Artykuły w czasopismach: „Antibiotics”

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Hochvaldová, Lucie, Renata Večeřová, Milan Kolář, Robert Prucek, Libor Kvítek, Lubomír Lapčík i Aleš Panáček. "Antibacterial nanomaterials: Upcoming hope to overcome antibiotic resistance crisis". Nanotechnology Reviews 11, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 1115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0059.

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Abstract When combined with nanomaterials, antibiotics show antibacterial activity against susceptible and resistant bacterial strains at significantly lower concentrations. Unfortunately, to date, no research study has examined the effect of the antibiotic mode of action and mechanism of bacterial resistance on the effectiveness of combined antibacterial treatment with nanomaterials. Therefore, in this review, we performed a thorough analysis and critical evaluation of previously published data related to the combined antibacterial effect of antibiotics with nanostructured materials with a targeted focus on relationships between antibiotic’s modes of action and bacterial resistance mechanisms for relevant nanomaterials and their impact on the resulting synergistic effects. Following thorough data analysis and critical discussion, we have discovered and are the first who present that antibiotic’s mode of action and bacterial resistance mechanism determine the final effectiveness of combined antibacterial treatment with nanomaterials. We therefore conclude that only certain combinations of nanomaterials with antibiotics can lead to the enhancement and restoration of the antibacterial effectiveness of antibiotics against certain resistant bacteria. Moreover, the recently occurring development of bacterial resistance towards nanomaterials is also discussed together with a possibility of how to prevent it. All discovered findings provide a new view and perspective on this issue helping to navigate further approaches to combat the antibiotic crisis.

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Sembiring, Pintata, Masria Sianipar, Sri Sudewi Pratiwi Sitio, Yunita Syahputri Damanik i Efrata Sembiring. "EDUKASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK PADA SISWA/SISWI SMA NEGERI 1 STM HILIR, JLN. PENDIDIKAN DUSUN I TALUN KENAS, KEC. SINEMBAH TANJUNG MUDA HILIR, KAB. DELI SERDANG, SUMATERA UTARA". Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Putri Hijau 3, nr 3 (2.07.2023): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36656/jpmph.v3i3.1342.

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Overuse of antibiotics has the potentiall for irrational use. This is one of the factorss that cause resistances. WHO in the field of antimicrobial resistance:According to the Global Surveillance Report, Southeast Asia has the highest level of antimicrobial resistance in the world, especially against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Ministry of Health, 2015). Results of the AMRIN (Antimicrobial Resistance in Indonesia) study conducted from 2000 to 2005 showed that approximately 43% of E. coli are resistant to various types of antibiotics, including: ampicillin (34%), co-trimoxazole (29%), chloramphenicol (25%) (Minister of Health of the Republic, 2015). Irrational use is a major factor in high antibiotic resistance rates. Lack off publicc knowledges about antibiotics can affect attitudes and healths behaviorss, including irrationall use of antibiotics. Knowledge plays an important rolee in shaping beliefs and attitudess about certain behaviors, such as behavior when taking antibioticss. Education level is thought to have a significant impact on this behavior (Ivoryanto, 2017). Keywords : antibiotics, resistance, student

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Sterling, Stephanie, Arnold Decano i Evelyn Fabian. "1098. Perioperative Antibiotic Stewardship for Interventional Radiology Cases Improves Antibiotic Decision-Making". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (październik 2019): S390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.962.

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Abstract Background Appropriate periprocedural antibiotic prophylaxis is critical to optimize in order to reduce excessive antibiotics exposure for patients and to minimize the risk for procedure-related infection. Wrong antibiotic or excess antibiotics increase the risk for development of antimicrobial resistance, Clostridium difficile infection, adverse side effects. Incorrect or missed antibiotic can put the patient at risk for an infection. Methods Interventions included education of vascular and interventional radiology (IR) consult RN and physicians regarding updated institutional antimicrobial prophylaxis guidelines for vascular and IR procedures, creation of a consulting template that incorporated ongoing antibiotics. Review of recent cultures was incorporated into workflow and consult evaluation. Handoff between the IR RN and IR attendings was expanded to include a review of antimicrobials. Results All IR cases were reviewed for antibiotic administration for 3 months pre- and post-intervention. In the pre-intervention timeframe, 23 of 290 procedures (7.9%) were associated with inappropriate antibiotic administration, further delineated as 6 cases where no antibiotics were given, 7 cases of inappropriate antibiotics administered, and 10 cases where extraneous antibiotics were administered. Of the 39 total procedures where antibiotics were indicated, 17 (43.6%) were associated with antibiotic errors. In the post-intervention period, only 9 of 309 total procedures (10.3%) were associated with inappropriate antibiotic administration: missed antibiotics in 3 cases, inappropriate antibiotics in 4 cases, and unnecessary antibiotics in 2 cases. Of the 32 cases where antibiotics were indicated, only 7 (21.9%) were associated with antibiotic errors. Conclusion Incorporating current antibiotics and review of culture data in a preoperative review and template for patients who need a surgical procedure helps guide appropriate antibiotic decision-making and greatly decreases administration of unnecessary antibiotics. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Danielewski, Maciej, Dorota Ksiądzyna i Adam Szeląg. "NON-ANTIBIOTIC USE OF ANTIBIOTICS". Postępy Mikrobiologii - Advancements of Microbiology 57, nr 4 (2019): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/pm-2018.57.4.301.

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Simonson, William. "Antibiotic stewardship: Revisiting quinolone antibiotics". Geriatric Nursing 38, nr 2 (marzec 2017): 152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2017.03.008.

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Heinemann, Jack A. "How antibiotics cause antibiotic resistance". Drug Discovery Today 4, nr 2 (luty 1999): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(98)01294-x.

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Heinemann, Jack A., Robert G. Ankenbauer i Carlos F. Amábile-Cuevas. "Do antibiotics maintain antibiotic resistance?" Drug Discovery Today 5, nr 5 (maj 2000): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01483-5.

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Patel, Payal K., Naoyuki Satoh, Masashi Narita, Yoshiaki Cho, Yusuke Oshiro, Tomoharu Suzuki, Karen E. Fowler, M. Todd Greene, Yasuharu Tokuda i Keith S. Kaye. "172. Inpatient Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns Using the WHO Access Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) Classification in Okinawa, Japan: A Point Prevalence Survey". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (1.11.2021): S195—S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.374.

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Abstract Background Few studies have been done on inpatient antibiotic use in Japan and antibiotic stewardship programs with dedicated full-time equivalents are rare. We sought to better understand inpatient antibiotic use in Okinawa, Japan. We applied the World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) Classification to compare our findings to international literature. Access antibiotics are common front-line antibiotics, Watch antibiotics are high-priority antibiotics with toxicity or resistance concerns, and Reserve antibiotics are last-line treatments for multi-drug resistant infections. Methods A point prevalence study was conducted in five hospitals in Okinawa, Japan on Oct 1, 2020. Physicians conducted chart reviews of all patients receiving intravenous antibiotics. Type of antibiotic, reason for use, duration, and microbiologic data was collected. The primary aim was to evaluate the proportion of patients who received antibiotics on the assessment date; secondary aims were to categorize antibiotics according to indication, class and AWaRe classification. Descriptive statistics were used to derive the distribution of AWaRe Classifications and drug class. Results 1,728 unique patients were included and 504 (29%) received ≥1 antibiotic on the assessment date. A total of 559 antibiotics were used for 504 patients and 22.0% (n=123) were for prophylaxis. Of those receiving antibiotics for treatment (N=436), 385 (88.3%) patients had a documented infection source. The most common indications for antibiotic use were pneumonia (24.2% n=93), urinary tract infection (19.7% n=76), and intraabdominal (17.9% n=69). Overall, 43.1% (n=241) of the antibiotics were categorized Access and 54.4% (n=304) Watch [Figure 1]. Cephalosporins were the most common antibiotic class (56% n=313), followed by β-lactam inhibitors (18% n=106) and narrow penicillins (8.2% n=46) [Figure 2]. Conclusion 29% of inpatients in these 5 Okinawan hospitals were prescribed an antibiotic on the survey date. A majority of antibiotics used fall under the WHO AWaRe Watch classification which are antibiotics that may be more likely to cause resistance. Understanding appropriateness of antibiotics used in this population could inform antibiotic stewardship strategies and reduce antibiotic resistance. Figure 1. Antibiotic Distribution According to World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) Classification Figure 2. Antibiotic Distribution by Class in Okinawan Hospitals Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Miller, Benjamin, Kathryn Carson, Sujay Pathak i Sara C. Keller. "1978. Statements about Antibiotic Side-Effects and Patient Desire for Unnecessary Antibiotics". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (październik 2019): S662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1658.

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Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency fueled in part by non-indicated use of antibiotics. Current public education campaigns primarily focus on the risks of global antibiotic resistance or society-wide adverse impacts of antibiotic misuse. There has been little research into what messages have the greatest impact on patient requests for non-indicated antibiotics. Methods We administered a survey at a primary care clinic in August 2018. Participants rated 18 statements about potential harm from antibiotics on how that statement changed their likelihood to request antibiotics for an upper respiratory tract infection (URI) on an 11-point Likert scale. These included 8 statements about potential harm to the individual, 4 statements about potential harm to contacts of the individual, and 6 statements about resistance or the societal impact of antibiotic misuse. Before and after the survey, participants rated how likely they were to request antibiotics for a URI. Results Of 1150 adult patients in clinic over the 6 days of the survey, 250 completed the survey. Statements about potential harm to the individual decreased patient likelihood to request antibiotics more than statements about societal impacts of antibiotic misuse. (P < 0.001). Statements about potential harm to contacts of the patient also decreased patient likelihood to request antibiotics more than statements about resistance or societal impacts of antibiotic misuse (P < 0.001). Statements discussing antibiotic resistance were less likely to impact patient likelihood to request antibiotics than statements not mentioning antibiotic resistance (P < 0.001). All statements decreased patient likelihood to request antibiotics. Overall likelihood to request antibiotics decreased after the survey (from 5.3 pre- to 3.1 post-survey, P < 0.001). Conclusion Statements about how potential harm of antibiotics to the individual had a greater impact than statements about resistance or societal impact of antibiotics. Our results suggest that when dissuading patients from requesting non-indicated antibiotics, providers and public health campaigns focus on the potential harm of antibiotics to the individual patient rather than on antibiotic resistance or societal impacts. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Ahmed, Iftekhar, Md Bodiuzzaman Rabbi, Marufa Rahman, Rehnuma Tanjin, Sharmin Jahan, Md Abu Adnan Khan i Sakina Sultana. "Knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic usage behavior among the people of Dhaka, Bangladesh". Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 6, nr 3 (17.10.2020): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i3.49803.

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Bangladesh is a developing country with a very high prevalence of antibiotic resistance where irrational use of antibiotics is very common. This cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic usage behavior (Antibiotic use, self-medication, adherence to therapy) among the people of Bangladesh. The association between participants’ knowledge of antibiotics and their antibiotic usage behavior was also analyzed. A cross-sectional survey based on a structured questionnaire was conducted in the Dhaka district. The questionnaire included questions about demographic information, participants’ knowledge of antibiotics, and their recent antibiotic usage. The data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. Very few participants knew that antibiotics are not effective against most common colds (16.8%), viruses (22.5%), and pains (41.7%). Most respondents (>75%) knew that excessive use of antibiotics and failing to complete a course may render antibiotics less effective in the future. However, only 56.1% were aware of antibiotic resistance. About half (46.6%) of the participants took antibiotics in the last six months, 20.5% of whom resorted to self-medication and 23.1% reported non-adherence to therapy. Greater knowledge of antibiotics was significantly associated with lower rates of self-medication (p=0.037). Misconceptions about antibiotics and antibiotic misuse are very common in Bangladesh. The findings suggest that misconceptions about antibiotics and antibiotic misuse are very common in Bangladesh. To mitigate these problems, interventions comprised of educational campaigns and redesigning of the healthcare system and policies should be undertaken. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2020, 6(3): 519-524

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Dantuluri, Keerti L., Kemberlee R. Bonnet, David G. Schlundt, Rebecca J. Schulte, Hannah G. Griffith, Alexandria Luu, Cara Charnogursky i in. "Antibiotic perceptions, adherence, and disposal practices among parents of pediatric patients". PLOS ONE 18, nr 2 (9.02.2023): e0281660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281660.

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Antibiotics are frequently prescribed for children in the outpatient setting. Although sometimes necessary, antibiotic use is associated with important downstream effects including the development of antimicrobial resistance among human and environmental microorganisms. Current outpatient stewardship efforts focus on guiding appropriate antibiotic prescribing practices among providers, but little is known about parents’ understanding of antibiotics and appropriate disposal of leftover antibiotics. To help bridge this gap, we conducted a qualitative study to assess parental understanding of their children’s antibiotics, their adherence to antibiotic instructions, and their disposal practices. We conducted a semi-structured interview with parents of 13 children diagnosed with acute respiratory illnesses and prescribed antibiotics in an urban outpatient clinic. We found that parents had limited understanding of how antibiotics work. Although they received instructions about antibiotic use during the healthcare visit, adherence to the prescription and appropriate disposal of antibiotics was suboptimal. Limited baseline understanding of antibiotics, their prior experiences with antibiotics, perceptions about their social networks’ antibiotic use, and information provided to them by healthcare providers may influence these behaviors. Our findings can inform educational efforts of outpatient stewardship programs to help optimize parental understanding of how to use and dispose of their children’s antibiotics.

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Kong, Lai San, Farida Islahudin, Leelavathi Muthupalaniappen i Wei Wen Chong. "Knowledge and Expectations on Antibiotic Use among Older Adults in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Survey". Geriatrics 4, nr 4 (25.10.2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics4040061.

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Antibiotics are commonly prescribed among older adults, and inappropriate use of antibiotics has been noted. However, there is limited information about their knowledge and expectations for antibiotics. This study aimed to assess older adults’ knowledge of antibiotic use and resistance, their expectations for antibiotics and the relationship between knowledge, expectation and inappropriate practices related to antibiotic use. A cross-sectional survey involving respondents aged 60 years and above was conducted, using a validated questionnaire. A lack of knowledge about the role of antibiotics was observed, whereby more than half of the respondents incorrectly believed that antibiotics can treat viral infections (53.5%) and colds and coughs (53.7%). Also, 67.9% of respondents incorrectly believed that antibiotic resistance occurs when the body becomes resistant to antibiotics. Almost half of the respondents would expect antibiotics for symptoms of self-limiting viral infections. Respondents who answered correctly for the role of antibiotics in viral infections were more likely not to expect antibiotics for cold, flu and cough (p < 0.001). Respondents who answered correctly regarding the need to adhere to antibiotics were more likely to have completed their antibiotic course (p < 0.001). Future educational initiatives should provide key information on the role of antibiotics and the importance of complying with antibiotics in this population.

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Bianco, Aida, Francesca Licata, Rossella Zucco, Rosa Papadopoli i Maria Pavia. "Knowledge and practices regarding antibiotics use". Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2020, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoaa028.

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Abstract Background and objectives This study aimed to assess the knowledge on antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the antibiotic use among the general public in Southern Italy and to analyze whether sociodemographic characteristics could be associated with poor knowledge and improper practices. Methodology From March to November 2019, a face-to-face interview was conducted with adult subjects attending the waiting room of 27 randomly selected general practitioners (GPs) in Southern Italy. The questionnaire covered sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge on antibiotics and AMR and practices regarding the consumption of and self-medication with antibiotics. Results The response rate was 89.7%. In the sample, 29.2% thought that antibiotics are effective for viral infections, and 49.5% correctly recognized the definition of AMR. Predictors of good knowledge about antibiotics and AMR were female gender and a higher education level. Almost half of the respondents had used antibiotics in the previous year and 23.6% took antibiotics to treat a common cold and/or fever. Among participants, 25.5% reported to have bought antibiotics without a prescription, and 30.6% were classified as antibiotic self-medication users. Use of antibiotics in the previous 12 months and having taken an antibiotic after a phone consultation with the GP were positively associated with both antibiotic use for a common cold and/or fever and self-medication with antibiotics. Conclusions and implications The findings of this study highlighted a considerable antibiotic consumption in the adult population of Southern Italy together with misconceptions regarding the correct indication for antibiotic use that could foster indiscriminate antibiotic use. Lay Summary The findings of this study highlighted a considerable antibiotic consumption in the adult Italian population together with misconceptions regarding the correct indication for antibiotic use that could foster indiscriminate antibiotic use. Almost a quarter of the respondents took antibiotics to treat a common cold and/or fever and reported to have bought antibiotics without a prescription.

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Hama, Kazhal Hassan, Ismail Bilal Ismail, Aza Bahadeen Taha i Sadiya Abdullah Mawlud. "Assessment of Antibiotics Misuse among People in Erbil City". Kufa Journal for Nursing Sciences 4, nr 3 (16.11.2015): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36321/kjns.vi20143.2772.

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Background: Antibiotics are only useful for treating bacterial infections. Inadequate use of antibiotics includes overuse, inappropriate type, dose, duration and/or frequency of administration had been a major problem. Antibiotic use has been identified as a major contributor to the development and spread of antibiotic resistance. Objectives: Assessment self-medication and inappropriate of antibiotics were used among people in Erbil city. To find out the associations between the antibiotic use and knowledge related antibiotic consumption. Methodology: The study was used a cross-sectional study, which conducted on 500 randomly, selected adult residents in Erbil by using a face-to-face questionnaire. Results: About half of the study samples (52.40%) did not know that antibiotics has adverse effect on humans body, 37.80% were agree to used antibiotic for headache treatment, 65.80% of them did not know that antibiotics kill normal flora, and 57.20% were did not know that bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. In addition, 46.00% were used antibiotics on advice of someone other than a physician or pharmacist, 46.20% of peoples were some time used antibiotics against colds and flu, 52.40% of peoples were some time used antibiotics as injection, and 57.20% of peoples were some time used antibiotic as one capsule when needed. Conclusion: Self-medication and inappropriate use of antibiotics were problems among people in the community. Recommendation: Strict precautions should be taken about antibiotics use and sale without prescriptions.

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Xiao, Gang, Jiyun Li i Zhiliang Sun. "The Combination of Antibiotic and Non-Antibiotic Compounds Improves Antibiotic Efficacy against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, nr 20 (23.10.2023): 15493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015493.

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Bacterial antibiotic resistance, especially the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, urgently requires the development of effective treatment strategies. It is always of interest to delve into the mechanisms of resistance to current antibiotics and target them to promote the efficacy of existing antibiotics. In recent years, non-antibiotic compounds have played an important auxiliary role in improving the efficacy of antibiotics and promoting the treatment of drug-resistant bacteria. The combination of non-antibiotic compounds with antibiotics is considered a promising strategy against MDR bacteria. In this review, we first briefly summarize the main resistance mechanisms of current antibiotics. In addition, we propose several strategies to enhance antibiotic action based on resistance mechanisms. Then, the research progress of non-antibiotic compounds that can promote antibiotic-resistant bacteria through different mechanisms in recent years is also summarized. Finally, the development prospects and challenges of these non-antibiotic compounds in combination with antibiotics are discussed.

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Nickas, Mark. "A PATENT PRIZE SYSTEM TO PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ANTIBIOTICS AND CONSERVATION OF EXISTING ONES". Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy 12 (13.04.2012): 255–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2012.98.

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Antibiotics are valuable drugs that fight bacterial infections, but our supply of antibiotics is at risk. Existing antibiotics gradually lose their effectiveness due to bacterial resistance, and few new antibiotics are being developed to replace them. A variety of models have been proposed to promote the conservation of existing antibiotics or incentivize private actors, i.e., drug companies, to develop new ones. Previous models, however, all encourage investment in antibiotic research and development via patent rights, which also create an incentive to oversell antibiotics. Because the inappropriate use of antibiotics accelerates the development of resistance, patent rights put the public health objectives of antibiotic development and conservation in tension with one another. This article proposes an antibiotic-specific patent prize system that uncouples the two policy objectives necessary to achieve a stable antibiotic supply. Although others have proposed patent prize systems to promote drug development generally, the system described here is tailored to address the unique features of antibiotic markets.

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Ombašić, A. "An Insight into Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms: Microbiological Implications for Public Health". Acta Microbiologica Bulgarica 40, nr 2 (30.06.2024): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59393/amb24400201.

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Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents that target bacteria to treat and prevent bacterial infections. They work by interfering with vital bacterial functions, such as the synthesis of nucleic acid, cell wall, and folate, but also disrupting the plasma membrane and ribosome function. Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth and those that are bactericidal kill bacteria. Unfortunately, over time, bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. This resistance can occur through intrinsic or acquired mechanisms, and bacteria may contain more than one type of bacterial resistance. Bacteria can develop antibiotic resistance mechanisms by reducing intracellular antibiotic concentrations and inactivating or modifying antibiotics and their target sites. The misuse of antibiotics, including excessive use, unnecessary and incorrect prescription, and self-administration, is associated with antibiotic resistance and, therefore, a higher likelihood of extended hospital stays and a greater risk of mortality. To slow the spread of antibiotic resistance, careful antibiotic selection will be crucial, as will the development of new antibiotics and the chemical modification of existing antibiotics to withstand established resistance mechanisms of bacteria. This paper will provide insight into the mechanisms of antibiotics, their effect on bacteria, and the spread of antibiotic resistance. Additionally, this paper will look into the microbiological implications in public health by analyzing challenges regarding antibiotic resistance and potential ways to shed light and raise awareness of antibiotic resistance.

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Wijaya, Johan Kevin, Bagus Komang Satriyasa i Ida Ayu Alit Widhiartini. "Antibiotic Prescription for Adult with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTI) in Public Health Care Center in Denpasar Area during COVID-19 Era". International Journal of Research and Review 9, nr 1 (21.01.2022): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20220158.

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Restriction of antibiotic prescribing in pandemic COVID-19 is a dilemma. Establishing an acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) may underdiagnosed due to limited doctor-patient communication and physical examination. Antibiotics are live saving drug and antibiotics should be prudently used to avoid antibiotic resistance. Understanding the trend of antibiotics prescribing in primary health care services is needed to support antibiotics use appropriate. The aim of this study is at profiling of antibiotics prescriptions for adults with ARTI during COVID-19 era. The qualitative descriptive study was designed at the primary health care services in Denpasar area. Data of antibiotic use were collected from out-patients prescription between April-December 2020. Antibiotic prescription were assessed for the appropriateness based on the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia (MHRI) and World Health Organization (WHO) “AWaRe” criteria. The study found those Amoxicillin (43.3%) and Ciprofloxacin (31.4%) were the most utilized antibiotics. In spite of the overall duration of antibiotic prescriptions appropriately use based on the MHRI’s, there were two types of antibiotics prescriptions used inappropriately based on the level of health-care services. Based on the AWaRe WHO’s criteria, It was found the use of the Access group and Watch group antibiotics. The maximum period of antibiotic therapy was not exceeded in this trial, and the appropriateness based on the levels of health care service reached 89.5%. Antibiotic use was 55.8% in the Access group and 43.5% in the Watch group. Keywords: antibiotics, covid-19 era, profile of antibiotics prescription.

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Duan, Lixia, Chenxi Liu i Dan Wang. "The General Population’s Inappropriate Behaviors and Misunderstanding of Antibiotic Use in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Antibiotics 10, nr 5 (26.04.2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050497.

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The general population has increasingly become the key contributor to irrational antibiotic use in China, which fuels the emergence of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the general population’s irrational use behaviors of antibiotics and identify the potential reasons behind them. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed concerning four main behaviors relevant to easy access and irrational use of antibiotics and common misunderstandings among the population about antibiotics. Four databases were searched, and studies published before 28 February 2021 were retrieved. Medium and high-level quality studies were included. Random effects meta-analysis was performed to calculate the prevalence of the general population’s irrational behaviors and misunderstandings relevant to antibiotic use. A total of 8468 studies were retrieved and 78 met the criteria and were included. The synthesis showed the public can easily obtain unnecessary antibiotics, with an estimated 37% (95% CI: 29–46) of the population demanding antibiotics from physicians and 47% (95% CI: 38–57) purchasing non-prescription antibiotics from pharmacies. This situation is severe in the western area of China. People also commonly inappropriately use antibiotics by not following antibiotic prescriptions (pooled estimate: 48%, 95% CI: 41–55) and preventatively use antibiotics for non-indicated diseases (pooled estimate: 35%, 95% CI: 29–42). Misunderstanding of antibiotic use was also popular among people, including incorrect antibiotic recognition, wrong antibiotic use indication, inappropriate usage, and ignorance of potential adverse outcomes. Over-and inappropriate use of antibiotics is evident in China and a multifaceted antibiotic strategy targeted at the general population is urgently required.

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Kanu, Joseph Sam, Mohammed Khogali, Katrina Hann, Wenjing Tao, Shuwary Barlatt, James Komeh, Joy Johnson i in. "National Antibiotic Consumption for Human Use in Sierra Leone (2017–2019): A Cross-Sectional Study". Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, nr 2 (13.05.2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6020077.

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Monitoring antibiotic consumption is crucial to tackling antimicrobial resistance. However, currently there is no system in Sierra Leone for recording and reporting on antibiotic consumption. We therefore conducted a cross-sectional study to assess national antibiotic consumption expressed as defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day using all registered and imported antibiotics (categorized under the subgroup J01 under the anatomical and therapeutic classification (ATC) system) as a proxy. Between 2017–2019, total cumulative consumption of antibiotics was 19 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day. The vast majority consisted of oral antibiotics (98.4%), while parenteral antibiotics made up 1.6%. According to therapeutic/pharmacological subgroups (ATC level 3), beta-lactam/penicillins, quinolones, and other antibacterials (mainly oral metronidazole) comprised 65% of total consumption. According to WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe), 65% of antibiotics consumed were Access, 31% were Watch, and no Reserve antibiotics were reported. The top ten oral antibiotics represented 97% of total oral antibiotics consumed, with metronidazole (35%) and ciprofloxacin (15%) together constituting half of the total. Of parenteral antibiotics consumed, procaine penicillin (32%) and ceftriaxone (19%) together comprised half of the total. Policy recommendations at global and national levels have been made to improve monitoring of antibiotic consumption and antibiotic stewardship.

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Satari, Hindra Irawan, Agus Firmansyah i Theresia Theresia. "Qualitative evaluation of antibiotic usage in pediatric patients". Paediatrica Indonesiana 51, nr 6 (31.12.2011): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi51.6.2011.303-10.

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Background Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drug for pediatric patients. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase morbidity, mortality, patient cost and bacterial antibiotic resistence. Antibiotic uses can be evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively.Objective To qualitatively evaluate antibiotic use in patients using Gyssens algorithm.Methods We performed a descriptive, retrospective study of matient medical records of those admitted to the pediatric ward from January 1 – June 30, 2009. Records were screened for patient antibiotic use, followed by qualitative evaluation using Gyssens algorithm on data from patient who received antibiotic treatment.Results We found 49.2% of subject were prescribed antibiotics. The majority of patients given antibiotics were aged 1 month - 1 year (39.3%). Antibiotic use was categorized by therapy type : empirical, prophylactic, or definitive. We found empirical therapy in 73% of cases, prophylactic in 8%, and definitive in 15%. Cefotaxime was the most common antibiotic used (25.1%), followed by ceftazidime (14%) and cotrimoxazole (1%). 39.6% of subjects were given antibiotics appropriately, while 48.3% were given inappropriately. In 3.3% of patients, antibiotics were given without indication and in 8.8% there was insufficient data.Conclusions Of hospitalized patients receiving antibiotic treatment at the Departement of Child Health, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, 39.6% were given antibiotic appropriately, while 48.3% were given antibiotics inappropriately. Cefotaxime was the most commonly used, as well as most inappropriately given antibiotic.

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Gaygısız, Ümmügülsüm, Timo Lajunen i Esma Gaygısız. "Community Use of Antibiotics in Turkey: The Role of Knowledge, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Health Anxiety". Antibiotics 10, nr 10 (27.09.2021): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101171.

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Turkey has been among the leading countries in antibiotic consumption. As a result of the 4-year National Action Plan for Rational Drug Use, antibiotic prescriptions had declined from 34.9% in 2011 to 24.6% in 2018. However, self-medication with antibiotics without prescription is common, which is not reflected in official statistics. The present study aims at investigating antibiotic use in the community and the factors related to it. A web-based survey was conducted among 945 Turkish-speaking respondents (61.3% female). The questionnaire included questions about antibiotic use for different illnesses, ways to obtain and handle leftover antibiotics, knowledge, beliefs of the antibiotic effectiveness, attitudes, health anxiety, and background factors. According to the results, 34.2% of the sample had self-medicated themselves with antibiotics without a valid prescription. The most common way to self-medicate was to use leftover antibiotics. While 80.4% knew that antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, 51.4% thought that antibiotics are effective for viral diseases. The most important predictor of antibiotic use frequency was the belief in their efficiency for various illnesses and symptoms, followed by negative attitudes to antibiotics, health anxiety, knowledge level, positive attitudes, and health status. The results underline the importance of targeting misbeliefs about antibiotics in future campaigns.

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Abedon, Stephen T. "Phage-Antibiotic Combination Treatments: Antagonistic Impacts of Antibiotics on the Pharmacodynamics of Phage Therapy?" Antibiotics 8, nr 4 (11.10.2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040182.

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Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics. Even without changing genetically, bacteria also can display tolerance to antibiotic treatments. Many antibiotics are also broadly acting, as can result in excessive modifications of body microbiomes. Particularly for antibiotics of last resort or in treating extremely ill patients, antibiotics furthermore can display excessive toxicities. Antibiotics nevertheless remain the standard of care for bacterial infections, and rightly so given their long track records of both antibacterial efficacy and infrequency of severe side effects. Antibiotics do not successfully cure all treated bacterial infections, however, thereby providing a utility to alternative antibacterial approaches. One such approach is the use of bacteriophages, the viruses of bacteria. This nearly 100-year-old bactericidal, anti-infection technology can be effective against antibiotic-resistant or -tolerant bacteria, including bacterial biofilms and persister cells. Ideally phages could be used in combination with standard antibiotics while retaining their anti-bacterial pharmacodynamic activity, this despite antibiotics interfering with aspects of bacterial metabolism that are also required for full phage infection activity. Here I examine the literature of pre-clinical phage-antibiotic combination treatments, with emphasis on antibiotic-susceptible bacterial targets. I review evidence of antibiotic interference with phage infection activity along with its converse: phage antibacterial functioning despite antibiotic presence.

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Lawani-Luwaji, Ebidor. "The Antibiotic Era: A Golden Age and Its Challenges". British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies 5, nr 2 (3.05.2024): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0474.

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Antibiotics have revolutionised medicine, helping to reduce infection-related deaths and increase life expectancy globally. They have enabled life-prolonging medical procedures and the foundation for advancements in medicine. This review explores the historical significance of antibiotics in healthcare, underscores the challenges of antibiotic resistance, and emphasises the importance of responsible antibiotic usage. It advocates for developing new antibiotics to combat resistant bacteria and ensure the continued effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in healthcare. A comprehensive search was conducted using academic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct and other search engines. The results were refined using filters, advanced search options, and relevant articles retrieved from the search. Antibiotics target and destroy bacterial cells, and each antibiotic type functions differently. However, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, along with reduced economic incentives and challenging regulatory requirements, have resulted in antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerging, which is a cause for concern worldwide. The rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria endangers the effectiveness of antibiotics that have saved millions of lives and transformed medicine. Antibiotics are essential in medicine, but resistance is a growing concern. New antibiotics need to be developed, and using them wisely is key to maintaining their effectiveness and positive impact on healthcare.

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Fruitwala, Asma Mohd Shoeb, Kanchan Shah, Jayant Landge, Nilesh Ubale, Mahesh Pund i Shelly Sharma. "Survey on antibiotics prescription and resistance on medical and dental practitioners". Journal of Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 10, nr 1 (15.03.2024): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jooo.2024.005.

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The objective of this research was to find out how much medical and dental professionals and interns in Maharashtra knew about the current situation regarding usages of antibiotics and its over usage which leads to antibiotic resistance over time. A self-administered survey created with Google Forms that asks about the extent of usage of antibiotics.A survey was conducted among the medical and dental professionals practicing in the state of Maharashtra from 01 September 2023 to 15 October 2023 analyse the extent of usage of antibiotics among patients and to draw their attention towards the excessive usage of antibiotics and problems related to it with proper evidence. A total of 570 responses were obtained during the survey among which there were 17.2% medical practitioner, 28% Dental practitioner, 14.4% Medical interns and 40.4% Dental interns. During the survey it was found that 61.5%% of respondents prescribe antibiotics on a regular basis. Our study offers regional data to guide future initiatives in a nation with high antibiotic consumption rates. Through Google forms, the Modified Questionnaire was disseminated among the Maharashtra participants. Participants were made aware that the replies were kept confidential. The sole data programme choice available was MS EXCEL, which was used to code, enter, and analyze the data. For qualitative and quantitative variables as well as percentages, statistical analysis in the form of frequencies and percentages was utilized in their study.Over 60% of survey respondents prescribed antibiotics. It was discovered that over 70% of participants get patients who purchase antibiotics without a prescription. Over 70% of patients do not take their antibiotics as prescribed. It was found that about half of these individuals had at some point complained about antibiotics not working.

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Johnston, Deanne, Razeeya Khan, Jacqui Miot, Shirra Moch, Yolande Van Deventer i Guy Richards. "Usage of antibiotics in the intensive care units of an academic tertiary-level hospital". Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 33, nr 4 (22.10.2018): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v33i4.158.

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Background: The post-antibiotic era is approaching fast as multidrug-resistant bacteria emerge and the antibiotic pipeline slows to a trickle. Antibiotic stewardship requires that antibiotics be used appropriately and as such this study reviewed the utilisation of antibiotics in five adult intensive care units (ICUs) at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital.Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional record review of admissions to the Coronary, Cardiothoracic, Multidisciplinary, Neurology and Trauma ICUs was conducted over one month. Information from the ICU chart was captured on a modified version of the South African Antibiotic Stewardship Programme, Antibiotic Prescription Chart.Results: A total of 204 files were reviewed with 55.2% of patients receiving antibiotics during admission. The three most frequently prescribed were amoxicillin clavulanate (n = 46), piperacillin/tazobactam (n = 32) and cefazolin (n = 28), while colistin was used on one occasion. The majority of antibiotics (84.9%) were given for five days or less. Of concern however, of 35 instances where concurrent administration of antibiotics occurred, 8 had a similar spectrum and on 7 occasions the duration of antibiotic treatment was longer than 7 days. Cultures were ordered on 228 occasions. In patients receiving antibiotics 61.6% had cultures ordered; however, only 56.3% of these were taken before or on the day that antibiotics were started.Conclusion: This study showed that generally the duration of antibiotic treatment was short, concurrent use of antibiotics was minimal and the use of a restricted formulary limited the use of specific antibiotics such as colistin. However, implementation of stewardship principles and ordering of appropriate cultures would assist in further improving appropriate use of antibiotics in the ICU setting.

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Pudak Wangi, Putu Ary, i Made Krisna Adi Jaya. "ANTIBIOTICS USAGE OVERVIEW IN ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY PATIENTS AT A HOSPITAL IN BALI". Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application 4, nr 2 (1.12.2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jpsa.2022.v04.i02.p05.

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Backgrounds: Antibiotic resistance can be prevented by controlling the use of antibiotics wisely. Based on WHO recommendations, controlling the use of antibiotics is done by grouping antibiotics with the AWaRe category. Objective: This work aims to present an overview of the use of antibiotics in orthopaedic surgery patients as an effort to monitor the use of antibiotics in a hospital in Bali. Methods: Based on the patient's medical record data, the antibiotics used for orthopaedic surgery were calculated and grouped with the AWaRe classification. Result: Results showed that the most prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone (84.74%). There were no antibiotics in the reserve category, but the highest percentage was 94.92% in the watch category, and the access category was 5.08%. Conclusion: There is still non-selective use of antibiotics in this hospital, so in the future, it is necessary to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively to ensure rational use as well as efforts to prevent the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. Keywords: Antibiotics; Resistance; AwaRe; Hospital; Bali

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Zeng, Huiping, Jianxue Li, Weihua Zhao, Jiaxin Xu, He Xu, Dong Li i Jie Zhang. "The Current Status and Prevention of Antibiotic Pollution in Groundwater in China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 18 (7.09.2022): 11256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811256.

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The problem of environmental pollution caused by the abuse of antibiotics has received increasing attention. However, only in recent years have antibiotic pollution and its risk assessment to the environment been deeply studied. Although there has been a large number of reports about the input, occurrence, destination, and influence of antibiotics in the past 10 years, systemic knowledge of antibiotics in the groundwater environment is still lacking. This review systematically expounds the sources, migration and transformation, pollution status, and potential risks to the ecological environment of antibiotics in groundwater systems, by integrating 10 years of existing research results. The results showed that 47 kinds of antibiotics in four categories, mainly sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones, have been detected; antibiotics in groundwater species will induce the production of resistance genes and cause ecological harm. In view of the entire process of antibiotics entering groundwater, the current antibiotic control methods at various levels are listed, including the control of the discharge of antibiotics at source, the removal of antibiotics in water treatment plants, and the treatment of existing antibiotic contamination in groundwater. Additionally, the future research direction of antibiotics in groundwater is pointed out, and suggestions and prospects for antibiotic control are put forward.

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Frost, Holly M., Bryan C. Knepper, Katherine C. Shihadeh i Timothy C. Jenkins. "A Novel Approach to Evaluate Antibiotic Utilization Across the Spectrum of Inpatient and Ambulatory Care and Implications for Prioritization of Antibiotic Stewardship Efforts". Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, nr 8 (3.06.2019): 1675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz466.

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Abstract Background Antibiotic overuse remains a significant problem. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to evaluate antibiotic use across inpatient and ambulatory care sites in an integrated healthcare system to prioritize antibiotic stewardship efforts. Methods We conducted an epidemiologic study of antibiotic use across an integrated healthcare system on 12 randomly selected days from 2017 to 2018. For inpatients and perioperative patients, administrations of antibiotics were recorded, whereas prescriptions were recorded for outpatients. Results On the study days, 10.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.6%–11.3%) of patients received antibiotics. Of all antibiotics, 54.1% were from ambulatory care (95% CI, 52.6%–55.7%), 38.0% were from the hospital (95% CI, 36.6%–39.5%), and 7.8% (95% CI, 7.1%–8.7%) were perioperative. The emergency department/urgent care centers, adult outpatient clinics, and adult non–critical care inpatient wards accounted for 26.4% (95% CI, 25.0%–27.7%), 23.8% (95% CI, 22.6%–25.2%), and 23.9% (95% CI, 22.7%–25.3%) of antibiotic use, respectively. Only 9.2% (95% CI, 8.3%–10.1%) of all antibiotics were administered in critical care units. Antibiotics with a broad spectrum of gram-negative activity accounted for 30.4% (95% CI, 29.0%–31.9%) of antibiotics. Infections of the respiratory tract were the leading indication for antibiotics. Conclusions In an integrated healthcare system, more than half of antibiotic use occurred in the emergency department/urgent care centers and outpatient clinics. Antibiotics with a broad spectrum of gram-negative activity accounted for a large portion of antibiotic use. Analysis of antibiotic utilization across the spectrum of inpatient and ambulatory care is useful to prioritize antibiotic stewardship efforts.

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Herawati, Fauna, Abdul Rahem, Dwi Handayani i Rika Yulia. "ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLACTICS ON CURETTAGE FOR PREVENTING PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE EVENTS: IS IT NECESSARY?" Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, nr 11 (7.11.2018): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i11.27817.

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Objective: This study aimed to compare pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) symptoms in curettage procedure with three antibiotic prophylaxis strategies.Methods: The patients were allocated to three Groups (A, B, and C). Group A was patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics and post-curettage antibiotics, Group B received prophylactic antibiotics without post-curettage antibiotics, and Group C did not receive prophylactic antibiotics but received post-curettage antibiotics. The outcomes measured to identify the occurrence of PID symptoms included leukocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, temperature, pain, vaginal discharge, and bleeding.Results: This study shows that there were no significant differences in any PID symptoms between antibiotic strategies except for pain scale (p=0.03).Conclusion: The PID symptoms between the three strategies of antibiotic prophylaxis were similar.

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Larsen, Jesper, Claire L. Raisen, Xiaoliang Ba, Nicholas J. Sadgrove, Guillermo F. Padilla-González, Monique S. J. Simmonds, Igor Loncaric i in. "Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics". Nature 602, nr 7895 (5.01.2022): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04265-w.

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AbstractThe discovery of antibiotics more than 80 years ago has led to considerable improvements in human and animal health. Although antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria is ancient, resistance in human pathogens is thought to be a modern phenomenon that is driven by the clinical use of antibiotics1. Here we show that particular lineages of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—a notorious human pathogen—appeared in European hedgehogs in the pre-antibiotic era. Subsequently, these lineages spread within the local hedgehog populations and between hedgehogs and secondary hosts, including livestock and humans. We also demonstrate that the hedgehog dermatophyte Trichophyton erinacei produces two β-lactam antibiotics that provide a natural selective environment in which methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates have an advantage over susceptible isolates. Together, these results suggest that methicillin resistance emerged in the pre-antibiotic era as a co-evolutionary adaptation of S. aureus to the colonization of dermatophyte-infected hedgehogs. The evolution of clinically relevant antibiotic-resistance genes in wild animals and the connectivity of natural, agricultural and human ecosystems demonstrate that the use of a One Health approach is critical for our understanding and management of antibiotic resistance, which is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security and development.

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Zhang, Tie, Chun Guang Wang, Wei Han, Dong Bin Zhu, Xing Hua Zhao, He Xin i Xiu Hui Zhong. "Serotype Identification and Drug Sensitive Test of the Pathogenic Escherichia coli". Advanced Materials Research 96 (styczeń 2010): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.96.207.

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Thirty-eight isolates of Escherichia coli (E.coli) were isolated from chickens either ill or dead suspected with E.coli. These chickens come from chicken breeding farms in the districts of Baoding, Qinhuangdao and Beijing of China. The results of the antibiotics sensitivity test in the thirty-eight isolates to twenty-four kinds of antibiotics show that all isolates have presented antibiotic resistance disparately as well as multiresistance. All isolates are sensitive to Cephalosporins antibiotics and Aminoglycosides antibiotics such as Amikacin, Cefazolin, Cefradine, Cefoperazone and Ceftriaxone. Thirty-eight isolates are extremely resistant to Penicillins antibiotics, Lincomycins antibiotics, Tetracyclines antibiotics and Macrolides antibiotics such as Midecamycine, Lincomycin, Carbenicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin. Antibiotics sensitivity test provides a guidance for antibiotic application and scientific research on poultry farms.

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Sobierajski, Tomasz, Beata Mazińska, Wioleta Chajęcka-Wierzchowska, Marcin Śmiałek i Waleria Hryniewicz. "Antimicrobial and Antibiotic Resistance from the Perspective of Polish Veterinary Students: An Inter-University Study". Antibiotics 11, nr 1 (17.01.2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010115.

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The phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is a global problem that affects the use of antibiotics by humans and animal husbandry. One of the primary reasons for the growing phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is the over-prescription of antibiotics by doctors in human medicine and the overuse of antibiotics in industrial animal farming. Adequate education of veterinary medical students on the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry may reduce antibiotic resistance. For this reason, a survey was conducted among students at four primary research and didactic centers teaching veterinary medicine in Poland. The survey aimed to find out the knowledge and attitude of students towards the use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. The survey was conducted in May/June 2021. Four hundred and sixty-seven students participated in the study. The study positively verified that antibiotics and antibiotic resistance knowledge increase with successive years of veterinary studies/education. For most students (82.2%), antibiotic resistance is a significant problem, but only 58.7% believe it is global, and one in three respondents heard about the One Health approach.

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Abejew, Asrat Agalu, Gizachew Yismaw Wubetu i Teferi Gedif Fenta. "A six years trend analysis of systemic antibiotic consumption in Northwest Ethiopia". PLOS ONE 19, nr 1 (31.01.2024): e0290391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290391.

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Background Consumption of antibiotics, a major global threat to public health, is perhaps the key driver of antibiotic resistance. Monitoring antibiotic consumption is crucial to tackling antimicrobial resistance. This study assessed antibiotic consumption trends during the last six years in the Bahir Dar branch of the Ethiopian pharmaceutical supply agency (EPSA), Northwest Ethiopia, in 2022. Methods Retrospective data were collected in August 2022 based on antibiotic distribution data from the Bahir Dar Brach of EPSA from July 2016 to June 2022. Data were analyzed according to the Anatomic Therapeutic Classification (ATC) developed by the World Health Organization (WHO). We measured antibiotic consumption using a defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DIDs) based on the Agency’s catchment population. Descriptive statistics and trend analyses were conducted. Results About 30.34 DIDs of antibiotics were consumed during the six years. The consumption of antibiotics decreased by 87.4%, from 6.9 DIDs in 2016/17 to 0.9 DIDs in 2021/22. Based on the WHO AWaRe classification, 23.39 DIDs (77.1%) of the consumed antibiotics were from the Access category. Consumption of Access category antibiotics was decreased by 72.7% (from 5 to 0.5 DIDs) but Watch antibiotics decreased by 54.3% (from 1.8 to 0.4 DIDs). Oral antibiotics accounted for 29.19 DIDs (96.2%) of all consumed systemic antibiotics. The average cost expenditure per DDD for all antibiotics was 54.1 birr/DDD (0.4–482.3 birr/DDD). Only seven antibiotics accounted for DU90% and the cost expenditure per DDD for the DU90% antibiotics ranged from 0.4/DDD for Doxycycline to 232.8 birr/DDD for Piperacillin/tazobactam. Overall, during the last six years, the most commonly used antibiotic was Amoxicillin (10.1 DIDs), followed by Doxycycline (5.3 DIDs) and Ciprofloxacin (3.4 DIDs). Conclusion In this study, we found that antibiotic usage was low and continuously declining over time. Minimizing unnecessary antibiotic usage is one possible approach to reduced AMR. However, a shortage of access to important medicines can compromise the quality of treatment and patient outcomes. A prospective study is needed to evaluate the balance of patient outcomes and reduce AMR by optimizing the community consumption of systemic antibiotics.

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Outterson, Kevin, John H. Powers, Enrique Seoane-Vazquez, Rosa Rodriguez-Monguio i Aaron S. Kesselheim. "Approval and Withdrawal of New Antibiotics and other Antiinfectives in the U.S., 1980–2009". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, nr 3 (2013): 688–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12079.

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Antibiotic use triggers evolutionary and ecological responses from bacteria, leading to antibiotic resistance and harmful patient outcomes. Two complementary strategies support long-term antibiotic effectiveness: conservation of existing therapies and production of novel antibiotics. Conservation encompasses infection control, antibiotic stewardship, and other public health interventions to prevent infection, which reduce antibiotic demand. Production of new antibiotics allows physicians to replace existing drugs rendered less effective by resistance.In recent years, physicians and policymakers have raised concerns about the pipeline for new antibiotics, pointing to a decline in the number of antibiotics approved since the 1980s. This trend has been attributed to high research and development costs, low reimbursement for antibiotics, and regulatory standards for review and approval. Professional societies and researchers around the world have called for renewed emphasis on antimicrobial stewardship, while also supporting antibiotic research and development through grants, changes to intellectual property laws to extend market exclusivity periods, and modification of premarket testing regulations to reduce antibiotic development time and expenses.

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Almeida Santimano, Nerissa ML, i David R. Foxcroft. "Poor health knowledge and behaviour is a risk for the spread of antibiotic resistance: survey of higher secondary school students in Goa, India". Perspectives in Public Health 137, nr 2 (20.07.2016): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757913916650917.

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Aims: We assessed antibiotic knowledge and practice among youth in India, where antibiotics are widely available without prescription. Methods: Randomly selected school questionnaire survey representing four regions in Goa, India, with students ( n = 773) aged 16–17. Results: Most students (67%) were unaware of the problem of antibiotic resistance, with around half (49%) mistakenly thinking that bacteria cause cold or flu. Around one-fifth (19%) said they frequently self-medicate with antibiotics, 57% would discontinue antibiotics when symptoms alleviated and 24% stored unused antibiotics at home. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) showed that females consistently had poorer antibiotic knowledge than males. Especially notable were the higher odds in females for reporting incorrectly that antibiotics kill harmful viruses (odds ratio (OR) = 1.93; 99.5% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–3.41) and for reporting incorrectly that antibiotics do not kill harmless bacteria (OR = 2.02; 99.5% CI = 1.16–3.51). Poor antibiotic practice was not clearly differentiated between males and females. In terms of poor antibiotic practice, one model showed notable results for educational stream: both arts and commerce students were more likely than science students to say they would discontinue antibiotics when symptoms alleviated and before the antibiotic course of treatment was finished (arts: OR = 2.76; 99.5% CI = 1.58–4.82 and commerce: OR = 1.79; 99.5% CI = 1.06–3.04). Conclusion: Young adults in India had poor antibiotic knowledge and practice. Efforts to improve antibiotic health knowledge and safe practice are required to help prevent the spread of antibiotic resistance.

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Hasan, Dalia, i Kristen Reilly. "A gut reaction". University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 85, nr 1 (11.05.2016): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v85i1.4200.

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The development of antibiotics is one of the greatest advances of modern medicine. While antibiotics have dramatically improved morbidity and mortality rates worldwide, current evidence asserts that one should err on the side of caution when prescribing antibiotics. The medical literature is accumulating studies on alarming consequences of inappropriate antibiotic use. Due to antibiotic overexposure, a North American “hypervirulant” strain of Clostridium difficile has emerged causing more severe gastrointestinal manifestations than previous strains. More recently, antibiotic overuse has been associated with obesity and diabetes mellitus. Unnecessary antibiotic use has led to increasing rates of bacterial resistance rendering more antibiotics ineffective. We are currently on the brink of an era which could reverse all the progress made with the introduction of antibiotics. The salient health consequences of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions and the threat of a postantibiotic era command attention to practical initiatives that improve antibiotic prescribing patterns.

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Alkadhimi, Akram, Omar T. Dawood i Mohamed A. Hassali. "Dispensing of antibiotics in community pharmacy in Iraq: a qualitative study". Pharmacy Practice 18, nr 4 (12.12.2020): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2095.

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Objective: This study aimed to understand the dispensing practice of antibiotics in community pharmacy in Iraq, in addition to explore the community pharmacists' perception about dispensing antibiotics without prescription. Methods: A qualitative design was conducted on community pharmacists in Baghdad, Iraq. Pharmacists were selected conveniently from different gender, age group, pharmacy type and years of experience. Face-to-face semi-structure interview was used with all the pharmacists to get in-depth understanding about their dispensing practice of antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacy. The data was coded and classified for thematic analysis. Results: This study found that dispensing of antibiotics without prescription was a common practice in community pharmacy. Pharmacists' perception towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription was associated with the medical condition, safety and efficacy of antibiotics, patients request antibiotics by name, emergency cases, regular customer, promotions from pharmaceutical companies, saving time and cost, brand medications, and poor healthcare services. In addition, there were inadequate knowledge about antibiotic resistance and lack of awareness about antibiotic stewardship leading to inappropriate dispensing practice. Conclusions: Community pharmacists have poor perception towards dispensing antibiotics without prescription. Educational interventions about antibiotics use focusing on community pharmacists are needed. This will help to optimize the practice of dispensing of antibiotics in the community. In addition, training programs about antibiotic resistance are important to enhance pharmacists' understanding about antibiotic stewardship.

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ZHENG, Chunli, Hongkai LIAO i Chenglong TU. "Global trends of antibiotics research: comparison using network analysis to map the tendencies of antibiotics in water, soil and sediment". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 112, nr 1 (marzec 2021): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691021000189.

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ABSTRACTAntibiotic residues have entered into the environment owing to the unreasonable use and disposal of antibiotics. The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a huge threat to ecosystems and human health. In this study, the network analysis method was used to compare publications on antibiotics in water, soil and sediment from the aspects of countries, institutes, journals, subject categories and keywords based on Web of Science Core Collection. The results indicated that the United States of America and China had dominant positions of studies on antibiotics. The Chinese Academy of Sciences published the most articles on antibiotic research. ‘Chemosphere’, ‘Science of the Total Environment’, ‘Environmental Science and Technology’ and ‘Applied and Environmental Microbiology’ all appeared in the top six journals. ‘Environmental Sciences and Ecology’ was the core subject category of antibiotic research. Further analysis results depicted that ‘Antibiotics’, ‘Tetracycline’ and ‘Antibiotic Resistance’ were found as the research hotspots. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline all showed in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics research in water, soil and sediment. However, chlortetracycline, sulfadiazine and tylosin all emerged only in the top 50 keywords of antibiotics study in soil. In future, more attention should be paid to antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance bacteria in antibiotics research.

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Srinivasa, Jyothsnya, Vijaya Rajendran, Pratibha Nadig i Shubhatara Swamy. "Prescribing pattern of antibiotics in ENT outpatient department in a tertiary care teaching hospital". International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 9, nr 12 (25.11.2020): 1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20205129.

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Background: Antibiotics are the most commonly used and misused of all drugs. Patterns of antibiotic resistance widely follows local patterns of antibiotic prescribing and usage. Periodic data collection and analysis of antibiotic prescriptions at regional level are essential to understand and combat antibiotic resistance. Objective of the study was to study the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in outpatient department of Otorhinolaryngology in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study of prescribing pattern of antibiotics was conducted in the department of Otorhinolaryngology. Data of antibiotic utilization in outpatient department was collected through duplicate copies of the prescriptions. The data obtained was analyzed and the conclusions were drawn using descriptive analysis.Results: A total of 606 prescriptions were collected and analyzed during the study. Average number of antibiotics prescribed per prescription was 1.24 most of the antibiotics were prescribed for a duration of 1 to 5 days. Commonly prescribed antibiotic class was penicillin (48.1%) followed by quinolone (18.3%). Most of the antibiotics were prescribed by their brand names (98.8%).Conclusions: The present study highlights the wide use of extended spectrum antibiotics, along with brand names for prescribing. Interventions for prescribing of generic drugs from the essential drug list needs to be encouraged among physicians.

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Okon, Aniekanabasi Jonathan, Uchechi Esther Chibuzor-Eke, Ibiang Arikpo Oka, Lilian Eberechukwu Eyam, Margaret Inemesit Akpan i Simon Alain Inah. "Knowledge, practices, and antibiotics use patterns among animal production farmers in Calabar Metropolis". International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 12, nr 4 (1.12.2023): 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v12i4.23266.

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Inappropriate use of antibiotics alongside improper waste/wastewater disposal can contribute to the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. This research aimed to assess the knowledge, practices, and patterns of antibiotic usage among animal farmers in Calabar Metropolis. Employing a descriptive cross-sectional approach, a structured questionnaire was utilized to elicit information from 137 animal farmers. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25, with Chi-square statistics being employed to ascertain associations between different variables. The findings indicated a high level of knowledge regarding antibiotic use and the repercussions following its misuse on the environment, with 74.5% exhibiting high levels of knowledge. Majority (92.7%) of the respondents used antibiotics for various purposes in the farm. About 55% of respondents who used antibiotics had training on antibiotics use. Majority (79.6%) of the respondents had poor waste/wastewater disposal practices. Associations were found between farmers’ knowledge level on antibiotic resistance and level of antibiotics use (p=0.031). Moderate antibiotic use was more among farmers with high knowledge level. An association was also found between farmers’ training on antibiotics use and farmers’ level of antibiotics use (p=0.043). Mandatory and targeted training for animal production farmers on proper and judicious antibiotic use is expedient to safeguard public health.

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Senthilkumar, Subash, Arun Raaj S. A., Padmavathi K., Dhanapal C. K. i Periasamy K. "Study on antibiotic use among geriatric patients based on anatomical therapeutic classification or defined daily dose methodology and world health organization-essential medicine list access, watch and reserve concept in tertiary care hospital of South India". International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 9, nr 7 (26.06.2020): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20202950.

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Background: Geriatric patients are more vulnerable to infections and need special consideration on antibiotic use. Resistance to antibiotics among infectious bacteria has developed within a short span. There is a direct correlation between the consumption of antibiotics and the development of resistance. And surprisingly very few literatures were available on antibiotic consumption in geriatric population using defined daily dose (DDD) concept which paved the idea to conduct this study.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out from November 2018 to April 2019. A total of 206 prescriptions of elderly patients were included in the study. The antibiotics were categorized by anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC) and DDD indicator/1000 inhabitants/day (DID) was used to figure out antibiotic consumption.Results: About 25.2% of patients were treated with antibiotics for respiratory tract infections. The patients received antibiotics empirically (53.8%) and without bacteriological investigation (58.73%). The overall consumption of antibiotics was 20.47 DID in which oral antibiotics was (8.5 DID) 42% and parenteral antibiotics (11.8 DID) 58%. Cephalosporins was observed to be the most consumed antibiotics (33.2%), specifically cefotaxime (14.6%) and ceftriaxone (12.6%). Moreover, 54.4% of antibiotics consumed from watch category of World Health Organisation (WHO) essential medicines list (EML) which was completely against WHO standard proportion.Conclusions: Higher consumption of cephalosporins, which falls into watch category was analysed in geriatric patients. These broad-spectrum antibiotics have high potential to develop antimicrobial resistance. A strict antibiotic policy is needed to be framed that enhance rational prescribing practices in geriatrics.

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Nugraha, Ferry Ferdian, Rina Mutiara i Arrozi Adhikara. "Implementation Model of The use of Prophylactic Antibiotics in Surgical Patients Hospital Type B". Jurnal Health Sains 4, nr 3 (25.03.2023): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jhs.v4i3.859.

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Infectious diseases are still one of the important public health problems, especially in developing countries. The high incidence of Antibiotic resistance due to the irrational use of antibiotics is a special concern at this time. The government is also trying to control it through the Antimicrobial Resistance Control Program, including the rational administration of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery. Prophylactic antibiotics are antibiotics given before, during, and after surgical procedures to prevent complications of infection or infection of the surgical site (IDO). A retrospective and observational (non-experimental) study to know Patient characteristics, surgical characteristics, characteristics of the use of prophylactic antibiotics, rationality and cost analysis of using prophylactic antibiotics in Sectio Caesarea surgery and Appendectomy of patients at Hospital X Type B Jakarta in the period January 1 2021 – September 30 2021. The results of the study found that the selection of prophylactic antibiotics was not right (55.8%), the timing difference for prophylactic antibiotics was not right (84.5%), the prophylactic Antibiotic dose was not right (85.3%), all were correct the route of administration of prophylactic antibiotics by intravenous drip (100%), all of which are not appropriate for giving prophylactic Antibiotic intervals (100%) and entirely irrational in the use of prophylactic antibiotics in hospitals (100%). Hospitals can save costs, reduce the rate of Antibiotic resistance and reduce the incidence of surgical site infections by increasing physician compliance in using prophylactic antibiotics under hospital guidelines.

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Simbolon, Octaviana Maria, i Liniati Geograf. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIKA PADA PASIEN LEUKEMIA LIMFOBLASTIK AKUT DENGAN DEMAM NEUTROPENIA DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH ABDUL WAHAB SJAHRANIE SAMARINDA". Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi dan Farmasi Klinik 17, nr 2 (22.01.2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/jiffk.v17i2.4069.

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ABSTRACT The use of antibiotics is one of the management of neutropenic fever in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Irrational and excessive antibiotics can promote resistance to certain bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of antibiotics given to ALL patients with neutropenic fever qualitatively and quantitatively. This type of observational research was conducted with a descriptive method using a cross-sectional design. Retrospective data collection from medical records of ALL patients who received antibiotics during 2017-2018. The quality of antibiotic use was analyzed using the Gyssens method, while the quantity of antibiotic use was analyzed using the DDD method per 100 bed days. Based on the results of the study of 7 ALL patients with neutropenic fever, the rational (category 0) use of antibiotics was 50% and the irrational (category I-IV) use of antibiotics was 50%. The use of inappropriate antibiotic dose (category IIA) was 25%, the use of the antibiotic inaccurate interval of use (category IIB) was 10%, and there was no indication that antibiotic use (category V) was 15%. Quantitative evaluation of the use of antibiotics using the DDD method per 100 bed days showed that the total use of antibiotics was 7 types with a DDD value of 100 patient days of 19.15. The most widely used antibiotic is the cephalosporin class, namely cefotaxime with a DDD value of 6.51. Keywords: antibiotics, leukemia, quality, quantity

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Bhardwaj, Ankit, Kaveri Kapoor i Vivek Singh. "Trend analysis of antibiotics consumption using WHO AWaRe classification in tertiary care hospital". International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 9, nr 11 (21.10.2020): 1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20204493.

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Background: Aim of the study was to assess trend in antibiotics consumption pattern from 2016 to 2019 using AWaRe classification, ATC and Defined daily dose methodology (DDD) in a tertiary care hospital. Antibiotics are crucial for treating infectious diseases and have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with infectious diseases, reducing morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to classify the antibiotic based on WHO AWaRe classification and compare their four-year consumption trends. The study was conducted at a tertiary care center, Pilakhuwa, Hapur. Antibiotic procurement data for a period of 4 years (2016-2019) was collected from the Central medical store.Methods: This is a retrospective time series analysis of systemic antibiotics with no intervention at patient level. Antibiotic procurement was taken as proxy for consumption assuming that same has been used. ATC for systemic use (ATC code J01) antibacterial was used and defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 bed days was calculated. Antibiotics were further classified as Access, Watch, and Reserve (WHO AWaRe classification). Antibiotics consumption was ranked based on their volume of DDD i.e., drug utilization (DU90%) was calculated. Non-parametric Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for the comparison of consumption.Results: Mean antibiotic procurement increased 1.25 folds from 140.3 DDD in 2016 to 201 DDD in 2018. A significant fall was seen in total DDDs in year 2019 (p value <0.05). A total of 41 antibiotics agents (Access 12, Watch 21, Reserve 6 and Not recommended 2) were procured. Reserve category antibiotics were procured from 2017 onwards. Out of 41 antibiotics procured 11 antibiotics (Access 3 and watch 8) accounted for DU 90%.Conclusions: Antibiotics consumption of watch group was high and increasing antibiotic consumption trend was observed. Hospital antimicrobial stewardship program should be implemented to shift to use of Access group antibiotics and restrict use of Watch antibiotics.

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Srinivasa, Jyothsnya, i Vijaya Rajendran. "Antibiotic prescription analysis of inpatients in a tertiary care teaching hospital". International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 9, nr 12 (25.11.2020): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20205003.

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Background: Antibiotics are one among the commonly prescribed drugs. Patterns of antibiotic resistance widely follows local patterns of antibiotic prescribing and usage. Periodic surveillance of antibiotic prescriptions at regional level are essential to understand and combat antimicrobial resistance. To study the prescribing pattern of antibiotics among inpatients of various specialties in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Method: A prospective observational study of prescribing pattern of antibiotics was conducted among inpatients of various specialties in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Antibiotic prescribing data was collected using a semi structured proforma. The data obtained was analyzed and the conclusions were drawn using descriptive analysis.Results: A total of 1161 prescriptions were collected. 3211 antibiotics were prescribed. Mean average duration of treatment with antibiotics per patient was 11.8 days. Use of 3rd generation cephalosporins, imipenem, piperacillin and vancomycin observed. 75% of antibiotics were prescribed for prophylactic use. Antibiotics prescribed for therapeutic indication were supported by clinical, radiological and other investigations like culture and sensitivity reports.Conclusions: The present study highlights the use of antibiotics for long duration among admitted patients. Implementation of antimicrobial stewardship program with adherence to standard treatment guidelines is essential to combat antimicrobial resistance.

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Sitepu, Rehmadanta, Toni Tri Cahyono i Eva Monica. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN ANTIBIOTIK DENGAN METODE ATC/DDD DAN PDD DENGAN DU 90% PADA PENDERITA ISPA NON PNEUMONIA DI PUSKESMAS KABUPATEN SAMPANG". Jurnal JKFT 5, nr 1 (2.08.2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31000/jkft.v1i1.2664.

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Irrational use of antibiotics can cause an increase in morbidity and mortality, while also causing resistance to antibiotics. Evaluate the use of antibiotics aimed at reducing the use of antibiotics in ARI Non-Pneumonia as well as supporting government programs that the use of antibiotics for ARI non-pneumonia is no more than 20%. This research is descriptive in nature with a cross-sectional design and retrospective data collection in the January-September 2019 period. The data used are the use of antibiotics in Non-pneumonia ARI in the Sampang Regency. Evaluation of the use of this antibiotic using the ATC / DDD, PDD, PDD and DDD Comparison Ratio as well as 90% DU. There are 7 types of antibiotics used for Non-Pneumonia ISPA and 2 types of antibiotics included in DU90% are amoxicillin 500 mg by 44.63% and ciprofloxacin 500 mg by 44.58%. Quantitative data analysis using ATC / DDD shows that the most widely used antibiotic is amoxicillin 500 mg of 742.58 DDD / 1000 patient-days. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase the incidence of resistance. A policy is needed to control the use of antibiotics in Puskesmas to reduce antibiotic resistance and its side effects.

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Al-Halawa, Diala Abu, Rania Abu Seir i Radwan Qasrawi. "Antibiotic Resistance Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Pharmacists: A Cross-Sectional Study in West Bank, Palestine". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2023 (30.01.2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2294048.

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Antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem worldwide. Dispensing antibiotics without prescription is a major contributing factor to antibiotic resistance. Pharmacists as healthcare providers are, in many studies, considered responsible for this practice. This study aims to explore Palestinian pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning antibiotic resistance. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2021–2022. A random sample of 152 pharmacists was selected from the West Bank. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire that includes five sections: demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, practices, and potential interventions. Results indicated that 60% of pharmacists dispense antibiotics without a prescription. A significant association between pharmacies’ locality and antibiotic knowledge, attitudes, and practices was found. Pharmacists’ knowledge-related responses indicated that 92.1% of the pharmacists agreed that inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to ineffective treatment and 86.2% disagreed that patients can stop taking antibiotics upon symptoms’ improvement. Only 17.1% disagreed that antibiotics should always be used to treat upper respiratory tract infections. Over two-thirds considered that they are aware of the regulations about antibiotic dispensing and acknowledged that antibiotics are classified as prescription drugs. Furthermore, 71.7% and 53.3% agreed that they have good knowledge of the pharmacological aspects of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Concerning attitudes, 75.6% agreed that antibiotic resistance is an important and serious public health issue facing the world, and 52% thought that antibiotic dispensing without a prescription is a common practice in the West Bank. Our findings indicate that pharmacists’ locality and practices related to antibiotic dispensing without prescription are associated with the increase in antibiotics misuse and bacterial resistance. There is a need to design education and training programs and implement legislation in Palestine to decrease antibiotic resistance.

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Krasniqi, Valon, Elton Bahtiri, Flaka Pasha, Vjollca Zeqiri, Sami Uka, Peter Zarb, Lul Raka, Hasime Bytyqi i Blana Krasniqi. "Prevalence of Antibiotic Prescription in Primary Healthcare Settings in the Municipality of Prishtina, Kosovo". International Journal of Biomedicine 14, nr 1 (1.03.2024): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article14(1)_oa21.

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Background: Antibiotics remain among the most prescribed drugs in primary healthcare, contributing to increased antibiotic resistance in the community and prevailing as an emerging global health concern. We aimed to quantify the prevalence and quality of antibiotic prescription in primary healthcare settings in the Municipality of Prishtina to identify targets for quality improvement.Methods and Results: This study represents a population-based, retrospective cohort, including data from eight randomly selected family medical centers in the Municipality of Prishtina. Each 150th patient on medical records was assessed for demographic data, diagnosis (ICD-10), antibiotic prescription, antibiotic class, and antibiotic form. In total, the study included 1614 cases reviewed. The antibiotic prescription rate was 16%. The health condition for which most of the cases received antibiotics was J18 - Pneumonia, unspecified organism (67%), followed by J03 - Acute tonsillitis (54%), J42 - Unspecified chronic bronchitis (46%), and N39 - Other disorders of the urinary system (43%) Broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as co-amoxiclav (17.7%), amoxicillin (16.5%), and ceftriaxone (12.6%), featured among the most routinely prescribed antibiotics. The antibiotic prescription rate was the highest for cases in the 3-5 age group, of whom 27% received an antibiotic prescription. In 73% of cases, oral antibiotics were prescribed, 69% of which belong to the WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) essential medicines list. Only 18% of antibiotics were prescribed with their generic names. Conclusion: The prevalence of antibiotic prescription in primary healthcare settings in Prishtina is moderately low. These data cannot be extrapolated to other municipalities in Kosovo or other countries due to different organizational levels. High antibiotic prescription rates for young age groups, prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and high rates of parenteral antibiotics were identified as targets for quality improvement.

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Segal, Jonathan P., Stephanie X. Poo, Simon D. McLaughlin, Omar D. Faiz, Susan K. Clark i Ailsa L. Hart. "Long-term follow-up of the use of maintenance antibiotic therapy for chronic antibiotic-dependent pouchitis". Frontline Gastroenterology 9, nr 2 (31.01.2018): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2017-100913.

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ObjectiveRestorative proctolectomy is considered the procedure of choice in patients with ulcerative colitis who have failed medical therapy. Chronic pouchitis occurs in 10%–15% of patients, which often require long-term antibiotics to alleviate symptoms. Safety and efficacy of long-term maintenance antibiotics for chronic pouchitis has yet to be established. We aimed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of maintenance antibiotic therapy for chronic pouchitis.DesignThis was an observational study. We followed up patients who were diagnosed with chronic antibiotic-dependent pouchitis.SettingData were collected from our single specialist pouch centre.PatientsPatients with chronic antibiotic-dependent pouchitis who had been maintained on antibiotics continuously for at least 1 year with a least one follow-up visit.Main outcome measureDevelopment of pouch failure defined by the need for an ileostomy, patient-reported side effects of antibiotics and development of antibiotic resistance found on stool coliform testing.ResultsLong-term use of antibiotics achieve remission in 21% of patients over a median follow-up of 102 (range 9–125). Pouch failure in association with chronic pouchitis after a median follow-up of 8.5 years occurred in 18%. Side effects of long-term antibiotic use occurred in 28% of patients, with resistance to antibiotics from at least one stool sample occurring in 78% patients.ConclusionsAlthough the use of antibiotics in chronic pouchitis may be justified, the use of long-term antibiotics must be weighed against potential complications associated with pouchitis and antibiotics.

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