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1
Rose, Els. "Recalibrating through Remembrance". Religion & Theology 23, nr 1-2 (2016): 76–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15743012-02301006.
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The twelfth and thirteenth centuries witness a complex appeal to the “age of the apostles,” referring to the first centuries of Christianity as model and foundation. Both the Catholic Church and various apostolic movements claim to be true imitators of the vita apostolica. In early thirteenth-century centres of reform, the apostles as founding figures of the Christian religion are frequently visualized, most elaborately in stained glass windows where the apocryphal Acts or “Lives” of the apostles inspired the scenes distributed over the panes of each window dedicated in general to one apostle (or pair of apostles). The choice of scenes and the analysis of what in the apocryphal Acts is left out reveals the way the Catholic Church, in its endeavour to reform, applied the apostles as breaches and bridges in the development of its doctrine and self-definition, also in response to claims to apostolicity outside the mainstream Church.
2
Thorsteinsson, Runar M. "Female Apostle(s) at the Roots of Christianity". Religions 14, nr 5 (28.04.2023): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14050584.
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There is an increasing demand for the ordination of women as priests within the Roman Catholic Church. The Vatican’s primary argument against priestly ordination of women is biblical, appealing to certain historical events, specifically Jesus’ (alleged) choice of male apostles only. This article calls for a rethinking and rephrasing of such appeal to history. Due to the nature of our sources, the historically responsible question should not be whom Jesus appointed as apostles, but who were apostles in first-century Christianity. The article points out flaws in the Vatican’s reasoning in this respect and brings attention to evidence from earliest Christianity that does indeed speak in favor of women as priests, if an appeal is to be made to history in the first place. The evidence is Junia, a first-century female apostle, described as “prominent among the apostles” by the apostle Paul in his Letter to the Romans.
3
Hristova-Shomova, Iskra. "The Calendar of the Ostromir Gospel as Evidence of the History of the Slavonic Liturgical Books". Slovene 1, nr 2 (2012): 39–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2012.1.2.2.
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The specific features of the calendar of the Ostromir Gospel are discussed in this paper in comparison with the calendars of other Slavonic manuscripts, gospels and apostoli. The Ostromir Gospel contains a large number of rare commemorations that are typical of the Typikon of the Great Church Hagia Sofia. The paper provides a list of these commemorations together with data from the other Slavonic manuscripts in which they are included. The list shows that the largest number of these commemorations are found in several Bulgarian apostoli: the Enina Apostol, the Ohrid Apostol, Apostol No. 882 in the National Library in Sofia, Apostol and Gospel No. 508 in the National Library in Sofia, and in two Bulgarian menaia: the Draganov Menaion and the Menaion from the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg No. F.п.I.72. The paper also examines another specific feature of the Ostromir Gospel: the short hagiographic information it contains on some of the saints. These data are very similar to the notes in the Typikon of the Great Church. Hagiographic notes of this kind are also preserved in the calendars of several other Slavonic manuscripts, i.e., the same apostoli and menaia mentioned above. The paper also discusses the Western commemorations in the Ostromir Gospel, which are also found in the above-mentioned Bulgarian apostoli and menaia. All these data could be interpreted as evidence that the calendars of all these manuscripts have a common source, an archetype that contained a translation of the calendar of the Typikon of the Great Church Hagia Sophia. I argue that this archetype was the first calendar translated by the Holy Brothers Cyril and Methodius, and that it was embedded in the book of Acts and Epistles that they most likely translated themselves, or in a book which contained both the Acts and Epistles and the Gospels. The calendar of that book most likely was supplemented with Western commemorations during the mission in Great Moravia. This larger book was brought to Bulgaria by the disciples of the Holy Brothers and was later divided into an Apostolus and a Gospel.
4
PATRICK, JAMES E. "Living Rewards for Dead Apostles: ‘Baptised for the Dead’ in 1 Corinthians 15.29". New Testament Studies 52, nr 1 (12.12.2005): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002868850600004x.
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Baptism in the Corinthian church was an expression of allegiance to honour not only Christ but also the ‘patron’ apostle in whose testimony the convert had believed (1 Cor 1.12–17). Some apostles known to the Corinthians had died (cf. 15.6), yet their testimony lived on and bore fruit in Corinth, resulting in baptism for the honouring of the dead apostles. In the context of 15.20–34 Paul uses this practice to expose the hypocrisy of those who deny the resurrection and yet seek to honour apostles who depend on the resurrection for receiving honour, as do Christ and God the Father.
5
Febrianto, Paulus. "Tatanan Hirarki Gereja yang Apostolik dalam 1 Klemens". Lux et Sal 4, nr 2 (7.01.2024): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.57079/lux.v4i2.113.
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The apostolicity of the Church is the continuation of Christ's mandate, who from the beginning established the apostles as the successors of His work of salvation in the world. The continuity of the office of apostle becomes Tradition that is preserved as an expression of uninterrupted shepherding. Since the Ancient Church, the Church's hierarchical order has developed to take on a stable form so that today the ordained carry out their mission to serve the people of God. The First Letter of Clement is one of the earliest evidences after the era of the apostles that emphasizes the important role of the community leader who is chosen and appointed specifically in their function and role as part of the members of the Body of Christ.
6
Sogen, Dimas Sandy Himawan, Antonius Denny Firmanto i Ninik Wijayati Aluwesia. "Perkembangan Iman Rasul Cilik pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Paroki Santa Perawan Maria dari Gunung Karmel Ijen Malang". SAPA - Jurnal Kateketik dan Pastoral 6, nr 1 (27.05.2021): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53544/sapa.v6i1.235.
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English:
The Covid-19 pandemic raises problems that have a wide impact on society. The impact is also felt by the little apostle coaches in fostering the faith of children who are members of the little apostolic community. The development of the faith of the little apostles is very important for the Church. The Church makes every effort through companions to build up the little apostles. There are many challenges due to the pandemic and the rapid development of technology. This situation forms a pattern of thinking and relationship patterns that tend to be individualistic. This change requires the counselors to find the right teaching method to build up the faith of the little apostles. Exemplary and proper teaching is needed for the development of the faith of the little apostle. Formers and proper teaching can be given by formers and parents for the future development of the Church.
Bahasa Indonesia:
Pandemi Covid-19 menimbulkan persoalan yang berdampak luas bagi masyarakat. Dampaknya juga dirasakan oleh para pembina rasul cilik dalam membina iman anak-anak yang tergabung dalam komunitas rasul cilik. Perkembangan iman para rasul cilik menjadi hal yang sangat penting bagi Gereja. Gereja mengusahakan segala cara melalui para pendamping untuk membina rasul cilik. Banyak tantangan akibat pandemi dan perkembangan teknologi yang begitu pesat. Situasi ini membentuk pola pikir dan pola relasi yang cenderung individulistis. Perubahan ini menuntut para pembina menemukan metode pengajaran yang tepat untuk membina iman rasul cilik. Keteladan dan pengajaran yang tepat sangat dibutuhkan untuk perkembangan iman rasul cilik. Keteladan dan pengajaran yang tepat bisa diberikan oleh para pembina dan orang tua demi perkembangan Gereja di masa depan.
7
Duşe, Călin Ioan. "L’aparizione e la diffusione del Cristianesimo a Roma". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Catholica 65, nr 1-2 (30.12.2020): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/theol.cath.2020.03.
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"The Beginning and Spread of Christianity in Rome. Christianity was preached in Rome since its very beginning. Among those who were baptised on the Day of Pentecost in Jerusalem there were some citizens of Rome. These were some of the Roman Jews, who has thirteen synagogues in the capital of the Empire, but there were also some of the pagans living in Rome. They were the first preachers of Christianity in Rome, who managed to lay the foundation of the Church from the capital of the Empire. A great number of the seventy Apostles of Jesus Christ came and preached Christianity in Rome. Their activity was intense and fruitful because in 57 or 58 A.D when Saint Apostle Paul wrote in Corinth the Epistle to the Romans, he is happy about the christians from the church of Rome: “First, I want to thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, because your faith is being proclaimed throughout the whole world. For God is my witness.” Rom.5,8. Christianity in Rome spread even more with the arrival of the Saints Apostles Peter and Paul. They consolidated and organized the Church from the Capital of the Empire and so, through their arrival, Christianity moved from Jerusalem to Rome. Key words: Jesus Christ, Peter, Paul, Church, Christianity, Apostles, Gospel, Rome."
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MARGUERAT, DANIEL. "Paul après Paul: une histoire de réception". New Testament Studies 54, nr 3 (6.06.2008): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688508000167.
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The article addresses the problem of the reception of Paul: how does the construction of the image of Paul in the Deuteropauline letters (Colossians, Ephesians, 2 Thessalonians), the Pastoral letters, the Acts of the Apostles and the apocryphal Acts of Paul relate together? The difficult question of the relationship between Paul in his letters and Paul in Acts is treated first. A typology of the reception of Paul is proposed following three poles: documentary (his letters), biographical (his life) and doctoral (his permanent authority for the Church). The conception that Paul's letters were the only regulation for the memory of Paul in the first century is denied. This three poles typology is applied to some topics of the Pauline tradition: the status of the apostle, the suffering of the apostle, and his teaching. It is possible to observe finally how the writings which honor the memory of the apostle have interpreted these topics by working out a feature present in the writings of the apostle.
9
Schuler, Mark. "Apostles Today". Global South Theological Journal 2, nr 1 (6.07.2023): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.57003/gstj.v2i1.15.
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This paper begins by offering a sampling of apostolic claims in church communities in various parts of Africa. It next outlines several theological principles drawn from the Bible and from our shared Lutheran heritage that may be helpful while navigating this topic. Finally, the paper identifies what participants see as the most critical issues of apostleship facing the church today and which principles should be kept at the forefront as the church goes about its commission to make disciples of all nations.
10
Schuler, Mark. "After the Apostles". Global South Theological Journal 2, nr 1 (6.07.2023): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.57003/gstj.v2i1.14.
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In the post-apostolic period, a synthesis emerged so that ἀπόστολος from that point on referred to the Twelve and Paul. No other person carried that designation. The authority exercised by the apostles was transferred to the bishops through a process of succession that developed in response to false teaching and disunity in the church. This apostolic succession protected the teaching of the church and clarified authority within the church. Simultaneously but more gradually, the canonization of the New Testament came to preserve the content of apostolic witness and teaching about Jesus, his death and resurrection, and the theological implications of his person and work for the church. Forged by Trinitarian and Christological controversies, the church catholic emerged with a bi-polar structure that vested authority in a monarchical bishopric succeeding the apostolate and a canonical text preserving the teaching of the apostles.
11
Gerov, G. P. "The early iconographic program of St. Andrew Stratelates Churchin Novgorod Detinets". Journal of Visual Theology 5, nr 2 (2023): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34680/vistheo-2023-5-2-164-176.
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The article begins with the history of St. Andrew Stratelates Church in Veliky Novgorod. It is shown that today’s church dedicated to St. Andrew was originally built as a chapel of the Boris and Gleb Cathedral in Novgorod Detinets. The St. Andrew Stratelates Church now stands alone in the south-eastern part of Novgorod Detinets, but until 1682 it was the south-ern chapel of the Boris and Gleb Cathedral. Its earliest part was erected at the former location of cathedral’s staircase tower. The initial church, as the paper suggests, was constructed to com-memorate the capture of Swedish Landskrona fortress in 1301 by the army of Prince Andrey III Alexandrovich. It was later rebuilt by Euthymius II, the Archbishop of Novgorod, likely in 1441, simultaneously with rebuilding the Boris and Gleb Cathedral “on its old foundation”. Then the paper turns to the description and analysis of what remains today of the initial iconographic pro-gram of the original St. Andrew Stratelates Church, namely a composition with nine images of saints in the lower part of the northern wall, which belongs to the earliest period of painting. On the right we see the Apostle Peter, an Archangel (Michael?) and the Apostle Paul being blessed by Christ. In the background stand a few praying figures: St. Andrew Stratelates, the patron saint of the church, as well as the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles St. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, passion bearers princes Boris and Gleb, and two unidentified holy women. The composition was likely to be created after 1494, when the Boris and Gleb Cathedral in Novgorod burned again. Although the origins of the mural remain unknown, a connection with the capture of the Landskrona for-tress is a likely possibility. Indeed, St. Andrew Stratelates Church was first constructed in 1302, i. e., a year following the capture of Landskrona, and it was initially integrated into the Boris and Gleb Cathedral which speaks for itself in view of military overtones of the cult of Boris and Gleb.
12
Lubardić, Bogdan. "Missiological Dimensions of Philosophy". Philotheos 19, nr 1 (2019): 22–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philotheos20191912.
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This study demonstrates how and with what aim philosophy is received into the missionary activities of the apostles Paul and Luke as regards the Areopagitica in Acts 17. By an ingenious utilization of Greco-Roman learning and paideia, generally, and philosophy, particularly, Lukan Paul offers a context oriented cross-cultural model of preaching the kerygmatic word as of evangelization. A model for the inculturation of the power and meanings of the Gospel message is offered. In this a significant function is allocated to disciplined mindful reasoning, viz. philosophy. The author demonstrates the special ways in which contact-points are made, and common ground established, between the apostle Paul and Athenian philosophers. This allows him to observe that philosophy is endorsed by the primordial Church: both (a) as a dialectical (critical analytical) and rhetorical (persuasive oratorical) science-skill of addressing significant intellectual others and (b) as a faith-friendly mode of the Christian’s practice of philosophy. The author infers a number of conclusions regarding the substantial role that philosophy acquires within the early Church. Moreover, the Christian endorsement of philosophy as a missionary tool has its grounding in the apostolic Church and, consequentially, it has its grounding in the New Testament. In this way philosophy, utilized and re-functionalized by the apostles Paul and Luke themselves, in its special way, participates in the “authoritative establishment of tradition by means of apostolic origin”. The missionary model laid-out in Acts 17:16-34 has lasting value and needs to be continuously re-actualized: the same follows suit for a faith-conducive practice of philosophy.
13
Ipaq, Eli Wilson, i Hengki Wijaya. "Kepemimpinan Para Rasul dan Relevansinya Bagi Pemimpin Gereja di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0". Integritas: Jurnal Teologi 1, nr 2 (20.12.2019): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47628/ijt.v1i2.12.
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The article “Leadership of the Apostles and Their Relevance for Church Leaders in the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0,” aims to explain the characteristics of the leadership of the Apostles based on Acts, and their relevance to church leaders today. Precisely how the values of the leaders of the Apostles were integrated into the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. Thus, the situation of the industrial revolution era 4.0 was influenced by servant, spiritual, and transformative leadership. This leadership is reflected in the life of Jesus. This leadership continued to the apostles and disciples of Christ.
14
Přibyl, Stanislav. "Participative Decision Making of the Faithful in the Church". Ecumeny and Law 9, nr 1 (29.06.2021): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/eal.2021.09.1.02.
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The life of the primitive church, to this day, reflects the authenticity of the Church’s practices and its inner arrangement. As such, this article discusses the possibilities of the inner life and order of ecclesiastical communities in the most ancient times of the Church. It does not, however, question the significance of the role of the leading figures within the Church, as it corresponds with concrete pleas to the faithful for obedience, as already mentioned within New Testament writings, likewise does so the institution of the monarchical bishop, as propagated by the epistles of Ignatius of Antioch. However, Luke’s Acts of the Apostles do, for example, contain testimonials of the participation of the entire ecclesiastical community on the appointing of Apostle Matthias and the first seven deacons. Didache, the early Christian treatise, does too, on one note, stress the importance of the carriers of the prophetic charism, nonetheless it does offer ecclesiastical communities with certain criteria regarding their participation on the service of said charismatics, and their assessments thereof. The Gospel of Matthew, along with Paul’s first Epistle to the Corinthians, point towards participation of all the members of the ecclesiastical communities on the execution of essential penal measures against convicted Christians.
15
BELLEVILLE, LINDA. "Ιουνιαν … επισημοι εν τοις αποστολοις: A Re-examination of Romans 16.7 in Light of Primary Source Materials". New Testament Studies 51, nr 2 (kwiecień 2005): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688505000135.
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Church tradition from the Old Latin and Vulgate versions and the early Greek and Latin fathers onwards affirms and lauds a female apostle. Yet modern scholarship has not been comfortable with the attribution, as the masculine circumflex of the Erwin Nestle and United Bible Societies' Greek editions from 1927 to 2001 and the masculine Junias in translations from the mid-1940s to the mid-1970s show. More recently, the New English Translation (NET) and the English Standard Version (ESV) concede a feminine but change the attribution from the time-honored ‘of note among’ to ‘well-known to the apostles’. However, an examination of primary usage in the computer databases of Hellenistic Greek literary works, papyri, inscriptions, and artifacts confirms the feminine Ιουνια and shows επισημοι εν plus the plural dative bears without exception the inclusive sense ‘notable among’.
16
Todic, Branislav. "Frescoes in the Virgin Peribleptos Church referring to the origins of the archbishopric of Ohrid". Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, nr 39 (2001): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0239147t.
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In the year 1294/95, in the church of the Virgin Peribleptos in Ohrid, figures of the apostles Peter and Andrew were painted in the bottom register of wall paintings of the south wall, in front of the altar space (fig. 1), while those of St. Clement of Ohrid and St. Constantine Kabasilas appeared on the opposite, north wall (fig. 2). Their choice and placement on such a conspicuous location have already been the subject of interest of scholars who attempted to explain their iconography and unveil the reasons behind their appearance in this Ohrid church. The image of apostle Peter is related to the text of Mt. 16, 18 and this apostle is thus represented as carrying a church on his back while trampling on Hades who, at the same time, is being pierced by an angel bearing a lance. From above, Christ, shown in bust, addresses St. Peter with the gospel text written out in fresco above his image. This rare representation could be interpreted as an image referring to the founding of the church on earth by Christ. The gospel text which inspired it was one of the main arguments in the primacy doctrine of the Roman church. In Byzantium, on the other hand, the equality of all apostles was underlined, and Peter shared his place of honor with Paul and, at times, Andrew. This can explain the presence of the latter by Peter's side in the mentioned Ohrid church. On the opposite wall we find figures of saints who held in particular reverence in the Ohrid area, namely those of Clement and Constantine Kabasilas. St. Clement (whose relics were treasured in Ohrid) was a bishop in nearby Velika in the X century, and his cult developed shortly after his death. On the other hand, at the end of his lifetime Constantine Kabasilas, an archbishop of Ohrid from the middle of the XIII century, was very devoted to the emperor Michael VIII and that seems to have decisively contributed to the early development of his cult. We can basically except the opinion of those among the scholars who associated the images of the mentioned saints with Christ's founding of the church on earth and the spreading of Christianity among the Slavs. However, since the archbishopric of Ohrid had no direct apostolic origins, and since even St. Clement was actually its founder, the wall paintings of the Virgin Peribleptos should be viewed in a somewhat different light. It is well known that the Archbishopric was founded by emperor Basil II who, in the second sigillium (1020), associated it with the earlier existing Bulgarian archbishopric. However, in the XII century, if not already at an earlier date, the archbishopric of Ohrid began to be associated also with Justiniana Prima, the archbishopric founded by emperor Justinian in 535. The first to include it in his title was the archbishop of Ohrid John Komnenos, in 1157, and many of his successors followed his example. Formulas such as Bulgarian and Prima Justiniana which appear in their titles were of a legal and canonic nature and were used in defending the autocephalos rights of the Archbishopric from both the Roman and the Constantinopolitan church. This prompts us to explain the wall paintings of the eastern part of the naos of the Virgin Peribleptos as a result of intentions of the archbishops of Ohrid to underline the ties of their church with Justiniana Prima and the Bulgarian archbishopric. The image of the founding of the church upon St. Peter is not only a universal image of Christ's founding of the church on earth but also a reminder that the archbishopric of Ohrid was formed on the territory of ancient Illyricum which once belonged to Rome and was handed over as a result of an agreement between pope Vigilius and emperor Justinian for the purpose of founding the autocephalos church of Justiniana Prima. Supposedly, the independence and high rank of the archbishopric of Ohrid found justification in those facts. In his letter to patriarch Germanos II (from the 1220's), the archbishop of Ohrid Demetrios Chomatenos goes on to say that the emperor Justinian, in establishing the hierarchy of the most ancient and great patriarchal sees, called the pope of old Rome the first among priests, the patriarch of Constantinople the second and directly after him made mention of the see of the Bulgarian archbishopric, i.e. Ohrid. In the fresco decoration of the Virgin Peribleptos these references to the Roman and Constantinopolitan church were substituted by images of their founders, a common procedure in Byzantine iconography. Just as it did in Chomatenos's letter, the presence of the apostle Andrew was there to point out that the church of Ohrid belonged to the Orthodox world. The second argument upholding the ancient origins and independence of the church of Ohrid - reflected by both the title of its prelates and the wall paintings of the Peribleptos - is based on its ties with the ancient archbishopric of Bulgaria. That is why its archbishops strove to develop the cults of "Bulgarian" saints, primarily that of St. Clement. The text of his vita (XII century), ascribed to Theophylaktos of Ohrid, celebrates him as the most commendable missionary of the Bulgarian people, and in the Catalogue of Bulgarian archbishops (from the same century) he is mentioned in such a manner that one gets the impression that Clement was the first prelate of the territory of the future archbishopric of Ohrid. Such a calculated treatment of St. Clement was especially intensified in the XIII century, as attested in particular by his synaxarion vita and service, in which he is referred to as the thirteenth apostle. A similar phenomenon developed also in the decoration of the church of the Virgin Peribleptos in which Clement plays the role of the first prelate of Ohrid and the perpetuator of the activities of the apostles painted on the wall opposite his image. In order to express clearly and most thoroughly the idea of the origins and the nature of the Archbishopric, it was also necessary to include in this group an image of one archbishop of Ohrid and so the choice fell on Constantine Kabasilas, whose memory was still alive and who, moreover, was the only actually canonized archbishop of Ohrid. Finally, we should also inquire why this ideologically colored fresco decoration appeared in 1294/95 in the church of the Virgin Peribleptos. The theory of the supposed origins of the archbishopric of Ohrid greatly gained in importance in the course of the events related to the Union of Lyon. This time it was suitably used in an attempt to abolish the Serbian archbishopric and the Bulgarian (Trnovo) patriarchate, founded at a somewhat earlier date and for the most part on the one-time territory of the archbishopric of Ohrid. Such pretensions appeared openly in the charter issued by emperor Michael VIII to the archbishopric of Ohrid (1272) and in his memorandum to the pope, read at the Council of Lyon in 1274. Moreover, in 1282 the Serbian king Milutin conquered vast Byzantine territories so that certain administrative units of the archbishopric of Ohrid were not only dislocated within a different state but also became a part of a different, Serbian church. So while the Byzantine emperor attempted to recapture these territories by military force, the archbishop of Ohrid, Makarios, strove to demonstrate visually on the walls of the church of the Virgin Peribleptos the supposed origins of his archbishopric and thus also to claim its rights, through the images of the apostles Peter and Andrew and saints Clement and Constantine Kabasilas. Because of its political engagement, this painted decoration remained unique in medieval art and should thus find explanation in particular ideological and political motives.
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이상목. "Apostles in the Early Church: A Historical Study of Diverse Views on Apostle/Apostolate in Formative Christianity". THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT ll, nr 173 (czerwiec 2016): 37–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35858/sinhak.2016..173.002.
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Gunawan, Chandra. "The Apostles and the Apostolic Church". Veritas : Jurnal Teologi dan Pelayanan 16, nr 1 (1.06.2017): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v16i1.11.
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How should a contemporary reader understand the complexities of the early church? Many scholars utilize a religious studies perspective to understand the early church concluding that the church grew as a direct result (synthesis) of group conflicts (in particular, the Pauline and Petrine communities). This essay approaches the early church from a different paradigm. Using theological analysis, the author concludes that although the early church contained elements of diversity, she exhibits significant unity. The Catholic Epistles (the letters of James, Peter, John, and Jude) are independent letters that are interconnected by the Jerusalem tradition, and the theologies of these letters reflect the unique character of the early church. Therefore, it is important that NT scholars should give more attention to the Catholic Epistles so that the early church can be understood from a more constructive perspective.
Keywords: Religious Studies, Theological Analysis, Catholic Epistles, Jerusalem Tradition
Bahasa Indonesia :
Bagaimanakah pembaca masa kini memahami kompleksitas gereja mula-mula? Banyak ahli percaya bahwa gereja mula-mula, seperti pada umumnya perkembangan sebuah agama, bertumbuh melalui proses sintesis dari pertentangan antarkelompok dalamnya, yakni kelompok orang Kristen bukan Yahudi (yang diwakili oleh Paulus) dan kelompok orang Kristen, Yahudi (yang diwakili oleh Petrus dan Yakobus). Dalam artikel ini, penulis berupaya menunjukkan bahwa dalam komplesitasnya, gereja mula-mula tetap harmonis. Di sisi yang lain, artikel ini berusaha memperlihatkan pentingnya surat-surat umum dalam memahami gereja mula-mula. Surat-surat dari Yakobus, Petrus, Yohanes, dan Yudas memuat warisan ajaran dari para rasul, yakni para pemimpin gereja Yerusalem, yang menjadi pusat dari pergerakan gereja mula-mula. Pembaca modern perlu menggali surat-surat umum lebih lanjut untuk dapat lebih memahami ajaran dan pemikiran gereja mula-mula.
Kata-kata kunci: Studi Agama, Analisis Teologis, Surat-surat Umum, Tradisi Yerusalem
19
Borchardt, C. F. A. "Gesaghebbende Skrifverklaring in die vroeë kerk". Verbum et Ecclesia 13, nr 2 (18.07.1992): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v13i2.1052.
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Authoritative interpretation of Scripture in the early church In the early church the Lord committed his message to his apostles and this was faithfully propagated by those appointed by the apostles and later by their successors, the bishops. The apostolic preaching, Scripture, the interpretation of Scripture and tradition was seen as the heritage of the church. The Church Fathers maintained that the true interpretation of Scripture was to be found in the church alone. The heretics used verses out of their context and emphasized isolated texts to the exclusion of others. They therefore did not have the skopos ekklesiastikos (Athanasius) or sensus scripturae (Hilary) and in this sense a much quoted text by Augustine and the famous dictum of Vincent of Lerins must be interpreted.
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Deans, D. S. "The Junior Church The Twelve Apostles". Expository Times 100, nr 1 (lipiec 1988): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001452468810000106.
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Wojda, Jacek. "AUX FONDEMENTS DE L’INSTITUTION ECCLÉSIALE: LA POSITION DE SAINT PIERRE PARMI LES APÔTRES (MT 16, 13–20) ET SON RETENTISSEMENT Á L’ÉPOQUE APOSTOLIQUE ET PATRISTIQUE". Civitas et Lex 9, nr 1 (31.03.2016): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/cetl.2298.
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Big activity passed Popes, with the least Francis Bergoglio, is a question about receptiontheir lives and action, especially in times of modern medium broadcasting. Sometimes presentedcontent could be treated as sensation, and their receptiveness deprived of profound historical andtheological meaning. This article depends of beginnings of the Church, when it started to organizeitself, with well known historically-theological arguments. Peter confessed Jesus as the Christ andgot special place among Apostles. His role matures in young Church community, which is escapingfrom Jewish religion.Peter tramps the way from Jerusalem thru Antioch to Rome, confirming his appointing to thefirst among Apostles and to being Rock in the Church. Nascent Rome Church keeps this specialPeter’s succession. Clement, bishop of Rome, shows his prerogatives as a successor of Peter. Later,bishop of Cartagena, Cyprian, confirms special role both Peter and each bishop of Rome amongother bishops. He also was finding appropriate role for each of them. Church institution, basedon Peter and Apostles persists and shows truth of the beginnings and faithfulness to them innowadays papacy.Methodological elements Presented in the introduction let for the lecture of Gospel and patristictexts without positivistic prejudices presented in old literature of the subject.
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Abudullah, Muchammdun. "YESUS JURU SELAMAT DALAM AGAMA KRISTEN". Tasamuh: Jurnal Studi Islam 9, nr 2 (12.11.2018): 339–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32489/tasamuh.212.
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According to Christians, Jesus Christ is not just sent out by the local congregation. Because it emphasis on meeting with the risen Lord to accept the task personally. So, the apostles were not clergy, but the messenger of Christ to build a church. In summary, the Apostle in Ancient Greek is a term that refers to marine or naval ship goods. Later, the term also includes any person appointed as an envoy. Apostles in the Gospels refer to the twelve disciples who personally commissioned by Jesus to be the vanguard of the person who was sent as a bearer of good news. First, they start from Yarussalem and then to all the other nations in the world. Through Jesus Christ, man was called back from exile and be reconciled to God the Father in Heaven. Humans are freed from moral captivity and egoism is replaced with love and fellowship. It was Jesus Christ the only one who can free people from sin. There is no safety inside of human being rather than Him. Jesus Christ was without sin, holy and immaculate provides freedom from sin, no salvation through any other. Jesus himself said, I am the way and the truth and the life (John 14: 6). This article talks about the concept of salvation in Christianity.
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Asare, Amos Darkwe. "“SINGING THE HEALING”: THE RITUALS OF THE TWELVE APOSTLES CHURCH IN GHANA". African Music: Journal of the International Library of African Music 11, nr 1 (1.12.2019): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21504/amj.v11i1.2295.
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While many in Ghana prefer modern medical systems, others use indigenous means such as those emanating from shrines and indigenous sects. Today, many religious practices in Ghana focus a greater part of their services on healing and the general wellbeing of its members. The formation of African Indigenous Churches (AICs) has played a central role in bridging the gap between indigenous and Christian concepts of worship, healing, and wellbeing. The Twelve Apostles Church, first of the AICs in Ghana, is prominent as far as good health and the wellbeing of its members are concerned. These indigenous musical healing practices are seldom recognised for their significant contribution towards good health and wellbeing. In this article, I use an ethnographic approach, employing interviews and participant observation, to describe the significance of the musical healing rituals of the Twelve Apostles Church in Ghana. The question is, how does drumming, dancing, and singing in the Twelve Apostles Church contribute to good health and wellbeing?
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Сидоров, Алексей Иванович. "Formation of the early Church (beginning from the appointment of the first deacons to the end of the apostolic period)". Theological Herald, nr 3-4(18-19) (15.09.2015): 168–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2500-1450-2015-18-19-168-220.
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Публикация представляет собой продолжение очерка по истории становления первохристианской Церкви. Исследование основано на свидетельствах первоисточников и привлечении широкого спектра мнений отечественных и зарубежных специалистов по истории Древней Церкви. События проповеднической деятельности апостола Павла, возникновение разногласий в первохристианской общине и последовавший за ними Апостольской Собор, который утвердил необязательность соблюдения ветхозаветных постановлений, рассматриваются в контексте появления в среде первых христиан так называемых «эллинистов». Последние вывели проповедь Евангелия за пределы Палестины, а апостол Павел и его сподвижники основали христианские Церкви во многих частях «ойкумены». Кроме того, повествуется о кончине святого Иакова Праведного и судьбе Иерусалимской Церкви, деятельности апостола Петра и Иоанна, как и прочих апостолов, вплоть до завершения апостольского периода в истории древней Церкви. This publication is a continuation of the essay on the history of the formation of the early Christian Church, based on first-hand evidence and engaging a wide range of views of domestic and foreign researchers of early Church history. Both the results of Paul’s preaching, the emergence of differences among early Christians, and the subsequent Apostolic Council, which approved some sort of compliance with the regulations of the Old Testament, are all considered in the context of the emergence among early Christians of the so-called «Hellenists», who brought the preaching of the Gospel beyond Palestine, while Paul and his associates founded Christian communities in many parts of the «Oecumene». Moreover, the article tells the story of the death of St. James the Just, and the fate of the Church of Jerusalem. It describes the activities of Apostle Peter and John, as well as the other apostles, up until the end of the apostolic period in the history of the ancient Church.
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Langhu, Koberson. "Church Fathers on the Sabbath and Sunday". Jurnal Koinonia 14, nr 2 (31.12.2022): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/koinonia.v14i2.2988.
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Christians do not share the same view about the seventh day Sabbath and Sunday. A minority of Christians considers the Sabbath as still binding while a large majority dismisses it. For the latter, the cessation of Sabbath observance is traced back to the apostles. They believe that Sunday has replaced the Sabbath on account of Christ’s resurrection. However, the New Testament and historical documents reveal that the eclipse of Sunday over the Sabbath did not begin with the apostles. This means that the change must have occurred sometime after the apostles. A group of significant church leaders and theologians called church fathers arose in the second century onward whose theological understanding had profound impact on the Christians. What were their understanding of the Sabbath and Sunday? Should their understanding be accepted as normative for Christians today? This study is based on literary research methodology. The findings clearly indicate that in the understanding of most church fathers, Sunday had eclipsed and replaced Sabbath in importance and practice for Christians.
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Novi, Novi. "Konflik dan Rekonsiliasi dalam Jemaat Mula-Mula: Pasca Yesus dan Perjuangan Antar Para Rasul". Jurnal Teologi Amreta (ISSN: 2599-3100) 6, nr 2 (18.10.2023): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54345/jta.v6i2.116.
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This journal explores the conflicts that occurred among the apostles in the early church after the departure of Jesus and the reconciliation efforts made to maintain the unity and integrity of the church. In this paper, we present an in-depth analysis of the sources of the conflict, its impact on the congregation, and the steps taken by the apostles to overcome differences and achieve reconciliation. This research is based on an analysis of literature and relevant historical sources, such as the New Testament books and early church historical records. Qualitative Research: The research methods used may vary depending on the focus of the research, availability of data sources, and preferences of the researcher. The combination of several research methods above can also be used to gain a more comprehensive understanding of conflict and reconciliation in the early church.
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Marin, Prof PhD BUGIULESCU. "THE PRESENCE OF THE SAINT APOSTLE ANDREW IN SCITYA - A HISTORICAL REALITY OF THE ROMANIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH". Icoana Credintei 6, nr 12 (24.06.2020): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26520/icoana.2020.12.6.71-75.
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This article contradicts some historians, researchers or professors claim that there is no evidence to prove the presence of the Saint Apostle Andrew in Dobrogea. Researchers of history know that some sources are written, direct, and others unwritten. Undoubtedly, the origin of Romanian Orthodox Church is apostolic, due to the missionary activity of Saint Andrew the Apostle on the territory of Dobrogea district.
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Quinito, Daryl I., i Marilou D. Tino. "Unfolding the History of the Quadricentennial Roman Catholic Churches in the Province of Camarines Norte". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, nr II (2024): 2261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.802161.
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Faith and religion are inseparable elements that shape one’s being and personhood. The foundation of history in any place in the world and even in the remotest area of a small province has its roots in the early civilization of the local folks’ culture, traditions, beliefs, and ethnography. As a devoted Roman Catholic who was born and raised in the same faith by equally devoted parents, the researcher took a heartfelt fascination on how religion influenced, shaped, and reshaped the Province of Camarines Norte. As cited by Noel Alegre (2010) in his study of the Masonic symbols on the façade of Our Lady of the Candle Church in Paracale, Camarines Norte, “History of religions ceases to be on museum of fossils, ruins, and obsolete memorabilia and becomes what it should have been from the beginning for any investigator: a series of ‘messages’ waiting to be deciphered and understood” (Eliade in Comstock, 1971:57). Inspired by the study of Alegre, the researcher unearthed and unfolded the historical beginnings, developments, and contributions of the quadricentennial Roman Catholic Churches namely: St. John the Baptist Church in Daet, Nuestra Señora De la Candelaria (Our Lady of the Candle) in Paracale and Parroquia de San Pedro Apostol (St. Peter the Apostle) Church in Vinzons to provide and store verified information of the past, and how these catholic churches influenced and shaped the lives of the local folks in the Province of Camarines Norte. Tino (2023) also cited that “every society which honors basic human rights, has a role for the church and the state, the church has lived with under every form to men, nations, and governments come and go but the church endures; it is the oldest living institution known to man.” Being a devoted Roman Catholic, born and raised in the same faith by equally devoted parents, the researcher took a heartfelt fascination on how religion could influence, shape, and reshape his immediate society, the Province of Camarines Norte.
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Higuera Meléndez, José Manuel. "Nuevos datos sobre la autoría de la iglesia de San Pedro Apóstol de Peñaflor (Sevilla)." Laboratorio de Arte, nr 31 (2019): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/la.2019.i31.23.
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Melvani, Nicholas. "Gennadios Scholarios and the Church of the Holy Apostles". Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, nr 57 (2020): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi2057117m.
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The article tests the established view that Gennadios Scholarios, the first patriarch of Constantinople after the 1453 Conquest, used the church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople as the seat of the Patriarchate for a few months in 1454 before moving to the building complex of the Pammakaristos monastery. After pointing out that all the sources that narrate the story of the installation of the Patriarchate in the famous Byzantine church date from the 16th century or later, the author examines sources contemporary with the events, including texts written by Scholarios himself. The aim of the article is to show that Scholarios officiated occasionally in the Holy Apostles and managed to salvage some of the relics it once held, but this does not mean that the church functioned as the official seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
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LEVKO, Oleksandr. "The Development of the «Lexicon of Humility» in Church Slavonic and Old Ukrainian Biblical Monuments of the 16th Century". Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, nr 72(2) (2022): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2022.2.05.
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The article traces the origins of the formation of Ukrainian «lexicon of humility» in Old Ukrainian biblical monuments of the 16th century. It explores the use of Church Slavonic смиренїє / смѣренїє «humility» and смирен(н)ыи / смѣренъ «humble» vis-à-vis покора «meekness» and покорныи «meek» of the «prosta mova» for the denotion of humility in the Peresopnytsia Gospel (1556–1561) and the Krekhiv Apostle (second half of the 16th century) as compared to the vocabulary use in the Ostroh Bible (1581), the Lviv Apostle (1574) and modern Ukrainian Bible translations. Bible translations of the early modern Ukraine, written in the Old Ukrainian «prosta mova», demonstrate two concurrent tendencies in the rendition of the «lexicon of humility»: following the Church Slavonic tradition (the Peresopnytsia Gospel) and employing Old Ukrainian words of «prosta mova» (the Krekhiv Apostle). While modern Bible translations tend to take into consideration the contextual meanings of the Greek words for humility and to render them with various lexical means of the Ukrainian language, this is not typical of the Church Slavonic biblical monuments of the 16th century, but is partially traceable in the Krekhiv Apostle. Obviously, the use of derivatives from смиренний and покірний in modern Ukrainian language is rooted in the religious monuments of the 16th and 17th centuries, written in «prosta mova», which signifies their considerable influence upon the formation of modern Ukrainian ethical lexicon. Modern Bible translations mostly render the positive meaning of ταπεινοφροσύνη / ταπείνωσις and ταπεινός with the words покора / покірливість «meekness» and покірний / покірливий «meek», replacing the words of Church Slavonic origin смирення «humility» and смиренний «humble». The same tendency can be observed in the Krekhiv Apostle and the 17th century Didactic Gospels, which consistently use покора and покорныи. Modern Bible translations usually render the negatively connotated words for humility (conveying humiliation, oppression, destitution, etc.) with the derivatives from принижувати «humiliate», понижувати «lower», зневажати «despise», впокорювати «submit», quite similarly to the Krekhiv Apostle and Didactic Gospels, which employ the verbs унижити «humiliate», понижати «lower»and упокорити / упокоритися «submit / be submitted» in this function.
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Wadden, Patrick. "Church, Apostle and People in Early Ireland". Medieval Worlds medieval worlds, Volume 5. 2017 (2017): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/medievalworlds_no5_2017s143.
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Grossi, Vittorino. "El De viduis, de Ambrosio, y el De bono viduitatis, de Agustín". Augustinus 65, nr 1 (2020): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/augustinus202065256/25720.
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The article addresses the figure of Widows in the ancient Church, making a brief summary of the literature that exists on them in the Pre-Nicene era, particularly the Apostolic Traditio, the Didascalia Apostolorum, the Ecclesiastical Constitution of the Apostles (also known as Canons of the Apostles, Egyptian Apostolic Constitution), showing that in the Pre-Nicene Church (1st-2nd centuries), widows were inserted into an ecclesial coetus. Subsequently, the article focuses on Ambrose’s De uiduis, highlighting how the Bishop of Milan inserted the widow into the Church’s life of his time, particularly underlining the works of charity they carried out, stressing their possible work in the reconciliation of women. Later, the treatise of Saint Augustine De bono uiduitatis is addressed, highlighting the role of charity that they exercised within the Church of Hippo, as well as their interaction and integration with the Consecrated Virgins and the Married.
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McGavin, P. A. "Synod and Synodality: Understandings from Acts of the Apostles". Ecclesiology 19, nr 3 (20.10.2023): 312–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-19030006.
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Abstract Across this paper, the endeavour has been to read the meaning of the Lukan author in his depiction of church life and governance. This depiction highlights behavioural governance more than structural governance. This may be expressed in the crucial perspective that suffuses the Lukan narrative – namely, in praxis terms that the apostolic ministry is not situated over, above, and apart from the church. Rather, apostolic mission and ministry is situated and contested within the ecclesial body where the whole church is proactively and collaboratively engaged in the apostolic inheritance of the ministry of those who follow Jesus the Christ in The Way, with the apostles as the centre of action that remains ecclesial and pneumatic action. Such leadership is personal, but not singular, is ecclesially inclusive, and ecclesially accountable.
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Davidenko, Priest Anthony, i Galina I. Teplykh. "Features of teaching the course “Epistles of St. Paul” in a modern theological school: Problems and prospects". Issues of Theology 3, nr 4 (2021): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu28.2021.406.
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This article is devoted to the relevant problems of teaching a course on the Holy Scripture of the New Testament in a modern theological school, in particular the corpus of the Epistles of the Apostle Paul. The epistles of the Holy Apostle Paul have always been and remain an invaluable storehouse for theologians and preachers of the Church. It is no coincidence that almost all the holy fathers and teachers of the Church turned to the works of the holy apostle to one degree or another in order to find in them an unshakable foundation of theology. Often, opponents of the Church use excerpts from the Pauline epistles, taking them out of context, to justify their errors. Due to such a high significance of the written heritage of the “apostle of languages”, a young Christian and future shepherd of spiritual sheep studying at a theological school is obliged to know and understand it. The eternal problems of motivating students and their knowledge of sources when studying the Holy Scriptures of the New and Old Testaments do not disappear, and new ones are added to them. In this work, the problems that young teachers may face at the beginning of their teaching activities are brought to the fore. In the second half of the article, possible solutions are presented, which have been partially tested in practice.
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Kasprzak, Dariusz. "Teologia kapłaństwa i urzędu kapłańskiego w I wieku chrześcijaństwa". Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny 63, nr 2 (30.06.2010): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21906/rbl.165.
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Neither the Apostles nor any Christian minister is admitted to use the priest’s title in the text of the New Testament. Nevertheless, in the New Testament we can perceive the development of the doctrine of the priest ministry in the early Church. Albert Vanhoye maintains that the lack of the term “priest” in the New Testament suggests the way of understanding of the Christian ministry, different from this in the Old Testament. It can’t be considered as a continuation of Jewish priesthood, which was concentrated mainly on ritual action and ceremonies. In the first century the Church developed the Christology of priesthood (Hbr) and ecclesiology of priesthood (1 P). Early Christians focused first on the redemptive event of Jesus Christ’s sacrifice and Jesus as the mediator of a new covenant. Only then the religious communities adopted the priest’s title for their ministry.In the early years of the Church, all the ministries were regarded as a charismatic service among the Christian communities. In their services the early Christians followed Jesus Christ sent by God to serve. The Holy Spirit sent by God in the name of Jesus bestowed the spiritual gifts upon the Church (1 Kor 12–13). Consequently the disciples of Jesus and their successors could continue his mission. The Twelve Apostles’ ministry was the very first and most important Christian ministry. It was closely connected to the service of Jesus Christ himself. The Apostles were sent by the authority of Jesus Christ to continue his mission upon earth and they preached the Good News of the risen Christ. The Apostolicity was the fundamental base for every Church ministry established in different Christian communities. Successive ministries were established in order to transmit the teaching of Jesus Christ and to lead the community. For the early Christians the priesthood was not an individual privilege. It had rather the community character.
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Andrian, Tonny. "The relevance of Early Church history in the implementation of the great commission in the present era and implications for Christian education in Indonesia". Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Kristen (JUPAK) 3, nr 2 (13.07.2023): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52489/jupak.v3i2.132.
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The history of the early church illustrates to the church today the spirit and courage of the early church and the apostles in carrying out the Great Commission. The purpose of this study is to discover the spirit and courage of the early church in carrying out the Great Commission and to invite the church today to carry out this task for the growth of the church. The method used in this research is the qualitative method. The result of this study is that the early church was more conspicuous in carrying out the Great Commission even though it faced heavy challenges but remained brave and resolute. Whereas the church today is still lacking in carrying out the Great Commission there are still many tribes who have not heard the gospel.
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Willink, David. "Re St Thomas the Apostle, Killinghall". Ecclesiastical Law Journal 26, nr 2 (maj 2024): 242–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x24000140.
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The petitioners sought a faculty for the disposal by sale of two damp-affected paintings. The DAC recommended the proposal. The court, out of an abundance of caution, directed consultation with the CBC pursuant to rule 9.6 of the Faculty Jurisdiction Rules 2015 (under which consultation with the CBC is mandatory on a petition for the conservation, alteration or disposal of an article of special historic, architectural, archaeological or artistic interest). The CBC preferred to see the conservation and retention of the paintings, there being a strong presumption against the sale of church treasures. The petitioners described the CBC's position as unrealistic, and the DAC noted that the paintings were of limited significance; they would continue to deteriorate if kept in the church; and the petitioners had neither the funds nor the inclination to seek them to fund their restoration.
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Pritchard, John. "Parallel Lives". Holiness 7, nr 2 (1.12.2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/holiness-2021-0009.
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Abstract A comparative study of William Wadé Harris, 1865–1929, and Apolo Kivebulaya, 1865–1932. The Liberian Harris’s short evangelistic tour of the Ivory Coast and western Gold Coast, 1913–1915, laid the foundations of contemporary Methodism, Catholicism, and the independent Harrist Church in Côte d’Ivoire and Church of the Twelve Apostles and others in Ghana. The Ugandan Anglican priest Kivebulaya ministered in the kingdom of Toro in western Uganda, 1895–1915, and in northeast Congo, 1915–1933, and is acclaimed as the founder of the Anglican Church in the Congo.
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Suhadi, Suhadi, i Iman Kristina Halawa. "KARYA ROH KUDUS DALAM MENEMPATKAN PELAYAN GEREJA BERDASARKAN KIS 6:1-7". Manna Rafflesia 10, nr 1 (25.10.2023): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.38091/man_raf.v10i1.376.
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This article aims to understand the work of the Holy Spirit in placing church ministers. The Holy Spirit reveals His work in placing church servants to develop ministry. However, based on this research, the author found several things that are of concern to a church minister. In Ex. 18:14-27 Jethro also asked Moses to appoint several people who could help him in leading God's chosen people. Likewise, what was experienced by the apostles in their ministry after they received the power of the Holy Spirit to preach the Gospel and convert many souls was recorded in Acts 2:41 as approximately three thousand souls; this figure is not a small number of souls who want to be served the truth. The work of the Holy Spirit enables church ministers to serve the congregation in terms of teaching God's Word. All of this happened inseparable from the work of the Holy Spirit, and the Holy Spirit also enabled the apostles to determine according to predetermined criteria; namely, people must be filled with the Holy Spirit, wise, and willing to suffer for the truth. Hopefully, this article can help to understand and understand the work of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers in carrying out the church's tri-tasks in terms of ministry.
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Reumann, John. "Book Review: Peter: Apostle for the Whole Church". Theological Studies 55, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004056399405500307.
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Martin, Troy W. "Peter: Apostle for the Whole Church. Pheme Perkins". Journal of Religion 82, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/491003.
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Wiebusch, Julie A. "Saint Paul the Apostle Catholic Church, Juneau, AK". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119, nr 5 (maj 2006): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4786542.
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Daunton-Fear, Andrew. "Ignatius of Antioch and the Apostle Paul". Scrinium 11, nr 1 (16.11.2015): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18177565-00111p08.
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This paper looks at the establishment of the church in the city of Antioch in Syria, and the part played by the apostle Paul in its early history. It then examines the indebtedness of Ignatius to the apostle as seen in his letters written nearly half a century after Paul’s death. Finally it suggests why the bishop outstrips his model in his zeal for martyrdom.
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Pavlyuk, Ivan. "Orthodox Church Law in the Legal System of Russia: Historical and Legal Aspect". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences 2021, nr 4 (6.12.2021): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-1840-2021-5-4-358-364.
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The relationship between the church and the secular law is one of the most complicated matters of law theory. The present research featured the law of the Russian Church and its structure with its internal and external church law. The article introduces the opinions of pre-revolutionary and contemporary authors, as well as a historical analysis of the main normative acts of the Russian Church that regulate its internal structure. The church law was defined as a special legal system, similar to public law. Historically speaking, the core of the Russian church law remained unaffected by the genesis of the state and legal structure, the changes in the system of church authorities, and the development of state-confessional relations. The central core of the church law still maintains the form of the rules of the apostles, the Ecumenical and Local Councils, and Holy Fathers.
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Dură, Nicolae. "The Regime of the Synodality in the Eastern Church of the First Millennium and Its Canonical Basis". Ecumeny and Law 7 (29.12.2019): 29–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/eal.2019.07.02.
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The synodal form of organisation — sought and established for His Church by Her Founder, that is, by Our Lord Jesus Christ, and affirmed by His Apostles — was also expressly reaffirmed by the canonical legislation of the Eastern Church of the first millennium. By adapting the form of administrative-territorial organisation of the Church to that of the Roman State — sanctioned by the canons of the Ecumenical Synods (cf. can. 4, 6 Sin. I Ec.; 2, 6 Sin. II Ec.; 9, 17, 28 Sin. IV Ec.; 36 Sin. VI Ec.) — in the life of the Eastern Church several types of synods appeared, starting with the eparchial (metropolitan) synod of a local Church and ending with the patriarchal synod, both still present in the autocephalous Churches of Eastern Orthodoxy.
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Beten, Dorkas Alinda. "Memahami Karya Penyelamatan Allah Melalui Yesus Dalam Tulisan Lukas". Matheteuo: Religious Studies 3, nr 1 (21.02.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52960/m.v3i1.185.
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Abstract
The problems that arise in Luke's writings. First, in Luke's gospel, Jesus, who is considered a savior, died. Second, in the Acts of the Apostles the Church experienced Persecution (Acts 4:1-3; 5:40; 7:57-58; 8:1-3) and Salvation for other nations (Acts 10:34-36). aims to understand Luke's writings which explains how God (God and His works) began to fulfill His promises which were proven through Jesus and the Church, as the fulfillment and expansion of God's promises, to spread the gospel to Jews and non-Jews. For that Luke in unfolding the history of God's salvation there are three stages: the stage of planning God's promise, the stage of implementation by Jesus and the stage of the Church (gospel expansion). The approach used in this study is qualitative, by applying the descriptive method of biblical analysis to Luke's writings, in understanding God and His work in Luke's writings between Luke's gospel and the Acts of the Apostles. The results of this study of Luke's writings provide a common thread that Luke's writings are two volumes of books that cannot be separated because what Luke conveys in his writings provides an understanding of the history of God's salvation starting from God's Promises and plans, Execution and Fulfillment of Promises by Jesus and Church for the whole world .
Keys: God and His Work, Jesus, Church
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Pawlak, Ewa, i Piotr Wawrzyniak. "Badania w kościele pw. Św. Apostołów Piotra i Pawła w Rąbiniu, pow. kościański. Przyczynek do studiów nad sakralną architekturą romańską w Polsce". Slavia Antiqua. Rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim, nr 58 (20.06.2018): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sa.2017.58.9.
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In late November and early December 2012, emergency archaeological and architectural research was carried out in the Parish Church of the Holy Apostles in Rąbiń, Kościan county. The relics of a stone Romanesque church were studied thoroughly; it is a clear-span building with a deep apse/chancel dating back to the first half of the 13th century. The subsequent phases of the church’s renovation from the 13th century until today have also been identified.
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Isatchenko, T. A. "“Common Slavic Booklore: Unity and Diversity” (To the 1000th Anniversary of Repose of Prince Vladimir)". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], nr 2 (28.04.2015): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-2-122-125.
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The Russian State Library hosted the Third International Youth Conference “Common Slavic Booklore: Unity and Diversity”, dedicated to the Day of Orthodox Book and to the 1000th anniversary of repose of Prince Vladimir, which was attended by Metropolitan Kliment of Kaluga and Borovsk. On March 12, at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior there was held a meeting of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia with young participants of the conference, students of military boarding schools of Moscow and many fans of the book. The Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church corresponded to the congregation the Pastoral discourse, stressing that the Day of Orthodox Book, being governmentally celebrated each year, has acquired a deep historical understanding: “Books... convey to us information from the past, they are the carriers of some kind of heredity. ... In the best books this code is depicted, and one of such books is „Apostle“”. The conference was the first international youth event of the jubilee year, which, in accordance with the Order of the President of the Russian Federation “On the Events Dedicated to the Memory of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Great Prince Vladimir - Christianizer of Russia”, will be held under the sign of the Holy Prince Vladimir.
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Ndiy, Ferderika Pertiwi, i S. Susanto. "Prinsip Pertumbuhan Gereja Mula-Mula Ditinjau Dari Kisah Para Rasul 2:1-47 Dan Aplikasinya Bagi Gereja Masa Kini". Integritas: Jurnal Teologi 1, nr 2 (19.12.2019): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47628/ijt.v1i2.13.
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Church growth is an important study in church history. The Bible has important principles in church growth, therefore these principles need to be analyzed so that they can contribute to the study of church growth. The Acts of the Apostles is a book that has a history and principles of church growth, therefore the author conducted research on church growth based on Acts 2: 1-47. The author uses a qualitative approach to literature study to find the principles of church growth based on Acts 2: 1-47. The results showed that there were three principles for the growth of the early church. The first principle based on the fourth verse is to depend on the Holy Spirit, the second principle based on verses 14-36, 42 is to preach the Word of God, the third principle based on verses 42-46 is to live in fellowship. For the growth of the church today the church must depend on the power of the Holy Spirit, teaching based on the word of God, and the church lives in fellowship.