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Muliukov, Artem. "Étude croisée des cartes auto-organisatrices et des réseaux de neurones profonds pour l'apprentissage multimodal inspiré du cerveau". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. https://intranet-theses.unice.fr/2024COAZ4008.
Pełny tekst źródłaCortical plasticity is one of the main features that enable our capability to learn and adapt in our environment. Indeed, the cerebral cortex has the ability to self-organize itself through two distinct forms of plasticity: the structural plasticity and the synaptic plasticity. These mechanisms are very likely at the basis of an extremely interesting characteristic of the human brain development: the multimodal association. The brain uses spatio-temporal correlations between several modalities to structure the data and create sense from observations. Moreover, biological observations show that one modality can activate the internal representation of another modality when both are correlated. To model such a behavior, Edelman and Damasio proposed respectively the Reentry and the Convergence Divergence Zone frameworks where bi-directional neural communications can lead to both multimodal fusion (convergence) and inter-modal activation (divergence). Nevertheless, these frameworks do not provide a computational model at the neuron level, and only few works tackle this issue of bio-inspired multimodal association which is yet necessary for a complete representation of the environment especially when targeting autonomous and embedded intelligent systems. In this doctoral project, we propose to pursue the exploration of brain-inspired computational models of self-organization for multimodal unsupervised learning in neuromorphic systems. These neuromorphic architectures get their energy-efficient from the bio-inspired models they support, and for that reason we only consider in our work learning rules based on local and distributed processing
Ouardad, Samira. "Approches bio-inspirées du caoutchouc naturel par polymérisation cationique et modification chimique". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14465/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlthough synthetic rubbers, including high cis-content polyisoprene (PIP), are used in a broad range ofapplications, they are far from achieving the performances of natural rubber (NR), a 100% 1,4-cis polyisoprenewith very high molar mass. Therefore, NR produced exclusively by hevea (whereas more than 2,500 plant species are known to produce polyterpene-based polymers) is still dominant in many engineering applications since its exceptional properties grants this polymer a strategic resource material which holds a significant marketshare (about 45%).. The only alternative plant species under cultivation, Parthenium argentatum, also calledguayule, produces a latex yielding rubber with properties close to those of hevea rubber, and marketed as “non allergenic natural rubber” but with a higher cost complex extraction processes The NR biosynthesis process isdescribed as a polymerization process involving a series of enzymatic reactions using isopentenyl pyrophosphate(IPP) as elementary building brick. Besides, synthetic PIPs with high cis-content were already produced fromisoprene monomer by Ziegler-Natta, lanthanide-based or anionic-type polymerizations. Currently, no syntheticPIPs mimics the performance of NR, maybe because 100% 1,4-cis PIP could so far not been produced synthetically. A close inspection of the NR biosynthesis process led us to postulate that this latter is consistent with a transferless, stereospecific carbocationic-type polymerization mechanism. We then propose to develop this new bio-inspired cationic-like polymerization approach with the aim to produce polyterpenes and then NR homologues of tailored molar mass and microstructure that could exhibit properties close to natural polyterpenes by using IPP homologues and isoprene as monomers, DMAPP homologues asinitiators and Lewis acids to mimick the divalent cations (Zn2+, Mg2+ or Mn2+) that assist the enzymes during the initiation end activation steps. For the cationic polymerization of isoprene, oligomers with 1,4-trans and cyclized structures were obtained. We also develop new routes to modify polyisoprenes obtained by anionic polymerization in order to establish hydrogen interaction. To this end, different urea groups were grafted and the modified polyisoprene exhibite delastomeric properties close to the one of a non-vulcanized NR obtained by latex coagulation
Barneoud, Pascal. "La latéralisation cérébrale et les relations cerveau-immunité : approches lesionnelle et comportementale". Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR22017.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchmidt, Eric Albert. "La perfusion cérébrale : analyse critique et approches novatrices de perfusione cerebri". Caen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CAEN2035.
Pełny tekst źródłaBerrebi-Bertrand, Isabelle. "Les isoformes cardiaques et cérébrales de l'ATPase (Na+/K+) : approches biochimiques et pharmacologiques". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112305.
Pełny tekst źródłaWillbrand, Karen. "Approches inspirées de la physique statistique et de la théorie de l'information pour l'analyse et la modélisation de données issues des puces à ADN". Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077252.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis considers the analysis of gene expression data. The first part dis-cusses some modeling approches: statistical analysis of fluctuations, a boolean model (the Kauffman model), an attempt to reconstruct the gene interaction network in yeast and an investigation of the potential link between architecture and dynamics in a gene regulation network. The second part and main contribution introduces a new approach to gene expression data, called 'Up-Down analysis'. It is distinct from the common clustering method. Up-Down analysis compares profile properties of gene expression and random data: we assume that biologically interesting results are rare events for the random model. An essential point of the choosen model is its independence of the exact type of random background fluctuations. The last chapter shows how this approach can be used to construct a new gene-gene distance measure, which can be integrated into ail types of clustering algorithms
Dorieux, Olène. "Vieillissement cérébral chez un primate non humain, le Microcèbe : approches fonctionnelles et anatomiques". Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T037.
Pełny tekst źródłaWorldwide populations affected by age-related brain pathology are becoming increasingly numerous. Using relevant animal models is a critical to understand biological mechanisms of brain aging and evluate therapy. The Mouse lemur primate is an animal model of normal and pathological brain aging. Indeed, it develops age-associated brain abnormalities linked with cognitive deficits remaining human age-associated brain alterations. Moreover, some older individuals display more severe alterations, as in particular atrophy of the hippocampus and cerebral amyloid plaques, suggesting a pathological brain aging. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was used to quantify cerebral glucose metabolism quantification in mouse lemurs. This study was completed with anatomical, histological, and behavioral studies. Additionally, an insulin-like growth agonist (PEG- IGF-1) therapy was evaluated in aged mouse lemurs. In older animals, besides a cerebral atrophy, a glucose metabolism reduction appeared in the brain, and in particular in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and cerebellum. These functional impairments were not associated with detectable cognitive deficits and could not be explained by anatomical or histological alterations. The PEG-IGF-1 treatment did not enhance cerebral glucose consumption. Nevertheless, it induced changes in the parameters of daily
Maffeo, Véronique. "Statut et rôle des images médicales du cerveau humain dans l'enseignement secondaire français : approches didactique, épistémologique et socio-historique". Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10321.
Pełny tekst źródłaDewalle, Anne-Sophie. "Nouvelles approches de traitement du signal et de l'image en IRM fonctionnelle d'activation cérébrale". Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/c3ff9e5f-e824-4cc2-a6ea-a22cb4383bc2.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoucheron, Catherine. "Etude des effets de la consommation d'alcool sur l'action cellulaire de l'acide rétinoi͏̈que et de la triiodothyronine en fonction de l'âge : approches expérimentale et biomédicale". Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12826.
Pełny tekst źródłaBaubet, Valérie. "Conséquences du stress par immobilisation sur le sommeil, la synthèse protéique cérébrale et l'expression des ARNms de la pro-opiomélanocortine : approches polygraphique et neuroanatomique chez le rat". Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T200.
Pełny tekst źródłaBillot, Pierre-Edouard. "Perception olfactive et régulation émotionnelle : Approches psychophysique, psychophysiologique et par imagerie cérébrale". Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA3019/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe research presentee in this thesis aimed to study neural mechanisms of olfaction, and the way they are integrated in emotion regulation processes. Distraction and reappraisal strategies were studied using fMRI in two separate experiments in which subjects had to decrease the intensity of emotions induced by odors. In a third experiment, psychophysical and psychophysiological data were collected to assess the ability of pleasant odors to down-regulate negative feelings induced by unpleasant pictures. The results show that the regulation of odor-triggered emotions recruits brain areas that are usually described in studies based on Visual stimulations (prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, middle temporal gyrus) but also others more specic to this sensory modality (insular cortex, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus). Moreover, the prefrontal cortex seems to modulate the activity within olfactory areas, such as the piriform and the orbitofrontal cortex when subjects use distraction. The data from the third experiment also reveal that a pleasant odor is able to decrease negative aects that have been previously induced by unpleasant pictures, both at subjective and psychophysiological level.Therefore, it appears that odor-triggered emotions can be down-regulated by both distraction and reappraisal strategies. This processinvolves brain regions usually recruited by the regulation of visual-triggered emotions, but also other areas more specic to theregulation of emotions elicited by odors. Moreover, odors themselves can regulate negative feelings
Fayek, Racha. "Progéria de Hutchinson-Gilford : identification de biomarqueurs et exploration préclinique de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5017.
Pełny tekst źródłaHutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an extremely rare genetic disease characterized by premature, accelerated and segmental aging with an estimated incidence of 1 in 4 to 8 million of births. Children with HGPS present with major growth retardation, lipodystrophy, distal osteolysis and cardiovascular defects that cause their death at the mean age of 13 years. In 2003, our team discovered the causative mutation of HGPS in the LMNA gene. Despite being predicted as silent (c.1824 C>T; p.Gly608Gly), this de novo mutation activates a cryptic splicing site leading to the production of a truncated, aberrantly prenylated and toxic form of lamin A, called progerin. The main objectives of this thesis have been: 1) characterizing molecular and cellular biomarkers in HGPS or related syndromes patients' cell lines, together with the progeria mouse model LmnaG609G/G609G, 2) characterizing cognitive aspects as well as lamins' and progerin expression in the central nervous system in the same in vivo model and 3) the developement, in vitro and in vivo, of novel therapeutic approaches for progeria using either resveratrol, an antioxidant molecule, or micelle-coated antisense oligonucleotides with the intent of adapting an oral treatement for progeria children
Harbeby, Emilie. "Impact de l'apport alimentaire en AGPI n-3 sur le métabolisme énergétique cérébral : approches in vivo chez le rat en situation de repos ou d'activation neuronale et in vitro sur un modèle d'astrocytes en culture primaire". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00653444.
Pełny tekst źródłaMouden, Charlotte. "Holoprosencéphalie : identification de nouveaux gènes et redéfinition du mode de transmission par des approches de séquençage haut-débit". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaHoloprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental disorder affecting the brain in humans. HPE is characterised by a lack of interhemispheric separation, on a varying scale of severity. When HPE is not due to chromosomal aberrations, a genetic origin is suspected. Alterations of fourteen genes have been implicated in HPE, mainly involved in SHH, NODAL, FGF and NOTCH signalling pathways, with an unclear mode of inheritance. In order to increase the molecular diagnosis yield and to improve genetic counselling, the goal of the GPLD team (IGDR) is to identify new genes. In one inbred family, a deleterious homozygous mutation in STIL gene has been identified. The STIL protein is involved in primary cilia assembly, through which SHH signalling transits. In another inbred family, a homozygous candidate mutation was located in FAT1, a protocadherin involved in brain development that causes HPE-like phenotypes in animal models. For other non-consanguineous families, exome sequencing data were analysed in trios. All children of these families have a previously identified mutation in a HPE gene that is transmitted from a healthy parent. The approach consisted in searching for additional genetic events, under the hypothesis of a multigenic inheritance. Thus, a digenic inheritance of mutations in SHH and DISP1 has been identified in one family. Further associations of candidate mutations have been identified in others, one also involving FAT1. In conclusion, this work provides new elements accounting for the understanding of HPE genetic bases and particularly new arguments in favour of a multigenic inheritance. The study of these complex genetics bases requires the development of new analytical methods that could be of use in relation to other developmental disorders in which a multigenic inheritance is suspected
Denicolaï, Emilie. "Hétérogénéité des glioblastomes et mise en évidence de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5003.
Pełny tekst źródłaGlioblastomas are the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumors in adult. This thesis aimed to better understand the heterogeneity that characterizes glioblastomas and which could be partly responsible for their poor prognosis. We highlighted a relationship between tumor location and a specific molecular profile. Further, using two glioblastoma stem cell lines, we realized the screening of a chemical library and we proposed the proscillaridin A, a cardiac glycoside, as a new anti-tumoral molecule. Besides, we identified a sialyltransferase, ST8sia III, which produces A2B5 antigen. Overexpression recording in cancer stem cells, suggested that ST8Sia III could be considered as a potential therapeutic target. All this work contributes towards a better understanding of gliomagenesis and points out potential therapeutic targets. At last, we propose new therapeutic strategies in glioblastoma
Tronche, Christophe. "Effets d'un stress aigu sur le rappel mnésique : approches comportementale et endocrinienne chez la souris jeune et âgée". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13974/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe cognitive and endocrinal consequences of an acute stress were studied in young (6 months) and middle-aged (16 months) BalbC mice. Acute stress was delivered 5, 60 or 120 minutes before the retrieval phase of a contextual memory task. Hippocampal corticosterone concentration was measured before and after stress delivery by microdialysis. The acute stress induces a rapid hippocampal corticosterone rise in relation with a cognitive impairment. Indeed, when the level of hippocampal corticosterone is high, the cognitive performance of hippocampal-dependent memory is impaired. Moreover, the cognitive and endocrinal effects of stress were mimicked using corticosterone microinjection in the hippocampus, whereas metyrapone (an inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis) blocked it. The consequences of aging on memory retrieval are similar to stress effects in young mice. Furthermore, pre and post-stress hippocampal corticosterone concentration is higher in middle-aged as compared to young mice. In addition, the increase in hippocampal corticosterone is longer in middle-aged in contrast to young mice. Finally, the administration of diazepam in middle-aged mice (30 minutes before the retrieval test phase) attenuates the deleterious effects of an acute stress on memory retrieval and the increase in hippocampal corticosterone concentration. In conclusion, our data suggest that HPA axis dysregulation, observed in middle-aged subjects, plays a key role in episodic-like memory impairments induced by aging
Poonlaphdecha, Srisupaph. "Recherche et caractérisation de gènes exprimés dans les gonades et le cerveau d'Oreochromis niloticus, utilisables comme marqueurs liés au sexe pour la production de populations monosexes mâles par des approches respectueuses de l'environnement". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20223.
Pełny tekst źródłaKnowledge and the control of sex determination and differentiation are major challenges for tilapia production. Farming of male monosex populations avoids the negative effects of a continuous reproduction and benefits from males' fast growth. In the context of a sustainable aquaculture, alternative and ecological strategies have to be developed to control sex in tilapia without hormonal treatment. These approaches will rely on genetic and environmental treatments, such as the use of masculinising high temperatures applied during sex differentiation. The search for genes implicated in sex differentiation has been performed in both gonads and brains using the analysis of candidate genes. The objective was to develop putative markers to produce male monosex populations through consumer and environmentally friendly approaches. Temporal and organ expressions of cyp19a1a, cyp19a1b, foxl2, dmrt1, sox9, dax1 and amh were analysed in several progenies o f genetic males or females as well as in temperature-treated individuals. Their link with temperature masculinisation was also performed on the thermosensitive tilapia lines. One of the sexual dimorphic genes was amh which was found expressed in both gonads and brains during early stages of sex-differentiation. Brain amh was elevated in males when the gonads were still undifferentiated and probably before steroid synthesis took place. A precocious molecular sexing procedure was developed in tilapia using this gene. This procedure will be of great advantage for both farmers and scientists in identifying quickly male individuals and in finding reliable male monosex approaches not using hormones
Pedron, Solène. "Traiter les troubles psychiatriques à l'aide de la stimulation transcrânienne par courant continu : approches comportementale et neurobiologique chez la souris". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA3007/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory technique in which a low current is delivered via electrodes on the scalp to modulate cortical excitability. lt is a promising tool in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatrie illnesses, yet the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remain unknown. The goal of my thesis was to describe the effects of repeated tDCS on behavior in mice, and to offer preliminary insights regarding the neurobiological mechanisms involved. Our data indicate that repeated tDCS over the frontal lobe (0.2 mA, 2x20 min/day, 5 consecutive days) has antidepressant prope11ies and improves memory. Interestingly, tDCS increased precursor cell proliferation in the hippocampus, suggesting that tDCS may increase neurogenesis levels in this brain area. Lastly, tDCS decreased the behavioral and/or the molecular effects of nicotine, alcohol and cocaïne. For example, tDCS attenuated cocaine-induced Zif268 expression in specific corticostriatal circuits. Altogether, our findings provide pre-clinical evidence that tDCS cou Id be a beneficial adjunct treatment for several psychiatrie disorders. Our animal mode! will be useful to further investigate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of tDCS on behavior
Maumet, Camille. "From group to patient-specific analysis of brain function in arterial spin labelling and BOLD functional MRI". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863908.
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