Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Anthers”
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Winn, Zachary James, Dylan Lee Larkin, Jamison Trey Murry, David Earl Moon i Richard Esten Mason. "Phenotyping Anther Extrusion of Wheat Using Image Analysis". Agronomy 11, nr 6 (19.06.2021): 1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061244.
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Phenotyping wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is time-consuming and new methods are necessary to decrease labor. To develop a heterotic pool of male wheat lines for hybrid breeding, there must be an efficient way to measure both anther extrusion and the size of anthers. Five hundred and ninety-four soft red winter wheat lines in two replications of randomized complete block design were phenotyped for anther extrusion, a key trait for hybrid wheat production. A device was constructed to capture images using a mobile device. Four heads were sampled per line when anthesis was evident for half the heads in the plot. The extruded anthers were scraped onto a surface, their image was captured, and the area of the anthers was taken via ImageJ. The number of anthers extruded was estimated by counting the number of anthers per image and dividing by the number of heads sampled. The area per anther was taken by dividing the area of anthers per spike by the number of anthers per spike. A significant correlation (R=0.9, p<0.0001) was observed between the area of anthers per spike and the number of anthers per spike. This method is proposed as a substitute for field ratings of anther extrusion and to quantitatively measure the size of anthers.
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Dwivedi, Sharad K., Sahana Basu, Santosh Kumar, Surbhi Kumari, Alok Kumar, Sneha Jha, Janki S. Mishra, Bhagwati P. Bhatt i Gautam Kumar. "Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in developing anther contributes to heat stress alleviation and sustains grain yield in wheat". Functional Plant Biology 46, nr 12 (2019): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp19016.
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Climatic variations along with a rise in temperature during the winter season impose severe heat stress during the anthesis stage of spring wheat, resulting in severe yield losses. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of heat stress on redox homeostasis in developing anthers and flag leaves of wheat. Five Indian bread wheat genotypes were studied under field conditions during the dry season, with two extreme sowing dates (timely and very late sown) to explore the effect of heat stress on anthesis stage. Results showed that elevated temperature during anthesis caused significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation in developing anthers, triggering pollen mortality. Moreover, defective source (leaf) to the sink (anthers) mobilisation of starch also contributes in reducing pollen viability. However, ROS-induced oxidative damage of developing anthers under heat stress varied among the wheat genotypes depending upon differential antioxidant enzyme activities. Wheat genotype with enhanced antioxidant activities and reduced ROS built up in developing anthers sustained their grain yield, suggesting thermo-tolerance in wheat to be associated with antioxidant enzyme-mediated improved ROS-scavenging mechanism not only in leaves even in developing anther also. In the present study, heat stressed wheat genotype WH 730 exhibited effective source to sink mobilisation and sustainable grain yield with improved ROS scavenging, conferring greater potential for heat tolerance. We conclude that redox homeostasis and balanced source sink activity played a significant role for sustainable yield and heat tolerance in wheat.
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Summers, William L., Juan Jaramillo i Theodore Bailey. "Microspore Developmental Stage and Anther Length Influence the Induction of Tomato Anther Callus". HortScience 27, nr 7 (lipiec 1992): 838–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.7.838.
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Anthers of L-680A', `Licato', and `Ailsa Craig' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were plated on Doy's basal medium 1 to determine whether microspore developmental stage and anther length influence anther callus production. Although calli were induced at all stages of anther development, anthers containing prophase I-stage microspores produced the highest frequency of calli. Fewer calli were produced as microspores approached the uninucleate and binucleate pollen stage. Callus diameter also decreased as anther development progressed. Significantly larger calli were produced from prophase I than later-stage anthers. Time of anther harvest (morning vs. afternoon) did not significantly affect callus number or diameter. Anther and flower bud length both were significantly correlated with anther developmental stage, the number of anthers producing calli, and mean calli diameter. In each case, anther length exhibited a significantly better correlation than bud length.
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Telles, Francismeire Jane, Cristian Luan Klunk, Fabiano Rodrigo da Maia, Vinícius Lourenço Garcia de Brito i Isabela Galarda Varassin. "Towards a new understanding of the division of labour in heterantherous flowers: the case of Pterolepis glomerata (Melastomataceae)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 131, nr 1 (5.08.2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaa107.
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Abstract Pollen-flowers with heteromorphic stamens have been shown to promote an intrafloral division of labour as a solution to fitness costs arising from pollen consumption by bees, known as the pollen dilemma. Usually, the division is based on morphological differences in anther and pollen traits that correlate with stamen function: pollinating anthers are larger and contain more and higher-quality pollen grains than feeding anthers. Here, we present a new strategy based on a high investment in reward production and thus attraction, in the heterantherous Pterolepis glomerata, to overcome short flower longevity and maintain reproductive success. In P. glomerata small feeding anthers not only produced more pollen grains and more grains with cytoplasmic content, but also released more pollen than pollinating anthers after a single visit. This pattern was consistent until the end of floral anthesis, showing the existence of pollen-dosing mechanisms. Bees equally visited flowers with yellow feeding anthers and pollinating anthers with yellow connective appendages, indicating a visual similarity, as predicted by bee vision modelling. Our results demonstrate that the division of labour might have different outcomes. Instead of the classical expectation of more investment in reproductive pollen in pollinating stamens, P. glomerata invested more in attraction and reward in feeding stamens.
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Wei, Dongmei, Huimin Xu i Ruili Li. "Dynamics of Polysaccharides and Neutral Lipids during Anther Development in Castor (Ricinus communis)". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 140, nr 4 (lipiec 2015): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.140.4.356.
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Anthers contain starch and neutral lipids, which have key roles in microspore ontogeny and gametophyte development. In this study, we observed the dynamic changes in starch and neutral lipids in the anther developmental processes of castor (Ricinus communis) by cytochemical methods. Starch grains and neutral lipids presented a regular dynamic distribution during anther development. In young anthers, some neutral lipids accumulated in sporogenous cells, whereas neutral lipids disappeared with microspore growth. At the late microspore stage, starch grains began to accumulate in microspores, and the starch content of bicellular pollen significantly increased after microspore mitosis. At anthesis, starch grains and neutral lipids accumulated in the mature pollen grains. Visible changes occurred in anther wall cells. The epidermis, middle layer, and tapetum were degenerated, and only a single layer of endothecium remained at anthesis. The dynamic variation of starch grains and neutral lipids in tapetal cells was consistent with the changes in microspores and pollen during anther development. All these findings demonstrated that tapetal cells directly interacted with the developing gametophytes. The tapetal cells play an important role in supplying nutritional substances for microspore absorption. Moreover, the endothecium protects the pollen and contributes to anther dehiscence. The results of this study provide a foundation for the further research on sexual reproduction in angiosperms.
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Rogozińska, Janina, i Maria Gośka. "Attempts to induce haploids in anther cultures of sugar, fodder and wild species of beet". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, nr 1 (2014): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.009.
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In the present investigation, aimed at obtaining beet haploids from anthers, the effect of mineral media, potato and sugar beet extract and p-fluorophenylalanine (PFP) in combination with growth substances was tested. Nutrient-starved plants as anther-donors, anther-starvation, cold treatment and photoperiod were also analysed. On all mineral media the anthers produced callus and roots; however, the percentage depended on the combination of growth substances used. The best medium for differentiation was that of Linsmaier and Skoog with 25 µM zeatin or 6-(3-methyl-2-butenylamino)purine with 5 µM naphthalene-l-acetic acid (25.5%). The addition of PFP caused an increase in the percentage of anther differentiation (41.6%). Besides callus and roots on one of the anthers (in ca. 140000 tested), vegetative buds were formed from which numerous plants were obtained (2n). Plant and anther nutrient starvation did not improve the anther response to differentiation, nor did it induce haploid development, similarly as cold treatment of inflorescences or isolated anthers. The anthers of wild species showed lower ability to differentiate than those of sugar or fodder beets. Cytological analyses showed formation of multicellular structures until ca. the 12-th day of anther culture; afterwards, they degenerated.
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Liu, Gang, Zhongping Zha, Haiya Cai, Dandan Qin, Haitao Jia, Changyan Liu, Dongfeng Qiu i in. "Dynamic Transcriptome Analysis of Anther Response to Heat Stress during Anthesis in Thermotolerant Rice (Oryza sativa L.)". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, nr 3 (10.02.2020): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031155.
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High temperature at anthesis is one of the most serious stress factors for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, causing irreversible yield losses and reduces grain quality. Illustration of thermotolerance mechanism is of great importance to accelerate rice breeding aimed at thermotolerance improvement. Here, we identified a new thermotolerant germplasm, SDWG005. Microscopical analysis found that stable anther structure of SDWG005 under stress may contribute to its thermotolerance. Dynamic transcriptomic analysis totally identified 3559 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in SDWG005 anthers at anthesis under heat treatments, including 477, 869, 2335, and 2210 for 1, 2, 6, and 12 h, respectively; however, only 131 were regulated across all four-time-points. The DEGs were divided into nine clusters according to their expressions in these heat treatments. Further analysis indicated that some main gene categories involved in heat-response of SDWG005 anthers, such as transcription factors, nucleic acid and protein metabolisms related genes, etc. Comparison with previous studies indicates that a core gene-set may exist for thermotolerance mechanism. Expression and polymorphic analysis of agmatine-coumarin-acyltransferase gene OsACT in different accessions suggested that it may involve in SDWG005 thermotolerance. This study improves our understanding of thermotolerance mechanisms in rice anthers during anthesis, and also lays foundation for breeding thermotolerant varieties via molecular breeding.
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Yang, Shujuan, Li Peng, Han Bao i Huiqiao Tian. "Cytological Features of Developing Anthers in Rose Balsam". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143, nr 2 (marzec 2018): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04303-17.
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Our goal was to determine the ultrastructure features and the dynamic changes in polysaccharides and neutral lipids in developing anthers of rose balsam (Impatiens balsamina), and to better understand the mechanisms controlling male reproductive development. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques were used to study the ultrastructural characteristics of the anthers, and histochemical methods were used to determine levels of polysaccharides and lipids. The cytokinesis in the microsporocyte meiosis was simultaneous type, and microspore tetrads were mainly tetrahedral. The pollen exine began to form at the tetrad stage. The mature pollen grains were oval-shaped and bicellular. Accumulation of reserve substances began at the late microsporogenesis stage, and an abundance of starch grains and lipids were stored in pollen grains at anthesis. Polysaccharides and lipids changed in different stages and played an important role in anther development. Moreover, the calcium oxalate crystals may protect the pollen and suggest that calcium distribution is related to anther development.
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Baucom, Regina S., Rodney Mauricio i Shu-Mei Chang. "Glyphosate induces transient male sterility in Ipomoea purpurea". Botany 86, nr 6 (czerwiec 2008): 587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-035.
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Plant death is the most common effect resulting from the application of glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup®. Individual seedlings of the morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea L. Roth, however, have been shown to exhibit tolerance to glyphosate, surviving after what should have been a lethal dose. Those that grow and reach reproductive maturity often exhibit deformed anthers within what appear to be normally developed flowers. Ipomoea purpurea has a mixed mating system and normally has hermaphroditic flowers that are capable of both selfing and outcrossing. The deformed anthers do not produce pollen, essentially converting a hermaphroditic flower to a female. Here we describe this morphological change and investigate the reproductive consequences of anther deformation. First, there is phenotypic variation for the propensity of an individual to exhibit male sterility through deformed anthers in response to treatment, but a series of field and greenhouse studies suggest that this variation is not genetic. The male sterility is also transient; within an individual, the frequency of flowers with deformed anthers declines over time. Although flowers with deformed anthers do not produce pollen, we observed mixed effects on female function of such flowers. In the greenhouse, flowers with deformed anthers that were hand-pollinated produced as many seeds as flowers with normal anthers, suggesting no effect on female fertility. In the field, however, plants with a higher proportion of anther deformation set significantly fewer seeds than those untreated, suggesting either reduced female fertility, or a reproductive penalty in flowers with deformed anthers due to the inability to self pollinate. Thus, the presence of this trait could alter the selfing to outcrossing ratio in populations that are sprayed with the herbicide. Individuals that exhibited a higher proportion of anther deformation also produce fewer total flowers than untreated plants, suggesting that anther deformation is part of a suite of responses to damage by glyphosate.
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Góral, Halina, Mirosław Tyrka, Stefan Stojałowski i Maria Wędzony. "Variability in expression of male fertility in triticale (Xtriticosecale wittmack) with Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm". Plant Breeding and Seed Science 60, nr 1 (1.01.2009): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10129-010-0003-9.
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Variability in expression of male fertility in triticale (Xtriticosecalewittmack) withTriticum timopheevicytoplasmWe present a reliable, visual method for evaluation of the level of male fertility during flowering, that is indispensable for breeding of hybrid cultivars of winter triticale based on the cms-T.timopheevisystem. Detailed observations of anther development were performed on 20 F2and BC1plants derived from crosses between male-sterile and fertility restoring lines. Variation of anther development within florets, spikelets, spikes, and among spikes of the same plant was examined. Hierarchic analysis showed significant role of these factors in determination of anther development, irrespective of the level of plant fertility. The sterilizing effect of cytoplasm was always better visible in the tip and base spikelets of the spike, in the third floret, and the anther adjacent to the floret axis. Our data indicate that during selection toward male-sterile plants at anthesis, at least 5 spikes should be evaluated. Special attention should be paid to the development of the anthers at the 2ndand 7thspikelet of the spike along with the variability in anther development within spikelet and floret. The anthers in the tip and base spikelets of the spike must be precisely evaluated during selection toward restorer lines.
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Lamin-Samu, Anthony Tumbeh, Mohamed Farghal, Muhammad Ali i Gang Lu. "Morpho-Physiological and Transcriptome Changes in Tomato Anthers of Different Developmental Stages under Drought Stress". Cells 10, nr 7 (17.07.2021): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10071809.
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Drought limits the growth and productivity of plants. Reproductive development is sensitive to drought but the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms remain unclear in tomatoes. Here, we investigated the effect of drought on tomato floral development using morpho-physiological and transcriptome analyses. Drought-induced male sterility through abnormal anther development includes pollen abortion, inadequate pollen starch accumulation and anther indehiscence which caused floral bud and opened flower abortions and reduced fruit set/yield. Under drought stress (DS), pollen mother cell to meiotic (PMC-MEI) anthers survived whereas tetrad to vacuolated uninucleate microspore (TED-VUM) anthers aborted. PMC-MEI anthers had lower ABA increase, reduced IAA and elevated sugar contents under DS relative to well-watered tomato plants. However, TED-VUM anthers had higher ABA increase and IAA levels, and lower accumulation of soluble sugars, indicating abnormal carbohydrate and hormone metabolisms when exposed to drought-stress conditions. Moreover, RNA-Seq analysis identified altogether >15,000 differentially expressed genes that were assigned to multiple pathways, suggesting that tomato anthers utilize complicated mechanisms to cope with drought. In particular, we found that tapetum development and ABA homeostasis genes were drought-induced while sugar utilization and IAA metabolic genes were drought-repressed in PMC-MEI anthers. Our results suggest an important role of phytohormones metabolisms in anther development under DS and provide novel insight into the molecular mechanism underlying drought resistance in tomatoes.
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Gradziel, Thomas M., i Steven A. Weinbaum. "High Relative Humidity Reduces Anther Dehiscence in Apricot, Peach, and Almond". HortScience 34, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.2.322.
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The regulation of anther dehiscence by relative humidity (RH) was assessed for detached anthers and detached whole flowers from a limited selection of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch], and almond [P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb, syn. P. amygdalus Batsch; P. communis (L.) Arcangeli, non Huds.] genotypes, as well as an almond X peach F2 progeny. Dehiscence was evaluated at 33, 64, 87, 93 and 97% RH for detached anthers, and at 33, 64 and 97% RH for whole detached flowers. Anther dehiscence was suppressed with increasing RH for all genotypes. Apricot anthers showed the greatest dehiscence at low RH and measurable dehiscence at high RH even when detached. Anther dehiscence in almond appeared more suppressed than in apricot at all RH levels tested, being completely suppressed by high RH in detached anthers. Peach genotypes exhibited the full range of variability between apricot and almond patterns. Evidence for transgressive segregation of RH-controlled anther dehiscence was observed in the occurrence of cleistogamy in an almond × peach F2 progeny. Rates of anther dehiscence were approximately linear with change in RH in detached anthers but exhibited a more buffered, step-wise response when detached whole flowers were tested. Results are consistent with field observations, and highlight the low but measurable risk of cleistogamy in these species, as well as opportunities to modify the breeding systems and crossing environments to facilitate controlled hybridization, and to reduce pollination vulnerability to adverse environments.
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Yates, I. E., i Darrell Sparks. "External Morphological Characteristics for Histogenesis in Pecan Anthers". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, nr 1 (styczeń 1992): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.1.181.
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External “morphological characteristics of catkins from one protogynous (`Stuart') and one protandrous (`Desirable') cultivar of pecan [Carya illinoensis Wangenh.) C. Koch] were examined to define markers of cellular differentiation in the anthers. The angle between the catkin rachis and the bract, visibility of the bracteole, rachis, and anther, and anther color proved to be markers by which development could be categorized into five stages. `Stuart' catkins with bracts as the only externally visible portion of the floret (Stage I) commonly had two locules in each anther lobe. When bracteoles became externally visible (Stage II), cellular specialization had occurred to form a central core containing reproductive cells and tapetal cells differentiated and separated from the exterior layers of the anther wall. Disintegration of tapetal cells and thickening of endothecium eel! walls occurred as the angle between the rachis and bract increased to 45° (Stage III). The anther wall was reduced to only two cell layers, epidermis and endothecium, as the anthers became visible (Stage IV). The pollen grains were mature when the anthers developed a yellowish tinge (Stage V) just before anther dehiscence. Tapetal cells had developed distinguishing traits in anthers of Stage I `Desirable' catkins and endothecial cells of Stage II. Internal anther development was similar for both cultivars from Stages III-V. Trichomes, a common feature-on the surface of the staminate floral parts, became less dense with proximity of the floral parts to the interior of the floret and with catkin maturity.
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Marsolais, A. A., i K. J. Kasha. "Callus induction from barley microspores. The role of sucrose and auxin in a barley anther culture medium". Canadian Journal of Botany 63, nr 12 (1.12.1985): 2209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-313.
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A medium and replenishment technique for the production of large numbers of calli from anthers of the barley cultivar Elrose is described. The barley anther culture basal medium supplemented with 8 mg/L 2,4-D and 9% sucrose and replenished at 10-day intervals with basal medium containing 1 mg/L indole acetic acid and 3% sucrose was optimal for anther response (21.0%) and productivity (67 calli per 100 anthers plated).
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Popova, K. I., J. S. Skryabin, P. A. Lyakh i N. V. Petrash. "Effect of sowing dates of donor plants and concentration of 2,4-D on the purity of productive anther formation of common barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in anther culture in vitro." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), nr 3 (11.10.2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2021-60-3-47-56.
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Creating dihaploid lines of agricultural plants is a labour-intensive but essential step in variety production in modern plant breeding. This stage allows significantly accelerate the process of creating new varieties of common barley and other crops. Barley digaploids are produced mainly by anther culture and microspore culture. The authors preferred anther culture in vitro. In the present study, the influence of climatic factors in the cultivation of donor plants on the yield of productive anthers at different sowing dates was established. The authors also identified the more stable culti- vars with a high anther production regardless of sowing date (Signal, Laureate and Eifel). Varieties showed the highest number of embryo-like structures formation at the first and third sowing dates (Zu Suren, Zu Zaza); and sorts with a high rate of productive anther formation at the second sowing date (Acha, Exploer) were identified. Different concentrations of 2,4-D in N6 medium on the frequency of embryogenesis and yield of productive anthers were studied. As a result of this study, the authors found that different concentrations of 2,4-D (1 mg/l and two mg/l) had no significant effect on the for- mation frequency of productive anthers in all the varieties studied. When the embryogenesis capacity of the cultivars was reviewed, all the samples were found to be positive in anther culture. However, the array Zu Suren had a significantly lower effective anthers yield than the samples Signal and Acha. As a result of correlation analysis, the authors found a close relationship between the length of the ear tube of donor plants and the frequency of formation of productive anthers (r = -0.69). A close relationship with the development of optimal microspore phase for the induction of androgenesis in anthers extracted from the ear tube with an average length of 6 cm was determined. This information can significantly speed up the selection of donor plants, but it is recommended to confirm the stage of microspore development microscopically for each new cultivar used.
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Dewi, Iswari S., i Bambang S. Purwoko. "ROLE OF POLYAMINES IN INHIBITION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON RICE ANTHER CULTURE DEVELOPMENT". Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 9, nr 2 (25.10.2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v9n2.2008.60-67.
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The polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were reported to increase green plant regeneration in rice anther culture. Low response of anther culture of rice sub-species indica may be improved with the addition of putrescine in the culture media. Four experiments were conducted to study the role of polyamines in inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and their effects on rice anther culture development. Anthers of two subspecies of rice, indica (IR64, Krowal, Jatiluhur) and japonica (Taipei 309) were cultured onto media supplemented with putrescine (N6P) and without putrescine (N6). Young<br />panicles containing the anthers at mid-to-late nucleate microspores were cold pretreated at 5 + 2°C and incubated in the dark for 8 days before the anthers were cultured. Results<br />showed that medium without putrescine produced an earlier senescence of indica rice anther than that of japonica. The addition of 10-3 M putrescine into the culture media inhibited ethylene biosynthesis as anther senescence delayed, increased the three polyamines contents, and decreased the ACC content as well as ACC oxydase activity in anther-derived calli. In the anther and anther-derived calli of subspecies indica, the total<br />polyamines content was lower (10.14 nM g-1 anther and 8.48 nM g-1 calli) than that of subspecies japonica (12.61 nM g-1 anther and 10.16 nM g-1 calli), whereas the ethylene production was higher (32.31 nM g-1 anther and 2.48 nM g-1 calli) than the japonica (31.68 nM g-1 anther and 1.76 nM g-1 calli). This study suggests that application of 10-3 M putrescine in anther culture of rice subspecies indica improves androgenesis by inhibiting<br />early senescence of cultured anthers and enhancing embryo or callus formation from microspores.
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Dewi, Iswari S., i Bambang S. Purwoko. "ROLE OF POLYAMINES IN INHIBITION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON RICE ANTHER CULTURE DEVELOPMENT". Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 9, nr 2 (25.10.2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v9n2.2008.p60-67.
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The polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were reported to increase green plant regeneration in rice anther culture. Low response of anther culture of rice sub-species indica may be improved with the addition of putrescine in the culture media. Four experiments were conducted to study the role of polyamines in inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and their effects on rice anther culture development. Anthers of two subspecies of rice, indica (IR64, Krowal, Jatiluhur) and japonica (Taipei 309) were cultured onto media supplemented with putrescine (N6P) and without putrescine (N6). Young<br />panicles containing the anthers at mid-to-late nucleate microspores were cold pretreated at 5 + 2°C and incubated in the dark for 8 days before the anthers were cultured. Results<br />showed that medium without putrescine produced an earlier senescence of indica rice anther than that of japonica. The addition of 10-3 M putrescine into the culture media inhibited ethylene biosynthesis as anther senescence delayed, increased the three polyamines contents, and decreased the ACC content as well as ACC oxydase activity in anther-derived calli. In the anther and anther-derived calli of subspecies indica, the total<br />polyamines content was lower (10.14 nM g-1 anther and 8.48 nM g-1 calli) than that of subspecies japonica (12.61 nM g-1 anther and 10.16 nM g-1 calli), whereas the ethylene production was higher (32.31 nM g-1 anther and 2.48 nM g-1 calli) than the japonica (31.68 nM g-1 anther and 1.76 nM g-1 calli). This study suggests that application of 10-3 M putrescine in anther culture of rice subspecies indica improves androgenesis by inhibiting<br />early senescence of cultured anthers and enhancing embryo or callus formation from microspores.
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Gilbert, Cynthia, i Patrick J. Breen. "Low Pollen Production as a Cause of Fruit Malformation in Strawberry". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 112, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.112.1.56.
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Abstract The differential tendency to form misshapen fruit and anther quality and pollen production were determined in ‘Benton’, ‘Totem’, ‘Olympus’, and ‘Tyee’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) in field trials in 1983 and 1984. All flowers had a full set of anthers; however, the proportion of anthers that appeared unhealthy (dull yellow, brown, or black) varied. Usually the proportion of unhealthy anthers was higher in primary than in secondary or tertiary flowers of an inflorescence. Primary flowers often contained only unhealthy anthers. This condition was found in 90% of the primaries of ‘Benton’ in 1983 and in all those of ‘Tyee’ in both years. ‘Tyee’ released ≤6000 pollen grains per flower. When 75% or more of the flowers at a ranking had at least some healthy anthers, pollen production averaged ≥240,000 grains per flower. ‘Tyee’ had the highest incidence of misshapen fruit (18–19%) in both years. Comparable values were ‘Benton’, 14–17%; ‘Olympus’, 10–11%; and ‘Totem’, 7%. From 42% to 70% of the primary fruit of both ‘Tyee’ and ‘Benton’ were malformed each season. Low pollen production in ‘Tyee’ and ‘Benton’, a result of anther failure, likely contributed to the high incidence of malformation in primary fruit.
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Buerstmayr, Maria, i Hermann Buerstmayr. "The Semidwarfing Alleles Rht-D1b and Rht-B1b Show Marked Differences in Their Associations with Anther-Retention in Wheat Heads and with Fusarium Head Blight Susceptibility". Phytopathology® 106, nr 12 (grudzień 2016): 1544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-16-0200-r.
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The semidwarfing alleles reduced height (Rht)-D1b and Rht-B1b are widely deployed in wheat breeding. Both alleles have similar effects on plant height but differ in their effect on Fusarium head blight (FHB) severity. A double-haploid population and a backcross population, segregating for Rht-B1a/Rht-B1b and Rht-D1a/Rht-D1b, were evaluated for FHB severity, plant height, and anther retention in field trials in three consecutive years. The semidwarfing alleles reduced plant height and increased the proportion of retained anthers. Reduced plant height and a high proportion of retained anthers were associated with increased FHB severity. The Rht-D1b allele had a significantly greater impact on anther retention and FHB severity than the Rht-B1b allele. Fusarium graminearum establishes infection sites predominantly inside the floral cavity and retained anthers potentially support colonization and initial hyphal growth, leading to a higher disease level in genotypes with a higher proportion of retained anthers. This is the first report demonstrating that differences in disease severity associated with Rht-D1b and Rht-B1b can be partly explained by their different effect on the extent of anther retention.
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Ciupka, Barbara, Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Szczytt i Izabela Wyszomirska. "Inquiring for a chance to obtain strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) dihaploids". Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 62, nr 3-4 (2014): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1993.028.
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The possibility of dihaploid development from tetrahaploid anthers in strawberry has been tested in culture. From the total number of 4635 anthers taken from 57 tetrahaploid plants (secondary cycle of anther culture) and 4042 anthers from 7 octoploid varieties - 119 plants were obtained. The success depended on the growing conditions of donor plants (field conditions appeared better) and plant genotypes (tetrahaploids previously regenerated in vitro were better donors). The majority of plants regenerated from tetrahaploid anther callus (54.6%) were mixoploids. The remaining plants were polyploids from 2n=4x=28 to 2n=8x=56. Only 3 mixoploid individuals had lower than 2n=4x=28 number of chromosomes. Plants regenerated from anther callus were capable of developing seeds and fruits. Seed germination was rather low and fruit yield varied. Still, it was possible to select a group of 12 plants, possibly of somaclonal origin, fit for further breeding.
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Li, Qian, Ze Wu, Huijun Wu, Weimin Fang, Fadi Chen i Nianjun Teng. "Transcriptome Profiling Unravels a Vital Role of Pectin and Pectinase in Anther Dehiscence in Chrysanthemum". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 23 (22.11.2019): 5865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235865.
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Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Kitamura) plants have great ornamental value, but their flowers can also be a source of pollen contamination. Previously, morphological and cytological studies have shown that anthers of some chrysanthemum cultivars such as ‘Qx-115′ fail to dehisce, although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of anther indehiscence in chrysanthemum via transcriptome analysis of a dehiscent cultivar (‘Qx-097′) and an indehiscent cultivar (‘Qx-115′). We also measured related physiological indicators during and preceding the period of anther dehiscence. Our results showed a difference in pectinase accumulation and activity between the two cultivars during dehiscence. Detection of de-esterified pectin and highly esterified pectin in anthers during the period preceding anther dehiscence using LM19 and LM20 monoclonal antibodies showed that both forms of pectin were absent in the stomium region of ‘Qx-097′ anthers but were abundant in that of ‘Qx-115′ anthers. Analysis of transcriptome data revealed a significant difference in the expression levels of two transcription factor-encoding genes, CmLOB27 and CmERF72, between ‘Qx-097′ and ‘Qx-115′ during anther development. Transient overexpression of CmLOB27 and CmERF72 separately in tobacco leaves promoted pectinase biosynthesis. We conclude that CmLOB27 and CmERF72 are involved in the synthesis of pectinase, which promotes the degradation of pectin. Our results lay a foundation for further investigation of the role of CmLOB27 and CmERF72 transcription factors in the process of anther dehiscence in chrysanthemum.
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Li, Ziwen, Shuangshuang Liu, Taotao Zhu, Xueli An, Xun Wei, Juan Zhang, Suowei Wu, Zhenying Dong, Yan Long i Xiangyuan Wan. "The Loss-Function of the Male Sterile Gene ZmMs33/ZmGPAT6 Results in Severely Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Disorder in Maize Anthers". Cells 11, nr 15 (27.07.2022): 2318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11152318.
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In plants, oxidative stress and metabolic reprogramming frequently induce male sterility, however our knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanism is far from complete. Here, a maize genic male-sterility (GMS) mutant (ms33-6038) with a loss-of-function of the ZmMs33 gene encoding glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 6 (GPAT6) displayed severe deficiencies in the development of a four-layer anther wall and microspores and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in anthers. In ms33-6038 anthers, transcriptome analysis identified thousands of differentially expressed genes that were functionally enriched in stress response and primary metabolism pathways. Further investigation revealed that 64 genes involved in ROS production, scavenging, and signaling were specifically changed in expression levels in ms33-6038 anthers compared to the other five investigated GMS lines. The severe oxidative stress triggered premature tapetal autophagy and metabolic reprogramming mediated mainly by the activated SnRK1-bZIP pathway, as well as the TOR and PP2AC pathways, proven by transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, 20 reported maize GMS genes were altered in expression levels in ms33-6038 anthers. The excessive oxidative stress and the metabolic reprogramming resulted in severe phenotypic deficiencies in ms33-6038 anthers. These findings enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which ROS and metabolic homeostasis impair anther and pollen development in plants.
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Moncur, MW, i DJ Boland. "Floral Morphology of Eucalyptus melliodora A. Cunn. ex Schau. And Comparisons With Other Eucalypt Species". Australian Journal of Botany 37, nr 2 (1989): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890125.
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The important phases of floral development in E. melliodora from bud initiation to anthesis and style abscission are documented by means of scanning electron micrographs. Thirteen phases of bud development from first indication of operculum abscission to style abscission are presented, as well as the timing and duration of each phase. Anther dehiscence commences prior to flower opening and no pollen grains were observed on flowers 2 days after opening. Secondary transportation of pollen after deposition is possible. Nectar secretion did not commence until after pollen was shed and the stigma became receptive. Although individual flowers were protandrous, there was some overlap within a single inflorescence between pollen shed and the 'wet stigma' phase, suggesting that geitonogamy was possible. The style did not increase in length following anthesis, a common feature in Eucalyptus, leaving the stigma in close proximity with the anthers. There was a graduation in filament length from the outer to inner whorls. The innermost anthers produced the most pollen grains while the outermost were staminodal. There was considerable difference between the number of stamens (71-312), staminodes (0-83) and pollen grains per anther (643-1790) found in the six species examined. Stamen length in all species increased across the staminophore from 1.82-6.99 mm in the inner whorl to 4.84-12.61 mm in the outer whorl.
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Mert, Cevriye, i Arif Soylu. "Flower and Stamen Structures of Male-fertile and Male-sterile Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Cultivars". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 131, nr 6 (listopad 2006): 752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.131.6.752.
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The flower and stamen structures of four male-fertile (`Firdola', `Karamehmet', `Sariaslama', and `Haciomer') and two male-sterile (`Osmanoglu' and `Vakit Kestanesi') chestnut cultivars were evaluated using scanning electron and light microscopes. Anther dimensions and pollen production capabilities were also determined. Stamens of the male-fertile cultivars showed more distinct flowering habit than male-sterile cultivars, which failed to show visible flowering due to shorter stamens. Flower clusters on the catkins had six to seven flowers while the mean number of stamens per flower varied from 9.50 to 11.95 among the cultivars, except for `Osmanoglu' with 2.60 stamens per flower. Some `Osmanoglu' flowers had no stamens or abnormal stamens (e.g., lacking anthers) or abortive anthers. Stamens of the male-sterile cultivar Vakit Kestanesi had short filaments and small anthers with few or no pollen. The pollen number per anther was significantly lower in the male-sterile than in the male-fertile cultivars. Three different kinds of anther surface morphologies were determined among the cultivars. The surface structure of male-fertile cultivars consisted of polygonal epidermis cells. Male-sterile `Osmanoglu' had long polygonal epidermis cells, which had a thread-like surface appearance. Male-sterile `Vakit Kestanesi' had epidermis cells with hollow middles and swollen edges. In male-sterile cultivars the length of the anthers was significantly less than that of the male-fertile cultivars. The anther wall of the male-fertile cultivars consisted of three clearly different cell layers. However, the anther walls of the male-sterile cultivars were not complete in all cases, and the number of layers varied from one to three.
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Manninen, Outi. "Optimizing anther culture for barley breeding". Agricultural and Food Science 6, nr 5-6 (1.12.1997): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72802.
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Bailey anther culture methods were optimized for the production of doubled haploid lines from Finnish spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) breeding material. 22 F1 -progenies of two-rowed barley cultivars (‘Bonus’, ‘lnari’, Jo1610, ‘Kustaa’, ‘Kymppi’, ‘Prisma’) and six-rowed barley cultivars (‘Arve’, ‘Botnia’, ‘Larker Mutant’, OB264, ‘Rolfi’, WW7860) were used for the experiments. The effect of basic induction media, pretreatment on mannitol medium, density of anthers, incubation temperature and light regime were tested. Pretreatment of anthers for 4 days on medium containing 0.175 M mannitol was beneficial for all 8 genotypes tested and increased production of green plants per 100 anthers from 26% to 74% for the best genotype (‘lnari’ x ‘Kymppi’ F1). A lower anther density (1.6 anthers per cm2) was better than a more dense one. A modified MS-medium with ammonium nitrate partly replaced with glutamine (MMS-MG) was slightly better than a medium based on N6 salts (N6-MG), and addition of 100 μM silver nitrate reduced both plant and green plant production. No significant differences were observed between the effects of incubation temperatures (20°C vs. 25°C) or the light regime (darkness vs. weak light) during incubation of anthers. In each experiment the genotypic effect was prominent and the recalcitrance of some genotypes was apparent. Green plants were produced however from all genotypes.
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Zhang, L. X., W. C. Chang, Y. J. Wei, L. Liu i Y. P. Wang. "Cryopreservation of Ginseng Pollen". HortScience 28, nr 7 (lipiec 1993): 742–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.7.742.
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Cryopreservation of pollen from two ginseng species —Panax ginseng L. and P. quinquefolium L.—was studied. Freezing anthers that served as pollen carriers to –40C before liquid N storage affected pollen viability little after liquid N storage. Anther moisture content affected pollen viability significantly when stored in liquid N. The ideal anther moisture content to carry pollen for liquid N storage was 32% to 26% for P. ginseng and 27% to 17% for P. quinquefolium. Viability of pollen from P. quinquefolium anthers with 25.3% moisture content changed little after 11 months of liquid N storage.
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Yu, Jing, Mengyuan Jiang i Changkui Guo. "Crop Pollen Development under Drought: From the Phenotype to the Mechanism". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 7 (28.03.2019): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071550.
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Drought stress induced pollen sterility is a harmful factor that reduces crop yield worldwide. During the reproductive process, the meiotic stage and the mitotic stage in anthers are both highly vulnerable to water deficiency. Drought at these stages causes pollen sterility by affecting the nature and structure of the anthers, including the degeneration of some meiocytes, disorientated microspores, an expanded middle layer and abnormal vacuolizated tapeta. The homeostasis of the internal environment is imbalanced in drought-treated anthers, involving the decreases of gibberellic acid (GA) and auxin, and the increases of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Changes in carbohydrate availability, metabolism and distribution may be involved in the effects of drought stress at the reproductive stages. Here, we summarize the molecular regulatory mechanism of crop pollen development under drought stresses. The meiosis-related genes, sugar transporter genes, GA and ABA pathway genes and ROS-related genes may be altered in their expression in anthers to repair the drought-induced injures. It could also be that some drought-responsive genes, mainly expressed in the anther, regulate the expression of anther-related genes to improve both drought tolerance and anther development. A deepened understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of pollen development under stress will be beneficial for breeding drought-tolerant crops with high and stable yield under drought conditions.
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SHAH, TORAL, JOHN BURROWS i IAIN DARBYSHIRE. "A new species of Ochna (Ochnaceae) from the Barberton Mountains of Mpumalanga, South Africa". Phytotaxa 374, nr 3 (7.11.2018): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.374.3.5.
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Ochna barbertonensis is described as a new species from the Barberton Mountains in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The new species is characterised by its suffrutescent habit, elongate-deltoid stipules sometimes with broadened base, mucronate leaf tip and high anther to filament ratio, where the anthers are ca. two times longer than the filaments. It is placed within sect. Ochna due to its poricidal anthers and subglobose drupes, attached at the base. It is most likely to be confused with the superficially similar suffrutescent species Ochna confusa, but that species has longitudinal anther dehiscence and anthers shorter than the filaments. The new species occurs within well protected nature reserves, but is only known from five collections with an Extent of Occurrence (EOO) of 34 km2, making it a ‘Rare’ species under the Red List of South African Plants. A species description, illustration and distribution map are provided.
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Kuo, C. G., H. M. Chen i L. H. Ma. "Effect of High Temperature on Proline Content in Tomato Floral Buds and Leaves". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, nr 5 (wrzesień 1986): 746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.5.746.
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Abstract The proline contents of anthers, pollen, pistils, and leaves were examined in several tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars under different temperature conditions. The proline content in anthers increased with advancing development of floral buds to a maximum at anthesis. The pistil contained less proline than the anthers and did not accumulate proline with advancement of floral bud development in most cultivars. High temperature reduced proline content in anthers regardless of the stages of floral bud development. It also tended to reduce proline content in pistils of later floral bud stage. The proline content of the leaves was lower than that of anthers or pistils; however, high temperature increased the proline level in the leaves. Pollen collected from the hot-season planting contained less proline than that collected from the cool-season planting. The addition of proline to germination medium enhanced pollen germination rate and increased pollen resistance to heat. These results suggest that the low proline accumulation in anthers and pollen at high temperature may be the result of the high accumulation in the leaves. Also, high proline content in anthers may be necessary to confer heat resistance to pollen germinating at high temperatures.
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Cuco, Silvia Marina, i Gerhard Bandel. "Hermaphroditism in the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg. - II". Genetics and Molecular Biology 21, nr 4 (grudzień 1998): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571998000400019.
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Flowers of three Hevea brasiliensis clones, RRIM 527, RRIM 600 and GT 1, were analyzed under stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope, aiming to observe hermaphroditism rates. Results showed 71.49% hermaphrodite flowers, 29.83% of which exhibited incompletely developed, residual anthers. The scanning electron microscope analysis did not detect differences in anther epidermis of male and bisexual flowers of RRIM 600 and RRIM 527. In GT 1 clone (sterile male), the anther epidermis was already weak at the beginning of floral development and completely wrinkled at the end of maturation. Consequently, the anthers were empty by this stage.
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Pintos, B., N. Sánchez, Ma Á. Bueno, R. Ma Navarro, J. Jorrín, J. A. Manzanera i A. Gómez-Garay. "Induction of Quercus ilex L. haploid and doubled-haploid embryos from anther cultures by temperature-stress". Silvae Genetica 62, nr 1-6 (1.12.2013): 210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2013-0026.
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Abstract This paper describes a method to obtain haploid and doubled-haploid (DH) embryos using anther cultures of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.). The production of haploids and DH through gametic embryogenesis provides an attractive biotechnological tool for developing homozygous lines from heterozygous parents, which is important in breeding programs, as well as in genetic studies. As a consequence, protocols to produce homozygous plants have a significant impact on forest tree improvement. Anthers were subjected to different temperature treatments for embryo induction: a cold pre-treatment (4°C) from 3 to 7 days was carried out at the beginning, followed by a heat shock (33°C) from 2 to 5 days. Most anthers responding to these stress treatments contained vacuolated microspores, indicating that this developmental stage is responsive to embryogenesis induction in holm-oak microspores. In all cases, embryos grew from the interior of the anthers, breaking through the degenerating anther walls. Under these conditions, embryo formation occurred in 31 anthers between 46 and 95 days after culture initiation. Embryo analysis performed with flow-cytometry and DNA-microsatellite markers showed haploid profiles and/or spontaneous doubling of the chromosomes during early regeneration stages. This is, to our knowledge, the first published report on gametic embryogenesis in holm oak.
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Bilinska, O. V., i P. G. Dulnyev. "Efficiency of spring barley haploid production in anther culture in vitro: comparison of basic and improved technologies". Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 25 (30.08.2019): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v25.1161.
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Aim. Evaluation of innovative methodological approaches elaborated on model genotypes for usability to increase frequencies of morphogenic structure induction and plant regeneration in anther culture in vitro in spring barley diverse material. Methods. Spikes isolated from F1 and F2 hybrids of four crosses were pretreated using an improved method (4ºC, 28 days), and anthers were inoculated onto nutrient media containing chemically modified starches D5-M and D5a-1 instead of agar. In control cut tillers were emerged in water and pretreated at 4ºC for 5 days. Anthers were cultivated on agar solidified medium. Results. Positive effects of the improved method of cold pretreatment and cultivation of anthers on media solidified with starches were confirmed. The advantage of new gelling agent D5a-1 was proved. Particularly, its usage resulted in a three-fold increase in the frequency of green plant regeneration. Conclusions. In order to increase spring barley androgenic haploid yield, combination of prolonged cold pretreatment with anther cultivation on media solidified with chemically modified starches instead of agar in an integrated technological process is reasonable.
Keywords: Hordeum vulgare L., anther culture in vitro, cold pretreatment, starch, agar, embryo formation, plant regeneration.
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Zambriborshch, I. S., O. L. Shestopal, M. S. Chekalova i E. A. Golub. "The testing of haploproduction ability of soft winter wheat different hybrids in anther culture in vitro". Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 26 (1.09.2020): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v26.1267.
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Aim. Study the the efficiency of androgenesis in vitro in anther culture of different genotyps winter wheat. Methods. Obtaining of soft winter wheat double haploid lines by anther culture in vitro. The statistical methods. Results The ability to androgenesis in an in vitro anthers culture of 30 soft winter wheat genotypes was tested. The differences in the frequency of callus induction and the ability to regenerate plants in the process of androgenesiss in vitro of winter soft wheat were detected. The range of variation haploproduction activiti (from % of implanted anthers) was broad. The sign of "the formation of callus" was in limited from 0 to 13.2 % and on the sign of "regeneration of green plants" – from 0 to 1.8 %. The 126 green plants-regenerants were received. Conclusions. Genotype-specific of microspores morphogenetic reactions of soft winter wheat in the process of androgenesis in vitro were revealed. It is advisable to use the anthers from the F2 hybrid population plant as a donor material to create an effective technology for producing double haploids of soft winter wheat was shown.
Keywords: wheat hybrid, anther culture in vitro, callus, regeneration.
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Kanbar, Osama, Csaba Lantos, Erzsebet Kiss i Janos Pauk. "Androgenic responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) combinations in in vitro anther culture". Genetika 52, nr 1 (2020): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2001335k.
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The androgenic parameters were investigated by in vitro anther culture (AC) on nine F2-5 breeding combinations of winter wheat (Triticum aestivium L.). Each combination produced embryo-like structures (ELS), green plantlets, albino plantlets, transplanted plantlets and acclimatized plantlets, with respect to the number of anthers in AC. The number of AC-derived ELS was between 11.73 and 52.76 ELS/100 anthers with the mean of 26.22 ELS/100 anthers, out of which the number of regenerated green plantlets varied from 3.20 to 26.40 green plantlets/100 anthers and the mean was 9.76 green plantlets/100 anthers, while the number of transplanted plantlets ranged from 2.16 to 21.77 transplanted plantlets/100 anthers. Furthermore, the number of albinos/100 anthers was mitigated and varied between 0.72 and 6.20 albinos/100 anthers. We also studied the number of green and albino plantlets per 100 ELS. The rate of green plantlets per 100 ELS ranged between 14.81% and 64.01%, with the overall mean 33.59%, while the rate of albinos per 100 ELS ranged from 4.82% to 20.70% with the overall mean 11.93%. In our experiment, the rate of acclimatized plantlets (70.15-91.57%) depended mostly on the combination. This study asserted the importance of AC method in wheat for in vitro production of green plants. Although albinism was found in each combination, it did not hinder the production of green plantlets. The satisfying results were achieved in green plantlets production compared to the previously published data, but further improvement will be needed continuously, experiment by experiment. The generated acclimatized plantlets will be used in the wheat breeding program as doubled haploid (DH) lines.
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Weryszko, E., M. Ruszkowska i A. Tomaszewski. "Changes in oat (Avena sativa L.) flowers and inflorescences under conditions of copper deficiency". Acta Agrobotanica 36, nr 1-2 (2013): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1983.005.
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The anatomy and morphology of oat (<i>Avena sativa</i> L.) cv. 'Udycz Żółty' flowers and inflorescences formed at different copper levels (0, 5, 125 mg Cu/pot) was investigated. Considerable changes in the structure of the generative elements of oat flowers occurred under conditions of severe copper deficiency (Cu = 0): the stamens showed considerably smaller anthers, with changed shape; the anther chambers were significantly diminished in size and did not open after the formation of pollen; the pollen grains were sterile, deformed and of smaller dimensions. The pistils and ovules were also smaller; outgrowths on the pistil stigmas were smaller and of a different shape. A decrease in the dimensions of the inflorescences was observed in both early and later phases of development. In moderately copper-deficient plants (Cu = 5) the flowers were heteromorphic: functionally male - with great anthers and small pistils, functionally female - with great pistils and small anthers and hermaphrodite - with great pistils and anthers.
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Lantos, Csaba, Barnabás Jenes, Lajos Bóna, Mátyás Cserháti i János Pauk. "High Frequency of Doubled Haploid Plant Production in Spelt Wheat". Acta Biologica Cracoviensia s. Botanica 58, nr 2 (1.12.2016): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abcsb-2016-0014.
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AbstractThis is the first study to report an efficient anther culture (AC) method for spelt wheat, which has an increasing importance not only in applied research but also in organic farming and changing nutritional standards. In this study, an efficient AC protocol has been described for ‘GK Fehér’ spelt wheat. The number of AC-derived embryo-like structures (ELS) was 62.2/100 anthers, from which we were able to regenerate 30.6 green plantlets per 100 anthers. The percentage of green plantlets production was 89.0% among the regenerated plantlets, while the phenomenon of albinism was restricted (3.8/100 anthers). Altogether, from AC of ‘GK Fehér’ 306 green plantlets were producedin vitroand 241 plants were acclimatized to the greenhouse conditions. Based on ploidy level analyses, 83 spontaneous doubled haploid (DH) plants were produced (8.3 DH plants/100 anthers), so the percentage of spontaneous rediploidization was 34.4%. The spontaneous DH plants produced fertile spikes, while a few seeds were harvested from seven partially fertile plants.
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Petrash, N. V., Е. А. Orlova, I. Е. Likhenko i V. V. Piskarev. "The study of the efficiency of anther culture <i>in vitro</i> of bread wheat varieties and hybrids <i>(Triticum aestivum L.)</i>". Grain Economy of Russia, nr 6 (21.12.2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2022-83-6-17-22.
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Anther culture is the most effective and not technically complex tool for obtaining double wheat haploids. The current study is devoted to the research of the influence of the genotype and concentration of the growth regulator 2.4-D on the efficiency of androgenesis in vitro of spring bread wheat. The purpose of the study was to estimate the efficiency of the anther culture of hybrids of the first and second generation and their parental varieties and to study its dependence on different concentrations of the growth regulator 2.4-D. There has been carried out the estimation of the traits of the F1 hybrids, the F2 population, and the parental varieties ‘Obskaya 2’ and ‘Novosibirskaya 15’ when 2.4-D was added to the induction medium at a concentration of 1 and 2 mg/l. There has been established that the F2 population and the parental variety ‘Novosibirskaya 15’ are characterized by the largest indicators. The average values were significantly surpassed by the F2 population in the traits ‘number of productive anthers per 100 anthers’ and ‘number of all regenerants per 100 anthers’ at 1 mg/l of 2.4-D. The variety ‘Novosibirskaya 15’ surpassed the average values in traits ‘number of sprouts per 100 anthers’ and ‘number of all regenerants per 100 sprouts’ at 2 mg /l of 2.4-D. The trial has shown that the best responsiveness of the anther culture for the studied genotypes was when the growth regulator 2.4-D was added to the induction medium at a concentration of 1 mg/l. The variety ‘Novosibirskaya 15’ has been characterized by good responsiveness in anther culture in vitro and could be used as a donor of valuable alleles in wheat breeding programs using DH technologies.
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Cheng, P. C., R. I. Greyson i D. B. Walden. "The anther cuticle of Zea mays". Canadian Journal of Botany 64, nr 9 (1.09.1986): 2088–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-274.
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The cuticular membrane of the anther of Zea mays is ridged or rugose over most of its surface. The ridges arise during anther development and are confined to the cuticular membrane itself with no coincident folding of the cell wall, although some fibrous wall-like material becomes incorporated within the ridges. The height of a ridge, on mature anthers, is about 0.5 μm and although ridges are aligned, for the most part, in the long axis of the organ, ridges are continuous across cell boundaries in all directions. From transmission electron microscope views we conclude that the cuticle is homogeneous with a thickness of approximately 100 nm. The cuticular layer can be removed from the underlying wall by ZnCl2–HCl hydrolysis. Older anthers yield intact cuticles with persistent ridges. The ridges are not retained by cuticles from young anthers. Chloroform or hexane extraction removes about 30% of the dry weight from isolated cuticles. Characterization of the extract by gas–liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry reveals it is mainly composed of a mixture of odd- and even-numbered straight-chain, saturated hydrocarbons (C25 to C34).
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Pechan, Paul M., i Barbara D. Webster. "Determination of Pollen Number of Beans Using an Electrical Particle-counting Device". HortScience 20, nr 3 (czerwiec 1985): 444–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.20.3.444.
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Abstract The number of pollen grains in anthers of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was estimated using a Coulter Counter, an electrical particle-counting device. Nine green buds were collected randomly from 3 plants grown in a growth chamber. From each bud, one anther at a time was excised and placed in liquid Ν for 3 sec. Pollen grains were transferred from the anthers into a drop of 0.3 M NaCl on a glass slide. The saline-pollen grain mixture was cleaned of all debris, and pollen was washed into a beaker containing the same solution. This procedure was repeated for the remaining 9 anthers of each bud. The total number of pollen grains per bud was determined using a Coulter Counter.
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Koike, Steven T., Miguel S. Vilchez i Albert O. Paulus. "Fungal Ecology of Strawberry Flower Anthers and the Saprobic Role of Cladosporium cladosporioides in Relation to Fruit Deformity Problems". HortScience 38, nr 2 (kwiecień 2003): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.38.2.246.
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California has an extensive strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa L.) industry that has built its reputation on the production of large volumes of fruit that are evenly and fully developed. While some fruit deformity occurs every year, in various counties during the 1997-2000 seasons there were higher than usual numbers of uneven or “catfaced” strawberry fruit. It was thought that the presence of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) G.A. De Vries on flower anthers may have interfered with pollination and increased cull rates. We collected and incubated flower anthers to determine the fungal populations on such tissue and found that C. cladosporioides accounted for the majority of the culturable fungal colonies present. However, while 100% of a flower's anthers were colonized with C. cladosporioides after spray inoculations, the incidence and severity of malformed fruit were not significantly different from untreated flowers. Physically removing all anthers shortly after anthesis likewise did not result in significant differences in fruit quality when compared to untreated control flowers. We conclude that C. cladosporioides colonization of flower anthers has a minimal impact on fruit quality under most field conditions.
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Denisow, Bożena, i Sebastian Antoń. "Flowering, nectar secretion, pollen shed and insect foraging on Aquilegia vulgaris L. (Ranunculaceae)". Acta Agrobotanica 65, nr 1 (2012): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2012.041.
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This study on blooming biology, nectar secretion, pollen production and insect visitation of <i>Aquilegia vulgaris</i> L. was carried out in 2009 and 2011 in Lublin. The peak of flower opening during the day was between 5.00 and 7.00 (GMT +2). The flowers are protandrous with the female phase beginning approx. on the 3rd day of anthesis. The dynamics of nectar secretion and pollen shed from anthers (progressing from the central part of the androecium outwards) support the reproductive system. The amount of nectar accumulated in the spurs increased from the bud stage and was the highest in the phase with approx. ¾ of dehisced anthers, usually on the 3<sup>rd</sup> day of flower life. Then, towards the end of anthesis, the amount of secreted and accumulated nectar decreased. The number of anthers developed per flower varied from 41 to 61 (mean = 49.1). The mass of pollen per 100 anthers averaged 6.7 mg. Pollen production per flower (mean = 3.28 mg) slightly varied between years and was mainly correlated with the number of developed anthers. Estimated pollen yield was 1.69 g per m<sup>2</sup> and sugar yield 1.22 g per m<sup>2</sup>. Species from the genus <i>Bombus</i> were the main flower visitors, with <i>B. terrestris</i> being the most frequent forager.
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Hausbrandt, L., i W. Galinowski. "Rytmika przebiegu mikrosporogenezy u dzikiego gatunku ziemniaka Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk. [The rhythm in course of microsporogenesis in the wild species of potato – Solanum phureja Juz. et Buk.]". Acta Agrobotanica 26, nr 2 (2015): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1973.026.
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The changes observed in tissues of the anther have been referred to the increasing sizes of the buds and the anthers. The enclosed table present the synchronization of several stages of development of such anther tissues as wall layers, tapetum and pollen mother cells.
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Kott, L. S., L. Polsoni i W. D. Beversdorf. "Cytological aspects of isolated microspore culture of Brassica napus". Canadian Journal of Botany 66, nr 8 (1.08.1988): 1658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-226.
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Preculture cytological events within anthers of two genotypes of Brassica napus were examined to detect differences between microspores that have embryogenic potential and those that do not. Microspores of five anthers per bud were cultured, while the sixth anther was fixed for cytological observation. A series of buds of increasing maturity were individually sampled from specific racemes. Correlations of bud, anther, microspore, and nuclear size were drawn to establish physical parameters for each cytological stage. Cytological events and cytophotometrically monitored DNA content were noted for spores of each anther size class. Best embryogenic responses were among populations of microspores in the late uninucleate stage, immediately prior to first pollen mitosis. Typical, rod-shaped, cotyledonous embryos could be generated within 30 days from microspores at this stage at a rate up to 1300/anther. Slightly younger or older microspores had a drastically reduced embryogenic performance. Postculture observations (within 6 h after culture) indicated that the embryogenic spores appeared spherically swollen, distinctly vacuolate, and with a clear cytoplasm.
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Rueda, J., i A. M. Vázquez. "Effect of auxins and cytokinins upon the start of meiosis in cultured anthers of rye (Secale cereale L.)". Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, nr 6 (1.12.1985): 759–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-113.
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Anthers of rye excised at premeiotic interphase were cultured in vitro on a basic medium and on a series of auxin- and cytokinin-containing media to ascertain the effect of these plant hormones upon the start of meiosis. Only in the hormone-containing media was it possible to find anthers in which pollen mother cells had started the meiotic division. The different hormones and concentrations tested exhibited a differential capacity to induce the start of meiosis, the percentages of anthers with pollen mother cells in meiosis varying from 0% in one medium to more than 60% in two other media. In some media, pollen mother cells were able to complete the whole meiotic division, while in others they were arrested at different stages of meiosis.Key words: Secale cereale, meiosis induction, anther culture, plant hormones.
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Cappadocia, Mario, i Mamar Ahmim. "Comparison of two culture methods for the production of haploids by anther culture in Solanum chacoense". Canadian Journal of Botany 66, nr 5 (1.05.1988): 1003–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-144.
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The response of anther culture to two culture procedures was tested using anthers of a clone of self-incompatible Solanum chacoense Bitt. grown under field conditions and in a greenhouse. The use of a high level of sucrose (20%) in the induction medium increased the proportion of anthers producing macroscopic calli. This effect was more pronounced for plants grown under field conditions than for those grown in a greenhouse. The later regeneration process, using plants from either source, was not affected by this procedure.
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Zlesak*, David C., Corinne M. Radatz i Neil O. Anderson. "Continuous Darkness and Silver Nitrate Promote Anther-derived Callus in Rosa hybrida L." HortScience 39, nr 4 (lipiec 2004): 888C—888. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.888c.
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Haploid (2x) roses derived from modern tetraploid breeding lines would allow for crosses to diploid species at the diploid level. In addition, inheritance studies are easier at the diploid level, using diploids derived from tetraploids possessing economically important traits. Haploidization of 4x roses through anther culture has not been successful due to challenges in callus induction and shoot regeneration. This study investigates rose anther responses to recently reported methods that optimize in vitro adventitious shoot regeneration in rose leaves. Anthers of three cultivars (Akito, Grand Gala, and Orlando) were put in a two-step callus induction (CI) and shoot regeneration procedure with varying CI factors. Experiment one (E1) compared continuous light/dark and silver nitrate (0,30,60 mg·L-1) and experiment two (E2) used the optimal E1 treatment comparing two and four weeks on CI media. Twenty-five anthers per treatment per cultivar were used in E1 and n = 100 for E2. Although no adventitious shoots were generated, callus formed on anther tissue and frequency of formation was variable across treatments. Continuous light resulted in 100% lethality. Darkness and silver nitrate (30 or 60 μm) favored callus generation and significant differences for callus generation were found among cultivars. Darkness and 30 μm silver nitrate were used in E2. Two and four weeks on initiation media were not significantly different for generation of anther-derived callus. Identification of factors which optimize callus formation on rose anthers is a positive step toward reliably generating rose haploids.
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Xiong, Huan, Ping Chen, Zhoujun Zhu, Ya Chen, Feng Zou i Deyi Yuan. "Morphological and Cytological Characterization of Petaloid-type Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Camellia oleifera". HortScience 54, nr 7 (lipiec 2019): 1149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14005-19.
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Camellia oleifera is an important woody tree species in China that produces edible oil. Although sterile male C. oleifera plants play an important role in hybrid breeding, the possible cytological characteristics of pollen abortion remain unknown. To characterize the pollen abortion process, a genic petaloid-type sterile male C. oleifera ‘X1’ plant was investigated using a cytological method. The results showed that in male-fertile plants, the anthers were full and butterfly shaped, the pollen viability was as high as 97.5%, and the development of the tapetum and anther vascular bundles was normal. However, in male-sterile C. oleifera ‘X1’, petaloidy in the anther was observed, and the pollen vitality was as low as 4.5%. Pollen abortion in sterile C. oleifera ‘X1’ anthers occurred from the microspore stage to the mature pollen period. Further cytological analyses revealed an abnormally enlarged tapetum and retarded tapetum degeneration, suggesting that insufficient nutrients were provided for microspore development. Moreover, the anther vascular bundles displayed hyperplasia, and the pollen sac area became increasingly smaller, causing most anthers to be sterile and to have few pollen grains. Taken together, the results indicate that petaloid-type male sterility in C. oleifera may be attributed to abnormal development of the tapetum and anther vascular bundles. The findings clarify the pollen abortion period and the cytological characteristics of petaloid-type cytoplasmic male sterility in C. oleifera, and lay a solid foundation for the male sterile line in C. oleifera hybrid breeding.
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Zhao, Shu-Qing, Wen-Chao Li, Yi Zhang, Alison C. Tidy i Zoe A. Wilson. "Knockdown of Arabidopsis ROOT UVB SENSITIVE4 Disrupts Anther Dehiscence by Suppressing Secondary Thickening in the Endothecium". Plant and Cell Physiology 60, nr 10 (3.07.2019): 2293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz127.
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Abstract ROOT UV-B SENSITIVE4 (RUS4) encodes a protein with no known function that contains a conserved Domain of Unknown Function 647 (DUF647). The DUF647-containing proteins RUS1 and RUS2 have previously been associated with root UV-B-sensing pathway that plays a major role in Arabidopsis early seedling morphogenesis and development. Here, we show that RUS4 knockdown Arabidopsis plants, referred to as amiR-RUS4, were severely reduced in male fertility with indehiscent anthers. Light microscopy of anther sections revealed a significantly reduced secondary wall thickening in the endothecium of amiR-RUS4 anthers. We further show that the transcript abundance of the NAC domain genes NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR1 (NST1) and NST2, which have been shown to regulate the secondary cell wall thickenings in the anther endothecium, were dramatically reduced in the amiR-RUS4 floral buds. Expression of the secondary cell wall-associated MYB transcription factor genes MYB103 and MYB85 were also strongly reduced in floral buds of the amiR-RUS4 plants. Overexpression of RUS4 led to increased secondary thickening in the endothecium. However, the rus4-2 mutant exhibited no obvious phenotype. Promoter-GUS analysis revealed that the RUS4 promoter was highly active in the anthers, supporting its role in anther development. Taken together, these results suggest that RUS4, probably functions redundantly with other genes, may play an important role in the secondary thickening formation in the anther endothecium by indirectly affecting the expression of secondary cell wall biosynthetic genes.
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Costa, Paulo Marks de Araújo, Vênia Camelo de Souza, Ivan Sérgio da Silva Oliveira, Vagner Sousa da Costa i Emerson Serafim Barros. "Pollen viability and floral biology of Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru (DC) (Cactaceae))". Research, Society and Development 9, nr 8 (6.08.2020): e997986671. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.6671.
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Pollen fertility is indicated by viability, which influences the reproductive success of plants. Mandacaru is a native tree species with natural distribution in the Caatinga. The objective was to verify the pollen viability, pollen per ovule ratio and the morphological identification of the mandacaru flower (Cereus jamacaru). Ten flower buds were used and one hundred anthers of these buds, which and stained with Alexander dye on checkered glass slide and viable and non-viable pollens were accounted amount of ovule per flower bud was counted the pollen/ovule ratio. Mandacaru presented viability of 99.41% the pollen, with an average of 314,686 pollens on each flower. There were 356 pollens for each ovule, this indicates the species reproductive system for facultative autogamous and facultative xenogamics. The flower is hermaphrodite, with gynoecium measuring an average of 160.9 mm, an average of 883 ovules per flower, the androecium averaging 577 anthers per flower, 545 pollen per anther. Mandacaru has high pollen viability, with large size hermaphrodite flower, with high number of anthers and pollen contained in these anthers.
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Smith, Jacob, Whitney D. Crow, Angus L. Catchot, Donald R. Cook i Jeffrey Gore. "Chlorantraniliprole Residual Control and Concentration Determination in Cotton". Insects 14, nr 2 (10.02.2023): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020176.
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Studies were conducted in 2020 and 2021 at the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, to determine the residual concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, L.) leaves, as well as the concentrations in petals and anthers that developed after the time of application. Foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole were applied at four rates for leaves and two rates for petals and anthers at the second week of bloom. Additional bioassays were conducted to determine mortality of corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea, Boddie) in anthers. For the leaf study, plants were partitioned into three zones consisting of top, middle, and bottom zones. Leaf samples from each zone were analyzed for chemical concentrations at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment (DAT). Residual concentrations, although variable, persisted through all sampling dates, rates, and zones tested. In this study, chlorantraniliprole remained detectable up to 28 DAT. Results from the cotton flower petal and anther studies detected concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in petals at 4, 7, 10, and 14 DAT, but no concentrations were detected in anthers. Therefore, no mortality of corn earworm was recorded in the anther bioassays. A series of diet-incorporated bioassays were conducted using concentrations previously found in the petal study to determine baseline susceptibilities of corn earworms and predicted mortality. Results from the diet-incorporated bioassays showed similar susceptibility in field and lab colony corn earworms. Concentrations of chlorantraniliprole could provide up to 64% control of corn earworm when feeding occurs on the petals.