in the magnitudes of the generated forces.
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CASEY, TIMOTHY M., i JERI R. HEGEL-LITTLE. "Instantaneous Oxygen Consumption and Muscle Stroke Work in Malacosoma Americanum During Pre-Flight Warm-Up". Journal of Experimental Biology 127, nr 1 (1.01.1987): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.127.1.389.
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Instantaneous rates of oxygen consumption (VOO2), thoracic temperature (Tth) and wing stroke frequency (n) were continuously measured at several ambient temperatures (Ta) during pre-flight warm-up and subsequent cooling in a small volume (30ml), open flow (240–300 ml min−1) respirometer. Heat production (HP) was tightly coupled to Tth and independent of Ta. The rate of change of HP (mWmin−1) was directly related to Ta. Total cost of warm-up was strongly, inversely related to Ta. The energetic cost of cooling was a small fraction of the total cost of warm-up. Increased energy expenditure occurred as a result of increases in both n and stroke work input. The latter increased from 0.58 to 1.1 mJ stroke− at low Tth (13–25°C) and was essentially constant at higher Tth (25–40°C). Wing stroke frequency increased continuously and linearly with Tth. In contrast to previous estimates based on heat exchange analyses, stroke work during warm-up was equivalent to values measured during free hovering flight. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that energy expenditure is maximized during warm-up.
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LAI, N. CHIN, JEFFREY B. GRAHAM, WILLIAM R. LOWELL i RALPH SHABETAI. "Elevated Pericardial Pressure And Cardiac Output In The Leopard Shark Triakis Semifasciata During Exercise: The Role Of The Pericardioperitoneal Canal". Journal of Experimental Biology 147, nr 1 (1.11.1989): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.147.1.263.
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Changes in pericardial pressure, pericardial fluid volume, cardiac stroke volume and heart rate induced by swimming were monitored for Triakis semifasciata (Girard). Maximum pericardial pressure (Pmax, 0.07±0.03 kPa) in resting sharks was typically above ambient, whereas minimum pressure (Pmin, −0.08±0.03 kPa) was slightly subambient. During swimming, both Pmax (0.23±0.03 kPa) and Pmin (−0.02±0.03 kPa) became elevated, as did heart rate (51±2 to 55±2 beats min−1) and fractional cardiac stroke volume (0.49±0.03 to 0.65±0.04ml). After swimming, all variables fell, except fractional cardiac stroke volume. Estimates of total cardiac output from fractional cardiac stroke volume data during rest, exercise and recovery were 33.1, 56.2 and 60.4 ml kg ‘1 min’ 1, respectively. The occurrence of both elevated pericardial pressure and cardiac output during swimming argues against a primary role for pericardial-induced vis a fronte filling as the principal mechanism responsible for increasing cardiac output with exercise. Pericardial fluid loss via the pericardioperitoneal canal (PPC) occurs during swimming as a result of steady-state elevation of pericardial pressure, a series of transient high pericardial pressures, or both. Good general agreement seen for net pericardial fluid loss (0.6 ml kg−) and the net increase in cardiac stroke volume (0.45 ml kg−) during swimming establishes fluid displacement as a mechanism for increasing cardiac stroke volume and suggests that this is the primary function of the PPC.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Aquatic stroke data"
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Davey, Neil P., i n/a. "Acquisition and Analysis of Aquatic Stroke Data From an Accelerometer Based System". Griffith University. School of Microelectronic Engineering, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061003.153043.
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The aim of this work was to develop devices for elite athletes to record performance related parameters during their training. A device was initially designed and built for rowing to record the motion of the boat. This was to gain understanding of motion signals in a one dimensional plane. The device uses a iPAQ handheld computer for recording and display of data to the user. Using the knowledge obtained from the accelerometer data of the rowing system an initial prototype device was designed and constructed for use in swimming. This device was required to be wearable whilst the swimmer was training, thus it had to record the data onboard. A second version of the swimming device was constructed to improve the usability of the device. The swimming device has fully sealed electronics, wireless charging and infrared communications. The device records three dimensional acceleration patterns at 150Hz, and can store over 6 hours of data using the internal memory. The device can operate for greater than 12 hours before needing to be recharged. The data collected from the swimming device was used to develop processing algorithms to extract when the swimmers push off from the wall, the type of stroke they are swimming, and for freestyle the stroke count. The results of the wall push off algorithm were compared against manual hand timing with 90% algorithm results being with ±1 second of the hand timing data. The stroke type identification algorithm determines which stroke is being swum and presently has an accuracy of 95%. The results of the freestyle stroke count algorithm were compared against manual stroke counts from raw accelerometers data and underwater video. Of the 164 data sets analysed over 90% of the algorithm results were within ±1 strokes of the manual recorded stroke counts.
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Davey, Neil P. "Acquisition and Analysis of Aquatic Stroke Data From an Accelerometer Based System". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365755.
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The aim of this work was to develop devices for elite athletes to record performance related parameters during their training. A device was initially designed and built for rowing to record the motion of the boat. This was to gain understanding of motion signals in a one dimensional plane. The device uses a iPAQ handheld computer for recording and display of data to the user. Using the knowledge obtained from the accelerometer data of the rowing system an initial prototype device was designed and constructed for use in swimming. This device was required to be wearable whilst the swimmer was training, thus it had to record the data onboard. A second version of the swimming device was constructed to improve the usability of the device. The swimming device has fully sealed electronics, wireless charging and infrared communications. The device records three dimensional acceleration patterns at 150Hz, and can store over 6 hours of data using the internal memory. The device can operate for greater than 12 hours before needing to be recharged. The data collected from the swimming device was used to develop processing algorithms to extract when the swimmers push off from the wall, the type of stroke they are swimming, and for freestyle the stroke count. The results of the wall push off algorithm were compared against manual hand timing with 90% algorithm results being with ±1 second of the hand timing data. The stroke type identification algorithm determines which stroke is being swum and presently has an accuracy of 95%. The results of the freestyle stroke count algorithm were compared against manual stroke counts from raw accelerometers data and underwater video. Of the 164 data sets analysed over 90% of the algorithm results were within ±1 strokes of the manual recorded stroke counts.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Microelectronic Engineering
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Części książek na temat "Aquatic stroke data"
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"Advances in Understanding Landscape Influences on Freshwater Habitats and Biological Assemblages". W Advances in Understanding Landscape Influences on Freshwater Habitats and Biological Assemblages, redaktorzy Lindsey A. Bruckerhoff i Keith B. Gido. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874561.ch9.
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<i>Abstract.</i>—Linking landscape features, both natural and human-altered, to aquatic ecosystem structure and function is a fundamental objective in landscape ecology and freshwater science, but this process is data- and resource-intensive. Quantifying how landscape stressors influence aquatic communities requires balancing logistic and financial constraints with effectively sampling the landscape to capture gradients of interest. There are a variety of ways to balance these constraints, such as using existing data, handpicked site selection, or a statistical site-selection scheme. Poor sampling design reduces statistical power; however, we do not know how differences in site-selection designs influence our ability to measure ecological responses to landscape gradients. We quantified how the distribution of sample sites across landscape gradients affected the measured responses of stream fish assemblages to these gradients at different sample sizes. Specifically, we used randomization tests to compare the variability in the responses of fish assemblage structure (species richness and composition) to catchment area and land use (agricultural land) with manipulated distributions (random, highly skewed, and uniform) of sites across these landscape gradients. Assemblage composition was more sensitive than species richness to sampling design, and we observed less variability in the detected response of assemblage composition when samples were distributed uniformly across landscape gradients, especially when sample sizes were small. Although strong responses to environmental gradients, such as species richness to catchment area, are robust to sampling distributions, large sample size and a uniform distribution of samples might help elucidate more subtle responses to environmental gradients.
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"Landscape Influences on Stream Habitats and Biological Assemblages". W Landscape Influences on Stream Habitats and Biological Assemblages, redaktorzy Michael R. Rosen, Timothy G. Rowe, Steven L. Goodbred, Douglas O. Shipley i Jorge A. Arufe. American Fisheries Society, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569766.ch7.
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<em>Abstract.</em>—Rapid urbanization in the southwest United States has increased concern about water quality of streams and its impact on aquatic biota. One way to estimate potential toxicity impacts is to deploy passive samplers that accumulate many organic contaminants associated with anthropogenic landscapes. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) use a lipid to mimic bioaccumulation of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and industrial compounds. We investigated effects of land use and streamflow on the presence of HOCs and potential toxicity in the Truckee River and Lake Tahoe watersheds of Nevada and California. We used SPMDs during August/ September 2002 and 2003 base flows and during March 2003 high flows. We employed two complementary toxicity tests to assess potential toxicity to aquatic organisms. The fluoroscan (pyrene index) is designed to assess PAH concentrations. The CYP1A test measures the toxicity of aryl hydrocarbon receptor type compounds, which include PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins. A relatively strong correlation (<em>r </em>= 0.79) between the pyrene index and CYP1A in our data indicated that PAHs were the dominant group of organic contaminants sequestered by our SPMDs. Due to its low-density urbanization, SPMD extracts from the Lake Tahoe watershed generally had less toxicity than those deployed in the Truckee River watershed. Samples from the Truckee River and its tributaries near Reno/Sparks had the highest toxicity, owing to dense residential development and light industry. Higher percentages of urban and agricultural land use correlated with increased toxicity of SPMD extracts, although urban land use had a much greater influence. Streamflow was a less important factor than land use, and only flows greater than 5 m<sup>3</sup>/s correlated with toxicity. Toxicity decreased with higher flows, probably due to dilution. Toxicity of SPMD extracts at all sites during both high and low flows significantly correlated with percent urban land use (<EM>R</EM><sup>2</sup> = 0.32). Generally, toxicity did not correlate with dissolved oxygen, pH, or temperature, but did with specific conductance (<EM>R</EM><sup>2</sup> = 0.27) when samples influenced by geothermal water were excluded.
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Bianchi, Thomas S. "Nitrogen Cycle". W Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195160826.003.0020.
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Elemental nitrogen (N2) makes up 80% of the atmosphere (by volume) and represents the dominant form of atmospheric nitrogen gas. Despite its high atmospheric abundance, N2 is generally nonreactive, due to strong triple bonding between the N atoms, making much of this N2 pool unavailable to organisms. In fact, only 2% of this N2 pool is believed to be available to organisms at any given time (Galloway, 1998). Consequently, N2 must be “fixed” into ionic forms such as NH4+ before it can be used by plants. Since N is essential for the synthesis of amino acids and proteins and because it is often in low concentrations, N is usually considered to be limiting to organisms in many ecosystems. Nitrogen has five valence electrons and can occur in a broad range of oxidation states that range from +V to -III, with NO3− and NH4+ being the most oxidized and reduced forms, respectively. Some of the most common N compounds that exist in nature, along with their boiling points, ΔH0, and ΔG0, are shown in table 10.1 (Jaffe, 2000); these thermodynamic data can be used to calculate equilibrium concentrations. Fluxes in the global N cycle have been seriously altered by anthropogenic activities (Vitousek et al., 1997; Galloway et al., 2004). For example, fluxes of many nitrogen oxides, which are largely derived from burning fossil fuels, have increased significantly in the atmosphere resulting in photochemical smog and acid precipitation (table 10.2; Jaffe, 2000). Similarly, the advent of artificial N fertilizers (e.g., the Haber–Bosch process, where N2 is fixed to NH3 by industrial processes), which were developed to compensate for the general nonavailability of N2 to most agricultural crops, has resulted in increased N loading from soils and sewage to rivers and estuaries around the world, and considerable eutrophication problems in these aquatic ecosystems. For example, biological N2 fixation accounted for a major fraction of newly fixed N before the 1800s (∼90–130 Tg N y−1) (Galloway et al., 1995).
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Calado, Ricardo. "Marine Ornamental Decapods—Collection, Culture, and Conservation". W Fisheries and Aquaculture, 314–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865627.003.0013.
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Marine ornamental decapods are among the most popular invertebrates traded in the global marine aquarium industry. With the exception of the Dendrobranchiata, nearly all other major groups of decapods have at least one species traded as ornamental, the majority being caridean and stenopodidean shrimp, as well as hermit and brachyuran crabs. Found and collected in the wild from tropical coral reefs and coastal lagoons, the aquaculture of marine ornamental decapods is yet to achieve a scale that alleviates the fishing pressure affecting natural populations. Most cultivation efforts have targeted cleaner and boxing shrimp within the genera Lysmata and Stenopus, respectively. While these species are some of the most highly traded, research on their captive culture has been mainly driven by their market value rather than conservation purposes. This is likely the reason why the aquaculture of other species that are also heavily collected, such as hermit and brachyuran crabs, is yet to properly be addressed. This chapter provides an overview of the most emblematic marine ornamental decapod species currently traded for marine aquaria, including their distinctive features, as well as their collection, packing, and shipping techniques. The state of the art of marine ornamental decapod aquaculture is critically revised, with an emphasis on broodstock husbandry and maturation, larviculture, and grow-out to commercial size. Commonly employed systems for stocking breeding pairs, raising larvae, or growing juveniles are detailed, underscoring recirculated systems operating with synthetic seawater due to their potential use in coastal or inland facilities. The main bottlenecks impairing the successful breeding of these organisms are critically addressed, namely the lack of maturation diets customized to secure the nutritional needs of target species, which consequently impairs the production of high-quality larvae for cultivation. The main constraints for larviculture are also highlighted, with special emphasis on the lack of suitable live prey and the ability of several decapod species to delay metamorphosis under suboptimal larval diets. Issues on grow-out, such as poor growth performances and cannibalism, are discussed from a commercial perspective, as well as mitigation actions (e.g., use of live prey and complex shelters). There is a strong need for science-based conservation policies, where accurate data reporting and traceability along the supply chain must be implemented to promote a sustainable use of these resources. Though pricey and popular, marine ornamental decapods are no longer poorly studied when compared to a few years ago. Nonetheless, some key issues still need the attention of researchers, commercial breeders and hobbyists to ensure that these remarkable organisms can continue to be admired in the wild and in aquarium displays.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Aquatic stroke data"
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Nyugen, Joey, Shenbagaraj Kannapiran, Subhrajyoti Chaudhuri, Valerie Lane Gentz i Panagiotis Polygerinos. "Design of a Soft Ankle Joint Device for Correction of Inversion/Eversion Angle During Aquatic Therapy". W 2019 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2019-3206.
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According to statistical data, approximately 800,000 individuals across the United States have strokes each year [2]. A stroke event causes neurological and orthopedic deficits, such as weak muscles, decreased proprioception, and spasticity [6]. To regain function, increase motor skills, and retrain muscles, many stoke survivors utilize aquatic therapy as a form of rehabilitation [14]. Typically inside water, the lower body part of a person has to carry 75% less weight, This decreases the effect of gravity allowing increased joint range of motion [6], [13]. This also helps increase muscle strength as water offers about 600 more resistance than air [13]. The water temperature also helps decrease pain, spasticity, and rigidity [13]. The uniform pressure along with buoyancy contributes to an improved balance of the body [13].