Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Anthropogenic disturbances”
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McConkey, Kim. "Anthropogenic Disturbances". Resonance 25, nr 5 (maj 2020): 677–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-020-0983-1.
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Lugo, Ariel E. "Effects of Extreme Disturbance Events: From Ecesis to Social–Ecological–Technological Systems". Ecosystems 23, nr 8 (18.02.2020): 1726–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00491-x.
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AbstractEcologists addressed the effects of disturbances from the onset of the field by focusing on ecesis, which is the process by which organisms migrate and establish under the environmental conditions created by disturbances. Ecesis is the onset of succession, a self-organizing process whose nature, speed, and outcome depend in part on the outcomes of ecesis and the residual legacies remaining after disturbances. A by-product of succession after a disturbance is the reorganization of species dominance, or novelty. The degree of novelty in the outcome increases with the severity of the disturbance event. Initially, ecologists focused mostly on non-anthropogenic disturbances, but as human activity intensified and became a global force, more attention was given to the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on ecosystems. Today, anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic disturbances and their interactions are increasingly affecting ecosystems, particularly those exposed to extreme disturbance events. Extreme disturbance events are complex and low probability events composed of several disturbance forces that individually and in synergy affect different sectors of ecosystems, including the conditions that drive ecesis. I review the literature on disturbance research including the effects of extreme disturbance events on social–ecological–technological systems (SETSs). A SETS is an ecosystem defined by the flow and accumulation of energy through the medium of organisms, constructed infrastructure, institutions, and their environment. Human intentions, values, and capacities are part of the functioning of SETS, and they can drive ecological processes as do non-anthropogenic forces. Moreover, human-directed activities after an extreme disturbance event affect whole landscapes. The passage of hurricane María over the Puerto Rico SETS established that extreme disturbance events are of such power and complexity that they can influence the level and kind of relationship between humans and the environment, including the structure and species composition of the ecological systems within SETS. However, extreme disturbance events such as hurricanes have not changed the successional trajectory originally impulsed by anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, the species composition and functioning of novel forests in Puerto Rico are tied to economic activity in the social and technological sectors of SETS. It is no longer possible to interpret ecosystem functioning without considering the synergy between anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic extreme disturbances.
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Liu, Xiaolong, Zhengtao Shi, Guangcai Huang, Yanchen Bo i Guangjie Chen. "Time Series Remote Sensing Data-Based Identification of the Dominant Factor for Inland Lake Surface Area Change: Anthropogenic Activities or Natural Events?" Remote Sensing 12, nr 4 (12.02.2020): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12040612.
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Inland lake variations are considered sensitive indicators of global climate change. However, human activity is playing as a more and more important role in inland lake area variations. Therefore, it is critical to identify whether anthropogenic activity or natural events is the dominant factor in inland lake surface area change. In this study, we proposed a method that combines the Douglas-Peucker simplification algorithm and the bend simplification algorithm to locate major lake surface area disturbances. These disturbances were used to extract the features that been used to classify disturbances into anthropogenic or natural. We took the nine lakes in Yunnan Province as test sites, a 31-year long (from 1987 to 2017) time series Landsat TM/OLI images and HJ-1A/1B used as data sources, the official records were used as references to aid the feature extraction and disturbance identification accuracy assessment. Results of our method for disturbance location and disturbance identification could be concluded as follows: (1) The method can accurately locate the main lake changing events based on the time series lake surface area curve. The accuracy of this model for segmenting the time series of lake surface area in our study area was 94.73%. (2) Our proposed method achieved an overall accuracy of 87.75%, with an F-score of 85.71 for anthropogenic disturbances and an F-score of 88.89 for natural disturbances. (3) According to our results, lakes in Yunnan Province of China have undergone intensive disturbances. Human-induced disturbances occurred almost twice as much as natural disturbances, indicating intensified disturbances caused by human activities. This inland lake area disturbance identification method is expected to uncover whether a disturbance to inland lake area is human activity-induced or a natural event, and to monitor whether disturbances of lake surface area are intensified for a region.
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Bisson, Isabelle-Anne, Luke K. Butler, Tim J. Hayden, L. Michael Romero i Martin C. Wikelski. "No energetic cost of anthropogenic disturbance in a songbird". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, nr 1658 (2.12.2008): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1277.
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Anthropogenic or natural disturbances can have a significant impact on wild animals. Therefore, understanding when, how and what type of human and natural events disturb animals is a central problem in wildlife conservation. However, it can be difficult to identify which particular environmental stressor affects an individual most. We use heart rate telemetry to quantify the energy expenditure associated with different types of human-mediated and natural disturbances in a breeding passerine, the white-eyed vireo ( Vireo griseus ). We fitted 0.5 g heart rate transmitters to 14 male vireos and continuously recorded heart rate and activity for two days and three nights on a military installation. We calibrated heart rate to energy expenditure for five additional males using an open-flow, push-through respirometry system showing that heart rate predicted 74 per cent of energy expenditure. We conducted standardized disturbance trials in the field to experimentally simulate a natural stressor (predator presence) and two anthropogenic stressors. Although birds initially showed behavioural and heart rate reactions to some disturbances, we could not detect an overall increase in energy expenditure during 1- or 4-hours disturbances. Similarly, overall activity rates were unaltered between control and experimental periods, and birds continued to perform parental duties despite the experimental disturbances. We suggest that vireos quickly determined that disturbances were non-threatening and thus showed no (costly) physiological response. We hypothesize that the lack of a significant response to disturbance in vireos is adaptive and may be representative of animals with fast life histories (e.g. short lifespan, high reproductive output) so as to maximize energy allocation to reproduction. Conversely, we predict that energetic cost of human-mediated disturbances will be significant in slow-living animals.
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Ezcurra, Exequiel. "Anthropogenic disturbances infiltrate forest fragments". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, nr 19 (29.04.2016): 5150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604829113.
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Ji, Li, Yuan Li, Guixiang Zhang i Yonghong Bi. "Anthropogenic Disturbances Have Contributed to Degradation of River Water Quality in Arid Areas". Water 13, nr 22 (22.11.2021): 3305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223305.
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The earth has been reshaped for millennia. The accelerating pace of anthropogenic activities has generated enormous impacts on the water environment. As one of the main drivers of landscape change, anthropogenic disturbance has brought many negative effects on rivers. Studying the relationship between anthropogenic disturbances and river water quality is of significance for regional conservation and ecosystem management, while the relationship remains poorly understood in the current. In this study, we quantified anthropogenic disturbances by introducing the concept of the hemeroby index and evaluated rivers’ water quality in eight sub-watersheds on the Loess Plateau. The results indicated that 37.5% of the sub-watersheds were in Eutrophic status, and 62.5% were in Marginal water quality index. The river water quality was most poor in the southwestern region near the Yellow River with high-level anthropogenic disturbance. A correlation analysis between water quality indicators and hemeroby suggested that anthropogenic disturbance contributed to a significant water quality deterioration trend (p < 0.01). The river water quality was relatively sensitive to the changes of completely disturbed land-use covers, including urban and industrial land. Our findings provide theoretical guidance for regional water resources conservation and ecosystem management in arid areas.
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H. Punia, H. Dhiman, H. Saharan i S. Jakhar. "Floristic Composition and Diversity in Response to Varying Degrees of Disturbance in Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests of Southern Haryana, India". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, nr 04 (2022): 2164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i04.079.
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The aim of the current investigation was to study the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the vegetation structure of the three Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests of Southern Haryana i.e., Mandhana, Ghasola, and Mandhiali in the Bhiwani, Charkhi Dadri, and Mahendergarh districts, respectively. The data were collected from March, 2020 to March, 2021. The floristic composition was quantified by randomly placing 15 quadrats per site (45 in total). A disturbance index was developed for each site and high, medium and low disturbance areas were identified based on prevailing disturbances that were found to be maximum for Mandhiali (21), followed by Ghasola (16) and Mandhana (9). Ecological parameters such as frequency, density, abundance, basal area, IVI, and diversity indices were calculated for each siteduring the study. A total of 50 species of plants representing 44 genera and 25 families were observed consisting of 14 trees, 9 shrubs, and 27 herbs during the investigation of floristic composition. The species richness decreased with an increase in the disturbance level on the three sites viz., Mandhana (40), Ghasola (33), and Mandhiali (29) respectively. The value of Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’) and Pielou Index of evenness (E) declined with an increasing disturbance while Simpson index of dominance (Cd) increased as the disturbance levels increased across the three sites. The results offer significant evidence that anthropogenic disturbances in arid regions of South Haryana play a vital role in community structure and composition. In a forest ecosystem, anthropogenic disturbances cause habitat fragmentation along with soil erosion, loss of soil fertility and biodiversity, etc. The selected forests are in urgent need of management activities to check the intensity of disturbances by controlling anthropogenic pressure on these ecosystems and save them from further degradation. Thus, the present study intensifies the need for phytosociological studies crucial for proper management and conservation purposes.
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Bednařík, J., V. Čada i K. Matějka. "Forest succession after a major anthropogenic disturbance: a case study of the Jewish Forest in the Bohemian Forest, Czech Republic". Journal of Forest Science 60, No. 8 (1.09.2014): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/57/2014-jfs.
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The knowledge of forest development after disturbances, particularly anthropogenic disturbances, is of major importance for forest management. Many areas of mountain forests in Europe have been affected by human activities such as felling and livestock grazing in the past and then left for natural succession. Those forests provide several ecosystem services (e.g. soil or avalanche protection) and therefore it is vital to know their developmental processes. The Norway spruce forest stand in the area of Medvědí Mt. (Šumava National Park, Czech Republic), known as the Jewish Forest, is considered an example of succession after anthropogenic disturbances. This study aimed to: <br /> (1) analyse the history of disturbances which affected the locality, (2) describe the subsequent process of forest succession which led to the development of the present forest formation. We conducted a dendrochronological analysis and a spatial analysis. The main cohort was established after a period of disturbances in the first half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Both natural (windstorm) and anthropogenic (logging and livestock grazing) disturbances coincided during this period. Regeneration of low density was restricted to a short period after the disturbance and was likely dependent on the occurrence of proper microsites. Later, regeneration was probably obstructed by lack of convenient microsites and high competition of the herb layer. Nowadays, new regeneration emerges together with proper microsite at decaying wood and near mature trees. We conclude that anthropogenic disturbances can limit the density and heterogeneity of regeneration, which leads to the establishment of sparse stand. This structure can persist for decades before proper microsites accumulate and enable regeneration.
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Bradley, Elizabeth A., i Graeme Lockaby. "Invasive Wild Pigs: A Significant Disturbance in Coastal Forests". Forests 12, nr 8 (5.08.2021): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081042.
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Introduced in ~59 countries and native across Europe and Asia, wild pigs, Sus scrofa, are the most wide-spread swine species in the world. As ecosystem engineers, wild pigs are a significant source of disturbance in introduced ecosystems due to their numerous, complex impacts on ecosystem processes. Wild pigs are often found in the resource-rich habitat of coastal forests. Coastal forests are complex, dynamic systems with tremendous biodiversity. Exposed to recurrent disturbances, the biophysical characteristics of coastal forests contribute to their ability to return to their original state post-disturbance. However, compounding disturbances can weaken this ability and threaten the health and function of the ecosystem. In this review, through the model of the forests of the southeastern United States Coastal Plain, we (1) describe conditions found across the forested coastal landscape, (2) describe wild pig disturbance, and (3) discuss how wild pig impacts can add to significant anthropogenic and climate-related disturbances threatening coastal forests. Through this review, we find that the impacts of wild pig disturbance on coastal forests often have similar effects as anthropogenic and climate change-related disturbances that may enhance these significant threats to coastal forest function and resiliency.
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Roberts, Mark R. "Response of the herbaceous layer to natural disturbance in North American forests". Canadian Journal of Botany 82, nr 9 (1.09.2004): 1273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-091.
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Most work on the disturbance ecology of North American forests has focused on the tree canopy and woody understory, with little consideration of the herbaceous layer. Understanding how this species-rich and ecologically important layer responds to natural disturbances is needed as a guide for conservation. As a framework for this review, selected natural disturbances common to North American forests are evaluated in terms of a three-axis model of disturbance severity: percentage of tree canopy removed, percentage of understory vegetation removed, and percentage of forest floor and soil removed or disrupted. Eight factors, which control herbaceous-layer response, are linked to the three axes; these factors vary in dominance, depending on disturbance type and severity. The relative importances of different species' regeneration mechanisms also vary along severity gradients. The disturbance-severity model, along with the linked response factors and regeneration mechanisms, provide a framework for evaluating impacts of both natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Long-term studies of herbaceous-layer response to disturbance are needed, particularly mechanistic studies that focus on the relative importance of the eight factors controlling response. The conceptual model proposed herein needs to be tested across the full spectrum of severity levels. Finally, comparisons between natural and anthropogenic disturbances are needed.Key words: disturbance, forests, herbaceous layer, life-history characteristics, succession, understory.
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Setter, Renee O., Erik C. Franklin i Camilo Mora. "Co-occurring anthropogenic stressors reduce the timeframe of environmental viability for the world’s coral reefs". PLOS Biology 20, nr 10 (11.10.2022): e3001821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001821.
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Anthropogenic disturbances are posing unprecedented challenges to the persistence of ecosystems worldwide. The speed at which these disturbances reach an ecosystem’s tolerance thresholds will determine the time available for adaptation and conservation. Here, we aim to calculate the year after which a given environmental stressor permanently exceeds the bounds of an ecosystem’s tolerance. Ecosystem thresholds are here defined as limits in a given stressor beyond which ecosystems have showed considerable changes in community assembly and functioning, becoming remnants of what they once were, but not necessarily leading to species extirpation or extinction. Using the world’s coral reefs as a case example, we show that the projected effects of marine heatwaves, ocean acidification, storms, land-based pollution, and local human stressors are being underestimated considerably by looking at disturbances independently. Given the spatial complementarity in which numerous disturbances impact the world’s coral reefs, we show that the timelines of environmental suitability are halved when all disturbances are analyzed simultaneously, as opposed to independently. Under business-as-usual scenarios, the median year after which environmental conditions become unsuitable for the world’s remaining coral reefs was, at worse, 2050 for any one disturbance alone (28 years left); but when analyzed concurrently, this date was shortened to 2035 (13 years left). When analyzed together, disturbances reduced the date of environmental suitability because areas that may remain suitable under one disturbance could become unsuitable by any of several other variables. The significance of co-occurring disturbances at reducing timeframes of environmental suitability was evident even under optimistic scenarios. The best-case scenario, characterized by strong mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and optimistic human development, resulted in 41% of global coral reefs with unsuitable conditions by 2100 under any one disturbance independently; yet when analyzed in combination up to 64% of the world’s coral reefs could face unsuitable environmental conditions by one disturbance or another. Under the worst-case scenario, nearly all coral reef ecosystems worldwide (approximately 99%) will permanently face unsuitable conditions by 2055 in at least one of the disturbances analyzed. Prior studies have indicated the projected dire effects of climate change on coral reefs by mid-century; by analyzing a multitude of projected disturbances, our study reveals a much more severe prognosis for the world’s coral reefs as they have significantly less time to adapt while highlighting the urgent need to tackle available solutions to human disturbances.
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Leal Barros, Hugo de Jesus, Elke Hellen Fernandes Matias, Kivia Letícia dos Santos Reis, Maíra Fernandes Souza Silva, Danilo Elias De Oliveira, Clarissa Mendes Knoechelmann i Felipe Fernando da Silva Siqueira. "EFFECT OF HUMAN DISTURBANCES ON ANT COMMUNITY AND AMAZONIAN LANDSCAPE". International Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Research 08, nr 01 (2022): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51193/ijaer.2022.8106.
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The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on the ant community and on the Amazonian landscape in areas of tropical rain forest. The study was conducted in two areas: Cabo Rosa Forest and Tauari Forest with different levels of human disturbances in the municipality of Marabá, Pará, Brazil. A characterization of the descriptors of anthropogenic activities was carried out for each study area in order to generate an index of anthropogenic disturbance. The vegetation structure was classified into: exposed soil, low, medium and high vegetation cover through NDVI. Ant sampling was carried out using pitfall traps. The vegetation structure, diversity and abundance parameters were related to the areas. Similarities between the species composition of the ant communities were verified by a similarity analysis. We found that human disturbances are modifying the vegetation structure by reducing the forest cover of the tree stratum and leaving the landscape with a higher occurrence of open areas. Regarding the ant community, we corroborate the hypothesis that anthropic disturbances are reducing the local biodiversity. Thus, this study shows that anthropogenic disturbances have negative effects on the Amazonian landscape and on the ant community through the reduction of forest cover and decrease in ant biodiversity. These changes can cause the conversion of climax communities in early successional stages and reduce the ecological services provided by ants (e.g. seed dispersal).
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Savage, Melissa. "Anthropogenic and natural disturbance and patterns of mortality in a mixed conifer forest in California". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, nr 6 (1.06.1994): 1149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-152.
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Anthropogenic and natural disturbances have been implicated in recent mortality episodes in montane forests. While the role of natural disturbance in patterning forest ecosystems has been widely explored in recent decades, the agency of human influence is less well understood. In this paper, stand structure analysis is used to characterize patterns of mortality in a montane mixed conifer forest in southern California subject to multiple influences, both anthropogenic and natural, including fire suppression, air pollution, drought, competition, and insect infestation. While it is difficult to separate the contribution of any one of these factors to tree death, because there have been cumulative and synchronous disturbances, successional trends can be identified. Anthropogenic influences appear to abet the effects of natural disturbance in enhancing the shift from early successional pines to species that tolerate stresses such as drought, fire suppression, or competition that result from increased stand density, or a combination of such stresses.
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Fenton, Nicole J. "Applied ecology in Canada’s boreal: a holistic view of the mitigation hierarchy and resilience theory". Botany 94, nr 11 (listopad 2016): 1009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0123.
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Canada’s boreal biome is a mosaic of forests and peatlands. These ecosystems have developed dynamically, periodically affected by disturbance events of significant spatial extent and variable severity, reducing ecosystem biomass. The same ecosystem types typically regenerate from biological legacies. However, concern is growing about the impact of these different anthropogenic disturbances, particularly compound disturbances including climate change, which open the door to shifts to alternate stable states. One strategy promoted to regulate anthropogenic disturbance is the “mitigation hierarchy” for development projects, where impacts on ecosystems are avoided, mitigated, restored, or compensated. This practical approach is not yet integrated into disturbance and resilience theory. Here, I develop an integrated view of the mitigation hierarchy, as well as resilience and disturbance theory, in a boreal context using ecosystem services to measure ecosystem state in a two-step process that first models loss of ecosystem function and then integrates the mitigation hierarchy and resilience theory. The application of this model is discussed in the context of restoration studies after different types of catastrophic anthropogenic disturbance. These studies, some of which are published in this special issue, highlight the important role of bryophytes and understory plants in setting restoration targets and developing criteria and indicators of success.
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M, Zaman. "Daily Activity and Foraging Patterns of Adult Golden Marmots in Pup-Rearing Burrows in Relation to Habitat Disturbance in Karakorum Range Pakistan". Journal of Ethology & Animal Science 4, nr 1 (1.04.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jeasc-16000124.
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Animals may change the temporal dimension of their niche by shifting their activity patterns in relation to anthropogenic disturbances. Yet, few studies have documented these response phenomena in pasture land. We examined the extent to which disturbances related with habitat features altered the timing of foraging and activity patterns of golden marmot (Marmota caudata aurea). Using a scan-sampling observational method, we collected data from 34 pup-rearing marmot burrow sites in the summer pasture area of Shigar Valley, northwest Pakistan. We defined frequency of occurrences index (FOI) of anthropogenic disturbance intensity for each site based on the presence of livestock, herders, distance from livestock corrals or shepherd huts, and density of major tracks, and determined whether marmot time spent aboveground, as well as foraging distance from pup-burrows, was or not between high and low disturbance sites. We found that disturbance intensity influenced the total daily activity time and foraging distance from pup burrows. Our results indicated that marmots adjusted their diurnal patterns of activity and the distances moved from their pup burrows in relation to the timing of anthropogenic activities implying changes to the temporal and spatial dimension of their niche. In areas with high levels of disturbance, marmots were less active during morning periods and more active during midday and compensated by increasing activity when herding activity was less. Foraging activity was less during midday and showed a peak during late evening. Finally, results suggest that grazing intensity of human disturbances may have significant consequences in terms of marmot summer pup-raising periods for energy intake
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Pickell, Paul D., David W. Andison, Nicholas C. Coops, Sarah E. Gergel i Peter L. Marshall. "The spatial patterns of anthropogenic disturbance in the western Canadian boreal forest following oil and gas development". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, nr 6 (czerwiec 2015): 732–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0546.
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Resource development can have significant consequences for the distribution of vegetation cover and for species persistence. Modelling changes to anthropogenic disturbance regimes over time can provide profound insights into the mechanisms that drive land cover change. We analyzed the spatial patterns of anthropogenic disturbance before and after a period of significant oil and gas extraction in two boreal forest subregions in Alberta, Canada. A spatially explicit model was used to map levels of anthropogenic forest crown mortality across 700 000 ha of managed forest over a 60-year period. The anthropogenic disturbance regime varied both spatially and temporally and was outside the historical range of variability characterized by regional fire regimes. Levels of live forest crown within anthropogenic disturbances declined and edge density increased following oil and gas development, whereas patch size varied regionally. In some places, anthropogenic disturbance generated profoundly novel landscapes with spatial patterns that had no historical analogue in the boreal system. The results illustrate that a shift in one sector of the economy can have dramatic outcomes on landscape structure. The results also suggest that any efforts to better align cumulative anthropogenic disturbance patterns with the historic baseline will almost certainly require a concerted and collaborative effort from all of the major stakeholders.
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Safonov, Maxim Anatolyevich. "Reaction of macromycetes fungi on anthropogenic disturbances". Samara Journal of Science 7, nr 2 (15.06.2018): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201872120.
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The paper deals with the influence of the anthropogenic press on different levels of macromycetes fungi biota organization: the Bank of spores and propagules of fungi, individual fungal organisms and their communities. It is assumed that anthropogenic disturbances of the environment decrease some fungi spores viability and change the ratio of different species spores. Environment disturbances affect fungi directly and indirectly, but indirect effects are more significant, since the destruction of fruit bodies does not affect the state of the mycelium. Indirect effects include violation of physical and chemical properties of substrates (soil, wood), increase of their toxicity, and changes in vegetation cover, causing changes in qualitative and quantitative characteristics of detritus and plants that can form mycorrhizae. The mechanisms of reducing the diversity and functioning of mycobiota in the conditions of technogenic pollution are discussed. Communities of fungi respond to anthropogenic disturbances by changing the structure, especially functional, which increase absolute and relative number of phytopathogenic fungi in communities. It is concluded that the current trend of regional mycobiota development is aimed at preserving the natural state and currently there are no clear signs of its degradation.
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Hailemariam, Mesfin Belete, i Tamru Demsis Temam. "Pattern of Plant Community Distribution along the Elevational Gradient and Anthropogenic Disturbance in Gole Forest, Ethiopia". International Journal of Ecology 2020 (3.12.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6536374.
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Vegetation-environment relationships are usually studied along elevational gradient. The patterns of plant community distribution in Gole forest, Ethiopia, were studied along elevational gradient and disturbances. Disturbances were recorded following the elevational gradient. For vegetation data collection, 62 sample plots of size 20 × 20 m were established along an elevational gradient (2728–3480 m.a.s.l). Data on species composition and environmental variables were measured and recorded in each plot. The elevation of each sample plot was measured using Garmin GPS. Anthropogenic disturbances in each plot were estimated using the following scales: 0 = no disturbance, 1 = slightly disturbed, 2 = moderately disturbed, and 3 = highly disturbed. R statistical package was used for cluster and ordination analysis. Boxplots and analysis of variance were used to assess the relationships between plant communities and environmental variables. Sorensen’s similarity coefficient was used to detect similarities and dissimilarities among communities. A total of 114 plant species belonging to 57 families and 94 genera were identified. Five plant community types were identified using agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis. Every plant community had differences in composition and environmental variables. The variation in plant community distributions was significantly related to elevation and disturbance. Plant community distribution was negatively correlated with elevation ( P < 0.05 ) and also with disturbance ( P < 0.05 ). Sorensen’s similarity index showed that there was a difference in the distribution of plant species composition among the communities. The difference in plant community distribution of Gole forest was significantly related to elevation. Disturbances also have a considerable influence on the plant communities and mitigation of disturbance should be the main measure that needs to be taken into account in conservation planning in the study area.
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Wood, Tana, Grizelle González, Whendee Silver, Sasha Reed i Molly Cavaleri. "On the Shoulders of Giants: Continuing the Legacy of Large-Scale Ecosystem Manipulation Experiments in Puerto Rico". Forests 10, nr 3 (27.02.2019): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030210.
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There is a long history of experimental research in the Luquillo Experimental Forest in Puerto Rico. These experiments have addressed questions about biotic thresholds, assessed why communities vary along natural gradients, and have explored forest responses to a range of both anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic disturbances. Combined, these studies cover many of the major disturbances that affect tropical forests around the world and span a wide range of topics, including the effects of forest thinning, ionizing radiation, hurricane disturbance, nitrogen deposition, drought, and global warming. These invaluable studies have greatly enhanced our understanding of tropical forest function under different disturbance regimes and informed the development of management strategies. Here we summarize the major field experiments that have occurred within the Luquillo Experimental Forest. Taken together, results from the major experiments conducted in the Luquillo Experimental Forest demonstrate a high resilience of Puerto Rico’s tropical forests to a variety of stressors.
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Burton, Philip J., Anke Jentsch i Lawrence R. Walker. "The Ecology of Disturbance Interactions". BioScience 70, nr 10 (16.09.2020): 854–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa088.
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Abstract Global change has been accompanied by recent increases in the frequency and intensity of various ecological disturbances (e.g., fires, floods, cyclones), both natural and anthropogenic in origin. Because these disturbances often interact, their cumulative and synergistic effects can result in unforeseen consequences, such as insect outbreaks, crop failure, and progressive ecosystem degradation. We consider the roles of biological legacies, thresholds, and lag effects responsible for the distinctive impacts of interacting disturbances. We propose a hierarchical classification that distinguishes the patterns and implications associated with random co-occurrences, individual links, and multiple links among disturbances that cascade in chains or networks. Disturbance-promoting interactions apparently prevail over disturbance-inhibiting ones. Complex and exogenous disturbance cascades are less predictable than simple and endogenous links because of their dependency on adjacent or synchronous events. These distinctions help define regional disturbance regimes and can have implications for natural selection, risk assessment, and options for management intervention.
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Matějů, Jan, i Kristýna Matějů. "Spatial activity and road crossing abilities in Alces alces and Cervus elaphus: a review (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)". Lynx, new series 48, nr 1 (1.12.2017): 125–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lynx-2017-0008.
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Abstract This review focuses on the aspects of biology of the elk (Alces alces) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) related to disturbance and barrier effect of highways. The information concerning home range size, migratory and dispersal movements and susceptibility to anthropogenic disturbances as well as examples of preferred wildlife passages was reviewed for both species. The disturbance and barrier effects of highways, or more precisely traffic, are different in each species. The red deer is the most susceptible to disturbances and it is even very difficult to encourage to use wildlife passages of any type. On the contrary, the elk, despite its large body size, is very adaptable and able to use relatively small under- and overpasses. Nevertheless, the use of wildlife passages could reduce the barrier effect of highways in both species. Location of wildlife passages should respect the structure of landscape and the passages should be protected from anthropogenic disturbances. The frequency of passages should be approximately one per each kilometer of highway in wooded landscape or one per three kilometers in open agricultural landscape. The minimum recommended width of wildlife overpasses is 40 m and the minimum index of clearance of underpasses is 1.7.
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Petaloudi, Lydia-Maria, Petros Ganatsas i Marianthi Tsakaldimi. "Exploring Biodiversity and Disturbances in the of Peri-Urban Forests of Thessaloniki, Greece". Sustainability 14, nr 14 (11.07.2022): 8497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148497.
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Forests host important plant biodiversity. Nevertheless, due to climate change and human disturbances, the floristic quality of forest ecosystems is degraded. Greek peri-urban forests biodiversity is threatened by anthropogenic activities such as forest fragmentation, pollution, garbage, etc. Measurement of biodiversity status and the floristic quality assessment can be used to estimate the degree of forest degradation caused by anthropogenic disturbances. In this study, we compared and evaluated six forest ecosystem types in the peri-urban forests of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, by using Shannon’s biodiversity index as well as and α and β diversity Sørensen indices. Furthermore, we recorded the prevailing anthropogenic disturbances and compared the plant families and the ruderal species appearing in each forest ecosystem. Finally, the average conservatism value (C value) of the plant species found in each ecosystem was determined in order to calculate the ecosystem floristic quality index. Analysis of the results showed that the floristic and ecological parameters tested greatly vary among ecosystems. Broadleaf forests of higher altitude hosted the greatest biodiversity, and the higher floristic quality index and plant conservation value. On the contrary, most disturbances and most ruderal species were recorded in ecosystems of lower altitude, adjacent to the city (Pinus brutia forest and Maqui vegetation), the least disturbed ecosystems were found in the steep slopes (Castanea sativa forest). Most ruderal species found belonged to the Asteraceae and Rosaceae families. Accessibility and attractiveness of stands were positively correlated with disturbances. Insufficient management, lack of protection measures, and littering removal contribute to the increase in the level of disturbance.
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Bátori, Zoltán, András Vojtkó, Gunnar Keppel, Csaba Tölgyesi, Andraž Čarni, Matija Zorn, Tünde Farkas i in. "Anthropogenic disturbances alter the conservation value of karst dolines". Biodiversity and Conservation 29, nr 2 (9.11.2019): 503–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01896-4.
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Abstract Dolines are depressions in karst landscapes that are of high value for conservation, providing habitats and supporting species not found in the surrounding landscape. This is due to their high microhabitat diversity and ability to decouple microclimate from regional climate changes, making them potential refugia for biodiversity. Nevertheless, local anthropogenic disturbances have had considerable impact on the species composition and vegetation structure of many dolines. Here we investigate the conservation value of dolines in three European karst areas, where different levels and types of anthropogenic disturbances have been shaping the vegetation for centuries, using the number of plant species that are cool-adapted, moist-adapted and of high conservation importance (i.e. vulnerable species) as indicators. We found that anthropogenic disturbances generally have a negative impact, reducing the number of vulnerable species supported by dolines. However, more cool-adapted and moist-adapted species were found in some dolines planted with non-native Picea abies than in less disturbed dolines, indicating that anthropogenic disturbances can also have positive consequences for biodiversity. We conclude that anthropogenic disturbances alter the capacity of dolines to support vulnerable species, and that this will impact survival of species in landscapes under global warming. In this context, the effects of various disturbances on species composition and diversity need to carefully considered to determine the best conservation and/or management options.
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Jiao, Congcong, Dayong Zhao, Rui Huang, Xinyi Cao, Jin Zeng, Yuqing Lin i Wenjie Zhao. "Abundant and Rare Bacterioplankton in Freshwater Lakes Subjected to Different Levels of Tourism Disturbances". Water 10, nr 8 (11.08.2018): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10081075.
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Anthropogenic disturbances have a negative impact on lake ecosystems, such as water environmental degradation. Bacterioplankton communities are essential components in lakes and consist of a few abundant species and several rare taxa. However, little is known about the community diversity and composition of abundant and rare bacterioplankton subjected to different levels of anthropogenic disturbances. In this study, water samples were collected from twelve freshwater lakes located around the city of Nanjing, China. Both Illumina MiSeq sequencing and multivariate statistical analysis were employed to determine the bacterioplankton community composition and its relation to environmental variables. The results indicated that tourism disturbances (mostly sewage discharge and tourist activities) altered the community structure of both abundant and rare bacterioplankton by changing water physicochemical characteristics. Alpha diversity of both abundant and rare taxa did not differ among different anthropogenic disturbance lakes (p > 0.05). Rare bacterial taxa possessed higher alpha diversity than abundant taxa, though rare taxa occupied a tiny portion of abundance (4.5%). Redundancy analysis demonstrated that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the most significant correlation variable for constraining the variation of abundant taxa, whereas total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were the most dominant environmental factors constraining the rare taxa, indicating abundant and rare taxa may have different ecological niches.
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Kabanyegeye, Henri, Yannick Useni Sikuzani, Kouagou Raoul Sambieni, Didier Mbarushimana, Tatien Masharabu i Jan Bogaert. "Analysis of Anthropogenic Disturbances of Green Spaces along an Urban–Rural Gradient of the City of Bujumbura (Burundi)". Land 12, nr 2 (12.02.2023): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020465.
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Bujumbura city has diversified but unevenly distributed green spaces. The typology and anthropogenic disturbances of these green spaces are still unknown. This study presents a typology of green spaces along the urban–rural gradient through a literature review. It assesses the presence of anthropogenic disturbances through inventories in 100 m × 100 m grids. Data reveal that Bujumbura’s green spaces are made up of green squares concentrated exclusively in urban areas, cemeteries present in peri-urban areas and sports green spaces observable all along the urbanization gradient. These green spaces are more exposed to trampling, which is more present in administrative entities with a peri-urban morphological status, as opposed to various constructions in administrative entities with an urban status. Finally, significative pairwise associations of anthropogenic disturbances were observed. The results show the need to protect these green spaces from all kinds of anthropogenic disturbances by raising the eco-responsible awareness of the population and the municipal authorities.
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Semenov, S. M., A. A. Gladilshchikova i T. M. Dmitrieva. "ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCES OF THE LANDATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS: IPCC ASSESSMENTS". Fundamental and Applied Climatology 3 (2019): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21513/2410-8758-2019-3-05-31.
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Duwyn, Alisha, i Andrew S. MacDougall. "When anthropogenic-related disturbances overwhelm demographic persistence mechanisms". Journal of Ecology 103, nr 3 (9.03.2015): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12382.
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Elansky, N. F., O. V. Lavrova, A. A. Rakin i A. I. Skorokhod. "Anthropogenic disturbances of the atmosphere in Moscow region". Doklady Earth Sciences 454, nr 2 (luty 2014): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x14020020.
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Gonçalves, Paulo Henrique Santos, Thiago Gonçalves-Souza i Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque. "Chronic anthropogenic disturbances in ecology: a bibliometric approach". Scientometrics 123, nr 2 (28.02.2020): 1103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03403-x.
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Roh, Seung Jin, Jae Deok Son, Jun Hyoung Jeon, Kwan-Ho Bae, Hyun-Seop Kim, Sang Wook Park i Bong-Kyu Byun. "Initial Change of Coleopteran Insect Community Affected by Anthropogenic Disturbances Insect Community Affected by Anthropogenic Disturbances within Pine tree Forest". Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology 29, nr 4 (31.08.2015): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13047/kjee.2015.29.4.539.
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Korzeniak, Joanna. "Species richness and diversity related to anthropogenic soil disturbance in abandoned meadows in the Bieszczady Mts. (Eastern Carpathians)". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 74, nr 1 (2011): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2005.010.
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The study was focused on soil factors influencing species richness and diversity after disturbance of the substrate followed by abandonment. Two types of disturbances in the past were considered: the removal of trees and shrubs with the resulting major destruction of soils, and deep ploughing. As a control meadows not covered by any management schemes for 50 years were studied. The topsoil stripping resulted in decrease of potassium, nitrogen and organic carbon contents, while deep ploughing caused less radical effects. Simultaneously, disturbances of the soil delayed the course of succession, and brought increase in species. The most species-rich are ploughed meadows. No differences in terms of species diversity, domination and evenness between the forms of disturbances were identified. However, there were groups of species indicative for soil disturbances. Analysis of the relationships between vegetation differentiation and the properties of soil suggests that available phosphorus may affect species richness and diversity in mountain meadows.
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Guerra-Castro, Edlin, Paula Young, Adriana Pérez-Vázquez, Sophie Carteron i Adriana Alvizu. "Spatial variability and human disturbance of sponge assemblages associated with mangrove roots in the southern Caribbean". Marine and Freshwater Research 62, nr 5 (2011): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10267.
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Assemblages growing on Caribbean red-mangrove roots are very diverse and characteristically dominated by sponges. The scales of spatial variation of this fauna in the Caribbean region have not been hierarchically quantified, although such information is necessary to understand the relative importance of ecological processes and possible responses to anthropogenic disturbances. We used a hierarchical nested design to identify patterns of spatial variability at different scales, namely among roots, sites, localities and regions within the southern Caribbean. Simultaneously, the sampling considered the relative distance from sources of human disturbance to test the null hypothesis of no difference in sponge diversity among localities as a result of anthropogenic stress. Significant spatial variability in species composition was detected at all spatial scales, especially at the among-root scale. However, there were no differences associated with distance from human disturbance. These results indicate high regional and local β diversity, and also suggest that results from small-scale experiments cannot be scaled up to the entire community. Further, spatial analysis of sponge assemblages is not enough to detect deleterious effects of human disturbances on mangrove areas.
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Gallant, D., L. Vasseur, M. Dumond, E. Tremblay i C. H. Bérubé. "Habitat selection by river otters (Lontra canadensis) under contrasting land-use regimes". Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, nr 5 (maj 2009): 422–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-035.
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Habitat preferences of river otters ( Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)) are well known, but because most studies were conducted in regions with markedly low or high levels of anthropogenic disturbances, it is not well known how their habitat usage is affected by varied anthropogenic disturbances and land-use regimes on a regional scale. We studied habitat use by otters in eastern New Brunswick, Canada, in an area having both protected and disturbed riparian habitats. Using long-range winter riparian transects, we documented activity-sign distribution along riverbanks in relation to 12 habitat factors and 9 categories of anthropogenic disturbances. We documented variables at site with activity signs and at habitat stations along riverbanks at 500 m intervals. We used logistical regressions and Akaike’s information criterion in an information–theoretic approach to compare models and determine the important factors involved. Habitat-related factors were more important than anthropogenic ones in describing habitat use. The best performing models were those incorporating both habitat and anthropogenic factors. Beaver ( Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820) ponds were the most important habitat factor, while fields were the most important anthropogenic factor. Our results indicate that otters responded mostly to the presence of habitat features they use and secondarily to the presence of anthropogenic structures or activities in an area.
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Chew, Li Lee, i Ving Ching Chong. "Response of marine copepods to a changing tropical environment: winners, losers and implications". PeerJ 4 (24.05.2016): e2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2052.
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Background.Climate change concurrent with anthropogenic disturbances can initiate serial changes that reverberate up the food chain with repercussions for fisheries. To date, there is no information available concerning the combined effects of global warming and human impacts on tropical marine food webs. While temperate copepods respond differently to warming and environmental stressors, the extent to which tropical copepods can adapt to rising temperature of already warm waters remains unknown. We hypothesize that sea warming and other anthropogenic disturbances over the long term will have the greatest impact on the copepod community in nearshore waters where their effects are accentuated, and therefore vulnerable and resilient species could be identified.Methods.Zooplankton samples were collected during two time periods (1985–86 and 2014–15) interposed by marked anthropogenic disturbances, and at the same five stations located progressively from inshore to offshore in Klang Strait, Malaysia, following the asymmetrical before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Copepods were identified to species, and results were interpreted by univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (PERMANOVA, PCO) analyses of the computed species abundance and diversity measures.Results.Copepod total abundance was not significantly different among stations but higher after disturbance than before disturbance. However, changes in the abundance of particular species and the community structure between time periods were dramatic. Coastal large-bodied calanoid species (e.g.,Acartia spinicauda,Calanopia thompsoni,Pseudodiaptomus bowmaniandTortanus forcipatus) were the most vulnerable group to disturbance. This however favored the opportunistic species (e.g.,Oithona simplex,O. attenuata,Hemicyclopssp.,Pseudomacrochironsp. andMicrosetella norvegica). Small-bodied copepods (e.g.,Paracalanussp.,Parvocalanus crassirostrisandEuterpina acutifrons) were unaffected.Centropages tenuiremiswas likely an introduced species. There was no significant loss in species richness of copepods despite the dramatic changes in community structure.Discussion.Sea warming and other human-induced effects such as eutrophication, acidification and coastal habitat degradation are likely the main factors that have altered copepod community structure. The large-bodied estuarine and coastal calanoid copepods are surmised to be vulnerable to eutrophication and hypoxia, while both resilient and opportunistic species are largely unaffected by, or adaptable to, degraded coastal environments and observed sea surface temperature (SST) rise. It is forecasted that SST rise with unmitigated anthropogenic impacts will further reduce large-bodied copepod species the favoured food for fish larvae with dire consequences for coastal fish production.
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Clunes, John, Susana Valle, Jose Dörner, Marco Campos, Jorge Medina, Sarah Zuern i Lorena Lagos. "Changes in Soil Quality of an Urban Wetland as a Result of Anthropogenic Disturbance". Land 11, nr 3 (8.03.2022): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11030394.
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Urban wetland soil provides ecosystem services (ES) through their functions. Changes in soil properties due to anthropogenic disturbances lead to a loss of soil quality. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of nearby anthropic disturbance on the chemical, physical and biological properties of the urban wetland soil. Soil samples were collected from four sites (P1, P2, P3 and P4) located in the Angachilla urban wetland, Chile, according to the magnitude of anthropogenic disturbance. An assessment of the physical and chemical properties of the soil profile was carried out in two sites, P1 and P4. Additionally, chemical and biological properties of the soil were evaluated in the four sites selected. Results from the soil profiles showed that Hz1 of P4 had a higher levels of soil fertility as a result of low anthropogenic disturbance in contrast to Hz1 of P1 (p < 0.05). Relevant differences among sites were observed for P-Olsen, pH NaF, nosZ gene, Nitrate and Na (PC1: 50.5%). Composition of the soil bacterial community in P1 and P4 showed higher richness and diversity. Anthropogenic disturbance on the urban wetland soil leads to a loss of the soil’s organic horizon, as well as its soil quality and, subsequently, its capacity to provide ES through its functions.
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Perry, Kayla, i Daniel Herms. "Dynamic Responses of Ground-Dwelling Invertebrate Communities to Disturbance in Forest Ecosystems". Insects 10, nr 3 (26.02.2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10030061.
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In forest ecosystems, natural and anthropogenic disturbances alter canopy structure, understory vegetation, amount of woody debris, and the properties of litter and soil layers. The magnitude of these environmental changes is context-dependent and determined by the properties of the disturbance, such as the frequency, intensity, duration, and extent. Therefore, disturbances can dynamically impact forest communities over time, including populations of ground-dwelling invertebrates that regulate key ecosystem processes. We propose conceptual models that describe the dynamic temporal effects of canopy gap formation and coarse woody debris accumulation following disturbances caused by invasive insects, wind, and salvage logging, and their impacts on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities. Within this framework, predictions are generated, literature on ground-dwelling invertebrate communities is synthesized, and pertinent knowledge gaps identified.
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Gonzalez, Darinka Costa, Reinaldo Lucas Cajaiba, Eduardo Périco, Wully Barreto da Silva, Antônio Domingos Brescovite, António Maria Luis Crespi i Mário Santos. "Assessing Ecological Disturbance in Neotropical Forest Landscapes Using High-Level Diversity and High-Level Functionality: Surprising Outcomes from a Case Study with Spider Assemblages". Land 10, nr 7 (19.07.2021): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070758.
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Spiders have been increasingly used as environmental and ecological indicators in conservation and ecosystem management. In the Neotropics, there is a shortage of information regarding spiders’ taxonomies and ecological responses to anthropogenic disturbances. To unravel these hitches, we tested the possibility of using high-level diversity and high-level functionality indicators to evaluate spider assemblages’ sensitivity to landscape changes. This approach, if proven informative, might overcome the relevant limitations of taxonomic derived indexes, which are considered time-consuming, cost-demanding and dependent on the (few) expert taxonomists’ availability. Our results highlight the pertinence of both indicators’ responses to the structural changes induced by increasing anthropogenic disturbance, and are associated with reductions in ecosystem complexity, microclimates, and microhabitats. Overall, both indicators were sensitive to structural changes induced by anthropogenic disturbance and should be considered a useful resource for assessing the extent of ecosystems’ disruptions in the Neotropics, and also to guide managers in landscapes’ restoration.
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Robson, Anthony A., Lewis G. Halsey i Laurent Chauvaud. "Feet, heat and scallops: what is the cost of anthropogenic disturbance in bivalve aquaculture?" Royal Society Open Science 3, nr 3 (marzec 2016): 150679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150679.
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The effects of unnatural disturbances on the behaviour and energetics of animals are an important issue for conservation and commercial animal production. Biologging enables estimation of the energy costs of these disturbances, but not specifically the effect these costs have on growth; a key outcome measure for animal farming enterprises. We looked at how natural and anthropogenically induced activity and energy expenditure of king scallops Pecten maximus varies with temperature. These data were then used to model growth time of king scallops reared in an aquaculture facility under different temperatures and anthropogenic disturbance levels. The scallops exhibited a typical total metabolic rate (MR)–temperature curve, with a peak reached at a middling temperature. The percentage of their total MR associated with spinning and swimming, behavioural responses to disturbance, was considerable. Interestingly, as temperature increased, the activity MR associated with a given level of activity decreased; a hitherto unreported relationship in any species. The model results suggest there is a trade-off in the ambient temperature that should be set by hatcheries between the optimal for scallop growth if completely undisturbed versus mitigating against the energy costs elicited by anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, the model indicates that this trade-off is affected by scallop size. Aquaculture facilities typically have controls to limit the impact of human activities, yet the present data indicate that hatcheries may be advised to consider whether more controls could further decrease extraneous scallop behaviours, resulting in enhanced scallop yields and improved financial margins.
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Nabe-Nielsen, Jacob, Floris M. van Beest, Volker Grimm, Richard M. Sibly, Jonas Teilmann i Paul M. Thompson. "Predicting the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on marine populations". Conservation Letters 11, nr 5 (7.05.2018): e12563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/conl.12563.
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Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Iván A. Ortiz-Rodríguez, Daniel Piñero, Rodolfo Dirzo i José Sarukhán. "Anthropogenic disturbances jeopardize biodiversity conservation within tropical rainforest reserves". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, nr 19 (11.04.2016): 5323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602893113.
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Anthropogenic disturbances affecting tropical forest reserves have been documented, but their ecological long-term cumulative effects are poorly understood. Habitat fragmentation and defaunation are two major anthropogenic threats to the integrity of tropical reserves. Based on a long-term (four decades) study, we document how these disturbances synergistically disrupt ecological processes and imperil biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning at Los Tuxtlas, the northernmost tropical rainforest reserve in the Americas. Deforestation around this reserve has reduced the reserve to a medium-sized fragment (640 ha), leading to an increased frequency of canopy-gap formation. In addition, hunting and habitat loss have caused the decline or local extinction of medium and large herbivores. Combining empirical, experimental, and modeling approaches, we support the hypothesis that such disturbances produced a demographic explosion of the long-lived (≈120 y old, maximum height of 7 m) understory palm Astrocaryum mexicanum, whose population has increased from 1,243–4,058 adult individuals per hectare in only 39 y (annual growth rate of ca. 3%). Faster gap formation increased understory light availability, enhancing seed production and the growth of immature palms, whereas release from mammalian herbivory and trampling increased survival of seedlings and juveniles. In turn, the palm’s demographic explosion was followed by a reduction of tree species diversity, changing forest composition, altering the relative contribution of trees to forest biomass, and disrupting litterfall dynamics. We highlight how indirect anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., palm proliferation) on otherwise protected areas threaten tropical conservation, a phenomenon that is currently eroding the planet’s richest repositories of biodiversity.
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Knisley, C. Barry. "Anthropogenic disturbances and rare tiger beetle habitats: benefits, risks, and implications for conservation". Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4, nr 1 (2011): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498311x555706.
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AbstractThis review summarizes the literature and some primary data on the effects of anthropogenic disturbances on tiger beetle habitats, including how this may help or harm populations of rare species, and how understanding these effects is important in tiger beetle conservation and management. The main focus is on U.S. species but relevant literature from other regions of the world is included. First I discuss tiger beetle habitats and the importance of open patches, then review how human disturbances may be essential for creating these open areas of habitat but may also negatively impact populations and act as limiting factors. The factors discussed are: (1) vehicles, bicycles and pedestrian foot traffic; (2) livestock grazing and other animal activities; (3) soil movement and deposition; (4) irrigation and cultivation; and (5) dams, diversions and shoreline structures. Finally, I review the threat of encroaching vegetation from natural succession and invasive species into rare tiger beetle habitats and how implementing disturbance regimes may counter this threat and be used in conservation and management of rare tiger beetles.
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Jasińska, Karolina D., Mateusz Jackowiak, Jakub Gryz, Szymon Bijak, Katarzyna Szyc i Dagny Krauze-Gryz. "Habitat-Related Differences in Winter Presence and Spring–Summer Activity of Roe Deer in Warsaw". Forests 12, nr 8 (22.07.2021): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12080970.
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Preliminary research conducted in Warsaw in the 1970s and 2000s showed that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) stayed in forest habitat and avoided anthropogenic areas. Activity and exploration patterns of animals are shaped by indices of anthropogenic disturbances, elevated in large cities. The aims of the study were (1) to compare the presence of roe deer in natural and anthropogenic habitats of Warsaw during three periods: 1976–1978, 2005–2008 and 2017–2021, based on snow tracking on transect routes (681.2 km in total), and (2) to describe the presence and activity of roe deer in relation to human disturbances in selected urban forests in its reproductive period (March–August), based on camera trap survey (2019–2020, 859 observations, 5317 trap-days in total). The number of tracks was higher in natural habitat during all three periods, with the highest value in 2017–2021 (9.85/km/24h). The peak of roe deer activity was recorded at dusk, and it changed with moon phases between spring and summer. Landscape connectivity and level of light pollution did not affect the activity pattern of roe deer. Our research showed that roe deer inhabiting urban areas avoided human presence by using well-covered habitats and being active in periods when the level of human disturbance was lower.
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Volik, Olena, Matthew Elmes, Richard Petrone, Eric Kessel, Adam Green, Danielle Cobbaert i Jonathan Price. "Wetlands in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region: the nexus between wetland hydrological function and resource extraction". Environmental Reviews 28, nr 3 (wrzesień 2020): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2019-0040.
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Oil sands development within the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) has accelerated in recent decades, causing alteration to natural ecosystems including wetlands that perform many vital ecosystem functions such as water and carbon storage. These wetlands comprise more than half of the landscape, and their distribution and local hydrology are the result of interactions among a subhumid climate, topography, and spatially heterogeneous surficial and bedrock geology. Since hydrology plays a fundamental role in wetland ecological functioning and determines wetland sensitivity to human disturbances, the characterization of anthropogenic impacts on wetland hydrology in the AOSR is necessary to assess wetland resilience and to improve current best management practices. As such, this paper reviews the impacts of oil sands development and related disturbances including infrastructure construction, gravel extraction, and land clearing on wetland function in the AOSR. Hydrologic disturbances in wetlands in the AOSR include changes to soil hydrophysical properties that control water table position, the interruption of recharge–discharge patterns, and alteration of micrometeorological conditions; these in turn govern wetland ecological structure and wetland ecosystem processes (e.g., evapotranspiration, nutrient cycling). Given that anthropogenic disturbance can affect natural wetland succession, long-term hydrological monitoring is crucial for predicting the response of these ecosystems to varying levels of human impact.
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Cobb, T. P., D. W. Langor i J. R. Spence. "Biodiversity and multiple disturbances: boreal forest ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) responses to wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, nr 8 (sierpień 2007): 1310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-310.
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Rising societal demands for forest resources along with existing natural disturbance regimes suggest that sustainable forest management will increasingly depend on better understanding the cumulative effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. In North America, for example, there is increasing economic pressure to salvage log burned forests, although the ecological consequences of combining fire and harvesting on the same sites are unclear. We examined the short-term (2 year) responses of boreal forest ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to the individual and combined effects of wildfire, harvesting, and herbicide. Ground beetle responses to wildfire and forestry-related disturbances differed strongly and suggested that, although some species may appear to benefit from disturbance combinations (e.g., Sericoda quadripunctata (DeGeer)), these effects are detrimental to others (e.g., Sericoda bembidioides Kirby). Species compositional variability was significantly reduced by disturbance combinations suggesting that multiple disturbances may lead to a simplification of this entire assemblage. In addition, ground beetle responses were correlated with changes in several key habitat parameters such as amount of woody debris, exposed ground, and plant species richness suggesting avenues for future study. Overall, however, our results suggest that efforts to avoid compounding disturbances on any site should be considered when developing current and future forest management guidelines.
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Moroni, Martin T. "Disturbance history affects dead wood abundance in Newfoundland boreal forests". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, nr 12 (1.12.2006): 3194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-195.
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Dead wood (dead standing tree (snag), woody debris (WD), buried wood, and stump) abundance was estimated in Newfoundland balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests regrown following natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Although harvesting left few snags standing, natural disturbances generated many snags. Most were still standing 2 years after natural disturbance, but almost all had fallen after 33–34 years. Snag abundance then increased in stands aged 86–109 years. Natural disturbances generated little WD 0–2 years following disturbance. Harvesting, however, immediately generated large amounts of WD. Thirty-two to forty-one years following disturbance, most harvesting slash had decomposed, but naturally disturbed sites had large amounts of WD from collapsed snags. Harvested sites contained less WD 32–72 years following disturbance than naturally disturbed sites. Amounts of WD in black spruce regrown following harvesting and fire converged 63–72 years following disturbance, despite significant initial differences in WD quantities, diameter distribution, and decay classes. Abundance of WD increased from sites regrown 32–72 years following disturbance to older sites. Precommercial thinning had a minor impact on dead wood stocks. Stumps contained minor biomass. Buried wood and WD biomass were equivalent at some sites.
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Kurz, W. A., S. Hayne, M. Fellows, J. D. MacDonald, J. M. Metsaranta, M. Hafer i D. Blain. "Quantifying the impacts of human activities on reported greenhouse gas emissions and removals in Canada’s managed forest: conceptual framework and implementation". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, nr 10 (październik 2018): 1227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0176.
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The land sector is expected to contribute to strategies aimed at mitigating global temperature increases and this necessitates an improved understanding of human actions on land sector emissions and removals. Current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines for the land sector of national greenhouse gas inventories are based on the assumption that all emissions and removals in managed lands are caused by humans. In Canada, however, natural disturbances in managed forests can result in large and highly variable emissions and subsequent removals that mask the impacts of management activities. Here we describe methods to isolate and quantify the impacts of management on trends in estimated anthropogenic emissions and removals in Canada’s managed forest by partitioning fluxes from two land components: fluxes from lands dominated by natural disturbance effects and fluxes from the remaining managed forests. The sum of the flux estimates of the two land components is equal to net emissions and removals in managed forest lands. Separating highly variable natural disturbance fluxes from the remaining fluxes in managed forest lands increases the understanding of how human activities impact flux trends. Comparing these anthropogenic emissions and removals with those from natural disturbances quantifies their relative contributions to global atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
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Kishchuk, B. E., E. Thiffault, M. Lorente, S. Quideau, T. Keddy i D. Sidders. "Decadal soil and stand response to fire, harvest, and salvage-logging disturbances in the western boreal mixedwood forest of Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 45, nr 2 (luty 2015): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0148.
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Empirical knowledge of long-term ecosystem response to single and compound disturbances is essential for predicting disturbance effects and identifying management practices to maintain productive capacity of managed and restored landscapes. We report on soil, foliar nutrition, and regeneration growth response to wildfire, clearcut harvesting, and postfire salvage logging, as well as undisturbed control stands within the first year following disturbance and 10–11 years after disturbance in trembling aspen – white spruce mixedwood forests near Lesser Slave Lake, north-central Alberta, Canada. The compound disturbance of salvage logging resulted in greater long-term impacts on forest floor properties than either wildfire or harvesting alone. Changes in forest floor properties such as carbon and nitrogen pools and cation exchange capacity under salvage logging have persisted for 10 years and exhibit a different recovery trajectory than fire or harvesting. Forest floor properties under harvesting, including depth, carbon content, pH, extractable ammonium, and extractable sulphur, were not different from the control condition 10 years after harvest. Effects on soil and foliar nutrition were not reflected in productivity (height and diameter) of regenerating vegetation. Our results show differences between short- and long-term responses to disturbance, among single natural and anthropogenic disturbances, and among single and compound disturbances.
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Zhang, Yanhua, Fangping Tang, Jian Ni, Lijia Dong i Lifu Sun. "Diversity of root-associated fungi of Rhododendron simsii in subtropical forests: fungal communities with high resistance to anthropogenic disturbances". Journal of Forestry Research 30, nr 6 (9.10.2019): 2321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01050-4.
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Abstract Species of the Ericaceae or heath family are widely distribute in continental ecosystems and their special ericoid mycorrhizas (ERM) are considered beneficial to their survival and persistence in variable habitats. Currently, increasing anthropogenic disturbances and improper forest management are affecting subtropical forests of China where these native species located. These activities not only affect plant communities above-ground, but also impose pressures on microbial communities below- ground. In this study, root-associated fungal communities of Rhododendron simsii in four forest types under different anthropogenic disturbances were identified using an Illumina Miseq platform, i.e., old growth forests, secondary forests with one cutting (SEC I), secondary forests with two cuttings (SEC II), and Chinese-fir plantations (PLF). Intra- and inter-annual variations were analyzed by comparing samples taken in different seasons and years. The results show that: (1) over 1000 OTUs were found in hair roots with most from the division Ascomycota and Basidiomycota belonging to different functional groups; (2) while there were a few indicator OTUs specific to different forest types, seasons and years, the proportion of shared taxa was quite large, accounting for 44.9–79.4% of the total OTUs; (3) significantly positive correlations were found between disturbance sensitivity and temporal variations in common fungal orders, and both in major fungal orders were significantly different among fungal functional groups in which putative and possible ERM fungi were highly resistant to disturbances and low temporal variations. The high disturbance resistance and temporal persistence of putative ERM fungi may be essential for the successful adaptation of R. simsii in disturbed subtropical forests of China.
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Gudiel, A. Andrea, Shane C. Nieves, Kim E. Reuter i Brent J. Sewall. "The effect of anthropogenic disturbance on non-native plant species in Madagascar". Journal of Tropical Ecology 32, nr 6 (4.10.2016): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467416000481.
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Abstract:Non-native species impact tropical ecosystems, but the role of different anthropogenic disturbances on the success of non-natives remains unclear, especially in island tropical forests. We sought to understand the influence of anthropogenic habitat degradation and disturbance on non-native plant species in Madagascar. Specifically, we evaluated how densities of non-native species of woody shrub (Lantana camara), climber (Mucuna pruriens) and tree (Mangifera indica, Albizia lebbeck, Tamarindus indica) varied with forest habitat degradation and by disturbance type. We surveyed 60400 m2, recording 482 instances of disturbance and 903 non-native plants in and around the Ankarana National Park. Non-native plant densities were higher in degraded than primary forest. Within degraded forest, densities of non-native trees increased with disturbance. Tree densities correlated with extent of tree damage only in Tamarindus indica, never correlated with extent of tree removal, and always correlated with proximity to roads and trails. Our results suggest roads and trails have relatively greater importance in facilitating the success of non-native tree species than structural changes to habitat. In contrast, densities of Lantana camara and Tamarindus indica did not correlate with any measured type of disturbance; other unmeasured or historical factors may be more important drivers of these smaller, faster-reproducing species.
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Ulanova, Nina, i Andrei Kaplevsky. "Main trends of biodiversity dynamics after natural and anthropogenic "catastrophes" in spruce forests of the European part of Russia". BIO Web of Conferences 16 (2019): 00037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191600037.
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We analyzed the main trends of the change in the species richness of phytocenoses after catastrophic natural (beetle outbreaks, windfalls) and anthropogenic (clear cutting) disturbances. We examined the dynamics of the structural diversity of species richness of herb-dwarf scrubs layer with different reforestation technologies after the death of spruce stands. The study of similarity and ordination of vegetation showed the proximity of the undamaged forest to the unharvested stand, and the difference of these phytocenoses from clear-cut. The main determining factor of species richness was the intensity of phytocenosis disturbance after catastrophes. The reforestation dynamics of phytocenoses after catastrophic disturbances were analyzed. Clear cutting led to the formation of meadow communities with a sharp increase in the species and structural diversity of phytocenoses.