Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Approche clinique d'orientation psychanalytique”
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 20 najlepszych rozpraw doktorskich naukowych na temat „Approche clinique d'orientation psychanalytique”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj rozprawy doktorskie z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
Renauld, Dominique. "Enseigner la philosophie au lycée : hypothèses cliniques d'orientation psychanalytique". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100100/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis doctoral research is part of a clinical approach of psychoanalytical orientation in the sciences of education. It deals with the teaching of philosophy in France, as it is currently taught in the final year of high school in the academic and technological classes. It is devoted, more particularly, to the way in which teachers experience the teaching of their subject. The empirical material consists of non-directive clinical interviews that were conducted with six secondary education philosophy teachers interviewed from the following instruction : « I would like you to tell me, as it comes to you, what you feel when you teach philosophy ». The thesis is divided into three parts : some questions relating to the construction of the research subject and to the analysis of the implication and the countertransference of the researcher constitute the first part of this work. The second part includes elements of pedagogical, historiographical and clinical analysis of the teaching of philosophy in high school. The third part is devoted to the analysis of clinical interviews. It includes elements of epistemological and methodological reflection putting into perspective the interviews and some of their interdisciplinary themes
Vargioni, Jacques. "Psychopathologie et clinique de l'obésité : Approche psychanalytique". Thesis, Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA131040.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrom clinical experience and from a theoretical reflection indexed in the Freudian approach we propose a psychoanalytical approach of the psychopathology of the obesity through three axes of reflection. The first axis concerns the impact of the encroachment by the first objects upon the future objectal investments of the obese subject. The noxious effects of the premature disturbances of the early feeding, by excess or by default, can be treated or by a series of negative mechanisms-what we suggest naming the white lineage-, or by an incorporation of the object : the body melancholy - that we associate with the black lineage-.The second axis of reflection is the question of transgression of the body limits. We propose an individually and a social and cultural study of this phenomenon. Finally, the third axis is interested in the constitution of obesity and in the aporias of the development of the psychosexuality
Lanouzière, Jacqueline. "Le Sein, approche psychanalytique, clinique et psychosomatique". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376149570.
Pełny tekst źródłaLanouzière, Jacqueline. "Le sein, approche psychanalytique, clinique et psychosomatique". Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA070042.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe present work is based on a theoretico-historical, psychological, and psychosomatic study. The first theoretico-historical part which has 4 chapters (forming the first and second volumes) constitutes the basis of the whole study. Referring to Freud's (chap. 1), m. Klein's (chap. 2),H. Deutsch's (chap. 3) and m. Bonaparte (chap. 4) work, the study traces and reveals the place the breast is given in the psychoanalytic theory. In these 4 chapters we have particularly focused on two main issues, namely seduction, because the breast could be considered as the first agent of seduction, and precocious identifications, due to the presumed effects of the identification with breasts on girls' psychosexual development. The second part, consisting of 2 chapters collected in the third volume, presents a psychological study based on 39 interviews with women showing how girls wait for and react to the growth of their breasts (chap. 5) together with a study on graphic and verbal messages (chap. 6) enabling one to reveal the eternal character of the representations of the breast not only as a symbol of seduction but also as a symbol of protection, separation, and loss. The third part which constitutes the fourth volume (chap. 7) presents and discusses 10 clinical observations of women having major or minor mammary disorders. In both cases, the observation of a coincidence between a certain type of loss resulting in a narcissic injury and a somatic reaction suggests that the breast is sensitive to situations which elicit feelings of helplessness, loss of love and loss of self-esteem
Sakellariou, Dimitrios. "Approche psychanalytique de la psychose : structure, logique, clinique, éthique". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690335.
Pełny tekst źródłaSakellariou, Dimitris Petros. "Approche psychanalytique de la psychose : structure, logique, clinique, éthique". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU20100/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor Freud and Lacan psychosis is not a deficiency. Nowadays, Schreber’s text still remains an unequalled paradigmatic treatise. For Freud, paranoid delirium is an attempt at recovery, and for Lacan it is an attempt to analyze severe logic. The thorny question of psychotic transference still remains. Freud does not believe that a psychotic patient is capable of analytical transference. Lacan thinks that at the beginning, the transference is likely to provoke a trigged of, furthermore the psychotic has the object a in his pocket. Freud continued seeing psychotic patients even though he dissuaded his students from doing so. Lacan, who psychosis before psychoanalysis, suggests that the analyst should not draw back in the face of psychosis. Can the psychotic subject, which stays out of every social bond established, be received by analytical speech? This is what we examine throughout the thesis. If the subject is not cured of his psychosis, can he invent substitutes within the treatment in order to deal with it? Thus, there is no general solution but rather a contingency approach which can betaken. There is no guarantee but there might be the analyst’s desire…
Wang, Lingjun. "Malaise dans l'éducation familiale en Chine : approche clinique d’orientation psychanalytique". Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA100061.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is part of the clinical approach of psychoanalytical orientation in the sciences of education. It focuses on family education in China. It is devoted, more particularly, to the unconscious psychical elements in the educational processes and in the family relationships, to the correlation between the childhood of parents and the family education they give to their children, to the way parents live the parents-child relationship. The clinical interview aimed at research is chosen as the method to collect data in this research. Five interviews were held with Chinese parents from the following instructions: ‘You were once a child, today yourself mother, mom (father, dad). I would like to know about your child's education, how are you doing? Talk to me freely about everything that comes to your mind.’ The thesis is divided into three parts: the first part is devoted to the involvement of the researcher. The second part includes theoretical references, – some aspects of Chinese philosophy and some elements around family education and psychoanalysis. The third part is devoted to the methodology, the analysis of clinical interviews and the connection between results of analysis and the perspective
Lindenmeyer, Cristina. "Approche clinique psychanalytique de personnes soumises aux techniques de détections précoces du cancer". Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA070013.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work in psychoanalysis is about the problem of early detection techniques with cancer patients. The result of this work is a specification of a psychoanalytic clinical approach in such an environment. The author introduces a reflection using Freud thinking after 1920 with notions such as traumatism, masochism and repetition; she also develops within her clinical experience, the concepts of trauma and cleavage proposed in the last articles of Ferenczi. Resorting to these concepts, the author reminds us of the complexity transferencial and counter-transferencial within a psychotherapeutical approach with cancer patients
Bogajewski, Sébastien. "Le jeu vidéo dans ses rapports à la psychologie clinique : Une approche psychanalytique". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD112/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaVideo games interrogate more and more the clinical psychology since early 2000's. They are in the center of numerous controversies about its uses and its alleged misdeeds. Despite this, some videogame practices tend to trivialize today. However, the discourse of addictologists, media, parents and educators, players themselves or of psychoanalysis, often convey a truth obscured by the language that continues to question us. Notably, it raises the issue of the origins, history, and the effects of this truth on the subject that interests us. Say that play "maybe like drugs" is very eloquent about the representations we make, as a society, relating to the game, as the video game. But it's very eloquent, too, about some discontent about new technologies and youth in general. It is this discontent, we think carefully collect in certain demands, and in some symptomatic clinical manifestations, even in some "synthomatical" manifestations. This thesis attempts to question the history and characteristics of the video game as a playful object, before presenting the reports of the video game to the clinic, to finally conclude with a reflection on the discourse about the videogame and their possible effects in the clinic
Zapata, Luz Mery. "Clinique des névroses et phénomènes de style : approche psychanalytique et étude des productions discursives". Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20058.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research work approaches the link between discursive productions and subjective position in neurosis clinic. Language here is conceived as being constitutive of the subject and of the emergence of desire. Neurosis, the subject's response to the Other, is both the structure and creation of a solution. Hysteria and obsessional neuroses are explored from the metapsychology and the social link they provide the basis for. The style lies at the very heart of the subject and the social link as it demands that the antinomy between the singular and the general be resolved. Analysis of discursive productions by neurotic subjects aims to reconstitute the link between the subjects and what they have to say in return for their relation with the signifier. Special importance is given to the details of the discourse that bear the mark of singularity. The notion of "phenomena of style" is an attempt to answer the question of articulation between structure, language and subjective position
Jaccard, Annabelle. "De quelques ressorts de la haine dans la radicalisation islamiste : approche psychanalytique et clinique". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC143.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis aims at studying the process of radicalization through interviews with men who have been incarcerated on the charge of criminal association with the intent of committing or aiding and abetting to terrorist acts, whether they have been convicted or not, and whether they have actually been to Syria or only been suspected of planning to do so. The interviews have shone light on their personal histories and the reasons motivating their commitment to radical Islamism. The research framework has allowed for transferential displacements to occur, giving access to unconscious logics operating beyond overt discourse. The central question of this thesis has thus emerged: what part does hatred play in the process of radicalization ? What kind of hatred are we talking about ? Whether this hatred is explicit and social or unconscious, taking the form of a blank hatred often linked with the clinic of boredom and emptiness, hatred is studied as being constitutive of the subject and his society and as being directly connected with the death drive. The hypothesis of this research is that the particular hatred which operates in the process of radicalization is below any form of ambivalence: it struggles to connect with the life instinct and thus fails to take part in the subjective construction of the subject, who then turns to an all-powerful extremist ideal. Hatred targets the one who, being unable to live it, hence hates even more. Hatred can thus bond with a fierce ideal leading to radicalization, allowing the subject to build a narcissistic identity
Rivoyre, Frédéric de. "Une approche psychanalytique de la notion freudienne de moi idéal l'instance idéale fondatrice : étude théorico-clinique". Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100170.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe concept of ideal ego has been introduced by Freud in the psychoanalytical theory in 1914 in zur einfuhrung der narzissmus. Since that time it has not been used much. The ideal founder agency is an attempt to prove that this concept is nowadays fundamental for what concerns the narcissics psychopathological troubles. In order to demonstrate this affirmation, this research deals first with an analysis of the theoretical works that have been done on the subject from freud to Francoise Dolto. Analyzing attentively the works of Viktor Tausk. Hermann Numberg, Daniel Lagache and Jacques Lacan and some of Anglo-Saxons authors such as Heinz Kohut, Otto Kernberg and Annie Reich. A part of this first chapter shows how the transferential relationship between Freud and Jung was important in the context of the elaboration of the theory of narcissism because of Jung’s narcissics troubles. Then, this research is found upon Lacan's theory of "imaginaire" which enables a better understanding of the narcissism. The second part of the research is based upon seven clinical studies of adults and children that have been reported through their therapies. Their analyses put the light on the fact that each psychoanalyst confronted with narcissics troubles should accept to be involved narcissically himself in the cure. The last part deals with the theory of the ideal founder agency : it postulates a knot (cf. Lacan) including instincts with a "pre-imaginaire" surface (ideal ego) and with a pre-symbolical materiel (ego ideal). The description of the agency through two poles-ideal ego and ego idealenables a coordination of the dynamics and the economics in that structure and gives the psychoanalyst a new way of thinking the pre-oedipian building of the ego. Consequently this concept provides a new psychoanalytical approach of narcissics troubles
Diop-Ben-Geloune, Aminata. "Du Ndëp, un spoupçon de JE : approche clinique et psychanalytique d'un rituel thérapeutique au Sénégal, le Nde͏̈p". Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR21019.
Pełny tekst źródłaLeebu, Serer and Wolof share some convergent customs and institutions. When a personality belonging to their ethnicities suffers of disorder of which etiology is referred to pangol-rab (invisibles creatures) occupying bodily and psychical space, NDEP is asked and practiced. What sort of problematic does it reveal? What efficiency does appear on it? Acknowledged as a collective therapy, doesn't it show in an individual and psychical dimension? In order to find answers to these questions, we have betaken ourself to Senegal to verify this hypothesis : the structuring process is accompanied with an anguish all the more as deep that culture prepares human to a form of being. Pulled about desire and reality, he unfolds codifiable symptoms amid his culture which settles a battery of therapies. Among those, Senegalese culture proposes one which refers to an analytical dimension and in the course of which the drawing up in language of what has been printed inside the subject brings him towards an anguish resolution and an inscription into the symbolic order which pre-exists towards him. This treaty argues a triple approach : - anthropological : conception of the human being, representation of disorder,- psychological : codification of madness, analysis of the situations, -psychoanalytical : real frame, imaginary and symbolic, so concepts such as signifying, phantasm, dream, body, myth, language, transfer. . . In a word, the intimate story of the subject, are asked through the underlying dynamic of dance, handling, watch songs but in the relation ndepe-ndepkat, too. This frame staying as a holder, the subject allows himself to untie his story and express his desire close to the ndepkat empowered to hear him. The accompaniment aims at the dislodgement of the rab towards the ancestral altar and the registration of the subject in his fathers' symbolic order
Sens, Dominique. "L'image critique : Une approche psychanalytique du surgissement de la forme dans la rencontre clinique en art-thérapie". Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H103/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe goal of this research project is to define the scope of clinical practice in psychotherapy that uses artistic mediations. It also intends to examine the position of the psychotherapist in the context of care through an artistic mediation (painting, drawing, clay).The clinical situation in Art Therapy has two distinctive characteristics from verbal therapy: 1. the passage from a face to face interaction that implies a visual contact to the presence of the clinician outside the patient’s visual field once s/he is working at an easel, 2. the creation of a plastic object under the sight of a clinician.This research is based on a work of analysis of fundamental psychoanalytic concepts applied to mediated psychotherapy and on the development of the concept of “critical image.” To denote an image as critical is to consider it as a place of exerted tension and exerted crisis of a symptom according to different logics of symbolization. The meta-psychological hypothesis that guides my research relies on symbolization processes based on the inter-subjectivity of sharing different levels of symbolization between the therapist and the patient. A case study of a patient undergoing art therapy constitutes the methodology of this research
Oppenheim-Gluckman, Hélène. "Les réveils de comas neurochirurgicaux : approche clinique psychanalytique des phénomènes de conscience chez des patients présentant des atteintes des fonctions cognitives". Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA070016.
Pełny tekst źródłaOllivier, Elisabeth. "Une approche d'analyse clinique d'orientation didactique professionnelle des situations de travail "cœur de métier" des assistants de service social en vue de leur formation". Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT2028/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe social worker's training, assistants of social's service, is based since 2004 on frames of reference and on an reaffirmed integrative alternation prescription. The thesis examines the processes of training from professional situations and tne questions that the tutors are facing In their induction. The thesis belongs to an interactionist and constructivist historico-cultural perspective with the fundamental idea that learning has a social origin. We led an analysis of work's contexts then of tutor-trainee debriefings within an theorise understanding orientation and a professional didactic viewpoint (Vergnaud, 1996 ; Pastré, 2011 ; Vinatier, 2009). The tutors's mediation schemes show the complexity of the work-situations and to act it professional. They show that the trainers encounter several dilemmas in their induction : choosing between the transmission and the professional knowledge's construction, positioning themselves close or distant in the relationship with trainees. A co-analyse with them shows the potential of a reflective recovery for the professional's development. The research affirms the importance of the analysis of the identity's existing issues and the knowledge's construction existing issues articulating in workplace. The research brings new perspectives for initial and continued formation
Rebollar, Guillaume. "Une étude des atmosphères et des changements de l’atmosphère aux abords de la psychose et du traumatisme : construction de la notion d’Atmosphère par une approche clinique et psychopathologique d’inspiration psychanalytique". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2135/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this thesis, we investigate how the terms “Atmosphere”, but also “Ambience” and “Climate”, which are related, can be understood in the field of psychoanalysis-inspired clinical psychology. This research was crucial in understanding how the effects of atmosphere apply during a session, especially while treating patients suffering from psychotic disorders, or in a traumatic state. Indeed, for these patients, the effects of psychotic or traumatic episodes often manifest through a feeling of catastrophic change in the atmosphere.Beyond studying the pathogenic effect of atmospheres during the clinical encounter with these subjects, we observed and analyzed that the session atmosphere could represent, for patients, a form of their subjective catastrophic change experience. Thus, atmosphere appears to be a medium allowing the reflection and repetition of traumatic feelings that have yet to be integrated and symbolized.But atmosphere representation is not only a static formation, and we will also study its dynamic, transferential and interactional functions.The variation of atmospheres will show a dynamic of dialogue and exchange, specific to the primal and archaic dimensions of psyche. In its essence, atmosphere involves the effect of another subject’s presence, that rekindles old feelings left by the particular conditions in which we met our early environment. In a therapeutic framework, atmosphere will appear to motivate the different subjects’ involvement on an esthesis and affective level. Thus, we will see that atmosphere is not only a static frame-screen, but that it also serves as a transformative agent of traumatic experiences. By helping subjects align on the same esthesis and affective tonalities, atmosphere will allow the first forms of the be-with-the-other feeling, close to the being-formless feelings, and that we call atmospheric sensory identity, to be more harmoniously shaped and transformed
Dubois, Arnaud. "Des premières monographies du courant psychanalytique de la pédagogie institutionnelle à la formation des enseignants du second degré aujourd’hui". Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100036.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe first part of this study consists in undertaking a historical investigation drawing on various sources. The pedagogical movement usually referred to as “institutional pedagogy” rose up in France in the 1960’s and rapidly split up into two currents, one of them being strongly influenced by psychoanalysis. This psychoanalytical current of institutional pedagogy has been built up around the prominent figures of Fernand Oury and Aïda Vasquez, authors in 1967 of Vers une pédagogie institutionnelle, a book presenting six commentated monographs. Yet, writing monographs in pedagogy is an ancient practice that takes root in different fields. Such practice, well-spread before 1967, has been renewed by the psychoanalytical current of institutional pedagogy since 1962. In the second part, the author, from a psychoanalytical perspective, explores his link to his own research object. His research questions hence derive from countertransferential working-through. Afterwards, he describes a work group device that he has implemented as a teachers’ trainer to analyze the professional practices of newly qualified secondary school teachers. In what he proposes to call a “monographic group”, participants are invited to write professional monographs. By analyzing a corpus of monographs produced within this framework, the author then forms hypotheses on the psychical processes at work for newly qualified teachers regarding their identity changes
Racin, Céline. "De l'hospitalisation à l'institutionnalisation des soins de longue durée dans le grand vieillissement : étude clinique, psychopathologique et projective du « travail de dépendance »". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB072.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis analyses the singular experience of elderly men and women who face up to dependency and needs for long- term care supports or services. This analysis is based on a longitudinal study conducted with 25 men and women, hospitalised in geriatric units, and met again four months after the end of their hospitalisation, at home or in nursing home. The specific subjective meaning of dependency for the concerned subjects is examined from clinical psychology and psychopathology works, especially from psychoanalysis contributions on ageing and disability, related with ethics of care. This thesis draws out the meta-psychologic basis of the dependency issue and its stakes in terms of therapeutic settings. In particular, it comes back on the notion of "institutionalisation" and its ambiguities. It also proposes a conceptual problematisation of the psychic work mobilised in the dependency process, called "dependency work". This specific problematisation constitutes the analysis framework of the clinical data we collected for this thesis, on the basis of interviews, projective methods (Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test), depression scale and cognitive assessment. It appears that the "crisis", that transition from hospital to long-term care may cause for elderly subjects, questions the way hospital discharge is prepared and particularly the psychic function performed by the institutionalisation project. The analysis of our results highlights how important is the involvement of a genuine singular process of creation in the adjustment of long-term care supports in the ageing; this process of creation depends on personality organisation, on the strength of loss and passivity issues, and on the quality of defence mechanisms. It is worth noting that the psychic reorganisations at work in these issues are based on the intertwining of psycho-sexual and anaclitic levels. Therefore, narcissistic crisis does not erase infantile sexuality conflicts in ageing. Besides, we clearly identify a contrast between the psychic suffering largely observed in our subjects and the absence of depressive or psychiatric decompensation. This contrast leads us to study the subjective motivations of elderly subjects to consent to long-term care institutionalisation, and the pitfalls of defensive mechanisms, mobilised against depression, which may trigger conformist adaptive or pseudo-normal responses. Consequently, an outcome of this thesis is that we have to pay special attention to the implications of the announcement process of long-term care project on the necessary temporalisation for elderly subject who experiments this situation to subjectively appropriate it
Kamierzac, Sara. "Les processus psychiques du réseau périnatal. Etayage et entrave de la potentialité créatrice et humanisante des liens institués autour de la naissance". Thesis, Besançon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BESA1026/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the context of perinatal nexus, there are differences between the preventive and therapeutic purposes set for the baby and her/his parents on one hand and actual experiences on the other hand. In this research, we wish to develop some reflections about these differences, by mainly resorting to clinical psychology and psychopathology approaches, with ethno-psychological, psychoanalytic and systemic views to grasp the complexity of this theme. Our hypothesis is that a better understanding of the mental shaping of network around the birth could proceed from : - acknowledging this mental shaping in network for each and all partners, professional and parent, as specific mind shaping of network in intra, inter and trans-subjective groups. - taking into account the resistances and resources fitted to mental shaping of network, that hinder and/or support the dynamic qualities of perceptive processes that partake and originate in this care organisation and which weaken and/or prop up its preventive and therapeutic potentialities.Using an ethno-biographical method, a data collection of the birth protagonists’ (the families and medical-nursing staff) perceptions of perinatal nexus and the part played by each one of them in it, made in obstetric, paediatric and child psychiatric units, in Languedoc-Roussillon, from 2005 to 2009. From the data analysis and from three clinical examples, were particularly examined psychological elaborations and processes that originate and partake in the established birth nexus. This analysis, made complete with some contributions of chaos theoreticians, leads to a pattern of understanding of the mind shaping in this specific perinatal network. This model suggests to proceed from : - simultaneous psychological analysis of clinical situation in five levels ; conscious individual level, unconscious individual level, conscious group level, unconscious group level and various network levels (system-network, locally and informally network, formal closeness network, family-network, professional-network, mental shaping in network). - the key-protagonists’ identification and instrumentalization of this method; “the” referent, “the” guarantor and “the” involved.Facing thoughts about child birth, everyone (the families and medical-nursing staff) sets up psychological elaborations and processes that originate and partake in specific perinatal nexus, through psychological and complexe dynamics, which emerges the subject “from”, “in”, “between” and “through” human group(s), in order to permit adequate defensive adaptability when facing feelings partaking and originating in coming and bringing into the world. In between the demands and possibilities of each protagonist, a dynamic weaving of thoughts is ranging from being tune to being out of tune : there lies a mind shaping of network whose flexibility and/or rigidity can or cannot much entice, creative potentialities on human birth, in preventive and therapeutic context