Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Anomalous process”

We live in the data explosion era. The unprecedented amount of data offers a potential wealth of knowledge but also brings about concerns regarding ethical collection and usage. Mistakes stemming from anomalous data have the potential for severe, real-world consequences, such as when building prediction models for housing prices. To combat anomalies, we develop the Cauchy-Net Mixture Model (CNMM). The CNMM is a flexible Bayesian nonparametric tool that employs a mixture between a Dirichlet Process Mixture Model (DPMM) and a Cauchy distributed component, which we call the Cauchy-Net (CN). Each portion of the model offers benefits, as the DPMM eliminates the limitation of requiring a fixed number of a components and the CN captures observations that do not belong to the well-defined components by leveraging its heavy tails. Through isolating the anomalous observations in a single component, we simultaneously identify the observations in the net as warranting further inspection and prevent them from interfering with the formation of the remaining components. The result is a framework that allows for simultaneously clustering observations and making predictions in the face of the anomalous data. We demonstrate the usefulness of the CNMM in a variety of experimental situations and apply the model for predicting housing prices in Fairfax County, Virginia.
Doctor of Philosophy
We live in the data explosion era. The unprecedented amount of data offers a potential wealth of knowledge but also brings about concerns regarding ethical collection and usage. Mistakes stemming from anomalous data have the potential for severe, real-world consequences, such as when building prediction models for housing prices. To combat anomalies, we develop the Cauchy-Net Mixture Model (CNMM). The CNMM is a flexible tool for identifying and isolating the anomalies, while simultaneously discovering cluster structure and making predictions among the nonanomalous observations. The result is a framework that allows for simultaneously clustering and predicting in the face of the anomalous data. We demonstrate the usefulness of the CNMM in a variety of experimental situations and apply the model for predicting housing prices in Fairfax County, Virginia.

This investigation employs Anomalous Small Angle X-ray Scattering (ASAXS), and further expands the technique for conducting time resolved experiments within synchrotron facilities. ASAXS utilises the absorption effects of a given element as photon energies approach an absorption edge, and is used to extract partial scattering functions of the individual species within a composite material. In situ ASAXS is used to explore and understand the complex reactions in sol gel processing. The gelation process for zirconia, yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ), YSZ and zirconia in silica, and zinc-silica systems are observed using in situ ASAXS across the zirconia and zinc absorption edges respectively. A new technique of high temperature time resolved double ASAXS, which explores two absorption edges in a single experiment, has also been employed to investigate phase changes during the sintering of YSZ and YSZ in silica. A computational model for ASAXS is also proposed, which can be used as a tool for data analysis. It is shown that monochromator resolution induces an uncertainty into the correct values of the coefficients - used to extract scattering information from individual species within a composite material. The model suggests methods to reduce this uncertainty in order to converge on the correct solution. New techniques for future time resolved ASAXS experiments are also presented. Time resolved ASAXS of the gelation process reveals contrast in the resonant term for sol-gels containing zirconia. The profile of which is independent of the relative concentrations of yttria and silica. It is proposed that the zirconia is being fully integrated into the gel network to form zirconia-silica chains. In comparison, the zinc systems did not reveal this effect, and instead display contrast in both the resonant and cross terms, implying a gel network is forming at the exclusion of zinc. High temperature in situ double ASAXS of the YSZ materials reveals the nucleation of nano zirconia at temperatures close to 400ºC. The nano crystals grow to eventually incorporate yttria, preserving the zirconia in the cubic and tetragonal phases. Inhomogeneities are revealed during crystal growth; caused by the mixed phase states of zirconia and YSZ present in the material. It is also shown that the presence of a silica matrix delays the growth of these crystals until a temperature of 780 ºC is reached. Samples with high concentrations of yttria also reveal an additional feature beyond 900ºC indicating a saturation point for cubic YSZ formation.

The main focus of this research was to explore how counselling psychologists experience what that they cannot understand in the therapeutic process. The study focuses on how counselling psychologists make sense of and manage these experiences, as well as the role such experiences play in therapy. Although the existence of such occurrences are acknowledged in the foundations of many therapeutic approaches (Bion, 1970; Bugental, 1990; Freud 1915; Jung, 1923; Maslow, 1971; Ogden, 1999; Perls, 1973; Rogers, 1961; Stern, 2004) , there seems to be a lack of research in relation to how these phenomena are experienced and what role they play in the therapeutic process. Eight counselling psychologists with ten years of experience in clinical practice were recruited and interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Different aspects of these experiences were explored through applying the qualitative method known as Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 2004). The findings suggest that the way counselling psychologists experience phenomena that cannot be understood strongly relates to anxiety, fear and uncertainty, drawing attention to deep feelings of vulnerability and insecurity. The results demonstrate the ambivalent meanings of such experiences in the therapeutic process, and their significance in the process of therapy. The thesis also comprises the way in which counselling psychologists spoke about these phenomena and how these occurrences were managed by counselling psychologists. Some conclusions were made about what kind of knowledge counselling psychologists relied on while making sense of such phenomena. The recommendations made as a result of the research show validity as they closely relate to the way counselling psychologists explore their own identity as professionals. Also, the research highlighted the essentiality of exploring the role of theoretical knowledge and reflexivity for counselling psychologists. The research also explores unanticipated findings such as the existence of those experiences that need to remain undefinable and the ability of counselling psychologists to let go of the need to make sense of phenomena. The study also addresses the limitations and implications of the research, and suggestions for further research are indicated.

This thesis is a presentation of an analysis of the $ZZ\rightarrow 4\ell$ ($\ell = e,\mu$) process in proton-proton collisions with centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV at the LHC during 2015 and 2016 (a total integrated luminosity of 36.1 fb$^{-1}$), using the ATLAS detector. Candidate $ZZ \rightarrow 4\ell$ events are selected in the three decay channels, $4e$, $2e2\mu$ and $4\mu$. The cross section of the $ZZ\rightarrow 4\ell$ process is measured in four fiducial regions closely matching the detector acceptance: one for each decay channel ($4e$, $2e2\mu$ and $4\mu$) and one for the combination of all decay channels. The total cross section of $pp\rightarrow ZZ$ is measured in a phase-space in which both $Z$ bosons have a mass $m_{Z}$ in the range 66 GeV $ < m_{Z} < $ 116 GeV to be 16.5 $\pm 0.5$ (stat.) $\pm 0.4$ (syst.) $\pm 0.5$ (lumi.)$\,$ pb which is consistent with a next-to-next-to-leading-order prediction of $16.9^{+0.6}_{-0.5}$ pb. Observed event yields in four bins of transverse momentum are used to set 95{\%} CL$_{\text{s}}$ limits on four neutral triple gauge couplings ($f^{V}_{i}$, $V=Z,\gamma$, $i=4,5$) which parameterise an effective $ZZV$ vertex (assuming both $Z$ bosons are on shell). The obtained limits are of the order of $|f^{V}_{i}|<0.0017$.

In this PhD research a question is posed that concerns ‘varieties of creativity’ that have infrequently been explored empirically, although often described anecdotally. This question being: is, and if so, how, is creativity related to altered states of consciousness (ASCs) and parapsychological experiences? This thesis systematically explores the relationship between multiple dimensions of creativity and: personality traits characterised by an openness to intrapersonal experience and a fluid cognitive-style; specific altered states of consciousness and anomalous experiences (such as mystical experiences and subjective paranormal experiences); and anomalous cognition. The common thread is conceived as an examination of the extent to which creativity might involve ‘epistemological flexibility’ — that is, involves shifts into, and between, different ‘ways of knowing’. As such, a major part of this thesis was the psychometric development of a new self-report instrument, the Creative Cognition Inventory, which measures the reported use of different epistemological resources (such as intuition, dreams and rational logic) in the creative process. Creativity is defined in terms of a process, participated in at the person-level, which leads to a novel and adaptive product or performance. Drawing upon models of the creative process and person, it is suggested that a biphasic process is common to most theories of creativity, and that individuals with particular traits have been hypothesised to engage in this with more facility. Models that have explored cognitive, affective and perceptual ‘looseness’ as facilitating novelty are examined. As altered states of consciousness involve subjective shifts in these same dimensions, it is proposed that creativity and ASCs may be experientially related, either directly, or in terms of an overarching trait, such as ‘boundary-thinness’ or ‘transliminality’, which propitiates both. A multi-dimensional approach was taken to creativity measurement, accepting its complexity as a componential construct that might consist of multiple creativities. In Study One, the benefits of a multidimensional approach to creativity measurement were evident, refuting earlier work that had used only cognitive estimates of creativity and found no relationship with either boundary-thinness or transliminality. These constructs are experiential-traits that assess ones degree of intrapersonal openness, cognitive fluidity and sensitivity, and are associated with a proclivity to have unusual experiences. In Study One, they were found to be significantly correlated with both domain general measures of creativity (creative personality) and domain specific measures (emotional creativity and involvement in the arts). The sample for Study One consisted of 65 psychology undergraduates (49 females; 16 males). A second study assessed the degree to which different dimensions of creativity were related to different experiences of consciousness. 211 participants were recruited from the general population through opportunity sampling (108 females; 101 males). The sample included professional artists (n = 36) and scientists (n = 27). Competing models of a relationship between creativity and ASC-proclivity were assessed: cognitive expansion; affective openness; and motivational impetus. This study provided numerous insights into the experiences of consciousness that might be related to varieties of creativity. The key findings were that emotional creativity was most robustly associated with ASCs; artistic creative-personality was associated with ‘positive’ ASCs, including those along an oneiric continuum (e.g. hypnagogia and hallucinations), and those along an affective expansion continuum (e.g. dissociation and positive mystical experiences). Further, original and flexible cognition appeared to be associated with states along an oneiric continuum. Thus, Study Two found support for the affective and cognitive models, yet within different ranges of experience. This ‘model’ helps to clarify, by using heterogeneous, rather than homogenous constructs of ‘unusual experiences’, specific processes by which ASCs and creativity may be related and as such deserves further exploration. The final piece of research developed a novel protocol for recording impressions thought by participants to involve extrasensory perception (ESP) and associated states of consciousness in daily life, using experience- sampling methodology. As success in ESP experiments has consistently been reported amongst visual artists, the above models were used to explore what aspects of the creativity complex might be associated with ESP-performance. As only emotional creativity related to the reporting of parapsychological experiences in Study Two, the affective openness model was expected to predict ESP-performance. Further, a carefully matched control group (n = 15) was used against which to compare success of artists (n = 15). Artists did not demonstrate a superior ESP effect in this study, although they did perform at a level commensurate with previous research. The affective openness hypothesis for ESP performance was rejected. Rather, it was questioned whether previous studies had not adequately matched controls or that the ‘take-home’ methodology, perhaps increasing relaxation and control for the participants, increased performance levels for the non-artists

Renormalization group analysis is a useful tool for studying critical behaviour of stochastic systems. In this thesis, field-theoretic renormalization group will be applied to the scalar model representing directed percolation, known as Gribov model, in presence of the random velocity field. Turbulent mixing will be modelled by the compressible form of stochastic Navier-Stokes equation where the compressibility is described by an additional field related to the density. The task will be to find corresponding scaling properties.

Le Modéle Standard (MS), actuelle théorie fondamentale de la physique des particules, fournit une description des particules élémentaires et de plusieurs interactions fondamentales : les forces électromagnétique, forte et faible. Au Centre Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN), des scientifiques du monde entier cherchent à com- prendre les lois fondamentales régissant l’Univers. LHC (Large Hadron Collider), pour les faire entrer en collision au centre des détecteurs et obtenir des indications quant à la manière dont les particules interagissent et ainsi appréhender les lois fondamentales de la nature. L’expérience ATLAS(roidalLhcApparatuS), couvre un large spectre de mesures physiques, incluant des mesures de précision du MS, la recherche du boson de Higgs, ou de trace de nouvelle physique. L’expérience CMS a un programme similaire. Les événements W⁺W⁻ sont sélectionnés à partir de trois états finaux : ee, eµ, and µµ. Afin de réduire le bruit de fond, constitué principalement de processus Drell-Yan ou de paires t¯t, une coupure est appliquée sur l’énergie transverse manquante, et les événements contenant des jets hadroniques satisfaisant certains critères de sélection sont rejetés. Les principaux bruits de fonds résiduels, essentiellement des processus W+jets, top, Z+jets, sont estimés à l’aide de modèles établis à partir des données observées (méthodes data driven). Ces méthodes d’estimation sont validées en les comparants à d’autres méthodes indépendantes. La section efficace mesurée est 71.0⁺¹⋅¹₋₁⋅₁(stat)⁺⁵⋅⁷₋₅⋅₀(syst)⁺²⋅¹₋₂⋅₀(lumi) pb, en accord avec la prédiction NNLO du MS de 63.2⁺²⋅⁰₋₁⋅₈pb
The Standard Model (SM), actual fundamental theory for particle physics, provides a description of the elementary particles and the fundamental interactions: the electromagnetic, weak and strong forces. At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), physicists and engineers from all over the world are searching to understand the fundamental laws of the universe. It is at CERN that the world's largest and most sophisticated experimental instruments have been built, to accelerate particles at the energy of 3.5-4 TeV with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS), one of the four main detectors at LHC. In ATLAS, di-boson production is one of the most important electro-weak processes.The electro-weak sector of the SM, as well as the strong interactions, can be tested through the precision measurements of the W⁺W⁻ production cross section. A measurement of the W⁺W⁻ production cross section in 8 TeV center of mass proton-proton collisions is presented here from data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC for a total integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb⁻¹. The W⁺W⁻ events are selected with 3 final states: ee, eµ, and µµ. In order to suppress the background contamination, mainly from the Drell-Yan and ttbar processes, a cut on missing transverse energy is applied and events with hadronic jets satisfying appropriate selection criteria are rejected. The major backgrounds, mainly including W +jets, top and Z+jets, are estimated by data driven technique. The measured cross section is 71.0⁺¹⋅¹₋₁⋅₁(stat)⁺⁵⋅⁷₋₅⋅₀(syst)⁺²⋅¹₋₂⋅₀(lumi) pb, which is consistent with SM Next-to-Next-Leading-Order prediction of 63.2⁺²⋅⁰₋₁⋅₈ pb

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo mejorar el proceso de Monitoreo de Accesos y Comportamiento de Usuarios en Entorno Cloud de la gerencia de Seguridad Tecnológica, este proceso es uno de los principales controles en el programa de seguridad de la información y ciberseguridad de Mibanco por contribuir en la detección oportuna de eventos de seguridad, evitar incidentes que pudieran afectar a la organización y por el cumplimiento de estándares de seguridad que debe cumplir toda entidad financiera. El trabajo de investigación se desarrolló en seis capítulos donde en primer lugar, se detalla el Marco Teórico utilizado; luego en el capítulo de Desarrollo de Proyecto, se realiza el análisis de la arquitectura empresarial y la identificación de los problemas objetivos que se deben trabajar para la mejora del proceso. Asimismo, en los demás capítulos se desarrolló la arquitectura de software de solución y la gestión del proyecto.
The objective of this research work is to improve the process of Monitoring Accesses and User Behavior in the Cloud Environment of the Technological Security management, this process is one of the main controls in the information security and cybersecurity program of Mibanco by contribute to the timely detection of security events, avoid incidents that could affect the organization and for the fulfillment of security standards that every financial entity must comply with. The research work was developed in six chapters where, first, the Theoretical Framework used is detailed; Then, in the Project Development chapter, the analysis of the business architecture and the identification of the objective problems that must be worked on to improve the process is carried out. Likewise, in the other chapters the solution software architecture and project management were developed.
Tesis

Jump-diffusion processes often model financial time series as they can simulate the random jumps that they frequently exhibit. These jumps can be seen as anomalies and are essential for financial analysis and model building, making them vital to detect.The realized variation, realized bipower variation, and realized semi-variation were tested to see if one could use them to detect jumps in a jump-diffusion process and if anomaly detection algorithms can use them as features to improve their accuracy. The algorithms tested were Isolation Forest, Robust Random Cut Forest, and Isolation Forest Algorithm for Streaming Data, where the latter two use streaming data. This was done by generating a Merton jump-diffusion process with a varying jump-rate and tested using each algorithm with each of the features. The performance of each algorithm was measured using the F1-score to compare the difference between features and algorithms. It was found that the algorithms were improved from using the features; Isolation Forest saw improvement from using one, or more, of the named features. For the streaming algorithms, Robust Random Cut Forest performed the best for every jump-rate except the lowest. Using a combination of the features gave the highest F1-score for both streaming algorithms. These results show one can use these features to extract jumps, as anomaly scores, and improve the accuracy of the algorithms, both in a batch and stream setting.
Hopp-diffusionsprocesser används regelbundet för att modellera finansiella tidsserier eftersom de kan simulera de slumpmässiga hopp som ofta uppstår. Dessa hopp kan ses som anomalier och är viktiga för finansiell analys och modellbyggnad, vilket gör dom väldigt viktiga att hitta. Den realiserade variationen, realiserade bipower variationen, och realiserade semi-variationen är faktorer av en tidsserie som kan användas för att hitta hopp i hopp-diffusionprocesser. De används här för att testa om anomali-detektionsalgoritmer kan använda funktionerna för att förbättra dess förmåga att detektera hopp. Algoritmerna som testades var Isolation Forest, Robust Random Cut Forest, och Isolation Forest Algoritmen för Strömmande data, där de två sistnämnda använder strömmande data. Detta gjordes genom att genera data från en Merton hopp-diffusionprocess med varierande hoppfrekvens där de olika algoritmerna testades med varje funktion samt med kombinationer av funktioner. Prestationen av varje algoritm beräknades med hjälp av F1-värde för att kunna jämföra algoritmerna och funktionerna med varandra. Det hittades att funktionerna kan användas för att extrahera hopp från hopp-diffusionprocesser och även använda de som en indikator för när hopp skulle ha hänt. Algoritmerna fick även ett högre F1-värde när de använde funktionerna. Isolation Forest fick ett förbättrat F1-värde genom att använda en eller fler utav funktionerna och hade ett högre F1-värde än att bara använda funktionerna för att detektera hopp. Robust Random Cut Forest hade högst F1-värde av de två algoritmer som använde strömmande data och båda fick högst F1-värde när man använde en kombination utav alla funktioner. Resultatet visar att dessa funktioner fungerar för att extrahera hopp från hopprocesser, använda dem för att detektera hopp, och att algoritmernas förmåga att detektera hoppen ökade med hjälp av funktionerna.

Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniera Civil Eléctrica
La automatización de la maquinaria dentro de la minería es una tendencia que ha cobrado mayor importancia con el transcurso del tiempo, principalmente por el ambiente peligroso e impredecible en el que deben ser manejadas, lo que genera una serie de riesgos para los operadores manuales de los equipos. Lo anterior sumado a los potenciales beneficios económicos por aumento del factor de utilización, reducción del desgaste de los componentes y operación eficiente de la máquina, hacen del concepto de la minería autónoma una promesa interesante. El objetivo de este trabajo es crear un detector de anomalías para el proceso de carguío autónomo de maquinaria minera, en donde la anomalía se define como la necesidad de impactar más de una vez contra la pila de recolección para llenar el balde del cargador. Para esto se utilizaron los datos de operación obtenidos de un cargador LHD utilizado en la minera 'San Gerónimo'. Debido a la complejidad física de estos sistemas, se utilizará un modelo no paramétrico para la modelación del proceso, el cual corresponde a un modelo basado en similitud (SBM de sus siglas en inglés). Se creará una metodología para obtener un modelo que contengan las variables explicativas del proceso y con el que se pueda generar una rutina de detección que avise al operario en caso de que las señales medidas mientras carga sean similares a las caracterizadas en el modelo SBM como anomalía. La metodología propuesta en este trabajo fue probada con los datos obtenidos en la minera, con los cuales se obtuvo un error de un 7,5% en la detección de carguíos anómalos. También se probó la metodología con datos de carguío manual, en donde un operador manejaba en la mina el cargador de forma remota. En este caso los resultados no fueron tan positivos como en el caso autónomo, en donde se consiguió que el detector errara en promedio un 23,3% de las veces que fue probado. Como principales conclusiones, se verifica el uso de modelos no paramétricos para la caracterización de procesos multivariables, sin embargo la metodología desarrollada sólo es aplicable a la maquinaria estudiada. También se destaca la importancia de datos variados para la creación de los modelos, es decir, que contengan diferentes puntos de operación del proceso. En particular en el caso de los carguíos autónomos, existe una mayor complejidad para caracterizar el carguío, dado que se necesita recolectar los datos de muchos operarios para tener una matriz de entrada rica en información, no así en el caso autónomo donde el hecho de utilizar una secuencia programada reduce la cantidad de datos necesarios para la modelación.

The role of data is of critical importance to our modern societies. As the total quantity of data being created is increasing exponentially, it is more important than ever to ensure that the optimal data visualisation methods are used to represent this data. One scenario in which this is particularly pertinent is for the identification of anomalous system states which require human intervention, such as in power plants and aviation control. As part of this study, a configurable and extendable software testbed for methodically evaluating the performance of different data visualisation types was developed. These tools were then used to investigate the performance of three different display types representing the same data set: a bar graph display, a configural coordinate display (CCD) designed using the principles of ecological interface design, and a configural integral display (CID) designed following the principles of poietic design. Both the total simultaneous quantity and the dynamicity of displays were examined. The bar graph display was observed to perform significantly worse than the other display types as the number of simultaneously visible displays increased. The CCD performed best overall, while the CID was not far behind in all cases except for those with the largest quantity of displays, indicating that both of these display types afford a certain level of gist perception. This research provides a basis for future studies aiming to evaluate the performance of alternative display types or redesigns to those evaluated herein and suggests some potential properties which could be of benefit to such redesigns.

La detección de anomalías en procesos industriales es un tema de alto impacto que ha sido analizado y estudiado en diversas áreas de la ingeniería e investigación. La mayor parte de los métodos de detección actualmente disponibles posibilitan el estudio de las irregularidades encontradas en el historial de un proceso, ayudando a extraer información significativa (y a veces crítica) en una amplia variedad de aplicaciones, y convirtiéndose de este modo en parta fundamental e integral de esquemas de reducción de costos tanto humanos como económicos en la industria contemporánea. El objetivo general de este trabajo es desarrollar e implementar un enfoque modular de detección de anomalías, aplicable a procesos industriales multivariados y fundado en el análisis de residuos generados a partir de modelos no paramétricos basados en similitud (similarity-based modeling, SBM). La herramienta consiste principalmente de un sistema de generación automática de modelos SBM, una metodología de estudio de eventos y un algoritmo estadístico de detección. El trabajo realizado se enmarca en un proyecto de colaboración conjunta entre las empresas CONTAC, INGENIEROS LTDA. y ENDESA-CHILE. Gracias a esto, ha sido posible evaluar el sistema propuesto utilizando datos de operación correspondientes a una central termoeléctrica de ciclo combinado perteneciente a la segunda empresa ya mencionada. Las comparaciones en cuanto al desempeño del sistema de modelación implementado permiten concluir que el algoritmo es capaz de generar una representación más apropiada del proceso, basado en el error obtenido con la técnica de modelación SBM, la cual es cercana al 25% del error obtenido con la técnica de modelación lineal en los parámetros. Además, la metodología de estudio de eventos permite detectar correctamente las variables que no aportan al objetivo de detección de un evento en particular, así como también identifica las variables más significativas para lograr tal propósito, reduciendo el número de variables analizadas y con esto, los requerimientos de cómputo de operación en línea. La validación de los resultados entregados por el método de detección de anomalías desarrollado, permite aseverar que la utilización de modelos no-paramétricos tipo SBM, en combinación con la metodología de estudio de eventos y el algoritmo estadístico de detección, resultan eficaces a la hora de generar alarmas y detectar las anomalías estudiadas.

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária
Cada vez mais são apresentadas exigências no que diz respeito à identificação individual, cível e criminal, no âmbito de proteger os interesses da sociedade. Foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico preliminar com o objetivo de identificar o panorama geral sobre o tema da pesquisa. Para esse efeito foram referenciadas diversas fontes como livros e artigos. Este trabalho resultou na construção de uma estrutura teórica que delineou os rumos da pesquisa. As anomalias dentárias, definidas como alterações resultantes de diversos fatores etiológicos que atuam durante o desenvolvimento dentário ou adquiridas durante a vida, ajudam na identificação, especialmente as anomalias de número como é o caso das agenesias e dos supranumerários. A Medicina Dentária é hoje uma especialidade elementar na perícia Médico-legal devido à variabilidade de características dentárias existentes que contribuem para o processo de identificação humana, sendo as anomalias dentárias um exemplo efetivo. Increasingly demands are related to the individual, civil and criminal identification in order to protect the society interests. A preliminar literature search was performed to find a general overview around the theme through books and articles. This work results in the construction of theoric structure that outlined research directions. The dental anomalies defined as changes resulting from different etiologic factors during tooth development or acquired during life assist in the identification process especially tooth number anomalies like agenesis and suprenumerary teeth. The dentistry is actually an essential field in medicolegal expertise for its dental variables that may contribute to the human identification process. An effective example are dental anomalies.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a fast-growing technology in manufacturing industries. Applications of AM are spread across a wide range of fields. The aerospace industry is one of the industries that use AM because of its ability to produce light-weighted components and design freedom. Since the aerospace industry is conservative, quality control and quality assurance are essential. The quality of the welding is one of the factors that determine the quality of the AM components, hence, detecting faults in the welding is crucial. In this thesis, an automated system for detecting the faults in the welding process is presented. For this, three methods are proposed to find the anomalies in the process. The process videos that contain weld melt-pool behaviour are used in the methods. The three methods are 1) Autoencoder method, 2) Variational Autoencoder method, and 3) Image Classification method. Methods 1 and 2 are implemented using Convolutional-Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks to capture anomalies that occur over a span of time. For this, instead of a single image, a sequence of images is used as input to track abnormal behaviour by identifying the dependencies among the images. The method training to detect anomalies is unsupervised. Method 3 is implemented using Convolutional Neural Networks, and it takes a single image as input and predicts the process image as stable or unstable. The method learning is supervised. The results show that among the three models, the Variational Autoencoder model performed best in our case for detecting the anomalies. In addition, it is observed that in methods 1 and 2, the sequence length and frames retrieved per second from process videos has effect on model performance. Furthermore, it is observed that considering the time dependencies in our case is very beneficial as the difference between the anomalous and the non anomalous process is very small

Workflow technology has become a standard solution for managing increasingly complex business processes. Successful business process management depends on effective workflow modeling, which has been limited mainly to modeling the control and coordination of activities, i.e. the control flow perspective. However, given a workflow specification that is flawless from the control flow perspective, errors can still occur due to incorrect dataflow specification, which is referred to as dataflow anomalies.Currently, there are no sufficient formalisms for discovering and preventing dataflow anomalies in a workflow specification. Therefore, the goal of this dissertation is to develop formal methods for automatically detecting dataflow anomalies from a given workflow model and a rigorous approach for workflow design, which can help avoid dataflow anomalies during the design stage.In this dissertation, we first propose a formal approach for dataflow verification, which can detect dataflow anomalies such as missing data, redundant data, and potential data conflicts. In addition, we propose to use the dataflow matrix, a two-dimension table showing the operations each activity has on each data item, as a way to specify dataflow in workflows. We believe that our dataflow verification framework has added more analytical rigor to business process management by enabling systematic elimination of dataflow errors.We then propose a formal dependency-analysis-based approach for workflow design. A new concept called "activity relations" and a matrix-based analytical procedure are developed to enable the derivation of workflow models in a precise and rigorous manner. Moreover, we decouple the correctness issue from the efficiency issue as a way to reduce the complexity of workflow design and apply the concept of inline blocks to further simplify the procedure. These novel techniques make it easier to handle complex and unstructured workflow models, including overlapping patterns.In addition to proving the core theorems underlying the formal approaches and illustrating the validity of our approaches by applying them to real world cases, we provide detailed algorithms and system architectures as a roadmap for the implementation of dataflow verification and workflow design procedures.

Aquesta tesi doctoral explora els conceptes fonamentals utilitzats en la creació i l'anàlisi de la narració audiovisual, especialment aquells relacionats directament amb el guió. El treball es centra en la utilització de recursos emprats en la construcció dramàtica i l'establiment de l'organització del relat, considerats tots dos conceptes com a elements creadors de sentit. De la mateixa manera es reflexiona sobre la funció del guió dins del text cinematogràfic, posant el focus en els aspectes estructurals i els seus diversos nivells d'aplicació. Conscient que ens trobem en un moment crucial en el desenvolupament dels mitjans de comunicació en els quals la transversalitat, la fragmentació i la connectivitat es constitueixen com a característiques bàsiques, la tesi evidencia la pobresa tant del format del guió com de l'aparell d'anàlisi utilitzats fins al moment. Enfront d'aquesta situació, l'assaig planteja la necessitat de la creació de noves eines, metodologies i models d'acord amb els requeriments actuals, fent èmfasis en els següents punts: - la finalització del monopoli de l'escriptura com a eina constructiva i d'anàlisi. - l'evidència que el model dels tres actes resulta deficient per explicar el polimorfisme de la producció cinematogràfica internacional. - el reconeixement de la pluralitat de camins vàlids per a la creació d'obres audiovisuals riques i variades, concordes amb les inquietuds del moment històric. - la necessitat de l'aplicació de la visualització d'informació i les teories de la complexitat com a elements fonamentals per a l'articulació d'un nou discurs sobre la creació, anàlisi i crítica audiovisual. En aquest sentit, l'estudi s'aproxima al tema per tractar-ho des d'una nova perspectiva més sistèmica, amb la intenció de crear les bases per a l'elaboració d'aquesta nova forma de creació i anàlisi del guió audiovisual i el transmèdia, en sintonia amb els temps que vivim, les eines que fem servir i les històries que necessitem.
Esta tesis doctoral explora los conceptos fundamentales utilizados en la creación y el análisis de la narración audiovisual, especialmente aquellos relacionados directamente con el guión. El trabajo se centra en la utilización de recursos empleados en la construcción dramática y el establecimiento de la organización del relato, considerados ambos conceptos como elementos creadores de sentido. Del mismo modo se reflexiona sobre la función del guión dentro del texto cinematográfico, poniendo el foco en los aspectos estructurales y sus diversos niveles de aplicación. Consciente de que nos encontramos en un momento crucial en el desarrollo de los medios de comunicación en los que la transversalidad, la fragmentación y la conectividad se constituyen como características básicas, la tesis evidencia la pobreza tanto del formato del guión como del aparato de análisis utilizados hasta el momento. Frente a esa situación, el ensayo plantea la necesidad de la creación de nuevas herramientas, metodologías y modelos en consonancia con los requerimientos actuales, haciendo énfasis en los siguientes puntos: - la finalización del monopolio de la escritura como herramienta constructiva y de análisis. - la evidencia de que el modelo de los tres actos resulta deficiente para explicar el polimorfismo de la producción cinematográfica internacional. - el reconocimiento de la pluralidad de caminos válidos para la creación de obras audiovisuales ricas y variadas, acordes con las inquietudes del momento histórico. - la necesidad de la aplicación de la visualización de información y las teorías de la complejidad como elementos fundamentales para la articulación de un nuevo discurso sobre la creación, análisis y crítica audiovisual. En ese sentido, el estudio se aproxima al tema para tratarlo desde una nueva perspectiva más sistémica, con la intención de sentar las bases para la elaboración de esa nueva forma de creación y análisis del guión audiovisual y el transmedia, en sintonía con los tiempos que vivimos, las herramientas que manejamos y las historias que necesitamos.
This doctoral thesis explores the fundamental concepts used in the creation and analysis of audiovisual narrative, especially those directly related to the script. The work focuses on the use of resources employed in dramatic construction and the creation of the organization of the story, considered both concepts as meaning-making elements. In the same way, it reflects on the role of the script as part of the cinematographic text, focusing on the structural aspects and their different levels of application. Being conscious that we are at a crucial moment in the development of the media in which transversality, fragmentation and connectivity constitute their basic characteristics, the thesis shows the poverty of both the format of the script and the analytical apparatus used until now. Facing this situation, the essay shows the need for the creation of new tools, methodologies and models in line with current requirements, with emphasis on the following points: - the end of the monopoly of writing as a constructive and analytical tool. - the evidence that the three acts model is unable to explain the polymorphism of international film production. - the recognition of the plurality of valid ways to create rich and varied audiovisual works, in line with the concerns of the present historical moment. - the need for the application of information visualization and theories of complexity as fundamental elements for the articulation of a new discourse on audiovisual creation, analysis and criticism. In that sense, the study approaches the subject to treat it from a new, more systemic perspective, with the intention of laying the groundwork for the elaboration of this new form of creation and analysis of the audiovisual and the transmedia script, in tune with the times we live in, the tools we use and the stories we need.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem.
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Trata-se de uma Pesquisa Convergente-Assistencial desenvolvida no cenário neonatal, a partir de uma maternidade pública no sul do Brasil. Teve como objetivos compreender a percepção dos pais sobre o nascimento de um filho com anomalia congênita e identificar o modo como a enfermeira da unidade neonatal pode auxiliar os recém-nascidos com anomalias e seus pais durante o processo de adaptação pós-parto. O referencial teórico que sustentou este estudo foi o Modelo da Adaptação de Sister Callista Roy. Os sujeitos foram três famílias de crianças que nasceram portadoras de anomalia congênita. A coleta de dados ocorreu durante o processo de cuidar em enfermagem, utilizando-se basicamente das técnicas de observação participante e entrevista focalizada. A partir dos dados colhidos durante o processo de cuidado, as informações foram analisadas pelos processos genéricos de: apreensão, síntese, teorização e transferência. Desta análise emergiram cinco categorias, que demonstram as percepções dos pais, a saber: 1) A hora do parto: sentimentos anestesiados; 2) Internação na UTI Neonatal: o hospital no lugar da casa; 3) Voltar para casa: um misto de alegria e medo; 4) A rede de apoio familiar: entre reforços e fragilizações; e 5) Tocar a vida: a convivência com o filho portador de anomalia congênita. A partir destas categorias foi possível observar que a enfermeira pode atuar com estas famílias num modelo de cuidado adaptativo que engloba, paulatinamente: a fase do fazer, no qual a enfermeira presta cuidado direto e integral ao neonato, pois a mãe está ainda impossibilitada pelo parto e o pai está dividido no cuidado da díade e o conflito diante do inesperado; a fase do ensinar, no qual os pais passam a explorar o ambiente e iniciam o aprendizado do cuidado que deve ser prestado ao filho. O papel educativo da enfermeira é muito importante em todas as fases, mas aqui é imprescindível; a fase de validação, em que as famílias já se encontram mais fortalecidas para prestar o cuidado, estando então o papel da enfermeira centrado na validação de informações, sem deixar de acompanhar diretamente a família; e a fase do suporte, em que os pais já conhecem mais sobre os filhos do que a equipe de saúde. Nesta etapa a enfermeira dá suporte aos problemas que eventualmente surgem. Os resultados mostram que diante do nascimento de um filho com anomalia congênita, vários sentimentos conflitantes emergem, porém, a enfermeira pode auxiliar os pais no processo adaptativo à nova situação existencial, renovando as esperanças e fortalecendo a família. This study presents Convergent-Care Research developed on a national level, based upon a public maternity in southern Brazil. Its objectives were to better understand the perception of parents concerning the birth of their children with congenital anomalies and to identify the manner in which the neonatal unit nurse may assist newborns with anomalies, as well as their parents during the post-partum adaptation period. The theoretical reference which supported this study was the Sister Callista Roy Adaptation Model. The subjects were three families with children who were born carrying congenital anomalies. The data was collected through a nursing care process, utilizing basically the techniques of participant observation and focused interviews. Based on the data collected during the care process, the information was analyzed by the generic processes of: apprehension, synthesis, theorization, and transfer. From this analysis, five categories which demonstrated the parents# perceptions emerged: 1) Time for delivery: anesthetized feelings; 2) Interned in the Neonatal ICU: the hospital instead of home; 3) Returning home: a mixture of joy and fear; 4) The family support network: among reinforcements and fragilities; and 5) Continuing life: living with a child carrier of congenital a anomaly. Based upon these categories, it was possible to observe that the nurse may interact with these families in an adaptive care model that gradually encompasses the doing phase, in which the nurse offers direct care to the neonatal patient, as the mother is yet recovering from the delivery and the father is divided between care of the diadem and the conflict in facing the unexpected; the teaching phase, in which the parents begin to explore the environment and initiate learning the care which should be given to their child. The educational role of the nurse is very important in every phase, but in this it is fundamental; the validation phase, in which the families find themselves strengthened through offering care, assuming the role of the nurse centered upon validating information, without interrupting directly accompanying the family; and the support phase, in which the parents already understand more about their children and the health team. In this phase, the nurse offers support to the problems which eventually arise. The results show that facing the birth of a child with congenital anomaly, various conflicting feelings emerge. However, the nurse may assist the parents in the adaptation process to the new existing sistuation, renovating hope and strengthening the family.

Particles motion inside complex, irregular or crowded environments is a common phenomenon ranging from microscopic to macroscopic scales. It can be involved in everyday practical problems, like traffic, in fundamental biological mechanisms, like growth and reproduction of cells, and in important industrial or chemical applications, like oil catalysis. In many cases, transport in crowded environments is guided by 'active' elements, i.e. units that consume energy in order to produce motion. Among systems belonging in this class, the diffusion of hard-core particles in a channel so narrow they cannot pass each other, known as Single File Diffusion, has assumed a particular role. Single File Diffusion is responsible for the transport of ions in membrane channels, the diffusion in nano- and micro-porous materials and has been observed in many other natural and artificial systems. Aim of this thesis is to investigate Single File system of passive (purely diffusive) or active (self propelled) particles, focusing on the effects of the activity on the Single File motion and on the Single File properties in the presence of absorbing boundaries. Most of the work has been carried out developing analytical and numerical tools within the framework of the Stochastic Processes. By using single particle techniques in a microfluidic approach, we obtained an excellent comparison between experimental data and numerical model of particles emptying a Single File channel with open ends. In this thesis, after a brief introduction in the framework of confined diffusion processes, we will review the most relevant works in the theoretical and experimental literature of Single File Diffusion, with particular attention to an analytical technique, the Reflection Principle Method, which will be extensively used in this thesis. We will investigate the properties of Single File systems of diffusing particles in presence of two absorbing boundaries, with particular interest to the survival probability, i.e. the probability to find a particle between the boundaries at time t. We will provide an analytical solution of the emptying process, i.e. we calculate the probability characterizing the progressive decrease of the number of particles in the presence of absorbing boundaries, and for the survival probability of a Tagged Particle within the file, either in the presence or in the absence of a constant external force. We also characterize the trend of the characteristic survival times (also called Mean First Passage Times) as function of the system size and of the initial number of particles. We also investigate numerically the case when only the central particle is affected by the absorbing boundaries. We find an exponential decay of the survival probability, as it happens for normal diffusive processes, even in the presence of overcrowding. We will then introduce activity in a Single File system, through a Self-Propelled Particle model, for which we will provide a detailed characterization. In particular, within this model, particles can be either runners or tumblers, if their motion is dominated by straight runs or by changes of direction, respectively. Under Single File conditions, runners tend to form dynamical aggregates: these clusters are continuously formed and disassembled due to random fluctuations of the activity. For tumblers, the survival probabilities are still well described by the analytical theory developed for passive diffusing particles. Conversely, the formation of dynamical clusters enhances anomalous behaviours in the characteristic survival times of runners and induces a remarkable capacity to overcome the action of an external force.
Il moto di particelle in mezzi irregolari, complessi o affollati è un fenomeno comune, dalla scala microscopica a quella macroscopica. Lo si può incontrare tanto in situazioni comuni, come il traffico, quanto in meccanismi biologici, come la riproduzione e la crescita delle cellule, e in importanti processi chimici e tecnologici, come la catalisi di idrocarburi. In molti casi, il trasporto in mezzi confinati o affollati è guidato da elementi 'attivi', cioè unità che consumano energia per sostenere il loro stato di moto. Fra i diversi sistemi soggetti a confinamento, particolare rilevanza è rivestita dalla diffusione di sfere impenetrabili in un canale così stretto da non permettere il passaggio di più di una particella alla volta, conosciuto come diffusione in Single File. La diffusione in Single File è il meccanismo responsabile del trasporto di ioni attraverso la membrana cellulare, della diffusione in materiali micro e nanoporosi ed è stata osservata in molti altri sistemi naturali ed artificiali. Scopo di questa tesi è lo studio su scala mesoscopica di particelle passive (diffusive) o attive (auto-propellenti) in condizioni di Single File, con particolare attenzione all'effetto dell'attività sulla dinamica e sulle proprietà delle particelle nel caso siano presenti condizioni al contorno assorbenti. Gran parte del lavoro è stato svolto nello sviluppo di risultati analitici e numerici nel contesto dei Processi Stocastici. Inoltre, mediante tecniche di manipolazione ottica di singola particella in canali microfluidici, abbiamo ottenuto una eccellente confronto fra dati sperimentali e numerici per il processo di svuotamento di un sistema di particelle in condizioni di Single File. In questa tesi, dopo una breve introduzione ai processi diffusivi fortemente confinati, passeremo in rassegna i lavori più rilevanti della letteratura teorica e sperimentale sulla Single File Diffusion, con particolare attenzione ad un formalismo matematico, il Reflection Principle Method, che sarà applicato in maniera estensiva nel corso della tesi. Studieremo poi le proprietà di un sistema di particelle diffusive in Single File in presenza di condizioni al contorno assorbenti, concentrandoci sulla survival probability, cioè la probabilità di trovare una particella fra gli estremi del sistema al tempo t. Mostreremo come, in condizioni di Single File, abbiamo ottenuto una soluzione analitica per il processo di svuotamento, cioè calcoleremo la probabilità che caratterizza la progressiva diminuzione del numero di particelle in presenza di condizioni al contorno assorbenti, e per la survival probability di una particella 'marcata' all'interno della Single File sia in presenza che in assenza di una forza esterna costante. Caratterizzeremo gli andamenti dei tempi caratteristici di sopravvivenza, chiamati Tempi Medi di Primo Passaggio, in funzione della taglia del canale e del numero iniziale di particelle. Indagheremo inoltre numericamente il caso in cui solo la particella centrale del sistema in Single File subisce l'effetto delle condizioni al contorno assorbenti. Osserviamo un decadimento esponenziale della survival probability, come accade nell'usuale moto Browniano, anche in presenza di estremo confinamento. Introdurremo l'attività nella Single File attraverso un modello di particelle Self-Propelled, di cui descriveremo le proprietà in dettaglio. In particolare in questo modello le particelle possono essere o runners o tumblers, a seconda che la loro traiettoria sia dominata da lunghi tratti rettilinei o da cambi di direzione. In condizioni di Single File, i runners tendono a formare aggregati dinamici: questi cluster vengono continuamente formati e distrutti dalle fluttuazioni casuali della forza propulsiva. Per i tumblers, le probabilità di sopravvivenza sono ben descritte dalla teoria analitica sviluppata per le particelle passive. Per contro, la formazione di cluster dinamici accresce i comportamenti anomali nei tempi caratteristici di sopravvivenza dei runners e ne induce una notevole capacità di opporsi all'azione di un campo esterno.

Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico
En la actualidad, la supervisión de procesos necesita ser cada vez más eficiente. Hoy en día se cuenta con múltiples sensores en cada proceso, los cuales entregan información de algún estado/variable del mismo. Al analizar esta información, es posible encontrar relaciones entre variables y puntos de operación del proceso. Lo anterior posibilita la construcción de modelos de procesos en base solo a información recaudada de los estados/variables. Esta herramienta de modelación es muy útil cuando no se conoce de manera completa, a nivel fenomenológico, el proceso a estudiar. El presente Trabajo de Titulo está centrado en la realización de modelos para un molino SAG (Semi-Autógeno) en base a estructuras no-paramétricas de similitud. En primer lugar, se desarrolla un algoritmo para la generación de modelos de similitud usando un enfoque basado en los residuos (diferencia entre el valor real y el valor estimado). Posteriormente, se desarrolla una metodología para estimar variables usando modelos de similitud, la predicción de ellas y un posterior análisis de escenario usando un modelo de predicción. Al momento de generar un modelo para estimar las variables controladas usando datos históricos reales de un molino SAG, se observa que el modelo creado cumple con los criterios de validación. Posteriormente, usando los mismos datos, se procede a crear un modelo de predicción, con el fin de generar un análisis de posibles futuros escenarios. Los resultados muestran que en el nuevo escenario propuesto, se obtiene un mejor desempeño energético del molino SAG estudiado. Por otro lado, se genera un modelo para la detección de anomalías usando una base de datos con una anomalía identificada. Los resultados de esta modelación muestran que se detecta exitosamente la anomalía en la base de datos. Se propone a futuro, desarrollar una herramienta que sea capaz de realizar un pronóstico, estimando las variables independientes para una mejor predicción de las variables controladas.

Les marchés financiers occupent, depuis des décennies, une place importante dans notre société. Pourtant, ils présentent des risques accrus auxquels font face la majorité des institutions financières. Les crises, les krachs, les bulles et les turbulences financières jalonnent l’histoire de ces marchés et les déstabilisent fréquemment. En effet, l’existence des anomalies et des biais psychologiques, allant à l’encontre de l’hypothèse d’efficience, remettent en question la théorie financière et révèlent de façon rigoureuse les inefficacités des mécanismes de gestion financière et de contrôle du risque du marché. Confrontés à ces évolutions, le comité de Bâle II recommande la Value at Risk comme une nouvelle vision réglementaire des risques. Ce processus d’innovation financière, introduite par la banque JP Morgan dans les années 90, a connu une grande reconnaissance en finance, mais elle est aussi sujette à des controverses continuelles. Pour surmonter les limites de la VaR, nous proposons un nouveau cadre d’analyse de la VaR basé sur des processus fractals. Tenant compte des anomalies et des facteurs de risques du marché financier, qui induisent des rendements par nature non-gaussiens, nous introduisons la VaR en fonction du modèle multifractal à changements de régime markovien de Calvet et Fisher. L’approche VaR-MSM qui modélise la volatilité multifractale à différentes fréquences constitue un aperçu différent d’évaluation du risque du marché. En appliquant ce modèle sur l’indice boursier français le CAC 40, les résultats obtenus révèlent que la VaR-MSM a surpassé assez nettement les autres modèles d’évaluation de la VaR
Financial markets occupy an important place in our society. However, they present increased risks to financial institutions. Crises, crashes, bubbles and financial turbulence often destabilize these markets. Indeed, the existence of different anomalies and psychological bias, going against the hypothesis of efficiency, put into question financial theory and present an inefficiency of financial and risk management. Faced with these effects, Bale II committee recommended Value at risk as a new financial instrument of risk management. Value at Risk, introduced by JP Morgan Bank in the 90, have a great recognition in finance, but it is also a subject of controversy. To overcome the VaR limits, we propose a new framework based on fractal process. Taking into account abnormalities and risk factors of financial markets, which induce non-Gaussian returns, we introduce the VaR with a Markov-switching multifractal model proposed by Calvet and Fisher. The VaR-MSM approach presents multifractal volatility at different frequencies. We apply this model to the France CAC 40 stock market index. The results clearly show the advantages of VaR-MSM compared with other models of VaR evaluation

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Thanks to advances in Medicine, it is now possible to identify problems such as anencephaly in fetus formation while at the intra-uterine stage. It has led pregnant women to appeal to courts to authorize abortions. They explain about all the suffering they will have to endure during pregnancy as well as the issue of infant s short life expectation. This study analyzed the possibility of using due process of law to protect anencephalus fetuses, as the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court may decide by authorizing the abortion. Such a decision would be erga omnes and of binding effect, there is also the issue of the draft bill changing the Brazilian Criminal Code by including eugenic abortion as a non-punishable crime. Specific objectives include: to consider the legal, philosophical and ethical issues regarding protecting the fetus s right to live; to observe the ethical and legal parameters on the dignity of human beings specifically regarding fetuses in the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution; to define how the present issue is part of Constitutional BioLaw and Bioethics; to verify how current legislation addresses abortion; to study scientific aspects that involve anencephalic fetuses; to analyze legal discourse in jurisprudence; and, at lastly, to analyze arguments arising from the Allegation of. Violation of Fundamental Precept. The methodology used in this study was interdisciplinary descriptive bibliographic research, based on the most recent doctrinal studies on the proposed theme, comprising not only the legal field, but also History, Philosophy, Medicine and Bioethics. In addition to Jurisprudence, Judgments handed down by Brazilian Courts were studied, as well as documentary research involving international treaties and conventions, laws and bills of law. This paper advocates protection of anencephalus fetuses as living beings, pursuant to the principle of due process of law, guaranteed by the constitution, and based on the principle of human dignity, with the enshrined right to life prevailing. Opposing the fetus s inviability as a reason for abortion, we argue that such reasoning follows the ethics of utilitarianism. The paper concludes that fetuses must be supported by the human rights ethics and Constitutional BioLaw, as this is understood as a positive and universal affirmation of human rights and 21st Century Constitutionalism
A partir do avanço na área da Medicina Fetal, passou a ser possível a identificação de malformações fetais ainda em fase intrauterina, como a anencefalia. Isto tem levado várias gestantes a recorrer aos Tribunais a fim de solicitar autorizações para interrupção da gravidez, alegando o sofrimento por que passam, assim como a inviabilidade do bebê. O estudo objetivou analisar o cabimento do princípio do devido processo legal na defesa da vida dos fetos anencéfalos, frente à possibilidade de decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal pela autorização do abortamento, de eficácia vinculante e efeito erga omnes, bem como do anteprojeto de modificação do Código Penal brasileiro pela inclusão do abortamento eugênico como cláusula de exclusão da ilicitude. Como objetivos específicos, cabe citar: a consideração dos aspectos jurídicos e filosóficos, bem como éticos da defesa da vida do feto; a observação de parâmetros ético-jurídicos quanto à dignidade da pessoa humana referente ao feto na Constituição Federal de 1988; a delimitação de como a presente questão se apresenta inserida nos âmbitos do Biodireito Constitucional e da Bioética; averiguação do tratamento do aborto pela legislação atual; realização de um estudo quanto aos aspectos científicos que envolvem o caso dos fetos anencefálicos; análise dos discursos jurídicos proferidos pela jurisprudência; e, finalmente, a apreciação dos argumentos suscitados pela Arguição de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental n.54. Como metodologia, recorreu-se a pesquisa bibliográfica descritiva de caráter interdisciplinar, tomando por base a produção doutrinária mais atualizada sobre o tema proposto, abrangendo não só a área jurídica, mas também a História, a Filosofia, a Psicologia, a Medicina e a Bioética. Foi efetuada também pesquisa jurisprudencial, com o acompanhamento de Acórdãos proferidos pelos Tribunais brasileiros, além de pesquisa documental, envolvendo tratados e convenções internacionais, leis e projetos de leis. Considerando o feto anencéfalo como um ser-vivo, buscou-se defender o princípio do devido processo legal, garantido constitucionalmente, tendo por base o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana, bem como o primado do exercício do direito à vida. Em contraposição à inviabilidade do feto como autorização do aborto, argumentou-se no sentido de que o entendimento obedece à ética utilitarista. Entendeu-se, portanto, que considerando a afirmação positiva e universal dos direitos humanos e o fenômeno do Constitucionalismo do século XXI, que reaproxima o Direito à ética, as decisões acerca dos fetos anencéfalos devem ter por referência a ética dos direitos humanos e o Biodireito Constitucional

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
能源與冷凍空調工程系碩士班
99
A highly reliable drop-on-demand (DOD) printhead plays a decisive role in the display industry. However, during inkjet printing, anomalous ejection can happen frequently owing to wetting on the nozzle plate and air bubbles encumbered at the nozzle exit. This research aims to investigate the influence of nozzle configuration on the anomalous ejection flowfield for evasion of misfiring by mending nozzle structures of a piezo-driven inkjet printhead. In the analyses, the theoretical approach was based on the transient three-dimensional conservation equations of mass and momentum. The surface tension effect at the gas-liquid boundary was treated by the continuous surface force (CSF) method. The complex droplet ejection process was simulated using an integrated volume-of-fluid and piecewise linear interface construction (VOF-PLIC) technique implemented in a commercial computational fluid dynamics software CFD-ACE+a. To validate the present theoretical model and numerical mesh, the predicted droplet topology and breakup length/time through the ejection sequence were compared with micro-photographed images for a 200-μs actuating cycle of a PicojetR printhead. Simulations were extended to elucidate the nozzle-ink wetting interaction for probing the mechanism of anomalous ejections in the printing process. The predictions also showed an effective solution via modification of the nozzle design and the hydrophilic property of coating materials over the surface of the nozzle exit to evade the occurrence of anomalous ejections of a printhead.

碩士
臺北市立教育大學
科學教育碩士學位學程
99
This study has three purposes: first, to find out the mental models and related concepts of students before, during and after POE teaching on school theme in the circuit (learn simple circuits and series circuits); second, to find out students’ response to different types and cases and the factors of such responses in the process of POE activities; third, to explore the transfer of students’ learning about parallel circuit. The subjects in this research were 18 four graders from a non-urban elementary school in Taoyuan County who participate in winter remedial program and were among those low achievers with academic achievement at the worst 20% in the original class. The mental models and related concepts of the subjects were confirmed by means of diagnostic tests (before and after the test) and POE teaching (including experimental and semi-structured interviews). The results of the research reveal the following facts: (1) On one hand, while there was not observable science and mental models of the students before the pretest, after the modification in the implementation phase more than a quarter of the subjects manifested such science and mental models. In fact, in the scientific interpretation phase and post-test phase, these models had increased significantly. On the other hand, it appeared easier to establish the concept of polarity and the bipolar nature of devices while, in the pretest phase, only a few of the students possessed the concept of direction of current and single-polarity. However, after the correction in the implementation and interpretation of phase, the majority of the subjects were able to understand such concepts. In the post-test phase, both corrected and uncorrected subjects no longer underwent any change. Most subjects showed, in the implementation and interpretation phases, signs of improvement on the knowledge about closeness of circuit, the presence of current or not, and passage of circuit. Some students performed well during POE teaching but returned to previous cognitive style afterwards, which signified the absence real conceptual change. (2) The largest number of students showed “partial conceptual change” in the implementation phase of POE, followed by the number of students with “full conceptual change”. In the scientific explanation phase, the most cases showed “conceptual change”, with those with “neglect” in second. Moreover, the most frequent factor of correction in the implementation phase is “The concept provides me with an easier and clearer method for problem solving” while in the scientific explanation phase most subjects agreed “I can understand the concept provided by the teacher, and restate such concept in my own words.” (3) In the post-test phase, have been measured after 2/3 subjects to transfer to a parallel circuit correctly. In this study, the students were only provided with basic circuit devices to observe their implementation in the implementation phase of POE. Since some concepts that are difficult to directed comprehended can hardly bring up any anomaly, more simple devices are actually needed to help students verify and learn what they are told. In the future, individual pre-test, POE teaching and post-test can be applied to different groups of students so as to reduce the impact of tight schedule.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
天文物理研究所
100
From 1970s, the calcium isotopes of meteorites have been studied. Compare with the terrestrial abundance, there exists some anomalies, including 48Ca, within these isotopes. With a neutron-rich Type Ia supernovae model, the 48Ca and others neutron rich isotopic anomalies had be solved. On the other hand, the pre-solar grains studies also indicated both calcium(42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca) and titanium anomalies. Amari et al.2000 and Nittler et al.2008 succeed to explain these anomalies through an asymptotic giant branch(AGB) star model to some degree. The 43Ca anomalies, which has been found in presolar grains and solved by an AGB star model, was found in the calcium-aluminium inclusions(CAIs) recently. The excess of 43Ca/44Ca, 46Ca/44Ca & 48Ca/44Ca in the CAIs were found to be 0.29±0.16, 1.11±5.51, 4.48±0.29 respectively. For that reason, an AGB model is suggested to explain the CAIs measurement results. In such a model, different parameter, especially the main factor, neutron density was tuned in the simulation. All of the simulation generated a consistent result - less neutron-rich isotopes(42Ca, 43Ca) can be created through the s-process. Even through this model create less 46Ca anomalies, a significant excess of 46Ca can be seen after the strategy of normalize to solar abundance which is often used to analyse isotopic abundance. Nevertheless, a short time neutron exposure will leave 46Ca no effect. In another case, if the mixing model is considered, the 13C neutron source AGB stars will be a good candidate for this 46Ca anomalies.

博士
國立交通大學
資訊科學與工程研究所
96
Although many business process models have been proposed, analyses on artifact usages are seldom discussed. A well-structured business process with sufficient resources may still fail or yield unexpected results during process execution due to inaccurate artifact specification e.g. inconsistency between artifact flow and control flow, or contradictions between artifact operations. Thus, the analyses on artifact usages are very important since activities cannot be executed properly without accurate information. This dissertation presents a process model for describing a business process and analyzes the artifact usages on this model. Three types with thirteen cases of artifact usage anomalies affecting process execution are identified and formulates and a set of algorithms to detect these anomalies in business process specifications is presented. Furthermore, an example is demonstrated to validate the usability of the proposed algorithms.

Atualmente é muito importante saber o estado de condição de uma máquina. Com o desenvolvimento da tecnologia e da complexidade desta, a dificuldade na verificação do estado de funcionamento também tem crescido. Consequentemente, a busca de novas ideias para resolver este problema tem aumentado. As turbinas eólicas são exemplos destas máquinas. Com o crescimento da preocupação com as alterações climáticas, o seu uso tem aumentado consideravelmente. Em busca de novas maneiras de determinar a condição de funcionamento de uma turbina eólica sem interromper o seu funcionamento surgiu o tema deste trabalho que tem como objetivo a monitorização do estado de condição de uma turbina através da sua curva de potência. Este trabalho tem base em técnicas que se enquadram no âmbito da inteligência computacional. Para tal, será feita uma análise semanal onde a curva de potência de uma dada semana será comparada com a curva de potência estimada por um modelo de regressão criado ou ajustado com os dados previamente observados em períodos classificados como sendo representativos de bom estado de funcionamento. Algumas tentativas serão realizadas para tentar aperfeiçoar o modelo com o intuito de obter melhores resultados no final. Serão ainda testados diferentes blocos de dados de treino para verificar qual o melhor conjunto de variáveis de treino para ser usado pelo programa com o intuito de avaliar o estado de condição do equipamento. No final, foi possível identificar anomalias a partir da diferença das curvas de potência e justificar as diferenças com base na forma da curva ou com o número de observações nos blocos de dados usados na previsão.

La tesi di dottorato è incentrata sull’indagine del provvedimento «abnorme» nel diritto processuale civile. Dopo aver tracciato la linea evolutiva del fenomeno - che ha avuto genesi nel campo del diritto processuale penale - nonché all'esito di un'analisi sistematica di tutte le delicate problematiche che questo fenomeno comporta, l'elaborato mira a raggiungere due fondamentali risultati: a) dal punto di vista statico, contestualizzare il vizio di abnormità nell’ambito delle fattispecie di invalidità dell’atto processuale, al fine di vagliarne l'eventuale rilevanza autonoma; b) dal punto di vista dinamico, riconnettere al tessuto normativo astratto la specificità di queste concrete evenienze patologiche, individuando, in armonia con l’impianto sistematico del codice di rito, il regime giuridico del provvedimento «abnorme» emanato.