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Kwon, Sunku, Youngwon Kim, Yang Bai, Ryan D. Burns, Timothy A. Brusseau i Wonwoo Byun. "Validation of the Apple Watch for Estimating Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Activity Energy Expenditure in School-Aged Children". Sensors 21, nr 19 (25.09.2021): 6413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196413.
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The Apple Watch is one of the most popular wearable devices designed to monitor physical activity (PA). However, it is currently unknown whether the Apple Watch accurately estimates children’s free-living PA. Therefore, this study assessed the concurrent validity of the Apple Watch 3 in estimating moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time and active energy expenditure (AEE) for school-aged children under a simulated and a free-living condition. Twenty elementary school students (Girls: 45%, age: 9.7 ± 2.0 years) wore an Apple Watch 3 device on their wrist and performed prescribed free-living activities in a lab setting. A subgroup of participants (N = 5) wore the Apple Watch for seven consecutive days in order to assess the validity in free-living condition. The K5 indirect calorimetry (K5) and GT3X+ were used as the criterion measure under simulated free-living and free-living conditions, respectively. Mean absolute percent errors (MAPE) and Bland-Altman (BA) plots were conducted to assess the validity of the Apple Watch 3 compared to those from the criterion measures. Equivalence testing determined the statistical equivalence between the Apple Watch and K5 for MVPA time and AEE. The Apple Watch provided comparable estimates for MVPA time (mean bias: 0.3 min, p = 0.91, MAPE: 1%) and for AEE (mean bias: 3.8 kcal min, p = 0.75, MAPE: 4%) during the simulated free-living condition. The BA plots indicated no systematic bias for the agreement in MVPA and AEE estimates between the K5 and Apple Watch 3. However, the Apple Watch had a relatively large variability in estimating AEE in children. The Apple Watch was statistically equivalent to the K5 within ±17.7% and ±20.8% for MVPA time and AEE estimates, respectively. Our findings suggest that the Apple Watch 3 has the potential to be used as a PA assessment tool to estimate MVPA in school-aged children.
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Chowdhury, Samadrita, TzuAn Song, Richa Saxena, Shaun Purcell i Joyita Dutta. "250 AI-Supported Sleep Staging from Activity and Heart Rate". Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (1.05.2021): A101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.249.
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Abstract Introduction Polysomnography (PSG) is considered the gold standard for sleep staging but is labor-intensive and expensive. Wrist wearables are an alternative to PSG because of their small form factor and continuous monitoring capability. In this work, we present a scheme to perform such automated sleep staging via deep learning in the MESA cohort validated against PSG. This scheme makes use of actigraphic activity counts and two coarse heart rate measures (only mean and standard deviation for 30-s sleep epochs) to perform multi-class sleep staging. Our method outperforms existing techniques in three-stage classification (i.e., wake, NREM, and REM) and is feasible for four-stage classification (i.e., wake, light, deep, and REM). Methods Our technique uses a combined convolutional neural network coupled and sequence-to-sequence network architecture to appropriate the temporal correlations in sleep toward classification. Supervised training with PSG stage labels for each sleep epoch as the target was performed. We used data from MESA participants randomly assigned to non-overlapping training (N=608) and validation (N=200) cohorts. The under-representation of deep sleep in the data leads to class imbalance which diminishes deep sleep prediction accuracy. To specifically address the class imbalance, we use a novel loss function that is minimized in the network training phase. Results Our network leads to accuracies of 78.66% and 72.46% for three-class and four-class sleep staging respectively. Our three-stage classifier is especially accurate at measuring NREM sleep time (predicted: 4.98 ± 1.26 hrs. vs. actual: 5.08 ± 0.98 hrs. from PSG). Similarly, our four-stage classifier leads to highly accurate estimates of light sleep time (predicted: 4.33 ± 1.20 hrs. vs. actual: 4.46 ± 1.04 hrs. from PSG) and deep sleep time (predicted: 0.62 ± 0.65 hrs. vs. actual: 0.63 ± 0.59 hrs. from PSG). Lastly, we demonstrate the feasibility of our method for sleep staging from Apple Watch-derived measurements. Conclusion This work demonstrates the viability of high-accuracy, automated multi-class sleep staging from actigraphy and coarse heart rate measures that are device-agnostic and therefore well suited for extraction from smartwatches and other consumer wrist wearables. Support (if any) This work was supported in part by the NIH grant 1R21AG068890-01 and the American Association for University Women.
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Roomkham, Sirinthip, Michael Hittle, Joseph Cheung, David Lovell, Emmanuel Mignot i Dimitri Perrin. "Sleep monitoring with the Apple Watch: comparison to a clinically validated actigraph". F1000Research 8 (29.05.2019): 754. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19020.1.
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Background: We investigate the feasibility of using an Apple Watch for sleep monitoring by comparing its performance to the clinically validated Philips Actiwatch Spectrum Pro (the gold standard in this study), under free-living conditions. Methods: We recorded 27 nights of sleep from 14 healthy adults (9 male, 5 female). We extracted activity counts from the Actiwatch and classified 15-second epochs into sleep/wake using the Actiware Software. We extracted triaxial acceleration data (at 50 Hz) from the Apple Watch, calculated Euclidean norm minus one (ENMO) for the same epochs, and classified them using a similar algorithm. We used a range of analyses, including Bland-Altman plots and linear correlation, to visualize and assess the agreement between Actiwatch and Apple Watch. Results: The Apple Watch had high overall accuracy (97%) and sensitivity (99%) in detecting actigraphy-defined sleep, and adequate specificity (79%) in detecting actigraphy defined wakefulness. Over the 27 nights, total sleep time was strongly linearly correlated between the two devices (r=0.85). On average, the Apple Watch over-estimated total sleep time by 6.31 minutes and under-estimated Wake After Sleep Onset by 5.74 minutes. The performance of the Apple Watch compares favorably to the clinically validated Actiwatch in a normal environment. Conclusions: This study suggests that the Apple Watch could be an acceptable alternative to the Philips Actiwatch for sleep monitoring, paving the way for larger-scale sleep studies using Apple’s consumer-grade mobile device and publicly available sleep classification algorithms. Further study is needed to assess longer-term performance in natural conditions, and against polysomnography in clinical settings.
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Benning, Nils-Hendrik, Petra Knaup i Rüdiger Rupp. "Measurement Performance of Activity Measurements with Newer Generation of Apple Watch in Wheelchair Users with Spinal Cord Injury". Methods of Information in Medicine 60, S 02 (grudzień 2021): e103-e110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1740236.
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Abstract Background The level of physical activity (PA) of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) has an impact on long-term complications. Currently, PA is mostly assessed by interviews. Wearable activity trackers are promising tools to objectively measure PA under everyday conditions. The only off-the-shelf, wearable activity tracker with specific measures for wheelchair users is the Apple Watch. Objectives This study analyzes the measurement performance of Apple Watch Series 4 for wheelchair users and compares it with an earlier generation of the device. Methods Fifteen participants with subacute SCI during their first in-patient phase followed a test course using their wheelchair. The number of wheelchair pushes was counted manually by visual inspection and with the Apple Watch. Difference between the Apple Watch and the rater was analyzed with mean absolute percent error (MAPE) and a Bland–Altman plot. To compare the measurement error of Series 4 and an older generation of the device a t-test was calculated using data for Series 1 from a former study. Results The average of differences was 12.33 pushes (n = 15), whereas participants pushed the wheelchair 138.4 times on average (range 86–271 pushes). The range of difference and the Bland–Altman plot indicate an overestimation by Apple Watch. MAPE is 9.20% and the t-test, testing for an effect of Series 4 on the percentage of error compared with Series 1, was significant with p < 0.05. Conclusion Series 4 shows a significant improvement in measurement performance compared with Series 1. Series 4 can be considered as a promising data source to capture the number of wheelchair pushes on even grounds. Future research should analyze the long-term measurement performance during everyday conditions of Series 4.
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Leh, Frederick O. "Siu Chuan Y. Leh, M.D. (1935-2013)". Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 28, nr 1 (28.11.2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32412/pjohns.v28i1.511.
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“When Giants Pass”
Frederick O. Leh, M.D.
When giants pass, they leave giant footprints and giant shoes to fill. Dr. Leh Siu Chuan passed away last August 2013, after suffering multi-organ failure following a stroke secondary to sick sinus syndrome. As in life, he was a fighter, refusing to give up the ghost for 3 years and 3 months, living in an intensive care unit at the hospital he spent his life serving and loving.
Siu Chuan Y. Leh was born in Manila August 22, 1935, the third generation of Chinese immigrants from the Fukien Province in China. He was the second child in a brood of twelve, easily the brightest child and the apple of his father’s eye. He completed his medical studies at the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas. During the ignominous Vietnam War of the 60’s, he was able to get a position for a residency position in Otolaryngology at the University of Pennsylvania, and trained under the venerable Dr. Atkins, a protégé of both Dr. Jackson Sr. and Dr. Tucker of endoscopic fame. He had to leave his family behind – his wife Benita Leh, and three children – Shirley, Frederick and Sandra. On his second year of training, he sent for his wife and son, Frederick who would later follow in his footsteps as an otolaryngologist.
Life was difficult during that time for a married resident. He received a stipend of only $200 a month, and had to moonlight in emergency rooms on weekends to make ends meet. When he finally completed his residency and passed the American Board of Otolaryngology exams, he gave up a possible lucrative partnership with his mentor to go back to the Philippines to serve his countrymen.
Dr. Leh was invited to the Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center, and he served there prominently as its brightest Ear Nose and Throat practitioner. He became well-known in the Chinese community, taking time to hold clinic in the Ong’s Association Building along Benavidez in Chinatown. He later served as Chinese General Hospital’s Executive Assistant Medical Director until his health started to fail. He was also very active in the Philippine Otolaryngology scene, serving continuously as a Board Examiner, much feared by examinees for his strict and no-nonsense grilling of would-be diplomats. Dr. Leh rose rapidly through the ranks to become President of the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Under his watch, the PSOHNS expanded exponentially, gaining many new member hospitals and programs. He organized and professionalized the criteria for the accreditation program, ensuring high quality from all applicant programs.
With all the kudos, fame and fortune, Dr. Leh was still not done. He was asked to take over a fledgling Tzu Chi Philippine Chapter, part of a Taiwanese Buddhist Foundation seeking to bring relief to the poor of the world. Dr. Leh organized and founded TIMA (the Tzu Chi International Medical Missions and Assistance), which later became the model for other medical missions in the world. For this Dr. Leh was awarded many times by Tzu Chi Foundation. His dream continues as the TIMA continues to treat thousands of people daily, and will soon open a clinic and perhaps a hospital to serve the less fortunate.
Dr. Leh Siu Chuan is survived by his wife of 54 years, Benita Leh, and two doctor sons – Patrick, an orthopaedic surgeon, and Frederick, an otolaryngologist, and two daughters – Shirley, an auditor in New York, and Sandra, district manager for E. Excel Pharmaceuticals of Taiwan. He will live on in the memory of his colleagues and loved ones, and all who had the good fortune of knowing him.
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Burman, Leonard E., William G. Gale i Jeffrey Rohaly. "Policy Watch: The Expanding Reach of the Individual Alternative Minimum Tax". Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, nr 2 (1.05.2003): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533003765888494.
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The individual alternative minimum tax (AMT) was designed in 1970 to apply reduce aggressive tax sheltering, but under current law will grow to cover tens of millions of households in the next decade. The growth occurs because the AMT is not indexed for inflation and the 2001 tax cut reduced regular income taxes but not the AMT. AMT growth is troubling because the tax has questionable effects on equity and efficiency and is inordinately complex. This paper describes the AMT, discusses economic issues related to the alternative minimum tax, and examines options for reform.
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Rens, Neil, Neil Gandhi, Jonathan Mak, Jeddeo Paul, Drew Bent, Stephanie Liu, Dasha Savage i in. "Activity data from wearables as an indicator of functional capacity in patients with cardiovascular disease". PLOS ONE 16, nr 3 (24.03.2021): e0247834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247834.
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Background Smartphone and wearable-based activity data provide an opportunity to remotely monitor functional capacity in patients. In this study, we assessed the ability of a home-based 6-minute walk test (6MWT) as well as passively collected activity data to supplement or even replace the in-clinic 6MWTs in patients with cardiovascular disease. Methods We enrolled 110 participants who were scheduled for vascular or cardiac procedures. Each participant was supplied with an iPhone and an Apple Watch running the VascTrac research app and was followed for 6 months. Supervised 6MWTs were performed during clinic visits at scheduled intervals. Weekly at-home 6MWTs were performed via the VascTrac app. The app passively collected activity data such as daily step counts. Logistic regression with forward feature selection was used to assess at-home 6MWT and passive data as predictors for “frailty” as measured by the gold-standard supervised 6MWT. Frailty was defined as walking <300m on an in-clinic 6MWT. Results Under a supervised in-clinic setting, the smartphone and Apple Watch with the VascTrac app were able to accurately assess ‘frailty’ with sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 85%. Outside the clinic in an unsupervised setting, the home-based 6MWT is 83% sensitive and 60% specific in assessing “frailty.” Passive data collected at home were nearly as accurate at predicting frailty on a clinic-based 6MWT as was a home-based 6MWT, with area under curve (AUC) of 0.643 and 0.704, respectively. Conclusions In this longitudinal observational study, passive activity data acquired by an iPhone and Apple Watch were an accurate predictor of in-clinic 6MWT performance. This finding suggests that frailty and functional capacity could be monitored and evaluated remotely in patients with cardiovascular disease, enabling safer and higher resolution monitoring of patients.
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Zhang, Jing, Li Wang i Jingyuan Su. "The Soil Water Condition of a Typical Agroforestry System under the Policy of Northwest China". Forests 9, nr 12 (22.11.2018): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9120730.
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The number of mixed cropland—apple orchard system has gradually increased in the Changwu Tableland region of the Loess Plateau, China. However, the soil water content (SWC) is not sufficient to maintain the sustainable development of apple trees in this agroforestry system. It is unclear whether the growing fruit trees would compete with crops for soil water. To systematically analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture and to understand the effect of orchard hydrology in that cropland, the SWC was measured at different depths at different locations on cropland and in an apple orchard. The results show that: (1) The SWC of each soil layer in the cropland (0–20, 20–60, 60–100, 100–200, 200–300 cm) is higher than that of the orchard. The soil moisture changes dramatically in the 0–200 cm soil layer. (2) As the soil moisture monitoring distance from the apple orchard increases, the SWC gradually increases, the loss of soil water storage gradually decreases, and the drying effect gradually disappears. This is related to the different distribution ranges of the roots of apple trees and crops. Therefore, the government should control the proportion of the orchard and cropland, and then adjust the planting period of the orchard in the appropriate range to keep the green use of water in the region.
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Neitzel, Richard L., Lauren Smith, Linyan Wang, Glenn Green, Jennifer Block, Michael Carchia, Kuba Mazur, Glen DePalma, Reza Azimi i Blanca Villanueva. "Toward a better understanding of nonoccupational sound exposures and associated health impacts: Methods of the Apple Hearing Study". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, nr 3 (marzec 2022): 1476–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009620.
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Globally, noise exposure from occupational and nonoccupational sources is common, and, as a result, noise-induced hearing loss affects tens of millions of people. Occupational noise exposures have been studied and regulated for decades, but nonoccupational sound exposures are not well understood. The nationwide Apple Hearing Study, launched using the Apple research app in November 2019 (Apple Inc., Cupertino, CA), is characterizing the levels at which participants listen to headphone audio content, as well as their listening habits. This paper describes the methods of the study, which collects data from several types of hearing tests and uses the Apple Watch noise app to measure environmental sound levels and cardiovascular metrics. Participants, all of whom have consented to participate and share their data, have already contributed nearly 300 × 106 h of sound measurements and 200 000 hearing assessments. The preliminary results indicate that environmental sound levels have been higher, on average, than headphone audio, about 10% of the participants have a diagnosed hearing loss, and nearly 20% of the participants have hearing difficulty. The study’s analyses will promote understanding of the overall exposures to sound and associated impacts on hearing and cardiovascular health. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of collecting clinically relevant exposure and health data outside of traditional research settings.
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Lachance, M. W., D. G. Pfeiffer i L. F. Ponton. "Apple, Midseason Mite Control, 1990". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 16, nr 1 (1.01.1991): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/16.1.21.
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Abstract Several acaricides were compared with an untreated control in a 'Delicious' apple block at Steele's Tavern, Va. Four single-tree replicates were used in a completely randomized design. Applications were made using a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Treatment applications were applied when the ERM population exceeded an average of 7 mites/leaf, which occurred in the last week of Jul. Trees were sprayed on 30 Jul to the drip point (200 gal/acre). Control trees were sprayed with water. Mites were evaluated using a mite brushing machine and a single 20-leaf sample/tree. Mites were counted under a binocular microscope. The data on 30 Jul are pretreatment counts.
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Bardus, Marco, Cecile Borgi, Marwa El-Harakeh, Tarek Gherbal, Samer Kharroubi i Elie-Jacques Fares. "Exploring the Use of Mobile and Wearable Technology among University Student Athletes in Lebanon: A Cross-Sectional Study". Sensors 21, nr 13 (30.06.2021): 4472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134472.
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The markets of commercial wearables and health and fitness apps are constantly growing globally, especially among young adults and athletes, to track physical activity, energy expenditure and health. Despite their wide availability, evidence on use comes predominantly from the United States or Global North, with none targeting college student-athletes in low- and middle-income countries. This study was aimed to explore the use of these technologies among student-athletes at the American University of Beirut (AUB). We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 482 participants (average age 20 years) enrolled in 24 teams during Fall 2018; 230 students successfully completed the web-based survey, and 200 provided valid data. Fifty-three (26.5%) have owned a fitness tracker, mostly for self-monitoring. The most popular were Fitbit, Apple Watch, and Garmin. Similarly, 82 students (40%) used apps, primarily MyFitnessPal, Apple Health, and Samsung Health. Nevertheless, many participants discontinued use due to loss of interest or technical issues (breaking, usability, obsolescence, or lack of engagement). Wearable devices were considered superior to mobile phones alone as physical activity monitors. However, forming regular habits made self-monitoring via technology irrelevant. Further research is needed to better understand what motivates continuous use among student-athletes, who could use trackers to improve athletic performance and overall health.
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Tang, Megan, Christopher Leung, Parastou Fatemi, Atman Desai, Christy Tomkins-Lane i Corinna Clio Zygourakis. "225 SpineTrak: The First Randomized Controlled Trial Using the Apple Watch to Objectively Track Spine Surgical Patients". Neurosurgery 70, Supplement_1 (kwiecień 2024): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000002809_225.
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INTRODUCTION: Early mobilization after surgery is associated with reduced complications, shorter hospitalization, and improved psychological well-being. Current methods for evaluating spine surgery outcomes rely on subjective, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Wearable activity monitors, including the Apple Watch (AW), allow for real-time tracking of objective activity metrics. METHODS: Eligibility: Adult patients undergoing elective spine surgery. Patients are randomized 1:1 to the intervention vs control group. All patients complete PROMs pre-operatively and at 6-weeks, 3-months, 6-months, and 1-year post-operatively. Only intervention patients receive AW and download a study-specific app to collect AW data. AW health measures are visualized in reports provided to patients and surgeons. RESULTS: To date, we have enrolled 200 patients (n=100 intervention; n=100 control). Among patients past 1-year post-operation (n=129), 74% reached the minimal clinically-important difference in improvement for ODI/NDI, SF-36 PCS, and/or EQ-VAS relative to pre-operation. Intervention patients (n=95) have worn AW 81.3%±21.1% of the days for 14.6±4.7 hours/day. At 6-weeks post-operation, 73% of patients responded that they were very satisfied with using the AW in their spine care. 61% found seeing their AW activity data helpful. 96% of neurosurgeons agreed that AW reports help them understand their patients’ recovery. Preliminary analyses of patient recovery profiles have predicted the requirement for revision surgery in some participants. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results indicate patients are compliant with wearing the AW, and both patients and surgeons are satisfied with its use in their spine care. Initial analyses show poor correlation between AW measures and PROMs, emphasizing the need for a metric that combines objective and subjective measures to better track spine surgery recovery.
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Yanovskyi, Y., S. Suchanov, I. Krykunov i А. Fomenko. "Effectiveness of modern insecticides in protection of apple planting from red-headed aphides". Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, nr 66 (24.12.2020): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2020.66.222-230.
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Goal. To investigate an efficacy of the insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) and Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/kg) on a reduction of a number and a harmfulness of red-headed or gray apple aphid (Disaphis devecta Walk.) in commercial apple orchards.
Methods. A field method, in the commercial apple orchards under the conditions of educational production department of university. A type of apple trees was Golden Delicious. Planting scheme — 4.0 × 3.0 m. Year of planting — 1992. Crown shape — sparsely (improved) — tiered. Rootstock — MM-106. Phases of plant development at application timing — «after blooming, fruit size — up to 20 mm» (BBCH 72). Soil — shallow, low — humus dusty — loamy podzolic leached black soils: humus content — 1.3—2.5%; pH 4.8—5.2; mobile compounds Р2О5 — 130—180 mg/ kg and К2О — 8,9—9,2 mg/kg (by Chirikov method). The measures for care of the experimental site — loosening a soil in the stem strips during the growing period, an application of organic and mineral fertilizers, a pruning, a splaying of grass between the rows (row spacing),a protection from pests and diseases. The technical effectiveness of applications was determined in different rates against red-headed aphids in the apple orchards. Calculations were made according to generally accepted methods in plant protection and entomology.
Results. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC, Sivanto Prime 200 SL and Transform WG against red-headed aphids provided a reduction of this species in the number of 92.8—97.2%. It allowed to obtain a high — grade apple product with a yield of 1.7—1.9 times higher comparing to control. The outcome of non-standard products did not exceed 4.9% compare to 24.9% in the control (water treatment).
Conclusions. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC, Sivanto Prime 200 SL, Transform WG can reduce effectively the harmfulness of red-headed aphids in apple orchards and control its number during the growing period. A limiting the number of a current sucking species in the apple orchard by using the studied applications provided a yield increase and a marketable quality of the obtained fruit products.
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SHARMA, Shivani, Pramod VERMA i Naveen C. SHARMA. "Crop load management in high density apple plantation". Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 21, nr 4 (30.10.2023): e0905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2023214-20505.
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Aim of study: To optimize the best thinning method and elucidate its effect on fruit size, quality, yield and return bloom in apple under high density plantation in sub-temperate zone of India.
Area of study: Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Material and methods: The experiment consisted of 30 combinations of 10 thinning (chemical and manual) treatments (T1: 10 mg L-1 NAA; T2: 20 mg L-1 NAA; T3: 100 mg L-1 BA; T4: 200 mg L-1 BA; T5: 100 mg L-1 Metamitron; T6: 200 mg L-1 Metamitron; T7: crop load of 4 fruits cm-2 TCSA; T8: crop load of 6 fruits cm-2 TCSA; T9: crop load of 8 fruits cm-2 TCSA and T10: control - no thinning) and 3 cultivars treatments (‘Jeromine’, ‘Redlum Gala’ and ‘Super Chief’), replicated five times over three growing seasons (2020 to 2022).
Main results: The highest return bloom, fruit size, red skin color (RSC), sugars content, and anthocyanin content were produced due to manual thinning while maintaining a crop load of 4-6 fruits cm-2 TCSA (trunk cross sectional area). ‘Jeromine’ cultivar produced fruits with better yields, productivity, and RSC. ‘Redlum Gala’ had fruits with a better extent of thinning, return bloom, and sugar content. The extent of thinning showed a significant positive correlation with return bloom, fruit quality and physicochemical parameters, and growth in apples under high-density plantations.
Research highlights: A possible threshold for optimal fruit quality and consistent return bloom is around 4-6 fruits cm-2 TCSA in apple under high density plantation in India.
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Alston, D. G. "Apple, Aphid Control, 1994". Arthropod Management Tests 20, nr 1 (1.01.1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.1.
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Abstract Two trials were conducted in a 4-yr-old mixed ‘Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ orchard with under-tree sprinkler irrigation. Guthion 50WP (1.3 lb form./acre) was applied for codling moth control on 11 May, 2 Jun, and 8 and 28 Jul. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer (Rears Mfg., Bend, OR) operated at 150-200 psi. Per acre rates were based on application of one gal of spray per tree or 182 gal/acre. Triton B-1956 spray adjuvant was tank-mixed with all treatments at 11.7 fl oz/acre. Aphids (alate + apterous) were counted in situ on the three most recently fully expanded leaves (minimum of 1 inch in length and edges completely unfolded) on three randomly selected terminals per tree. In Trial 1, ten treatments were applied once following pretreatment counts on 2 Jun. Initial aphid densities were low. In Trial 2, five treatments were applied on 19 Jul immediately following pretreatment counts, and then again on 2 Aug except for Admire. Initial aphid densities were high. Post-treatment counts were made weekly.
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Beigh, M. A., Quadri Javeed Ahmad Peer, S. K. Kher i N. A. Ganai. "Disease and pest management in apple: Farmers' perception and adoption in J&K state". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, nr 1 (1.06.2015): 293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.604.
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Diseases and pests are one of the limiting factors for low productivity of the fruit crops in Kashmir valley, India. A study on management of resources with respect to disease and pest management of apple and extent of adoption of recommended plant protection technology was undertaken for increasing apple production in Kashmir valley of J and K State. District Baramulla was selected purposively on the basis of maximum area and production under apple crop. A sample size of 200 apple growers 50 each from 4 villages were selected randomly. The study revealed that the perception index regarding attributes of technology recommended in two diseases viz. San Jose Scale and Apple Scab was 68.88% and 80.76% in respect of profitability (83.97%), simplicity-complexity each 63.57% and 54.27 % for practicability attributes of technology. The data further showed that the farmers adoption level under Chemical control was high at silver tip to green tip stage (80%) and fruit let pea size stage (78%) and medium adoption was observed at pink bloom (bud) stage (74%), petal fall stage (74%) walnut size apple stage (70%) on Apple Scab similarly, the extent of adoption was low (45%) for mechanical and no chemical control measures under clean cultivation. In case of San Jose Scale the farmers adoption level regarding name of chemical, its dose, quantity of water required per acre for preparing spray solution and time of spray at late dormant spray, (feb, March) was high (80%). The findings will help to improve the level of farmers’ knowledge to increase apple production in Kashmir valley.
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Klier, Kristina, Lucas Koch, Lisa Graf, Timo Schinköthe i Annette Schmidt. "Diagnostic Accuracy of Single-Lead Electrocardiograms Using the Kardia Mobile App and the Apple Watch 4: Validation Study". JMIR Cardio 7 (23.11.2023): e50701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/50701.
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Background To date, the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is the gold standard for cardiological diagnosis in clinical settings. With the advancements in technology, a growing number of smartphone apps and gadgets for recording, visualizing, and evaluating physical performance as well as health data is available. Although this new smart technology is innovative and time- and cost-efficient, less is known about its diagnostic accuracy and reliability. Objective This study aimed to examine the agreement between the mobile single-lead ECG measurements of the Kardia Mobile App and the Apple Watch 4 compared to the 12-lead gold standard ECG in healthy adults under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, it assessed whether the measurement error of the devices increases with an increasing heart rate. Methods This study was designed as a prospective quasi-experimental 1-sample measurement, in which no randomization of the sampling was carried out. In total, ECGs at rest from 81 participants (average age 24.89, SD 8.58 years; n=58, 72% male) were recorded and statistically analyzed. Bland-Altman plots were created to graphically illustrate measurement differences. To analyze the agreement between the single-lead ECGs and the 12-lead ECG, Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and Lin concordance correlation coefficient (CCCLin) were calculated. Results The results showed a higher agreement for the Apple Watch (mean deviation QT: 6.85%; QT interval corrected for heart rate using Fridericia formula [QTcF]: 7.43%) than Kardia Mobile (mean deviation QT: 9.53%; QTcF: 9.78%) even if both tend to underestimate QT and QTcF intervals. For Kardia Mobile, the QT and QTcF intervals correlated significantly with the gold standard (rQT=0.857 and rQTcF=0.727; P<.001). CCCLin corresponded to an almost complete heuristic agreement for the QT interval (0.835), whereas the QTcF interval was in the range of strong agreement (0.682). Further, for the Apple Watch, Pearson correlations were highly significant and in the range of a large effect (rQT=0.793 and rQTcF=0.649; P<.001). CCCLin corresponded to a strong heuristic agreement for both the QT (0.779) and QTcF (0.615) intervals. A small negative correlation between the measurement error and increasing heart rate could be found of each the devices and the reference. Conclusions Smart technology seems to be a promising and reliable approach for nonclinical health monitoring. Further research is needed to broaden the evidence regarding its validity and usability in different target groups.
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Hearn, Eleanor L., Jack Byford, Christopher Wolfe, Cheryl Agyei, Peter D. Hodkinson, Ross D. Pollock i Thomas G. Smith. "Measuring Arterial Oxygen Saturation Using Wearable Devices Under Varying Conditions". Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 94, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.6078.2023.
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INTRODUCTION: Recently developed wearable monitoring devices can provide arterial oxygen saturation (Spo2) measurements, offering potential for use in aerospace operations. Pilots and passengers are already using these technologies, but their performance has not yet been established under conditions experienced in the flight environment such as environmental hypoxia and concurrent body motion.METHODS: An initial evaluation was conducted in 10 healthy subjects who were studied in a normobaric chamber during normoxia and at a simulated altitude of 15,000 ft (4572 m; 11.8% oxygen). Spo2 was measured simultaneously using a standard pulse oximeter and four wearable devices: Apple Watch Series 6; Garmin Fēnix 6 watch; Cosinusso Two in-ear sensor; and Oxitone 1000M wrist-worn pulse oximeter. Measurements were made while stationary at rest, during very slight body motion (induced by very low intensity cycling at 30 W on an ergometer), and during moderate body motion (induced by moderate intensity cycling at 150 W).RESULTS: Missed readings, defined as failure to record an Spo2 value within 1 min, occurred commonly with all wearables. Even with only very slight body motion, most devices missed most readings (range of 12–82% missed readings) and the rate was higher with greater body motion (range 18–92%). One device tended to under-report Spo2, while the other devices tended to over-report Spo2. Performance decreased across the devices when oxygenation was reduced.DISCUSSION: In this preliminary evaluation, the wearable devices studied did not perform to the same standard as a traditional pulse oximeter. These limitations may restrict their utility in flight and require further investigation.Hearn EL, Byford J, Wolfe C, Agyei C, Hodkinson PD, Pollock RD, Smith TG. Measuring arterial oxygen saturation using wearable devices under varying conditions. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023; 94(1):42–47.
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Johnson, James W., i John C. Wise. "Apple, Summer Control of European Red Mites, 1991". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 17, nr 1 (1.01.1992): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/17.1.33.
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Abstract Sprays were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Red-Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 18 Jul. Dodine, Captan, Rubigan, Nova, Ambush, Guthion, and Lannate were applied separately to all treatments. Efficacy was determined by counting ERM eggs and motile forms as well as adult ZM and AF on 50 randomly selected leaves per tree (200 leaves per treatment). Mites were brushed from leaves in a mite-brushing machine and counted under magnification of a microscope.
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Yanovskyi, Yu, S. Sukhanov, I. Krykunov i O. Fomenko. "Effectiveness of modern insecticides in protection of apple planting from blood-red aphids". Karantin i zahist roslin, nr 2 (27.05.2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2021.2.28-31.
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Goal. To investigate an efficacy of the insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) and Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/ kg) on a reduction of a number and a harmfulness of blood-red aphid (Eriosoma laniqerum Hausm.), their impact on yields in commercial apple orchards.
Methods. A field method, in the commercial apple orchards under the conditions of educational production department of Uman National University of Horticulture of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine . A type of apple trees was Golden Delicious. Planting scheme — 4.0 × 3.0 m. Year of planting — 1992. Crown shape — sparsely (improved) — tiered. Rootstock — MM-106. Phases of plant development at application timing — “after blooming, fruit size — up to 20 mm” (BBCH 72) and “development of fruit (fruits about 90% of the final size)” (BBCH 79). Soil — shallow, low — humus dusty — loamy podzolic leached black soils: humus content — 1.3—2.5%; pH 4.8—5.2; mobile compounds Р2О5 — 130—180 mg/ kg and К2О — 8.9—9.2 mg/ kg (by Chirikov method). The measures for care of the experimental site — loosening a soil in the stem strips during the growing period, an application of organic and mineral fertilizers, a pruning, a splaying of grass between the rows (row spacing),a protection from pests and diseases. The technical effectiveness of applications was determined in different rates against blood-red aphids and their impact on yields in commercial apple orchards. Calculations were made according to generally accepted methods in in horticulture, plant protection and entomology.
Results. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramate, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) and Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/kg) against blood-red aphids provided a reduction of this species in the number of 92.8—97.2%. It allowed to obtain a high — grade apple product with a yield of 1.7—1.9 times higher comparing to control. The outcome of non-standard products did not exceed 4,9% compare to 24,9% in the control (water treatment). An application of these insecticides allowed to increase the effectiveness of main biometric indicators of trees, namely: the average length of annual shoots, shoot thickness, leaf surface area by 52.4—76.9%, 1.1—1.2 times and 47.9—138.5%, accordingly, which is important for settlement of potential fruit buds and future yields.
Conclusions. The use of insecticides Movento 100 SC (spirotetramat, 100 g/l), Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l) Transform WG (sulfoxaflor, 500 g/kg) can reduce effectively the harmfulness of blood-red aphids in apple orchards and control its number during the growing period. A limitation of a number of the current sucking species in apple orchard by using the studied applications provided a yield increase and a marketable quality of the obtained fruit products and the effectiveness of basic biometric indicators of trees, namely: the average length of annual shoots, shoot thickness, leaf surface area, which is important for the potential yields in commercial apple orchards in the next years.
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Riedl, H., i P. W. Shearer. "Apple and Pear, Effect of Stirrup M on Mite Control with Plictran, 1987". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 13, nr 1 (1.01.1988): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/13.1.31.
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Abstract Stirrup M, a spray additive for miticide applications containing pheromone components of spider mites was evaluated in 2 mite control trials on apple and pear. Sprays were applied to apple on 10 Jul and pear on 8 Jul using a handgun operating at 200 psi. Both the pear and the apple orchards used Rad mature trees and were under standard spray programs. No miticides were applied prior to the tests. The experimental design and sampling was the same in both experiments. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates. Following a pretreatment count trees were blocked according to mite population level. Leaves on each tree were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy (25 leaves/tree; 100/treatment). Leaves were processed with a mite-brushing machine.
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Flores*, Aroldo Isudro Rumayor, Jose Antonio Vázquez Ramos, Martínez Cano Andres i Borrego Escalante Fernando. "Characterization of Apple Hybrids (Malus × domestica Bork.)". HortScience 39, nr 4 (lipiec 2004): 804E—805. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.804e.
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In hybrids of apple (Malus × domestica Bork.) subjected to study phenological in Aguanueva, Coahuila, Mexico, their requirements of chill hours (CH), heat units (HU), bud breaking flower and vegetative % (BB) for good adaptation to warm milder climate, bloom period (BP), and vegetative period (VP), were determined using the Methodology of Identification of New Cultivars of Fruit Breeding (Ploudiv 1983). They were material with requirements of cold from 200 up to 650 (CH) when they underwent a test of controlled conditions of (CH). These materials are; AR-109 (200 CH), AR-106 (300 CH), AR-108 (300 CH), AR-147 (300 CH), AR-144 (550 CH), and AR-a60 (650 CH), while the control Mutant Aguanueva II (500 CH). Under winter conditions of the year 2000 with so slone 168.76 (CH), some materials showed a bud break superior to the control. The bud break dates understand between 30 days before the witness Aguanueva II, as the hybrid AR-147 and 34 days later in the case of the hybrid AR-151, location this way to the materials as: Early with regard to the control; AR-16-S (24 days), AR-130 (14 days) and AR-147 (30 days). Similar to the control; AR-144, AR-103 and AR-127. Later than the control; AR-111 and AR-103-B. since they don't require spray bud breaking res compounds for their bud break and they have bloom period (BP) of 8 to 21 days. And when presenting low chill requirements they will be set fruit in a microclimate frost-free and growing and have their cultivation in a mild winter climate.
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Johnson, James W., i John C. Wise. "Apple, Early Season European Red Mite Control, 1993". Arthropod Management Tests 19, nr 1 (1.01.1994): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.26.
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Abstract Miticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Black - Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with a FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 30 Apr (1/2 Green), 4 May (Tight Cluster), 7 May (Tight Cluster), 10 May (Pink), 18 May (Bloom), 1 Jun (Petal Fall), and 10 Jun (1C). Rubigan, Bayleton, Nova, Captan and Streptomycin were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations were made on 25 May, 1, 7, 15 and 23 Jun by picking 50 randomly selected leaves per tree (total of 200 leaves per treatment). Mite counts were made by brushing leaves in a mite-brushing machine and counting eggs and motile forms of ERM, and adult predatory mites (AF and ZM), under a microscope.
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Alston, D. G. "Apple, Codling Moth Control with Dimilin, 1991". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 17, nr 1 (1.01.1992): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/17.1.1.
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Abstract Plots were located in a 10-yr-old orchard with under-tree sprinkler irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 four-tree replicates. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and with an output rate of 3800 liters/ha. The date of first consistent CM catch as determined by pheromone traps placed in the block was 16 May. Cover sprays were timed using a temperature-driven CM model of development. First applications were timed to coincide with beginning of egg hatch. First applications of Dimilin + Guthion on 6 Jun were followed with Dimilin alone on 27 Jun and 19 Jul. Refer to the table for specific dates of application. Five fruit per tree and 5 fruit from the ground underneath each tree were sampled for CM damage (external stings + internal worms) by cutting fruit on 27 Jun, 19 Jul, and 8 Aug. Twenty fruit per tree and 20 fruit from the ground underneath each tree were sampled for CM damage on 30 Aug and 20 Sep. CM pressure was heavy.
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Song, Xiaolin, Xiaodong Gao, Paul Reese Weckler, Wei Zhang, Jie Yao, Y. Wu, Yufeng Zou, Pute Wu, Xining Zhao i Kadambot H. M. Siddique. "An In-Situ Rainwater Collection and Infiltration System to Improve Plant-Available Water and Fine Root Growth for Drought Resistance". Applied Engineering in Agriculture 36, nr 5 (2020): 807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13566.
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HighlightsAn in-situ rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) method is a rainwater catchment utilization techniqueRWCI is advantageous for increasing sustainable plant-avaibale water to increase drought resistanceRWCI significantly increased the amount of water and nutrients in the rhizosphere for uptake by apple tree rootsABSTRACT. A two-year field experiment was undertaken to determine the spatial distribution of plant-available water and roots in soil profiles under two rainfall control systems—an in-situ rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) method and a semi-circular basin (SCB)—in apple orchards in the Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that the RWCI treatments with a soil depth of 40 cm (RWCI40), 60 cm (RWCI60), and 80 cm (RWCI80) significantly increased plant-available water in different seasons and depths and increased root growth of apple trees in the experimental soil profile (0–200 cm). At 0–200 cm soil depth, then RWCI treatments had significantly higher (91.86%-110.01%) mean plant-available water storage (PAWS) than the SCB treatment in both study years (2015 and 2016). From 0–120 cm soil depth, the RWCI60 treatment had significantly higher growing season mean PAWS than RWCI40 and RWCI80; however, RWCI80 had the highest from 120–200 cm. From 0–60 cm, the RWCI treatments had 25.84%-36.86% a smaller proportion of root system than the SCB treatment. However, from 60–120 cm, the proportion of root system increased by 131.53% (RWCI40), 157.95% (RWCI60) and 129.98% (RWCI80), relative to SCB. From 0–200 cm, the RWCI treatments had 1.49–1.94 times more root dry weight density than the SCB treatment. The highest concentration of fine roots occurred in the RWCI treatments. Thus, RWCI enabled roots to absorb more water and nutrients from a wider wetted area and improved drought resistance. Keywords: Drought resistance, Fine roots, Loess Plateau, Plant-available water, Spatial distribution.
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Kravchuk, O. P., V. I. Medvedev, P. G. Zhminko, A. P. Grinko, S. G. Serheiev, O. M. Bagatska, O. P. Vasetska i in. "Hygienic rationing of flupyradifurone and justification of safe use regulations of flupyradifurone-based insecticide to protect vineyards, apple, pear trees and cabbage". Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 87, nr 3 (9.12.2019): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-87-3-5-17.
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ABSTRACT. Flupyradifurone is an insecticide recommended to protect vineyards, apple, pear trees and cabbage in agriculture. For the state registration in Ukraine, toxicological and hygienic assessment of flupyradifurone and its insecticidal product Sivanto Prime 200 SL was performed. Acceptable daily intake of flupyradifurone for human was justified at the level of 0.02 mg/kg; hygienic standards for flupyradifurone and regulations for the safe use of insecticide Sivanto Prime 200 SL, in agriculture were developed. Objective. Toxicological and hygienic assessment of flupyradifurone and its insecticidal preparation, evaluation of the risk of rural labourers and population exposure. Methods. Expert and analytical, toxicological, physical and chemical, statistical and hygienic. Results. Based on acute toxicity parameters for different ways of exposure, flupyradifurone and Sivanto Prime 200 SL are rated as hazard class II. Long-term effects (carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity) are not limiting criteria when assessing flupyradifurone hazard. Field trials have shown that residual flupyradifurone was not detectable in grapes, apples, pears and cabbage during harvesting. Occupational risk degree under inhalation and cutaneous exposure of labours to flupyradifurone was within the acceptable level. Conclusion. Use of flupyradifurone-based insecticide Sivanto Prime 200 SL for the protection of vineyards, apple, pear trees and cabbage as per agricultural and hygienic standards and regulations will not lead to contamination of agricultural products and environmental objects and will be safe for the population. Keywords: insecticide, flupyradifurone, toxicological properties, hygienic standards and regulations, hazard assessment.
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Thomas, J., N. C. Sharma, P. Kumar, A. Chauhan i P. Chauhan. "Effect of biostimulant and biofertilizers on soil bio-chemical properties and plant growth of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) nursery". Journal of Environmental Biology 43, nr 2 (11.03.2022): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/43/2/mrn-1934.
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Aim: To assess the effect of biostimulant and biofertilizers on soil properties and plant growth of apple nursery under eco-friendly production system. Methodology: The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design comprising 18 treatments of biostimulant, biofertilizers and their combinations. Each treatment was replicated thrice. Nursery beds of apple seedling rootstocks were prepared and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, PGPR (Bacillus sp.) were applied by soil drenching method and commercial formulations of granular bio-stimulant containing humic acid (39%) + kelp extract (25%) + amino acids (9.0%) + ascorbic acid + thiamine + inositol + tocopherol (27%) were applied in two split doses by broadcasting in root zone. The effects of these various formulations were investigated during the course of studies. Results: Linear growth, radial growth of scion (6.66 mm), number of leaves per plant, leaf area, success rate, saleable plants, total root length, fresh weight of shoots, dry weight of shoots, fresh weight of roots, dry weight of roots and total plant biomass of apple nursery plants were significantly increased with the combined application of biostimulant (200 g m-2 nursery bed) + AM fungi (20 g per plant) + PGPR (50 ml per plant). This treatment also significantly improved the status of available soil N, P, K and population of fungi, bacteria as well as actinomycetes in the rhizosphere. Interpretation: Application of biostimulant (200 g m-2 nursery bed) + AM fungi (20 g per plant) + PGPR (50 ml per plant) proved to be the most effective combination of eco-friendly inputs for the production of good quality apple nursery plants with well developed shoot and root system and improved the soil bio-chemical properties.
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Brunner, Jay F., i L. O. Smith. "Apple, Pandemis Leafroller Control in Summer, 1991". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.13.
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Abstract Three Bt products alone or in combination with Asana XL were evaluated for their ability to control PLR larvae during the summer. The test orchard was located at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee. Test trees were 12-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of 5- to 7-tree plots replicated 3 times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Applications were made on 19 and 26 Jul and 2 Aug. On 13 Aug 100 shoot tips in each replicate were examined and the number of live leafroller larvae recorded. On 29 Aug, 200 fruit from each replicate (600 fruit per treatment) were picked and examined for presence of PLR damage. Mites were sampled in Aug and Sep. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope. Weather during the test period was good.
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Samol, Alexander, Kristina Bischof, Blerim Luani, Dan Pascut, Marcus Wiemer i Sven Kaese. "Single-Lead ECG Recordings Including Einthoven and Wilson Leads by a Smartwatch: A New Era of Patient Directed Early ECG Differential Diagnosis of Cardiac Diseases?" Sensors 19, nr 20 (10.10.2019): 4377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204377.
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Background: Smartwatches that are able to record a bipolar ECG and Einthoven leads were recently described. Nevertheless, for detection of ischemia or other cardiac diseases more leads are required, especially Wilson’s chest leads. Objectives: Feasibility study of six single-lead smartwatch (Apple Watch Series 4) ECG recordings including Einthoven (I, II, III) and Wilson-like pseudo-unipolar chest leads (Wr, Wm, Wl). Methods: In 50 healthy subjects (16 males; age: 36 ± 11 years, mean ± SD) without known cardiac disorders, a standard 12-lead ECG and a six single-lead ECG using an Apple Watch Series 4 were performed under resting conditions. Recording of Einthoven I was performed with the watch on the left wrist and the right index finger on the crown, Einthoven II was recorded with the watch on the left lower abdomen and the right index finger on the crown, Einthoven III was recorded with the watch on the left lower abdomen and the left index finger on the crown. Wilson-like chest leads were recorded corresponding to the locations of V1 (Wr), V4 (Wm) and V6 (Wl) in the standard 12-lead ECG. Wr was recorded in the fourth intercostal space right parasternal, Wm was recorded in the fifth intercostal space on the midclavicular line, and Wl was recorded in the fifth intercostal space in left midaxillary line. For all Wilson-like chest lead recordings, the smartwatch was placed on the described three locations on the chest, the right index finger was placed on the crown and the left hand encompassed the right wrist. Both hands and forearms also had contact to the chest. Three experienced cardiologists were independently asked to allocate three bipolar limb smartwatch ECGs to Einthoven I–III leads, and three smartwatch Wilson-like chest ECGs (Wr, Wm, Wl) to V1, V4 and V6 in the standard 12-lead ECG for each subject. Results: All 300 smartwatch ECGs showed a signal quality useable for diagnostics with 281 ECGs of good signal quality (143 limb lead ECGs (95%), 138 chest lead ECGs (92%). Nineteen ECGs had a moderate signal quality (7 limb lead ECGs (5%), 12 chest lead ECGs (8%)). One-hundred percent of all Einthoven and 92% of all Wilson-like smartwatch ECGs were allocated correctly to corresponding leads from 12-lead ECG. Forty-six subjects (92%) were assigned correctly by all cardiologists. Allocation errors were due to similar morphologies and amplitudes in at least two of the three recorded Wilson-like leads. Despite recording with a bipolar smartwatch device, morphology of all six leads was identical to standard 12-lead ECG. In two patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction, all three cardiologists recognized the ST-elevations in Wilson-like leads and assumed an occluded left anterior descending coronary artery correctly. Conclusion: Consecutive recording of six single-lead ECGs including Einthoven and Wilson-like leads by a smartwatch is feasible with good ECG signal quality. Thus, this simulated six-lead smartwatch ECG may be useable for the detection of cardiac diseases necessitating more than one ECG lead like myocardial ischemia or more complex cardia arrhythmias.
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Beers, E. H., i R. W. Browne. "Apple, European Red Mite and Two Spotted Spider Mite Control, 1992". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.1a.
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Abstract This test was conducted in an orchard with trees of mixed ages near Malaga, Washington. The experimental design was randomized complete block with nine treatments and four single tree replications. All trees were treated with Asana 0.66 EC at 2 oz/100 gal, 200 gal/acre on 18 Jun to eliminate predatory mites. Blocks were based on pre-treatment counts on 30 Jun. Test materials were applied on 2 Jul. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre dilute application. Treatments were applied with a handgun operated at 300 psi, sprayed to the point of drip. Population density samples were 25 leaves per tree. Leaf samples were brushed onto glass plates with a leaf-brushing machine and mites were counted under a dissecting microscope.
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Liang Sun Tan i Saw Hong Loh. "Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for the Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Apple Juice". Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research 2, nr 2 (30.04.2020): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v2i2.109.
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardous and persistent organic pollutants that usually exist at low concentrations in the environment. In this study, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) was optimized for the analysis of selected PAHs, namely phenanthrene (PHE), fluoranthene (FLA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in apple juice. Under the optimal extraction conditions (the mixture of 200 µL of acetone and 50 µL of 1-octanol was applied to extract the selected PAHs for 1 min), the DLLME-HPLC-FD showed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 5 to 200 µg/L for both PHE and FLA, and 0.01 to 5 µg/L for BaP with correlation coefficients, r ≥ 0.9956. The method offered ultra-trace detection of selected PAHs in the range of 0.002 to 0.5 µg/L, and negligible matrix effects in determining selected PAHs with relative recovery average within the range of 92.6 to 109.6% in apple juice. The advantages of applying this method for the extraction of PAHs include rapidity, simple operation, as well as small consumption of organic extraction solvent, which is beneficial for routine analysis.
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Hauagge, Roberto, i James N. Cummins. "Age, Growing Temperatures, and Growth Retardants Influence Induction and Length of Dormancy in Malus". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.1.116.
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Apple seedlings have a shallow dormancy, as has been observed in many other species. The length of bud dormancy in high-chilling-requirement seedlings does not reflect their genetic constitution well if dormancy is induced before they are 200 days old. Seedling populations sprayed with paclobutrazol and/or ethephon displayed bud dormancy periods resembling those of older populations of similar genetic constitution. Terminal bud formation and dormancy could not be induced by continuously exposing apple seedlings to low temperature (8 ± 1C) and short photoperiod, even after extended periods. Stomate operation may not be completely functional under these conditions. Terminal bud formation was induced by holding apple seedlings above 20C. Additional exposure to low temperature (8 ± 1C) induced leaf fall. These findings suggest the existence of an active regulatory factor that induces terminal bud formation and dormancy and is either turned on or synthesized above 15 to 17C. Chemical names used: β- [(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]- α -(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol(paclobutrazol);(2-chloroethyl)phosphoric acid (ethephon).
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Yoong, M. H., i T. M. Tengku Rozaina. "Effects of mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) fruit extract on oxidative stability of palm olein under accelerated storage". Food Research 5, nr 1 (13.02.2021): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(1).445.
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Palm olein is commonly used in cooking and food processing, however, it is susceptible to oxidation due to its high unsaturated fatty acids content. An antioxidant is added to the oil by oil manufacturer to inhibit lipid oxidation and increase the shelf life of the oil. However, most of the antioxidants are synthetic antioxidants that may not be safe for consumption and decomposed at high temperature during frying or processing. In this study, the antioxidant properties of mangrove apple fruit extract (MAFE), as well as the oxidative stability of palm olein with and without MAFE, were investigated. Palm olein added with MAFE (100 and 200 ppm) and without MAFE were kept at 65°C in an oven for 24 days under accelerated storage. The results showed that MAFE contained high total flavonoid compound (26.06±0.30 mg QCE/g extract) and total phenolic compound (12.21±1.31 mg GAE/g extract). The IC50 values of antioxidant activities of MAFE calculated by DPPH and ABTS•+ were 31.16±0.76 µg/mL and 97.32±3.27 µg/mL, respectively. The palm olein samples added with MAFE showed significantly lower peroxide value, p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, conjugated dienes and conjugated trienes after 24 days of storage compared to the palm olein without MAFE (control sample). The oxidative stability of palm olein added with 200 ppm MAFE was higher compared to the palm olein added with 100 ppm MAFE and control sample. Therefore, MAFE has the potential to be used as a source of natural antioxidant to reduce the lipid oxidation and prolong the shelf life of food products.
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Brunner, Jay F., i L. O. Smith. "Apple, Codling Moth Control with Sevin, 1991". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.7.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Sevin at different treatment schedules were compared to the standard rate and timing of Guthion for control of CM. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test trees were 17-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of four single-tree replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. In all cases the first treatment was applied at the beginning of CM egg hatch, 28 May, 250 degree days following first capture of moths in a pheromone trap. After the first CM generation (16 Jul), 100 fruit from each replicate were examined and the number damaged by CM recorded. At harvest (29 Aug), 200 fruit were picked from each replicate and examined for damage by CM and PLR. CM damage was rated as a “sting” (an unsuccessful entry in the fruit denoted by a scar but no penetration) or a deep entry. Mites were sampled from Jun through Jul. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope.
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Shen, Lei, Xiuyuan Wang, Tingting Liu, Wenwen Wei, Shuai Zhang, Yun Zhu, Tayir Tuerti, Luhua Li i Wei Zhang. "Apple–Soybean Mixed Stand Increased Fine Root Distribution and Soil Water Content with Reduced Soil Nitrate Nitrogen". Agronomy 13, nr 2 (14.02.2023): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020548.
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In dryland agroecosystems, intercropping fruit trees with legumes is often an important option for maintaining and improving soil N quality and fertility. The relationships of fine root length density (FRLD), soil water content (SWC), and soil NO3−-N content (SNC) in agroforestry systems is essential for optimal orchard management. Our objective was to understand the temporal and spatial dynamics of FRLD, SWC, and SNC in an apple–soybean intercropping system and competition between species for ecological niches. We established an orchard with soybean and apple, including monoculture apple (MA), monoculture soybean (MS), and apple–soybean intercrop (AS) treatments. We collected data on the distribution of FRLD, SWC, SNC, and productivity under the MA, AS, and MS from 2020 to 2021. This study showed that AS had more FRLD compared to MA, and intercropping apple (IA) FRLD increased at 20–60 cm soil depth at 50 and 100 cm from the tree and decreased at 0–40 cm soil depth at 150 and 200 cm from the tree. Intercropping increased the SWC of the system and decreased the SNC, and the effect of intercropping was concentrated in the soybean cover area. The competition between apple and soybean reached its maximum at soybean seed filling stage, with competition occurring mainly at 100 cm from the tree and at 0–20 cm soil depth. Intercropping affected soybean growth and also reduced soybean yield with a land equivalent ratio = 1.45. By understanding the dynamics of subsoil resources in the apple–soybean intercropping system and interspecific competition, we can provide a theoretical basis for exploring the potential of sustainable intensification of agroforestry systems.
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Shivran, Om Prakash, Manoj Kumar Singh i Nikhil Kumar Singh. "Weed flora dynamics and growth response of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) under varied agri-horti system and weed management practices". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, nr 3 (1.09.2017): 1848–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1451.
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Horizontal expansion of pulse production can be achieved by introduction of short duration pulse crop like, green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) under agri-horti system. Response of green gram under different agri-horti system and weed management practices is lacking. Therefore, an agronomic trial was conducted during monsoon season of 2011 at Agricultural Research Farm, Rajeev Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, in split plot design, consisting of three agri-horti systems [guava, custard apple and open field] in main plots and six weed management practices [pendimethalin 1000 g/ha (PE), imazethapyr 125 and 200 g/ha (PoE), 1-HW (20 DAS), 2-HW (15 and 30 DAS) and weedy check] were assigned to sub plots and replicated thrice. Green gram variety ‘Samrat’ was sown as per standard agronomic package of practices on August 5, 2011 in open field as well as within the alleys of, 5-year old, guava and custard apple agri-horti system. Agri-horti systems, did not significantly (P<0.05) affect the growth, yield attributes, yield and nutrient content in green gram. The weed management practices significantly affected the CGR, RGR and yield of green gram. Application of imazethapyr 200 g/ha recorded 79.08% reduction in weed biomass and 11.38% lower seed yield as compared to weedy check and 2-HW (15 and 30 DAS), respectively. 2-hand weeding effectively reduced weed biomass (88.07%) and showed highest yield (888.79 kg/ha), and CGR (13.61 g/day) followed by imazethapyr 200g/ha yield (787.66 kg/ha) and CGR (13.14 g/day).
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Brunner, J. F., i L. O. Smith. "Apple, First Generation Timing of IGR’s for Codling Moth Control, 1985". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, nr 1 (1.01.1986): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.4.
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Abstract Dimilin was applied at different degree day intervals after first moth was detected in pheromone traps to determine the best first cover timing of insect growth regulators (IGR) used for codling moth control. Dimilin was applied at 50 (6 May), 125 (16 May) and 200 (20 May) degree days after first moth. No second cover applications against the first generation were made in this test. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. This test was conducted in a 15-year-old apple orchard with under-tree irrigation. After first generation all fruit of each tree was examined and the number of injured apples recorded. Codling moth adult activity was monitored using pheromone traps. Traps were examined weekly and the number of moths recorded. Pheromones were changed every 4 wk, and trap bottoms were changed after an accumulation of 30 moths.
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Peck, Gregory M., Preston K. Andrews, John P. Reganold i John K. Fellman. "Apple Orchard Productivity and Fruit Quality under Organic, Conventional, and Integrated Management". HortScience 41, nr 1 (luty 2006): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.1.99.
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Located on a 20-ha commercial apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard in the Yakima Valley, Washington, a 1.7-ha study area was planted with apple trees in 1994 in a randomized complete block design with four replications of three treatments: organic (ORG), conventional (CON), and integrated (INT). Soil classification, rootstock, cultivar, plant age, and all other conditions except management were the same on all plots. In years 9 (2002) and 10 (2003) of this study, we compared the orchard productivity and fruit quality of `Galaxy Gala' apples. Measurements of crop yield, yield efficiency, crop load, average fruit weight, tree growth, color grades, and weight distributions of marketable fruit, percentages of unmarketable fruit, classifications of unmarketable fruit, as well as leaf, fruit, and soil mineral concentrations, were used to evaluate orchard productivity. Apple fruit quality was assessed at harvest and after refrigerated (0 to 1 °C) storage for three months in regular atmosphere (ambient oxygen levels) and for three and six months in controlled atmosphere (1.5% to 2% oxygen). Fruit internal ethylene concentrations and evolution, fruit respiration, flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), purgeable volatile production, sensory panels, and total antioxidant activity (TAA) were used to evaluate fruit quality. ORG crop yields were two-thirds of the CON and about half of the INT yields in 2002, but about one-third greater than either system in 2003. High ORG yields in 2003 resulted in smaller ORG fruit. Inconsistent ORG yields were probably the result of several factors, including unsatisfactory crop load management, higher pest and weed pressures, lower leaf and fruit tissue nitrogen, and deficient leaf tissue zinc concentrations. Despite production difficulties, ORG apples had 6 to 10 N higher flesh firmness than CON, and 4 to 7 N higher than INT apples, for similar-sized fruit. Consumer panels tended to rate ORG and INT apples to have equal or better overall acceptability, firmness, and texture than CON apples. Neither laboratory measurements nor sensory evaluations detected differences in SSC, TA, or the SSC to TA ratio. Consumers were unable to discern the higher concentrations of flavor volatiles found in CON apples. For a 200 g fruit, ORG apples contained 10% to 15% more TAA than CON apples and 8% to 25% more TAA than INT apples. Across most parameters measured in this study, the CON and INT farm management systems were more similar to each other than either was to the ORG system. The production challenges associated with low-input organic apple farming systems are discussed. Despite limited technologies and products for organic apple production, the ORG apples in our study showed improvements in some fruit quality attributes that could aid their marketability.
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van der Zande, Joske, Marc Strik, Rémi Dubois, Sylvain Ploux, Saer Abu Alrub, Théo Caillol, Mathieu Nasarre, Dirk W. Donker, Eline Oppersma i Pierre Bordachar. "Using a Smartwatch to Record Precordial Electrocardiograms: A Validation Study". Sensors 23, nr 5 (25.02.2023): 2555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052555.
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Smartwatches that support the recording of a single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) are increasingly being used beyond the wrist, by placement on the ankle and on the chest. However, the reliability of frontal and precordial ECGs other than lead I is unknown. This clinical validation study assessed the reliability of an Apple Watch (AW) to obtain conventional frontal and precordial leads as compared to standard 12-lead ECGs in both subjects without known cardiac anomalies and patients with underlying heart disease. In 200 subjects (67% with ECG anomalies), a standard 12-lead ECG was performed, followed by AW recordings of the standard Einthoven leads (leads I, II, and III) and precordial leads V1, V3, and V6. Seven parameters (P, QRS, ST, and T-wave amplitudes, PR, QRS, and QT intervals) were compared through a Bland–Altman analysis, including the bias, absolute offset, and 95% limits of agreement. AW-ECGs recorded on the wrist but also beyond the wrist had similar durations and amplitudes compared to standard 12-lead ECGs. Significantly greater amplitudes were measured by the AW for R-waves in precordial leads V1, V3, and V6 (+0.094 mV, +0.149 mV, +0.129 mV, respectively, all p < 0.001), indicating a positive bias for the AW. AW can be used to record frontal, and precordial ECG leads, paving the way for broader clinical applications.
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Yanovskyi, Yu, S. Sukhanov, I. Krykunov, L. Bandura i O. Fomenko. "Apple blister mite (Eriophyes mali Nal): pest biology and measures to prevent it harmfulness on apple orchards in Ukraine". Karantin i zahist roslin, nr 4 (10.12.2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2021.4.3-9.
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Goal. To clarify the biological features of apple blister mite (Eriophyes mali Nal) and to investigate an efficacy of the insecticides Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l), Danadim Stable, EC (dimethoat, 400 g/l), Oberon Rapid 240 SC, (spiromezifen, 228,6 g/l + abemektin, 11,4 g/l), Fufanon 570, EC (malathion, 570 g/l) and Aktofit, EC (aversektin С, 0,2%) on a reduction of a number and a harmfulness of apple blister mite (Eriophyes mali Nal), it impact on yields in commercial apple orchards.
Methods. Trials were conducted in farms of the Steppe (Zaporizhia, Dnipro, Kherson, Mykolaiv regions) and the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine (Chernivtsi, Vinnytsia, Cherkasy, Poltava, Kyiv regions). Detailed examinations of trees (spring, summer and autumn period) were carried out to determine the pests species presence, it number, infestation area, and in particular apple blister mite. The Laboratory studies of pest biology were carried out under the conditions of educational production department of Uman National University of Horticulture. For that purposes were used an entomological gardens, where were located cups with water and apple shoots, Hani Crisp variety. It shoots were cut in the industrial garden in the phase of «End of leaf bud swelling» (BBCH 03). A field method, in the commercial apple orchards. A type of apple variety trees was Hani Crisp. Planting scheme — 4.0 × 3.0 m. Year of planting — 1992. Crown shape — sparsely (improved) — tiered. Rootstock — MM-106. Phases of plant development at application timing — «More leaves unfolded, not yet at full size» (BBCH 15) — «Pink bud stage» (BBCH 57) and «Flowers fading «(BBCH 69). Soil — shallow, low — humus dusty — loamy podzolic leached black soils: humus content — 1.3—2.5%; pH 4.8 — 5.2; mobile compounds Р2О5 — 130—180 mg/kg and К2О — 8.9—9.2 mg/kg (by Chirikov method). The measures for care of the experimental site — loosening a soil in the stem strips during the growing period, an application of organic and mineral fertilizers, a pruning, a splaying of grass between the rows (row spacing),a protection from pests and diseases. The technical effectiveness of applications was determined in different rates against Apple blister mite and it impact on yields in commercial apple orchards. Calculations were made according to generally accepted methods in in horticulture, plant protection and entomology.
Results. It was established that the apple blister mite, which overwinters behind the scales of buds, begins it migration in spring at a midday air temperature above 10°C, massively infesting young leaves of trees in phases at application timing — «More leaves unfolded, not yet at full size «(BBCH 15) — «Pink bud stage» (BBCH 57), where it feeds up to 15 days, and afterthat in the formed gales during 18—23 days. It develops in two generations during the growing season The application of insecticides Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l), Danadim Stable, EC (dimethoat, 400 g/l), Oberon Rapid 240 SC, (spiromezifen, 228,6 g/l + abemektin, 11.4 g/l), Fufanon 570, EC (malathion, 570 g/l) and Aktofit, EC (aversektin С, 0.2%) on a reduction of this species number of 72.9—93.3%. It allowed to obtain a high — grade apple product with a yield of 1.1—1.2 times higher comparing to control. The outcome of non-standard products did not exceed 11.7% compare to 18.3% in the control (water treatment). An application of these insecticides allowed to increase the effectiveness of main biometric indicators of trees, namely: the average length of annual shoots, shoot thickness, leaf surface area by 2.2—20.0%, 2.4—16.7% 1.02 times and 4.6—45.9%, accordingly, which is important for settlement of potential fruit buds and future yields. An analyze outcome of fruits biochemical analysis indicates about the feasibility of using these insecticides: versus to the control variant (water treatment) there is a higher percentage of solids content 0.8—2.3%, sugar — by 0.7—2.9%, tittric acids — by 1.8—3.5%, pectin substances — by 12.5%, and ascorbic acid — by 0.8—1.6%.
Conclusions. Apple blister mite overwinters behind the scales of buds and begins it migration in spring at a midday air temperature above 10°C, massively infesting young leaves of trees in phases at application timing — «More leaves unfolded, not yet at full size «(BBCH 15), «Pink bud stage» (BBCH 57), where it feeds up to 15 days, and afterthat in the formed gales during 18—23 days. It develops in two generations during the growing season The use of insecticides Sivanto Prime 200 SL (flupiradifuran, 200 g/l), Danadim Stable, EC (dimethoat, 400 g/l), Oberon Rapid 240 SC, (spiromezifen, 228.6 g/l + abemektin, 11.4 g/l), Fufanon 570, EC (malathion, 570 g/l) and Aktofit, EC (aversektin С, 0.2%) on a reduction allows to reduce harmfulness of apple blister mite in apple orchards and control its number during the growing period. A limitation of a number of the current pest in apple orchard by using the studied applications provided a yield increase and a marketable quality of the obtained fruit products and the effectiveness of basic biometric indicators of trees, namely: the average length of annual shoots, shoot thickness, leaf surface area, which is important for the potential yields in commercial apple orchards in the next years. During the growing season, taking into consideration technical efficacy, economic feasibility and the list of controlled harmful objects, the most feasible to control apple blister mite is treatment with Danadim Stable, EC (dimethoat, 400 g/l) and Fufanon 570, EC (malathion, 570 g/l) Considering the peculiarities of apple tree biology development (the phase duration «More leaves unfolded, not yet at full size» (BBCH 15) — no longer than 10 days and («Pink bud stage» (BBCH 57) — no longer than 5 days), peculiarities of pest biology in the phase («more leaves unfolded, not yet at full size «(BBCH 15) it locates openly on the young leaves and starting from the phase («Pink bud stage» (BBCH 57) already concentrated in new emerging scales) and peculiarities of insecticid — acaracides protection products against this pest and others phytophagys, during this period of vegetation it is highly needed to use in phase «More leaves unfolded, not yet at full size «(BBCH 15) Danadim Stable, EC (2,0 l/ha), and in the phase («Pink bud stage» (BBCH 57) — Fufanon 570, EC (2.0 l/ ha). After phase «Flowers fading» (BBCH 69) to control apple blister mite and other pests it is recommended to apply Danadim Stable, EC (2.0 l/ha).
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Brunner, Jay F., i L. O. Smith. "Apple, Codling Moth Control with Bacillus Thuringiensis, 1991". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.6.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Abstract Several insecticides were evaluated for control of CM when used in a seasonal spray program. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test trees were 17-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. In all cases the first treatment was applied at the beginning of the egg hatch, 28 May, 250 degree days following first capture of moths in a pheromone trap. The number of sprays applied for each CM generation depended on the chemical and rates used and are shown in the table. After the first CM generation (16 Jul), 100 fruit from each replicate were examined and the number damaged by CM recorded. At harvest (29 Aug), 200 fruit were picked from each replicate and examined for damage by CM and PLR. CM damage was rated as a “sting” (an unsuccessful entry in the fruit denoted by a scar but no penetration) or a deep entry. Mites were sampled in Jul, Aug and Sep. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope.
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Desilets, H., S. Rochefort, J. Coulombe, S. Yelle i J. Brodeur. "Potential of Propane Flamers for Reduction of Apple Scab Primary Inoculum on Orchard Ground". HortScience 32, nr 2 (kwiecień 1997): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.2.267.
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The potential impact of propane flamers on the development and release of ascosporic inoculum of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. from infected dead apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves that overwintered on the soil of an experimental orchard was assessed. Thermal reduction of scab primary inoculum was first conducted under controlled conditions using an indoor testing facility. At the time of ascospore maturation, heavily infected leaves were submitted to temperature rises ranging from 150 to 200 °C with open-flame burners, thus reducing the number of ascospores subsequently released by 76% and 87%, respectively. During Spring 1995, thermal treatments of overwintered dead leaves were performed directly on the ground of an apple orchard with an experimental propane flamer design to generate uniform heat at ground level. Four thermal treatment strategies, involving two dates of flaming and two heat intensities, were tested. Flaming orchard ground, when performed in early May, before significant development of ground cover, reduced the number of ascopores released from infected dead leaves by half. A significant residual effect of the treatments on ascospore ejection was still observed 2 and 4 weeks after the treatments, thus indicating that ascospore maturation inside the leaves may be reduced by heat treatment. These results indicate potential for propane flamers to reduce apple scab primary inoculum in orchards.
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ESPINA, L., M. SOMOLINOS, R. PAGÁN i D. GARCÍA-GONZALO. "Effect of Citral on the Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Citrate Phosphate Buffer and Apple Juice". Journal of Food Protection 73, nr 12 (1.12.2010): 2189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.12.2189.
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Inactivation and sublethal injury of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells induced by heat in citrate phosphate buffer and apple juice (both at pH 3.8) were studied, and the effect of a combined preservation treatment using citral and heat treatments was determined. Heat resistance of E. coli O157:H7 was similar in both treatment media; after 27 min at 54°C, 3 log units of the initial cell population was inactivated in both treatment media. However, under less harsh conditions a protective effect of apple juice was found. Whereas inactivation followed linear kinetics in the citrate phosphate buffer, when cells were treated in apple juice the survival curves were concave downward. Heat treatment caused a great degree of sublethal injury; 4 min at 54°C inactivated less than 0.5 log CFU/ml but sublethally injured more than 3 log CFU/ml. The addition of 18 and 200 ppm of citral to the treatment medium acted synergistically with heat at 54°C to inactivate 3 × 104 and 3 × 107 CFU/ml, respectively. Addition of citral thus reduced the time needed to inactivate 1 log unit of the initial E. coli O157:H7 population from 8.9 to 1.7 min. These results indicate that a combined process of heat and citral can inactivate E. coli O157:H7 cells and reduce their potential negative effects.
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Arakawa, Toshiya. "A Review of Heartbeat Detection Systems for Automotive Applications". Sensors 21, nr 18 (12.09.2021): 6112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186112.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Many accidents are caused by sudden changes in the physical conditions of professional drivers. Therefore, it is quite important that the driver monitoring system must not restrict or interfere with the driver’s action. Applications that can measure a driver’s heartbeat without restricting the driver’s action are currently under development. In this review, examples of heartbeat-monitoring systems are discussed. In particular, methods for measuring the heartbeat through sensing devices of a wearable-type, such as wristwatch-type, ring-type, and shirt-type devices, as well as through devices of a nonwearable type, such as steering-type, seat-type, and other types of devices, are discussed. The emergence of wearable devices such as the Apple Watch is considered a turning point in the application of driver-monitoring systems. The problems associated with current smartwatch- and smartphone-based systems are discussed, as are the barriers to their practical use in vehicles. We conclude that, for the time being, detection methods using in-vehicle devices and in-vehicle cameras are expected to remain dominant, while devices that can detect health conditions and abnormalities simply by driving as usual are expected to emerge as future applications.
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Merwin, Ian, i Warren C. Stiles. "INFLUENCE OF ORCHARD-FLOOR VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON APPLE TREE GROWTH, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND LEAF TRANSPIRATION RATES". HortScience 25, nr 9 (wrzesień 1990): 1153a—1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1153a.
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Eight vegetation management systems (VMS) were evaluated over four years in a newly planted apple site. VMS treatments included pre- and post-emergence herbicide strips, a close-mowed sodgrass, a growth-suppressed (maleic-hydrazide) sodgrass, a crownvetch “living mulch,” clean cultivation, and straw mulch. Soil moisture supply was highest under the straw mulch and lowest under crownvetch, and varied inversely with groundcover biomass. Leaf N was deficient in tress in both sodgrass VMS, and increased by the lequme “living mulch” only after four years. Leaf Cu was lowest, and appeared to limit tree growth in VMS with prolonged soil moisture deficits. No significant differences were observed in leaf transpiration over a broad range (10 to 700 kPa) of soil matric tension. Cumulative trunk crosssectional area was greatest in straw-mulched trees and least in sodgrass and crownvetch VMS. The optimal soil matric tension for nutrient uptake and tree growth appeared to be 175 to 200 kPa in this orchard. Increasing the width of glyphosate herbicide strips from 1.5 to 2.5 m in tree rows did not improve tree growth, nutritional status or fruit yield.
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Ibrahim, Salis, Regina Santos i Steve Bowra. "Effect of Extraction Conditions for Recovery of Chlorogenic Acid and Flavonoids from Wet Cider Apple Pomace under Subcritical Water". Journal of Food Research 8, nr 6 (18.09.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v8n6p1.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Industrial wet cider apple pomace was subjected to subcritical water mediated hydrolysis in a batch reactor with varying experimental conditions such as solid-to- solvent ratio (1-8 % w/v), temperature (100- 200 oC) and a residency time (10-30 min) to understand the effects of the experimental conditions on overall recovery of polyphenolic compounds. Chlorogenic acid and some flavonoids were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD). Higher yields of chlorogenic acid and the flavonoids were obtained between 100- 150 oC for residence time of 20 minutes. Solid-to solvent ratio and temperature played a significant role in the recovery of the polyphenolic compounds (p< 0.05). The results demonstrated that, residence time at a fixed extraction condition was less significant (p> 0.05). However, it was significant for yield of degradation compounds such as protocatechuic aldehyde, 5- HMF and furfural. Subcritical water selectively influenced the chemical structure of the polyphenolic compounds.
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Way, Madeleine L., Joanna E. Jones, Nigel D. Swarts i Robert G. Dambergs. "Phenolic Content of Apple Juice for Cider Making as Influenced by Common Pre-Fermentation Processes Using Two Analytical Methods". Beverages 5, nr 3 (22.08.2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5030053.
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Pre-fermentation methods can influence the cider produced from apple juice. This study analyses the influence of pre-fermentation methods; maceration and press fractioning, on the total phenolic content of juice from four apple varieties; ‘Red Delicious’, ‘Pink Lady’, ‘Sturmer’, and ‘Bulmer’s Norman’. The must was macerated for 0 or 2 h and juice was collected at free run or under 200 kpa. Base juice characteristics and total phenolic content was analysed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and spectrophotometric absorbance at 280 nm (A280), a method used for the analysis of white wine. Both methods of analysing the total phenolic content were used, measuring the same samples to determine if the methods are comparable. No interaction was found between pre-fermentation technique and the results varied by variety and analytical method. High pressure improved the phenolic extraction for ‘Bulmer’s Norman’ juice compared to free run juice when analysed by A280. Non-macerated juice had higher total phenolic content than macerated juice for ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Pink Lady’ juice when analysed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. There was a moderate positive correlation between the analytical methods.
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Tian, Zhongping, Houjuan Song, Yuzhuo Wang, Jin Li, Mierkamili Maimaiti, Zhongquan Liu, Hongxiang Zhang i Jian Zhang. "Wild Apples Are Not That Wild: Conservation Status and Potential Threats of Malus sieversii in the Mountains of Central Asia Biodiversity Hotspot". Diversity 14, nr 6 (15.06.2022): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060489.
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As one of the global biodiversity hotspots, the mountains of Central Asia are home to a large number of wild fruit species. Although the hotspots are constantly being seriously affected by climate and land-use changes, effective assessments of the impacts of these changes for the dominant species of wild fruit forests, wild apple (Malus sieversii), have been limited. We compiled 8344 occurrence records for wild apple across its whole distribution ranges from field surveys and herbarium and literature records. After data thinning to reduce sampling bias, we used ensemble niche models to project current and future suitable habitats, examined the importance of environmental factors, and assessed whether current national protected areas (PAs) are effective in protecting the suitable habitats. We found that the distribution of wild apple is currently fragmented. Under future scenarios, it would shift 118–227 km towards high latitudes and ~200 m towards high elevations, losing nearly 27–56% of suitable habitats in the south, and gaining some habitats in the north. The increased temperature and expansion of cropland contributed to these shifts. Nevertheless, about 13% of the suitable habitats are covered by existing PAs and less than 25% of suitable habitats will be protected in the future. The cold spots for protecting intact wild fruit forests are located in Xinjiang, China and Kyrgyzstan. Overall, we provide a detailed evaluation of the impacts of climate and land-use changes on current and future distributions of wild apple in Central Asia. Considering that this species faces a greater risk of habitat loss in the south of Central Asia, we advocate developing effective in situ conservation strategies with long-term monitoring that will provide deep insights into the fate of wild fruit forests.
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Brunner, Jay F., i L. O. Smith. "Apple, Codling Moth Control with Imidan and Guthion, 1991". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.8.
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Abstract Imidan and Guthion were evaluated for CM control when used in a seasonal spray program. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test trees were 17-year-old non-spur ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The orchard was irrigated by under-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test consisted of four single-tree replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gallons per acre. The first application coincided with beginning of CM egg hatch as predicted by the CM degree day (°D) model at 250°D after first capture of males in pheromone traps [BIOFIX], 29 May. The second application was made 21 days following the first. The third application (first against the second generation) was made at 1250°D following BIOFIX, 22 Jul; and the last application was made 21 days following the third. After the first CM generation (16 Jul), 100 fruit from each replicate were examined and the number damaged by CM recorded. At harvest (29 Aug), 200 fruit were picked from each replicate and examined for damage by CM and PLR. CM damage was rated as a “sting” (an unsuccessful entry in the fruit denoted by a scar but no penetration) or a deep entry. Mites were sampled in Jun, Jul and Aug. Twenty-five leaves were collected from each tree. In the laboratory leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and each mite species was counted with aid of a dissecting microscope. Aphids were evaluated by examining 10 shoots in two replicates (trees) per treatment on 5 Jul, after the first two sprays had been applied in all treatments, and recording the number infested by aphids as well as the number of aphids on the most infested leaf.
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Hijazi, Ayman, Italo Pisano, Paulina Illek i James J. Leahy. "A Rapid HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Organic Acids and Furans: Food Applications". Beverages 8, nr 1 (7.01.2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages8010006.
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Concerns over the potential adulteration of commercially produced foods give rise to a requirement for a simple and fast analytical method capable of quantifying potential adulterants. This work demonstrates a simple HPLC method tailored to detect major organic acids and furans within ingredients in commercial food products, for example, pomegranate molasses, balsamic vinegar, and apple cider vinegar. The relative importance of this method is in its simplicity and its use of an environmentally friendly aqueous mobile phase under isocratic conditions, providing results in a less than 20 min runtime. The chromatographic separation was achieved using an Acclaim® OA, 5 µm, 120 Å (4.0 × 250 mm) column; a UV-DAD detector set at 210 nm; and a 200 mM Na2SO4 mobile phase with 0.55 mL/L methanosulfonic acid as a pH modifier. The method was then validated by quantifying the concentration of acetic acid, formic acid, citric acid, and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) in pomegranate molasses, balsamic vinegar, and apple cider vinegar commercial products. The concentration of acetic acid and HMF in balsamic vinegar was 80.380 mg/mL (±1.272 mg/mL) and 2.153 mg/mL (±0.021 mg/mL), respectively. The apple cider vinegar was composed only of acetic acid with a concentration of 44.139 mg/mL (±0.053 mg/mL). The concentrations of citric acid and HMF were 123.425 mg/mL (±2.502 mg/mL) and 11.382 mg/mL (±0.582 mg/mL), respectively, in pomegranate molasses. Furthermore, this method is also capable of determining various organic acids and furans in biomass: levulinic acid, formic acid, furfurals, diformylfuran, and gamma-valerolactone.