Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Anurans

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Anurans”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Anurans"

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Thomas, Kate N., David J. Gower, Rayna C. Bell, Matthew K. Fujita, Ryan K. Schott i Jeffrey W. Streicher. "Eye size and investment in frogs and toads correlate with adult habitat, activity pattern and breeding ecology". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, nr 1935 (23.09.2020): 20201393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1393.

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Frogs and toads (Amphibia: Anura) display diverse ecologies and behaviours, which are often correlated with visual capacity in other vertebrates. Additionally, anurans exhibit a broad range of relative eye sizes, which have not previously been linked to ecological factors in this group. We measured relative investment in eye size and corneal size for 220 species of anurans representing all 55 currently recognized families and tested whether they were correlated with six natural history traits hypothesized to be associated with the evolution of eye size. Anuran eye size was significantly correlated with habitat, with notable decreases in eye investment among fossorial, subfossorial and aquatic species. Relative eye size was also associated with mating habitat and activity pattern. Compared to other vertebrates, anurans have relatively large eyes for their body size, indicating that vision is probably of high importance. Our study reveals the role that ecology and behaviour may have played in the evolution of anuran visual systems and highlights the usefulness of museum specimens, and importance of broad taxonomic sampling, for interpreting macroecological patterns.
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FERREIRA, R. C., M. CAMPANER, L. B. VIOLA, C. S. A. TAKATA, G. F. TAKEDA i M. M. G. TEIXEIRA. "Morphological and molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships among anuran trypanosomes from the Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes in Brazil". Parasitology 134, nr 11 (19.06.2007): 1623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003058.

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SUMMARYWe examined for the presence of trypanosomes in blood samples from 259 anurans (47 species from 8 families), the majority of which were from the Brazilian Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal biomes. Trypanosomes were detected by a combination of microhaematocrit and haemoculture methods in 45% of the anurans, and 87 cultures were obtained: 44 from Hylidae, 22 from Leptodactylidae, 15 from Bufonidae, 5 from Leiuperidae and 1 from an unidentified anuran. High morphological diversity (11 morphotypes) was observed among blood trypanosomes from anurans of different species and of the same species as well as among trypanosomes from the same individual. Conversely, morphologically similar trypanosomes were found in anurans from distinct species and biomes. ITS and SSU rDNA polymorphisms revealed high diversity among the 82 isolates examined.† Twenty-nine genotypes could be distinguished, the majority distributed in 11 groups. Phylogenetic relationships based on rDNA sequences indicated that isolates from more phylogenetically related anurans are more closely related. Comparison of anuran trypanosomes from Brazil and other countries revealed several new species among the isolates examined in this study. Phylogenetic relationships suggest that host restriction, host switching and overall ecogeographical structure may have played a role in the evolution of the anuran trypanosomes.
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Smirnov, Sergei V. "Additional Dermal Ossifications in the Anuran Skull: Morphological Novelties or Archaic Elements?" Russian Journal of Herpetology 4, nr 1 (15.10.2011): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-1997-4-1-17-27.

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Examination of the cranial morphology in Bombina orientalis (Anura: Discoglossidae) revealed the occurrence of additional dermal bones lying: a) between the nasals and frontoparietals, b) between frontoparietals, and c) on the tectum synoticum behind the frontoparietals. The presence of similar bones as well as extra ossifications lying in the midline in the rostral portion of skull was shown to be a rather common event among anurans. Based on the occurrence of bones with similar topology in crossopterygians and different stegocephalians, it was concluded that extra ossifications sporadically appearing in anurans are more likely to be ancient cranial elements than neomorphs. Additional dermal bones found in the anterior portion of the anuran skull are homologous to the postrostrals of crossopterygians; extra ossifications lying between the frontoparietals correspond to the bones with similar topology sporadically appearing in crossopterygians and stegocephalians; and extra bones situated behind the frontoparietals are homologous to the lateral extrascapulars (postparietals of stegocephalians) and the median extrascapular of crossopterygians. These extra bones were proposed to be inherited from the presumed common ancestor of all Gnathostomes and retained in anurans in the state of latent capacities. The sporadic appearance of these bones in anurans results from the phenotypical realization of these latent capacities.
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Zamroni, Y., IGN Septian, NT Artiningrum i I. Hadi. "Dietary niche breadth of endemic and introduced anurans (Amphibia: Anura) in Lombok, Lesser Sunda Islands– Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 913, nr 1 (1.11.2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012046.

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Abstract Anurans are important organisms as components of faunal community structure in ecosystems because of their roles as secondary and tertiary consumers in food webs. Anurans are opportunistic organisms that will consume any resources in their habitat. In this study, we dissected thirty-nine specimens of anurans from Museum Universitas Mataram (MUM) reference collection, it consists by three endemic (Ingerophrynus biporcatus, Limnonectes dammarmani and L. kadarsani) and one introduced species (Duttaphrynus melanostictus) of anurans. These reference collections were collected by authors during herpetofauna survey at Pusuk Forest, western Lombok in 2018. Based on stomach content analysis, both endemic and introduced anurans are generalist arthropod predators where hymenoptera, coleoptera, orthoptera and chilopoda are the most important food. In this study, we found positive correlations between body size and dietary niche breadth in which each anuran species has a high overlap of dietary niches. Anurans with large body size have a variety of prey than the small one.
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Crossland, Michael R. "A comparison of cane toad and native tadpoles as predators of native anuran eggs, hatchlings and larvae". Wildlife Research 25, nr 4 (1998): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr98001.

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Few quantitative data exist regarding the impact of the introduced cane toad, Bufo marinus, on native Australian fauna. This study investigated predation by tadpoles of B. marinus and two native anurans (Limnodynastes ornatus and Litoria rubella) on eggs, hatchlings and larvae of native anurans that co-occur with these tadpoles in temporary and semi-permanent water bodies in northern Queensland. During controlled laboratory experiments, neither small nor large B. marinus tadpoles were significant predators of native anuran eggs, hatchlings or tadpoles. Small tadpoles of L. ornatus also did not prey significantly upon native anuran eggs, hatchlings or tadpoles. However, large tadpoles of L. ornatus and, to a lesser extent, L. rubella were often significant predators of native anuran eggs and hatchlings, but were not significant predators of native tadpoles. The results suggest that native tadpoles are often likely to have a greater impact on the survival of early life history stages of native anurans via predation than areB. marinus tadpoles.
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Vagmaker, Natália, Juliane Pereira-Ribeiro, Átilla Colombo Ferreguetti, Alex Boazi, Rayanne Gama-Matos, Helena Godoy Bergallo i Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha. "Structure of the leaf litter frog community in an area of Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil". Zoologia 37 (30.10.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e38877.

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Different spatial and temporal factors can influence the species richness and abundance of leaf anurans that are fundamental for the ecosystem functioning, as they act as predators and integrate the trophic chain as prey of other animals. There are relatively few studies that aimed to understand the spatio-temporal variation and the influence of environmental factors on leaf litter communities. We studied parameters of the anuran community living in the forest leaf litter in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve (DBBR), Espírito Santo, Brazil. We sought to understand the extent to which richness, abundance, biomass and density varied between two locations with different stages of preservation (primary and secondary forest). In addition, we tested the effect of temperature and local humidity on abundance. We conducted the samplings monthly from October 2017 to September 2018, establishing 98 4 x 4 m plots (16 m2 each) demarcated on the DBBR forest leaf litter. We measured temperature (°C) and relative air humidity (%), and each plot was carefully surveyed by four observers. We tested for differences in anuran density between the two sampled locations and estimated the effects of environmental variables in the community. We recorded 102 individuals of anurans from 11 species belonging to eight families. The DBBR anuran community parameters significantly differed between the two studied locations, with the highest values of anuran richness and abundance occurring in the area covered by primary forest, probably due to differences in the preservation of each area. However, temperature and humidity did not affect the abundance of anurans in the sampled areas. Our results provide the first information about spatial variation and influence of environmental factors, directed to the community of leaf litter anurans in DBBR, and represents the second study on this group of anurans in the state of Espírito Santo.
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Lourenço, Andréa Rösel de, Célio F. B. Haddad i Fábio P. de Sá. "Multimodal signaling in Boana albopunctata (Anura: Hylidae): reading visual and acoustic cues". Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 19, nr 2 (12.12.2020): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v19i2p201-216.

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Multimodal signaling in Boana albopunctata (Anura: Hylidae): reading visual and acoustic cues. The acoustic mode of communication is important for anurans, but visual communication is beginning to be considered essential for some species, genera, and families. This study focuses on visual and acoustic signals in Boana albopunctata (Hylidae: Cophomantinae) in an attempt to increase our understanding of signaling in this nocturnal Neotropical treefrog. Visual signals were assessed to determine whether they are directed toward conspecific opponents, as has already been observed for some diurnal anurans, or associated with potential morphological asymmetries. Associations between visual and acoustic signals were explored. The results suggest that males may combine visual and acoustic signals (multimodal signaling) synergistically, thereby strengthening the efficiency of information transmission. Thus, in nocturnal anuran species, visual signals may function primarily as an alerting component and multimodal signaling may be a relevant way of communication.
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Silva, Fernando Rodrigues da, Rodrigo Souza Santos, Maria Andréia Nunes i Denise de Cerqueira Rossa-Feres. "Anuran captured in pitfall traps in three agrossystem in Northwestern São Paulo State, Brazil". Biota Neotropica 9, nr 4 (grudzień 2009): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032009000400026.

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Although it is generally assumed that agriculture negatively influences amphibian populations, few studies on the effects of agricultural cultivations on neotropical anuran have been conducted. As a contribution to the knowledge about anuran in agriculture, the present study sought to identify the anuran species present in three different agrossystems. We used data from anurans captured in pitfall traps initially proposed for a survey of harvestmen fauna in three agrossystems (corn, soybean, and rubber tree). Four anuran species found in the pitfall traps belong to two Families: Leptodactylidae: Leptodactulus fuscus and L. mystacinus; and Leiuperidae: Eupemphix nattereri and Physalaemus cuvieri. In corn plantation, four species and 30 individuals were captured; in rubber trees, four species and 11 individuals; and in soybeans plantation, tree species and eight individuals. Our results show that anurans are present in agrossystems, mainly the generalist anuran species.
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Cabral Eterovick, Paula. "Distribution of anuran species among montane streams in south-eastern Brazil". Journal of Tropical Ecology 19, nr 3 (28.04.2003): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403003250.

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The composition of anuran assemblages was studied in 16 streams at the Serra do Cipó, south-eastern Brazil, in which 26 anuran species were found. Volume and isolation level of stream sections of 150 m were estimated; tadpoles, adult anurans, and potential tadpole predators were searched for over 16 consecutive months. Stream size, isolation, richness and diversity of tadpole predators, and some additional physical and biotic variables were measured and related to anuran species richness. Smaller streams tended to shelter more anuran species than larger ones, but neither stream size nor stream isolation explained variations in anuran species richness. Anuran species richness tended to increase with tadpole predator diversity. Tadpole species richness was influenced by predator species richness, and was highest when there were seven types of tadpole predators present. The distribution of few anuran species could be clearly related to particular physical and biotic variables. The behavioural flexibility of anurans and the similarity among streams may have contributed to this pattern.
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FORTI, LUCAS RODRIGUEZ, FÁBIO AUGUSTO MIGUEL MARTINS i JAIME BERTOLUCI. "Advertisement call and geographical variation in call features of Dendropsophus berthalutzae (Anura: Hylidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest of southeastern Brazil". Zootaxa 3310, nr 1 (11.05.2012): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3310.1.3.

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Acoustic signals are the main mode of communication in anurans (Duellman & Trueb 1994). Calls produced by anurans play an essential role during their reproduction (Wells 1977) and advertisement calls emitted by males are, in many cases, species-specific, representing an important character for species recognition (Abrunhosa et al. 2001; Forti et al. 2010). Thus, the formal description of advertisement calls is relevant for anuran taxonomy (Pombal Jr. et al. 1995).
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Anurans"

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Shilton, Catherine Margaret. "Corneal lipid deposition in anurans". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0020/NQ55639.pdf.

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Sheridan, Jennifer Ann. "Variation in Southeast Asian anurans". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3296894.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Apr. 7, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-138).
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Watters, Kayla Christine. "Community Structure and Epizootic Infection Prevalence of Northern Wisconsin Anurans". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1526041783398815.

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Simons, Verne F. H. "Morphological Correlates of Locomotion in Anurans: Limb Length, Pelvic Anatomy and Contact Structures". Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1212673879.

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Lillie, Mette Christine. "Major histocompatibility complex diversity in anurans". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14000.

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The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a large gene complex vital to the vertebrate immune response. The antigen-presenting molecules of the MHC class I and class II are involved in the immune surveillance of intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively. The regions of the MHC involved in peptide binding and presentation are often highly polymorphic and have high allelic variation within populations. High MHC diversity is theorised to provide immunogenetic competence to a population, and these genes have become a popular adaptive genetic marker in population studies, often with a conservation context. This thesis presents the characterisation of MHC diversity in two anuran species undergoing very different population histories: the cane toad (Rhinella marina), undergoing range expansions over the course of the Australian invasion; and the New Zealand endemic Hochstetter’s frog (Leiopelma hochstetteri), where populations are highly fragmented. In both cases, I investigate MHC diversity alongside neutral genetic diversity to infer the relative influences of neutral genetic forces, predominately drift, and selection in shaping allelic variation. This involved characterisation of the class I and class II in the cane toad, prior to completing a diversity study utilising genetic markers from both classes. I also characterised a class II beta gene in the Hochstetter’s frog to characterise diversity across 5 populations. The characterisation of the cane toad class I revealed a single classical locus, and an expansion of non-classical loci. This is similar to the class I organisation found in the model anuran, Xenopus laevis and across its subfamily Xenopodinae. The cane toad and X. laevis diverged around 230MYA. The characterisation of the cane toad class II revealed four class II alpha loci and three class II beta loci. It also revealed the expression of MHC class II splice isoforms at several alpha and beta genes. This is the first observation of alternative splicing in the MHC of any anuran species. The diversity of the classical class I (UA) and class II beta gene (DAB) was studied in the source of the Australian introduction (Hawaii), in a long-colonised site (Cairns) and a site on the invasion front (Timber Creek). I found that little diversity was lost as a result of the introduction and that Cairns was highly genetically representative of Hawaii. I found genetic drift acting at the invasion front, decaying genetic diversity at microsatellite markers and the UA locus in the dispersing cane toads. DAB diversity was maintained, however. Selection has retained all three DAB alleles across the toad invasion, likely mediated by pathogenic bacteria and parasites infecting the population. I found very high MHC class II DAB polymorphism in the Hochstetter’s frog across 5 sampled populations. Populations showed extreme differentiation; only two DAB alleles were shared by more than one population. Populations generally had high DAB diversity, except Otawa. The Otawa population had only two DAB alleles present. Combined with low microsatellite diversity, Otawa has likely undergone a recent decline, which has impacted genetic diversity. Low immunogenetic diversity in Otawa may predispose this population to a greater risk of extinction from emergent disease.
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Morrison, Fiona Clare. "Altitudinal Variation in the Life History of Anurans in Southeast Queensland". Thesis, Griffith University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366730.

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Global declines and disappearances of amphibians from high altitude, pristine habitats have been reported in recent years. To date the cause of many of these declines and/or disappearances has not been identified. Although it is well documented that life history characteristics of temperate amphibians are influenced by altitude (due to systematic variation of temperature with altitude), little work has been carried out on the effects of altitude on Australian anurans. This lack of ecological data is a major impediment to identifying the causal factors responsible for amphibian declines. Due to differences in life history characteristics, high altitude populations may be less resilient than their lowland counterparts and subsequently may be more vulnerable to extinction. Consequently, the main aim of this study was to determine whether altitude influenced life history characteristics and ultimately population resilience of anurans in the southeast Queensland region. Six anuran species; Litoria chloris, L. lesueuri, L. pearsoniana (Anura: Hylidae), Mixophyes fasciolatus, M. fleayi and M. iteratus (Anura: Myobatrachidae) were studied over three field seasons (1997-1999) in 18 sites of varying altitude (100-950m) in the southeast Queensland region. The life history characteristics examined were: activity and breeding season length, fecundity and egg size, number of clutches produced per season, tadpole growth and development rates, longevity, age at maturity, reproductive life span, average lifetime fecundity, survival and recapture rates. The data were collected using a combination of field-based surveys (body sizes, clutch sizes, and survival and recapture rates), museum specimen dissections (clutch and egg sizes), reciprocal transplant field experiments (tadpole growth and development rates) and skeletochronology (longevity, age at maturity, reproductive lifespan and average lifetime fecundity). On average, high altitude populations of all species had shorter breeding and activity seasons than low altitude populations (up to 10 weeks less in some cases). The magnitude of the difference in breeding season length varied among years depending on the average temperature and rainfall for the year; i.e. differences appeared greater in warmer and wetter years. Within a population males had longer breeding and activity seasons than females. Although breeding season length varied with altitude, the number of nights that individuals were active within the breeding season did not vary; i.e. low altitude populations were not active for more nights despite having a longer breeding season. This result was attributed to the absence of a relationship between individual activity and environmental variables (air temperature, rainfall, etc.) in many of the populations. Generally, intraspecific clutch size did not vary significantly with altitude. This result was due to the absence of a significant relationship between female body size and altitude (as clutch size is proportional to female body size). Egg size also did not vary with altitude however, suggesting egg size may be canalized (i.e. fixed) in these species. Results also suggest that females of these species only produce one clutch of eggs per season. Interspecific differences in reproductive characteristics largely reflected differences in reproductive mode, larval habitat and female body size. Altitude negatively influenced growth and development rates in L. chloris and development rates in L. pearsoniana. Tadpoles raised at high altitudes were also generally larger at each Gosner Development Stage in both species. The results of the reciprocal transplant experiments suggested that most of the variation in growth and development rates was due to environmental factors (water temperature) rather than genetic or maternal factors. Altitude or genetic factors did not significantly affect tadpole survival in either species. The results suggest that tadpoles occurring at high altitudes take longer to reach metamorphosis and do so at a larger size than their lowland counterparts. With the exception of L. lesueuri, skeletochronology was suitable for age estimation in the study species. Altitude had a significant effect on the age at maturity or longevity in some of the species, however there were trends toward older individuals and older ages at maturity in high altitude populations for the remaining species. Females were generally older than males for all species and in the case of longer-lived species (i.e. Mixophyes spp.) also tended to be older when breeding for the first time. The large overlap of body sizes of individuals of different ages demonstrates that body size is a poor indicator of age in these species. This is the first study to estimate average lifetime fecundity for more than one amphibian species and/or population. The results suggest that the absence of significant altitudinal variation in the average lifetime fecundity of different populations is due to tradeoffs made by females (current reproduction vs. survival). There was no significant altitudinal variation in annual survival and recapture rates in any of the species, and generally there was no difference in the survival and recapture rates of males and females in each population. Within a year, monthly survival and recapture rates were more variable at low than high altitudes and this was attributed to the longer breeding season of low altitude populations. The results did not support previous studies that suggested there was a size bias in survival and recapture rates. The shorter breeding seasons, slower growth and development rates, older age at maturity and greater longevity found in the high altitude study populations will result in increased generation time in those populations. In turn, increased generation time can cause high altitude populations to be less resilient (i.e. population takes longer to return to equilibrium after a disturbance away from equilibrium) (Pimm et al. 1988, Pimm 1991) and ultimately more vulnerable or prone to extinction or decline. The majority of unexplained global amphibian declines have occurred at high altitudes in tropical and subtropical areas. These latitudinal patterns may be explained by the narrow range of environmental tolerances exhibited by tropical organisms resulting in mountains being effectively “higher” in the tropics. Consequently, high altitude tropical species are likely to be even more vulnerable than temperate species occurring at similar altitudes. Further work on the effects of geographic variation, especially interactions between altitude and latitude are needed to evaluate the hypotheses for the causes of these declines and disappearances.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Oliveira, Thiago Alves Lopes de [UNESP]. "Anurofauna em uma área de ecótono entre Cerrado e Floresta Estacional: diversidade, distribuição e a influência de características ambientais". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87577.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Dois dos maiores desafios da ecologia de comunidades são encontrar padrões a respeito dos grupos de espécies que vivem em seus ambientes e entender os processos que produzem os padrões atuais. Nesse sentido, estudos que descrevam as comunidades biológicas, explorando os padrões de distribuição das espécies em diferentes escalas espaciais e temporais e que analisem o que poderia influenciar essa distribuição, são de grande interesse geral e nos fornecem importantes informações das espécies e habitats que conhecemos. Dessa forma, esse trabalho visa compreender a estrutura de uma comunidade de anfíbios anuros em uma área de ecótono entre cerrado e floresta estacional no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo (Estação Ecológica de Jataí – EEJ). Essas fisionomias no Estado de São Paulo sofreram intensamente a ação de fragmentação e perda de habitat, devido principalmente à urbanização, pecuária e cultivo de monoculturas como a cana-de-açúcar. A área de estudo é a maior unidade de conservação do bioma Cerrado no Estado de São Paulo e apresenta uma interessante área de estudo devido à configuração espacial da área, uma transição entre mosaico de fisionomias de Cerrado e Floresta Estacional. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever a diversidade da anurofauna terrícola e entender os padrões de distribuição de abundâncias das espécies e de coocorrência. Além desses objetivos, e devido ao viés encontrado na maioria dos trabalhos de ecologia de comunidades que avaliam a influência de descritores dos habitats aquáticos sobre a riqueza e abundância de anfíbios anuros, nosso trabalho também visa compreender os efeitos das características dos habitats terrestres sobre a abundância da anurofauna avaliando quais características do meio físico, como cobertura do dossel, porcentagem...
Two of the biggest challenges in community ecology are the capacity to find patterns in groups of species that live in their environment and to understand the processes that produce these patterns. Accordingly, studies describing the biological communities, exploring their species distribution patterns at different spatial and temporal scales and analyzing what factors influence the distribution of species, are of great interest and provide important information of the species and habitats that we know. Thus, this study aims to understand the structure of a community of frogs and toads in an area of ecotone between savanna and semideciduous forest in the northeastern of São Paulo state (Jataí Ecological Station - JEE). These physiognomies in the state of Sao Paulo suffered intense fragmentation and habitat loss, primarily due to urbanization, livestock and cultivation of monocultures as sugarcane. The study area are the largest protected area of Cerrado in São Paulo state, and presents an interesting area of study due to the spatial configuration of transition between a mosaic of Cerrado and a Floresta Estacional. The aim of this study was to describe the diversity of terrestrial frogs and toads and to understand the patterns of species abundance distributions and co-occurrence. Besides these goals, and due to the bias found in most studies of community ecology to assess the influence of descriptors of aquatic habitats on the richness and abundance of amphibians, our work also aims to understand the effects of the features of terrestrial habitats on the frog’s abundance examining which features of the physical environment, such as canopy cover, percent cover soil, distance from the nearest body of water, could better predict the abundance of anurans. For this purpose, we installed pitfall traps with drift fences... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Valdujo, Paula Hanna. "Diversidade e distribuição de anfíbios no Cerrado: o papel dos fatores históricos e dos gradientes ambientais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-13052011-153438/.

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A integração de fatores contemporâneos locais e procesos biogeográficos fornece uma visão ampla e promissora a respeito da diversidade de espécies e seus padrões de diversidade. Utilizando ferramentas recentes para análises espaciais, eu integro fatores históricos e contemporâneos para analisar a distribuição e beta diversidade espécies de anuros do Cerrado. Forneço informações atualizadas a respeito da composição e distribuição das espécies de anuros no Cerrado, com base em um extensivo levantamento em coleções zoológicas e estudos de campo. Analiso a distribuição e beta diversidade em um contexto histórico, enfocando as relações do Cerrado com seus domínios vizinhos, e suas condições ambientais. Registrei 204 espécies de anuros no Cerrado, das quais 50% são endêmicas. Espécies que ocorrem no Cerrado e mais um domínio apresentam alta estruturação espacial, na qual espécies amazônicas estão restritas à porção noroeste e as espécies atlânticas estão restritas à porção sudeste do Cerrado. Registrei espécies endêmicas em quase todas as localidades e em todas as regiões, enquanto espécies de distribuição restrita ocorrem apenas em regiões montanhosas no centro, sudeste e sudoeste do Cerrado. Gêneros originado na Mata Atlântica e Amazonia estão distribuídos em um padrão de \"tabuleiro de xadrez\" dentro do Cerrado, e co-ocorrem menos do que seria esperado ao acaso. Essa estruturação espacial no Cerrado é influenciada pela ação combinada das condições ambientais e restrições históricas: gêneros atlânticos estão predominantemente distribuídos em áreas de montanha, com baixa precipitação e próximas ao limite com a Mata Atlântica, enquanto gêneros amazônicos estão distribuídos em vales mais próximos ao limite com a amazônia. Da mesma forma, os padrões de beta diversidade no Cerrado parece estar fortemente influenciados pelos gradientes ambientais, uma vez que metade da dissimilaridade na composição de espécies entre taxocenoses foi explicada por estes preditores. Espécies endêmica responderam às condições ambientais regionais de forma mais intensa que todas as espécies em conjunto. A resposta das espécies endêmicas parece estar relacionada na similaridade do ambiente em que ocorrem em relação aos domínios vizinhos, uma vez que suas espécies-irmãs estão principalmente distribuídas por estas regiões. Meus resultados reforçam a importância de se considerar a história biogeográfica das linhagens nas análises dos padrões regionais de disversidade. Demonstro também que a heterogeneidade na distribuição das espécies de anuros pode ter uma base histórica, que interage com restrições atuais, como o clima, disponibilidade de habitat e interações ecológicas na montagem de comunidades.
Integrating local contemporary factors and biogeographic processes allows a promising and broad view on species diversity and distribution patterns. Building on the development of new tools for spatial analysis, I integrate historical and contemporary factors that may explain species distribution and beta diversity patterns of anuran amphibians in Brazilian Cerrado. Especifically, I update information about species composition and distribution of anurans in the Cerrado, based on an extensive search in zoological collections and fieldwork. I analyze distribution and beta diversity in a historical framework, focusing on the relationship of the Cerrado with its adjoining domains, and its environmental conditions. I found 204 anuran species occurring within the Cerrado, from which 50% are endemics. Species occurring in the Cerrado and one more domain present a highly structured spatial pattern, in which Amazonian species are restricted to the northwestern part of the Cerrado and Atlantic species are restricted to the southeastern part. I found Cerrado endemics in most of the localities, in all regions, whereas narrow endemics are restricted to mountain ranges in central, southeastern, and southwestern Cerrado. Cerrado anuran genera originated in Atlantic Forest and Amazon are distributed in a checkerboard pattern, and co-occur less than it would be expected by chance. This spatial structure within the Cerrado is influenced by the interplay of environmental conditions and historical constrains: Atlantic genera are mostly distributed in mountainous and upland areas, with low precipitation and closer to the boundaries of Atlantic Forest, whereas Amazonian genera are distributed in valleys closer to the boundaries of the Amazon. Similarly, patterns of beta diversity in the Brazilian Cerrado appear to be strongly influenced by the environmental gradients, since half of the dissimilarity in species composition was explained by these predictors. Endemic species responded to regional environmental conditions stronger than all species. Endemics may be responding to environment based on how similar they are to the conditions of adjoining phytogeographical domains, since their sister-species are mostly distributed in these regions. My results reinforce the importance of taking biogeographical history into account when analyzing spatial patterns of species diversity at a regional scale. I also show that the heterogeneity in anuran distribution in the Cerrado may have a historical basis, which interacts with present-day constraints, such as climate, habitat availability and ecological interactions, to shape local and regional assemblages.
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Aguiar, Aline. "Metazoários endoparasitas de anuros em uma área de transição entre Cerrado e Mata Atlântica composição, estrutura e variáveis relacionadas /". Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151833.

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Orientador: Reinaldo José da Silva
Resumo: Este estudo primeiramente investigou e descreveu a diversidade de parasitas metazoários associados a 26 espécies de anuros em uma região de transição entre Mata Atlântica e Cerrado no noroeste paulista, Brasil. Em seguida, procuramos analisar os padrões de agregação e distribuição das populações parasitárias nas diferentes espécies de hospedeiros bem como a estrutura e composição da comunidade componente. Também foram reportados novos registros de ocorrência em anuros do Brasil e considerações taxonômicas para algumas espécies de helmintos. As 26 espécies de anuros apresentaram um total de 40 taxa de parasitas metazoários: Aplectana hylambatis, Aplectana membranosa, Brevimulticaecum sp. (larva), Cosmocerca cf. chilensis, Cosmocerca parva, Cosmocerca podicipinus, Cosmocercidae gen. sp., Falcaustra mascula, Ochoterenella digiticauda, Ochoterenella sp., Oswaldocruzia mazzai, Oxyascaris caudacutus, Oxyascaris sp., Parapharyngodon cf. alvarengai, Physaloptera sp. (larva), Raillietnema minor, Raillietnema sp., Rhabdias sp.1, Rhabdias sp.2, Rhabdias sp.3, Schrankiana formosula, Spiroxys sp. (larva) (Nematoda), Centrorhynchidae gen. sp. (cisto), Cistacanto não identificado (Acanthocephala), Cylindrotaenia americana (Cestoda), Brachycoelium salamandrae, Bursotrema sp. (metacercária), Catadiscus marinholutzi, Catadiscus propinquus, Catadiscus sp., Clinostomum sp., Gorgoderina diaster, Gorgoderina sp., Heterodiplostomum sp. (metacercária), Lophosicyadiplostomum sp. (metacercária), metac... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In the present study, we firstly investigated and described the diversity of metazoan parasites associated with 26 anuran species from a transitional area between Mata Atlântica and Cerrado in Northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil. Thereafter, we searched for aggregation and distribution patterns of parasite populations from different host species as well as the structure and composition of component communities. Also, we reported new records of occurrence in Brazilian anurans and taxonomic considerations for some parasite species. The 26 anuran species presented a total of 40 metazoan parasite taxa: Aplectana hylambatis, Aplectana membranosa, Brevimulticaecum sp. (larvae), Cosmocerca cf. chilensis, Cosmocerca parva, Cosmocerca podicipinus, Cosmocercidae gen. sp., Falcaustra mascula, Ochoterenella digiticauda, Ochoterenella sp., Oswaldocruzia mazzai, Oxyascaris caudacutus, Oxyascaris sp., Parapharyngodon cf. alvarengai, Physaloptera sp. (larvae), Raillietnema minor, Raillietnema sp., Rhabdias sp.1, Rhabdias sp.2, Rhabdias sp.3, Schrankiana formosula, Spiroxys sp. (larvae) (Nematoda), Centrorhynchidae gen. sp. (cyst), Unidentified cystacanth (Acanthocephala), Cylindrotaenia americana (Cestoda), Brachycoelium salamandrae, Bursotrema sp. (metacercariae), Catadiscus marinholutzi, Catadiscus propinquus, Catadiscus sp., Clinostomum sp., Gorgoderina diaster, Gorgoderina sp., Heterodiplostomum sp. (metacercariae), Lophosicyadiplostomum sp. (metacercariae), Unidentified metacercariae, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Willens, Scott. "Effects of percutaneous malathion absorption in anurans". NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11022005-110637/.

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The objective of this research was to characterize the percutaneous absorption of the organophosphorous pesticide, malathion, across the skin of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and marine toads (Bufo marinus) using in vitro models. An established mammalian model for percutaneous absorption, the two-compartment Teflon flow-through diffusion cell assay, was adapted to anuran skin to examine species and anatomical site differences in absorption and partitioning of C14-radiolabeled malathion. Malathion absorption was greater across the ventral skin compared to dorsal skin in both bullfrogs and marine toads but did not differ significantly between species. The issue of short-term storage and viability of anuran skin for diffusion cells was examined using glycerol preservation and cryopreservation techniques. Bullfrog skin viability was retained for 28 days, while marine toad skin viability significantly decreased after 7-10 days. A novel in vitro model, the harvested perfused anuran limb (HPAPL) preparation, which maintained an intact microvasculature to the skin, was developed. The HPAPL represented an improvement over diffusion cells by retaining the anatomic and physiologic integrity of the skin. Doppler ultrasound was used to determine the perfusion rate for the HPAPL by measuring the physiologic blood flow of the pelvic limb in vivo. In addition to the characterization of the percutaneous absorption of malation in anurans, effects of sublethal doses on brain acetyl cholinesterase activity in bullfrogs and marine toads, were examined using a modified Ellman spectrophotometric technique. Sensitivity to environmental toxins make anurans potentially important animal models for studying the impacts of organophosphorous insecticide contamination of the environment.
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Książki na temat "Anurans"

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Hagman, Mattias. Control methods for unwanted anurans. New York: Novinka/Nova Science, 2011.

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Vasconcelos, Tiago S., Fernando R. da Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Vitor H. M. Prado i Diogo B. Provete. Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26296-9.

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Haddad, Célio F. B. Anfíbios da Mata Atlântica: Guia dos anfíbios anuros da Mata Atlântica = guide for the Atlantic forest anurans. São Paulo, SP: Editora Neotropica, 2008.

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Haddad, Célio F. B. Anfíbios da Mata Atlântica: Guia dos anfíbios anuros da Mata Atlântica = guide for the Atlantic forest anurans. São Paulo, SP: Editora Neotropica, 2008.

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Kalavati, C. Studies on the endocommensal ciliates of anurans of Andhra Pradesh. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India, 1991.

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Wilson, Larry David. Preliminary key to the known tadpoles of Anurans from Honduras. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1993.

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1925-, Huber Franz, red. Acoustic communication in insects and anurans: Common problems and diverse solutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

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Uetanabaro, Masao. Guia de campo dos anuros do Pantanal e planaltos de entorno: Field guide to the anurans of the Pantanal and surrounding cerrados. Campo Grande, MS: Editora UFMS, 2008.

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Majumdar, Samaresh. Anurag. Calcutta: Mitra of Ghosh, 1987.

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Agrawal, Rajendra. Anurag. (s.l.): (s.n.), 1991.

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Części książek na temat "Anurans"

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ten Donkelaar, H. J. "Anurans". W The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates, 1151–314. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18262-4_19.

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Bee, Mark A. "Social Recognition in Anurans". W Psychological Mechanisms in Animal Communication, 169–221. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48690-1_7.

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Vasconcelos, Tiago S., Fernando R. da Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Vitor H. M. Prado i Diogo B. Provete. "Biogeographic Regionalization of South American Anurans". W Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans, 125–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26296-9_6.

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Vasconcelos, Tiago S., Fernando R. da Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Vitor H. M. Prado i Diogo B. Provete. "An Introduction to the Biogeography of South American Anurans". W Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26296-9_1.

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Vasconcelos, Tiago S., Fernando R. da Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Vitor H. M. Prado i Diogo B. Provete. "South American Anurans: Species Diversity and Description Trends Through Time and Space". W Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans, 9–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26296-9_2.

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Vasconcelos, Tiago S., Fernando R. da Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Vitor H. M. Prado i Diogo B. Provete. "Patterns of Species Richness, Range Size, and Their Environmental Correlates for South American Anurans". W Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans, 85–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26296-9_3.

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Vasconcelos, Tiago S., Fernando R. da Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Vitor H. M. Prado i Diogo B. Provete. "Spatial Distribution of Phylogenetic Diversity of South American Anurans". W Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans, 99–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26296-9_4.

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Vasconcelos, Tiago S., Fernando R. da Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Vitor H. M. Prado i Diogo B. Provete. "Geographical Patterns of Functional Diversity of South American Anurans". W Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans, 107–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26296-9_5.

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Vasconcelos, Tiago S., Fernando R. da Silva, Tiago G. dos Santos, Vitor H. M. Prado i Diogo B. Provete. "Spatial Conservation Prioritization for the Anuran Fauna of South America". W Biogeographic Patterns of South American Anurans, 137–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26296-9_7.

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Capranica, Robert R., Gary J. Rose i Eliot A. Brenowitz. "Time Resolution in the Auditory Systems of Anurans". W Proceedings in Life Sciences, 58–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70622-6_4.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Anurans"

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Jie Xie, Michael Towsey, Anthony Truskinger, Philip Eichinski, Jinglan Zhang i Paul Roe. "Acoustic classification of Australian anurans using syllable features". W 2015 IEEE Tenth International Conference on Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and Information Processing (ISSNIP). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issnip.2015.7106924.

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MAYARA LISBOA, JESSIKA, SHIRLEI MARIA RECCO PIMENTEL i DANIEL PACHECO BRUSCHI. "Chromosomal analysis of two anurans species of the genus Pithecopus (Hylidae, Phyllomedusinae)". W XXIV Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UNICAMP - 2016. Campinas - SP, Brazil: Galoa, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2016-50638.

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Vaca-Castano, Gonzalo, i Domingo Rodriguez. "Using syllabic Mel cepstrum features and k-nearest neighbors to identify anurans and birds species". W 2010 IEEE Workshop On Signal Processing Systems (SiPS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sips.2010.5624892.

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Russo, Felipo Giovani Feitosa, i LEONARDO DE AZEVEDO CALDERÓN. "MINI REVISÃO DOS AVANÇOS DAS PATENTES ORIUNDOS DE ANUROS NO MUNDO E NO BRASIL NOS ÚLTIMOS 10 ANOS". W II Congresso Brasileiro de Biodiversidade Virtual. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e meio ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/ii-conbiv/7116.

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Introdução: Os Anuros são uma ordem de vertebrados dotados de uma pele úmida que apresenta função de respiração, reprodução e defesa, sendo esta última a de maior relevância para os estudos de prospecção de novas drogas, pois a pele possui glândulas que secretam substâncias com diversas atividades biológicas. A partir dos estudos do italiano Vittorio Erspamer nos anos 60, foram extraídas e elucidadas diversas substâncias bioativas em especial moléculas e peptídeos bioativos, os quais apresentam ação antibacteriana, anticancerígena, antifúngica, neuromoduladores, antiprotozoários, ativadores da síntese do oxido nítrico etc. Assim, diversos projetos visando o desenvolvimento de produtos inovadores inspirados nestas moléculas. Objetivo: Neste resumo, busca-se avaliar a produção de patentes inspiradas em bioativos da pele de anuros nos últimos dez anos, realizando uma minuciosa busca na literatura a qual foi empregada a utilização da a ferramenta de busca Google Patentes, plataforma que relaciona dezessete escritórios de patentes das principais economias do mundo, estando entre tais escritórios o do Brasil, China, Estados unidos, Europa, Japão. Material e métodos: Foram utilizados os seguintes parâmetros de busca: a) definição do tema (patentes que envolviam anuros); b) escolha das palavras chaves (anura, frog, peptide, bioactive, secretion, skin); c) período das publicações (04/04/2012 a 04/04/2022); d) identificação patentes. Resultados: A busca apontou 898 patentes neste período, no entanto, apenas vinte e cinco patentes foram referentes a peptídeos. O país que mais se destacou nesta área foi a China com doze patentes. O Brasil, país que possui a maior diversidade de espécies de anuros do mundo, possuindo 1140 espécies já descritas, ficou entre os que menos geram patentes neste campo apresentando duas patentes, estando no mesmo patamar de Canada (2), Estados Unidos (2) e Japão (2). Conclusão: Este resultado está muito além do seu potencial proporcionalmente ao tamanho de sua biodiversidade. Logrando nos últimos dez anos apenas duas patentes com o número BR 102018014071-0A2 e BR 102018014079-5 A2, peptídeos de anuros, sendo estas depositadas em conjunto pelas universidades Federais do Mato Grosso, São João del Rei e Piauí.
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Strout, Julia, Bryce Rogan, S. M. Mahdi Seyednezhad, Katrina Smart, Mark Bush i Eraldo Ribeiro. "Anuran call classification with deep learning". W 2017 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2017.7952639.

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Singh, Dalwinder, i Birmohan Singh. "Feature Weighting for Improved Classification of Anuran Calls". W 2018 First International Conference on Secure Cyber Computing and Communication (ICSCCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsccc.2018.8703371.

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Colonna, Juan, Tanel Peet, Carlos Abreu Ferreira, Alípio M. Jorge, Elsa Ferreira Gomes i João Gama. "Automatic Classification of Anuran Sounds Using Convolutional Neural Networks". W the Ninth International C* Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2948992.2949016.

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Colonna, Juan G., Marco Cristo i Eduardo F. Nakamura. "A Distributed Approach for Classifying Anuran Species Based on Their Calls". W 2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2014.223.

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Fu, Haoyi, Zicheng Cao, Mingyuan Li, Xinnan Xia i Shunfang Wang. "Prediction of Anuran Antimicrobial Peptides Using AdaBoost and Improved PSSM Profiles". W BIBE2020: The Fourth International Conference on Biological Information and Biomedical Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3403782.3403807.

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Narins, Peter. "Behavioral responses of anuran amphibians to biotic, synthetic and anthropogenic noise". W ICA 2013 Montreal. ASA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4799419.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Anurans"

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Kimmel, Peter. The significance of hypovolemia in dehydrational death in anurans. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5315.

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Zygmunt, Andrew. Effects of dehydration on hemoglobin oxygen affinity and blood cell volume in two anurans. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5304.

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Landrey, Scott. Anuran activity energetics. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3168.

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Carey, Marc. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in anuran amphibians. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6151.

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Wilde, Justin W., Scott J. Johnson i Cole T. Lindsey. Hanford Site Anuran Monitoring Report for Calendar Year 2013. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1123693.

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Wolff, Patrick, Brett DeGregorio i Aaron Rice. Demonstration of subsurface passive acoustic monitoring (SPAM) to survey for and estimate populations of imperiled underwater-calling frogs. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42386.

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The management and recovery of threatened and endangered amphibians on Department of Defense (DoD) lands relies on an understanding of their distribution and abundance. Fortunately, most anuran species can be surveyed acoustically using vocalizations during the breeding season. This work demonstrated the use of subsurface passive acoustic monitoring (SPAM) to survey for rare underwater-calling, at-risk anuran species on DoD installations. We evaluated the performance of SPAM relative to traditional passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) (microphone) and human manual calling survey (MCS) methods. Results showed that SPAM outperformed PAM and MCS in validation experiments where calls were generated underwater; SPAM was less successful than PAM and MCS in the field demonstration. Most leopard frog calls were apparently produced in air despite previous reports of extensive underwater-calling behavior. This project highlights how acoustic information can help address a data gap in the ecology of at-risk species, which can help refine future survey methodology and management efforts. Ultimately, the utility of SPAM for underwater-calling species will depend on the focal species, the landscape where it occurs, and technological considerations available to the surveyor. SPAM is more expensive than traditional methods but, in some situations, may be the only way to effectively detect species.
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Solberg, Thomas. Aspects of anuran metabolism : effects of chronic hypoxia on maximal oxygen uptake rates and the fate of lactic acid. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3215.

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Brown, Michael. Effect of Ototoxic Drugs on the Amphibian Auditory System: Injection of Gentamicin Sulfate into Anuran Otic Capsules and Recovery of Thresholds. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6734.

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Брошко, Євгеній Олегович. Variability of Structural and Biomechanical Prameters of Pelophylax esculentus (Amphibia, Anura) Limb Bones. Vestnik zoologii, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1529.

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Structural and biomechanical parameters of Edible Frog, Pelophylax esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758), limb bones, namely, mass, linear dimensions, parameters of the shaft ’s cross-sectional shape (cross-sectional area, moments of inertia, radiuses of inertia) were investigated. Some coeffi cients were also estimated: diameters ratio (df/ds), cross-sectional index (ik), principal moments of inertia ratio (Imax/Imin). Coeffi cients of variation of linear dimensions (11.9–20.0 %) and relative bone mass (22–35 %) were established. Moments of inertia of various bones are more variable (CV = 41.67–56.35 %) in relation to radii of inertia (CV = 9.68–14.67 %). Shaft ’s cross-sectional shape is invariable in all cases. However, there is high individual variability of structural and biomechanical parameters of P. esculentus limb bones. Variability of parameters was limited by the certain range.We suggest the presence of stable norm in bone structure. Stylopodium bones have the primary biomechanical function among the elements of limb skeleton, because their parameters most clearly responsiveto changes in body mass.
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Kudin, Roman, Prabhat Chand i Anura Bakmeedeniya. Mitigating Nitrogen Oxides Exhaust Emissions from Petrol Vehicles by Application of a Fuel Additive. Unitec ePress, sierpień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/rsrp.083.

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This research has been commissioned by Eco Fuel Global Limited, a New Zealand-based company, to further evaluate the effects of their fuel-additive product on the tailpipe exhaust emissions of petrol cars. At the time this research was conducted (end of 2018), the product was still in development and had not been released to the market. Prior to the testing in this research, an initial pilot test was done for the same product on a single car (Nissan Pulsar 1998), which showed favourable results, with a reduction in hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen at the tailpipe by more than 70%. The current research included five test cars, all running on RON 95 fuel, with the years of manufacture ranging between 1994 and 2006, and the odometer readings between 112,004 km and 264,001 km. The effects of the fuel-additive product were assessed by comparing the emissions from a car running on standard fuel with the emissions from the same car after it completed a road run (250±20 km) on the additive-treated fuel. The exhaust emissions were measured using the AVL series 4000 Emission Tester, which analyses five components: carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), hydrocarbons (HC) and oxygen (O2). The most noticeable outcome of using the fuel-additive product was the reduction in the concentration of oxides of nitrogen in the tailpipe exhaust (by up to 27.7%), when compared with the same cars running on standard fuel. In addition, the results showed a decrease in residual oxygen concentration, which normally indicates more complete utilisation of O2 as an oxidising agent. Mitigating Nitrogen Oxides Exhaust Emissions from Petrol Vehicles by Application of a Fuel Additive Dr Roman Kudin, Prabhat Chand and Anura Bakmeedeniya 2 The changes for other emission parameters were either relatively small (below 1%) or were not statistically significant. The application of such fuel-additive products could be beneficial for mitigating nitrogen oxides exhaust emissions from petrol vehicles in countries with ageing car fleets. These include New Zealand, which has a relatively high proportion of old cars in use, with no government-run scrappage scheme, and without a mandatory objective emissions testing.
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