Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Annual books”

Intellectual Freedom for Teens is a short, easy-to-read introduction to the topic of intellectual freedom (IF). The book’s raison d’être is the fact that many young adult (YA) librarians deal with unexpected book challenges because a large proportion of the titles on ALA’s annual Frequently Challenged Books list are YA books that are popular among teens, used in classrooms, or both. The book aims to introduce librarians to the issues involved in championing for teens’ intellectual freedom rights, specifically the right to read.

So much recent attention has been focused on the need for quality books featuring diverse characters, themes and settings. While parents and teachers may look to annual book lists selected for the International Literacy Association’s Notable Books for a Global Society, the United States Board on Books for Young People’s Outstanding International Books, and the Jane Addams Peace Association’s Children’s Book Awards, there are several new trade books for young readers that seem perfectly poised to help readers explore the meaning of diversity as well as learn more about the wide world around them. Here are some recent favorites that explore some territory previously untrammeled.

Sarah Bodman reflects on 13 years of Bookarts at UWE Bristol’s World Book Night (WBN) project; a text and image / artists’ books-based event which has evolved from an initial collaboration with the artist and poet Nancy Campbell into an annual, international, participatory celebration of reading and creative making. Inspired by our shared interests in literature, poetry, artists’ books and mail art, WBN introduces ourselves and other artists/writers to particular books and ways of working together.

Objective – To investigate the impact of collection size, student population, and faculty population on the use of an e-book collection. Design – Longitudinal quantitative analysis. Setting – Mid-sized public university located in Ontario, Canada. Subjects – Data from 79,821 e-books related to searches and viewings; data regarding number of e-books held, students enrolled, and faculty employed at institution. Methods – Numbers of e-books purchased individually and in packages were calculated, followed by the acquisition of annual student and faculty numbers through the University Institutional Planning Office. Searches for and viewings of e-books conducted via vendor websites were obtained directly from vendors. Data for all variables represent years 2002-2010. Main Results – Very high Pearson’s correlation coefficients of r = 0.96 for searches performed and r = 0.91 for viewings were found in relation to the number of e-books held. While the annual increase in number of viewings was at a rate similar to that of e-books available, a 7% decrease in searches and viewings occurred in 2010. In terms of user populations, doctoral students exhibited the strongest association with e-book collection size followed by undergraduate students and faculty. Conclusions – Based upon examination of correlation coefficients, the study concludes that the e-book collection size is closely associated with the level of e-book usage. The author notes that the data suggests use of the collection may possibly have leveled off, implying that additional large increases in the e-book collection could incur unnecessary expenditure. “Viewings per e-book” and “searches per e-book” ratios were highest when e-books were obtained on an individual title-by-title basis, though the author cautions that this does not necessarily prove that selective purchasing results in increased use. A deeper quantitative analysis into e-book usage and academic program size is considered for future research, as well as a comparison between electronic reference books and monographs. The author recommends that similar research be performed at other institutions of varying size to determine whether the study’s results would be replicated.

The Society XXVII of the Lovers of Books was acting in Kaunas in 1930-1940. The aim of this society was to develop fondness for a nicely edited books, as well as keeping ties with other bibliophile societies. Most of the Society members were deeply connected of the society there were persons deeply connected with books: editors, graphic designers and known Lithuanian politicians and public figures. Number of members varied from 12 to 23, and the most active were: Vytautas Steponaitis, Viktoras Cimkauskas, Paulius Galaunė, Vaclovas Biržiška, Marija Urbšienė, Petras Jakštas, Vilhelmas Burkevičius, Juozas Balčiūnas-Švaistas and Vytautas Kazimieras Jonynas. The society explored the history of Lithuanian book, published two volumes of annual editions „XXVII Knygos Mėgėjų Metraštis” and several books, organized readings, exhibition of books, tours to the exhibitions and libraries, and gathered a reference collection. The Society contributed to the increased love of books in the Lithuanian society.

The Shavzin-Carsch Collection of Cincinnati's Isaac M. Wise Temple is a special collection devoted to historically significant American Jewish children's literature. As of this writing, there are over seven hundred volumes in the collection, including early children's books published by the Jewish Publication Society, titles listed in early juvenile bibliographies of the Jewish Book Annual, and books cited in key retrospective articles on Jewish children's literature. This paper describes the collection, and relates how it came to be established, its potential uses to researchers, and future issues to be considered in its expansion.

Appreciating the essential role of books in shaping the worldview of individuals, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia (LELB) and its pastors actively published books on Christian themes in the independent Republic of Latvia (1918–1940). Among them was the book series “Source of Writings” (Rakstu Avots) initiated and edited by a pastor, bibliophile, and librarian Gustavs Šaurums (1883–1952). Almost 90 titles of books were published in the series from 1933 until the Soviet occupation in the summer of 1940. The aim of the book series was to prevent the influence of “harmful” literature on society, offering good religious reading material instead. The research aims to determine the opinion of LELB pastors about the most important ethical values and reading material needed by society, as well as society’s attitude towards this literature. The main source of the research is the book set of the series. The bibliographic method (collection of bibliographic information about the book series and its analysis) used in the research allows us to ascertain the range of authors and works chosen by the publishers, the frequency of publishing, the circulation and other important characteristics of books. The text analysis method provides an opportunity to determine the essential ideas the publisher wanted to popularise and strengthen in society. The publishing frequency of the series (one printed work every month) and the consistently low price (the annual set cost one lat) are commendable. The annual sets of the series did have 12 issues, but they were small in size, modestly designed, and mostly printed in Gothic script (except for the children’s books, which were printed in antique type and usually illustrated). The works postulated a strong Christian faith and complete trust in God’s destiny as a fundamental ethical value. The works of the series, kept in the spirit of conservatism, did not take into account the complex life situation of the 20th-century individual, in which he had to face various spiritual, intellectual movements and growing secularism. The series gained attention only in the LELB environment.

Abstract Roli Books was set up in 1978 and tasted early success by bringing affordable, full-colour primary school textbooks to India. But the founder, Pramod Kapoor, followed through on his dream of creating indigenous, high-quality illustrated books for India, convinced that combining the content and editorial skills available in the country with international quality printing would be a winning proposition. Roli kept scaling up and expanded to multiple overseas markets while dealing with Indian policy challenges such as restrictions on third-country exports and the cap on book imports. After a challenging period in the late eighties and early nineties, Roli found success once again, buoyed by India’s economic liberalisation and the lifting of import restrictions. Since the late 2000s, Roli has invested in its domestic publishing programme, physical retail space, and annual exhibitions to build the brand. The next generation of the family continues to nurture and grow the company.

This thesis considers the geographical and chronological forms of ‘mirroring’ that offer a way of reading 'Annals' 1-6. It looks at how Tacitus’ depictions of non-Romans reflect back on Rome, and at the echoes of Rome’s past and future that can be discerned within his description of Tiberius’ principate. After an introduction that discusses key thematic and methodological questions, Chapter 1 shows that Tiberius’ accession and the Pannonian and German mutinies described in 'Annals' 1 echo Tacitus’ account in 'Histories' 1 of events of AD 69. Moreover, when the Romans attempt to conquer Germany, the Germans’ resistance to this and to other efforts to rule them shows up Roman responses to civil war and autocracy. Chapter 2 begins by examining potential similarities between Roman and both Parthian and Armenian history, and then focuses on Germanicus’ voyage in the east, recounted in 'Annals' 2. His actions associate him with many late republican and early imperial Roman figures, which suggests that there are continuities between those two eras. Chapter 3 extends this theme by discussing the echoes of Sallust and Caesar in the central books of the Tiberian hexad. Intertexts with Sallust’s 'Bellum Catilinae' especially hint that earlier civil conflicts are about to be replayed in some form, as the appearance of Sejanus, the ‘new Catiline’, confirms. Chapter 4 further considers Tacitus’ inferences about the overlap between republican and imperial history, and then examines anti-Roman revolts in 'Annals' 2, 3 and 4. Foreign rebels’ relative success in attempting to reclaim their freedom correlates with their distance from Rome, and this has clear implications for the status of Roman 'libertas' under Tiberius. Finally, the outbreak of ‘civil war within the principate’, and indeed within the imperial house, is analysed. Chapter 5 traces the continuation of this ‘civil war’, and proposes that the last book of the Tiberian hexad again looks directly to 69, as well as to the excesses of other Julio-Claudians. It also considers Tacitus’ account of Roman intervention in Parthia: this episode confirms imperial Rome’s propensity for autocracy and civil war. There follows a short conclusion in which some speculation is offered about how some of the themes discussed in this thesis with reference to the Tiberian hexad may have been represented in the lost central books of the 'Annals'.

SkiClicker är en produkt som används inom skiduthyrningar, skidverkstäder och skidbutiker. Verktyget används istället för skidpjäxan för att ställa in skidbindningens storlek. Genom att använda denna produkt kan uthyrningsprocessen bli mer tidseffektiv med anledning av att kunden inte behöver ta av sig en framprovad pjäxa. I och med att skiduthyrningar är en stressig miljö där kunderna är klädda för att vistas utomhus, bidrar SkiClicker till att förbättra denna upplevelse betydligt.  Dock fanns det ingen lösning för att hänga upp verktyget någonstans eller bära med sig det, vilket gör att verktyget måste ligga på bordet.  No More Boots ville därför ta fram ett koncept på ett hölster, för att se hur ett sådant skulle kunna se ut och fungera.   I denna rapport ingår hur produktvecklingsprocessen gått till. Produktutvecklingsprocessen delades i fem olika faser; förstudie, produktspecificering, konceptgenerering, val och detaljkonstruktion. Dessa olika faser ledde fram till resultatet i detta projekt. Resultatet av produktutvecklingsprocessen genererade ett koncept som uppnådde alla kraven och en stor del av önskemålen som sattes upp. Konceptet som togs fram var ett relativt öppet hölster som höll SkiClicker på plats. Hölstret kunde fästas på kroppen med en bälteskrok som även kunde fästas rakt i byxan. På bakkappan av hölstret kunde en penn- och skruvmejselhållare fästas. Till detta kunde även en grund för ett kommande materialval tas fram. Detta kunde till sist resultera i en slutprototyp som fungerade som den slutgiltiga produkten skulle göra och möjliggjorde att No More Boots kunde testa produkten.
SkiClicker is a product used in ski rentals, ski workshops and ski shops. SkiClicker is used instead of a ski boot to set in ski bindings size. By using this product the rental process can become much more time efficient due to that an extra take off and putting on of the ski boot is removed. Since ski rentals are a stressful environment where you wear a lot of clothes indoors, SkiClicker contributes to that the ski rental experience being a lot better. However, there was no solution for hanging the tool anywhere or carrying it with you, which meant that the tool had to lie on the table. No More Boots therefore wanted to develop a concept on a holster, to see how a holster could look like and how it would work. This report includes how the product development process went. The product development process was divided into 5 phases; feasibility study, product specification, concept generation, selection and detailed design. These different phases led to the result in this project. The result of the product development process generated a concept that met all the requirements and a large part of the wishes that were set up. The concept that was developed was an open holster that held the SkiClicker in a good way. This could be attached to the body with a belt clip that also could be attached directly to the pants. A pen and screwdriver hold was applied to the back cover of the holster. In addition, a basis for a future choice of material was also developed. This finally result in a final prototype that worked as the final product would do and made it possible for No More Boots to test the product.

Betyg 2021-07-16

Denna studie är en subjektiv bildanalys av barnböcker där syftet med studien är att undersöka hur genusaspekter kommer till uttryck i barnböckerna med fokuset på ett teknikinnehåll. I studien har jag valt ut några bilder i fyra Alfons Åberg- böcker samt en bild i en nyare bok - Hej Ruby, med fokus på digitalteknik. Bilderna har sedan analyserats utifrån Falks analysramverk där bilderna delas upp i fyra kategorier - denotativ nivå, inre kontext, yttre kontext och konnotativ nivå.  Studien har kommit fram till att tekniken den utvalda litteraturen följer vissa traditionella könsmönster. Exempelvis att tekniken i köket som oftast kopplas ihop med kvinnor blir bortglömd. Den syns inte lika väl som den typiskt manliga tekniken, som bygg och konstruktion, där tekniken är tydlig och kan ses som ett projekt. Studien lyfter även olika reflektioner kring valet av barnlitteratur samt vikten av boksamtal.
This study is a subjective image analysis of children books where the purpose of the study was to investigate how gender aspects are expressed in children books with the focus on content regarding technology. The study is aimed at educators who are active in preschool activities. The study is based on four Alfons Åberg-books and a newer book focusing on digital technology called Hej Ruby. The images have been analyzed based on Falk's analysis framework where the images are divided into four categories - denotative level, internal context, external context and connotative level. The study has found that the technology in children's books follows certain traditional gender patterns. For example, the technology in the kitchen, most often associated with women is forgotten, it does not show as well as the typical male technology, as construction where technology often appears as a project created by the man.

Audiobook reading has traditionally been used for educational purposes but has in recent times grown into a popular alternative to the more traditional means of consuming literature. In order to differentiate themselves from other players in the market, but also provide their users enjoyable literature, several audiobook companies have lately directed their efforts on producing own content. Creating highly rated content is, however, no easy task and one reoccurring challenge is how to make a bestselling story. In an attempt to identify latent features shared by successful audiobooks and evaluate proposed methods for literary quantification, this thesis employs an array of frameworks from the field of Statistics, Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing on data and literature provided by Storytel - Sweden’s largest audiobook company. We analyze and identify important features from a collection of 3077 Swedish books concerning their promotional and literary success. By considering features from the aspects Metadata, Theme, Plot, Style and Readability, we found that popular books are typically published as a book series, cover 1-3 central topics, write about, e.g., daughter-mother relationships and human closeness but that they also hold, on average, a higher proportion of verbs and a lower degree of short words. Despite successfully identifying these, but also other factors, we recognized that none of our models predicted “bestseller” adequately and that future work may desire to study additional factors, employ other models or even use different metrics to define and measure popularity. From our evaluation of the literary quantification methods, namely topic modeling and narrative approximation, we found that these methods are, in general, suitable for Swedish texts but that they require further improvement and experimentation to be successfully deployed for Swedish literature. For topic modeling, we recognized that the sole use of nouns provided more interpretable topics and that the inclusion of character names tended to pollute the topics. We also identified and discussed the possible problem of word inflections when modeling topics for more morphologically complex languages, and that additional preprocessing treatments such as word lemmatization or post-training text normalization may improve the quality and interpretability of topics. For the narrative approximation, we discovered that the method currently suffers from three shortcomings: (1) unreliable sentence segmentation, (2) unsatisfactory dictionary-based sentiment analysis and (3) the possible loss of sentiment information induced by translations. Despite only examining a handful of literary work, we further found that books written initially in Swedish had narratives that were more cross-language consistent compared to books written in English and then translated to Swedish.

The purpose of this study is to explore the affective capacity of the Tabi boots by examining the object through the ideas of deconstruction. The boots by Maison Martin Margiela were first introduced in 1989 and sold in different variations over the course of the past 30 years. Although there have been several attempts to acknowledge the importance of the body in fashion studies, scholars have not focused on the literal experience of wearing a garment, examined through the touch. Thus, this study begins with a close object study of a pair of Tabi boots and draws on phenomenology to capture the feeling of being dressed. The emphasis is laid upon exploring how the ideas of deconstruction are embedded in the Tabi boots while staying open to other theoretical inquiries. Striving to test the affective potential of the boots, deduced in the first chapter, the second part of this thesis moves from the perception of the ‘I’ to other wearers of the Tabi boots. In conducting qualitative semi-structured interviews, the aim is to understand how the characteristics of the boots may affect the wearer and how this affective capacity may lead to a becoming, as defined by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Guided by ‘applied theory’, this thesis allowed material, theory, and methods to continuously interact and affect each other.

The starting point of this study is language and narration. The aim is to examine how educators reason by the choice of literature to work with in preschool. In my study I have examined how educators reason for the selection of books for preschool, which factors in the book affects the choice and the children’s influence. The empirical material is based on two focus groups. The participating educators in the examination discussed the subject together. By using three chosen books the educators in my study have reasoned around how the choice of books is done in preschool, what in the book is meaningful by the choice and the influence of the children. The result of the study shows that the educators reason towards a thematic aim by choice of books to work with in preschool. It also shows that the pictures are a central part for the children’s understanding of the book and also that the library is of great importance for the selection of litterateur for preschool.
Utgångspunkten för denna studie är temat språk och berättande. Syftet är att undersöka hur pedagoger resonerar vid val av litteratur att jobba med i förskolan. I min studie har jag undersökt hur pedagoger resonerar vid urval av böcker till förskolan, vilka faktorer i boken som påverkar valet och vilken påverkan barnen har. Det empiriska materialet bygger på två fokusgrupper. Pedagogerna som deltog i undersökningen diskuterade ämnet med varandra. Med hjälp av tre utvalda böcker har pedagogerna i min studie resonerat kring hur urval av böcker sker i förskolan, vad i boken är betydelsefullt vid valet samt barnens påverkan. Resultatet av studien visar att pedagogerna resonerar mot ett tematiskt mål vid val av böcker att arbeta med i förskolan. Det visar också att bilderna är en central del för barnens förståelse av boken samt att biblioteket har en stor betydelse för förskolans urval av litteratur.

La tesi di dottorato si concentra sull'editoria teatrale milanese del Settecento. Tenuto conto della mancanza di un catalogo delle edizioni teatrali stampate a Milano nel Settecento, il dott. Locatelli ha provveduto ad effettuare uno spoglio complessivo del patrimonio librario delle principali biblioteche milanesi al fine di realizzare uno strumento di ricerca basilare. La mancanza altresì di un lavoro di insieme sugli stampatori e librai milanesi del XVIII secolo ha reso inoltre indispensabile l'effettuazione di ricerche mirate alla realizzazione di un dizionario bio-bibliografico degli stampatori e librai attivi a Milano nel Settecento. I risultati della ricerca vengono dunque anzitutto presentati nella forma degli annali tipografici, così da render conto dell'attività in ambito teatrale di ogni singola azienda tipografica milanese. La prima parte della tesi, oltre a offrire un contributo sul valore documentario del teatro in forma di libro, offre un panorama della produzione del libro di teatro nel Settecento. Per quanto concerne Milano, in particolare, si scavano alcune problematiche (come quelle dell'autore drammatico), si portano alcune esemplificazioni, si giustificano alcune delle attribuzioni fornite negli annali. È il caso, per esempio, della certa attribuzione alla stamperia di Marc'Antonio Pandolfo Malatesta di alcune commedie di Carlo Maria Maggi stampate nel 1700-1701 e 1708 con falsa data Venezia. Viene infine proposto un breve capitolo di approfondimento sulla circolazione e lettura del libro di teatro nella Milano del Settecento, realizzato anche sulla base dello spoglio di inventari di librerie e biblioteche private coeve.
The PhD thesis by Stefano Locatelli is about theatre's book in 18th century. It offers a catalogue of dramatic editions print in Milan from 1701 to 1800 and a bio-bibliographical dictionary of printers and librarians in Milan during 18th century. The thesis offers also a study about the documentary value of theatre book and outlines a survey of theatre book production in Milan during the 18th century. It also analyse lecture and circulation of theatre book in Milan by going through some catalogues and inventories of booksellers and private libraries.

La tesi di dottorato si concentra sull'editoria teatrale milanese del Settecento. Tenuto conto della mancanza di un catalogo delle edizioni teatrali stampate a Milano nel Settecento, il dott. Locatelli ha provveduto ad effettuare uno spoglio complessivo del patrimonio librario delle principali biblioteche milanesi al fine di realizzare uno strumento di ricerca basilare. La mancanza altresì di un lavoro di insieme sugli stampatori e librai milanesi del XVIII secolo ha reso inoltre indispensabile l'effettuazione di ricerche mirate alla realizzazione di un dizionario bio-bibliografico degli stampatori e librai attivi a Milano nel Settecento. I risultati della ricerca vengono dunque anzitutto presentati nella forma degli annali tipografici, così da render conto dell'attività in ambito teatrale di ogni singola azienda tipografica milanese. La prima parte della tesi, oltre a offrire un contributo sul valore documentario del teatro in forma di libro, offre un panorama della produzione del libro di teatro nel Settecento. Per quanto concerne Milano, in particolare, si scavano alcune problematiche (come quelle dell'autore drammatico), si portano alcune esemplificazioni, si giustificano alcune delle attribuzioni fornite negli annali. È il caso, per esempio, della certa attribuzione alla stamperia di Marc'Antonio Pandolfo Malatesta di alcune commedie di Carlo Maria Maggi stampate nel 1700-1701 e 1708 con falsa data Venezia. Viene infine proposto un breve capitolo di approfondimento sulla circolazione e lettura del libro di teatro nella Milano del Settecento, realizzato anche sulla base dello spoglio di inventari di librerie e biblioteche private coeve.
The PhD thesis by Stefano Locatelli is about theatre's book in 18th century. It offers a catalogue of dramatic editions print in Milan from 1701 to 1800 and a bio-bibliographical dictionary of printers and librarians in Milan during 18th century. The thesis offers also a study about the documentary value of theatre book and outlines a survey of theatre book production in Milan during the 18th century. It also analyse lecture and circulation of theatre book in Milan by going through some catalogues and inventories of booksellers and private libraries.

The study is a qualitative literature analysis with the purpose of examining how children and preschool pedagogues were portrayed in picture books that take place in the preschool environment, based on gender perspectives. To define the material, books that take place in the preschool environment had been selected. The purpose of the study was also to examine how relationships between children and preschool pedagogues were portrayed, from a gender perspective. And whether there was a difference between the gender portrayals depending on the year when the book was published. The picture book analysis has created an understanding of how preschool pedagogues can work gender pedagogically with literature as a tool, together with the children. The analysis and the results have shown that there are variations in how gender and gender roles were portrayed in the picture books. It also showed that there are picture books that are gender conscious and that some maintain and enhance gender roles.

Abstract An understanding of the history of dental health education in any one country or area comes from an appreciation of the interplay of the particular social, political, economic, and technological forces over a period of time. Britain has been selected to illustrate this history because there is a particularly rich variety of primary and secondary source material which can be drawn upon in order to explore these various themes. Some of the primary sources include contemporary books, journals, and other literature, annual reports of local school medical officers and the Chief Medical Officer, government reports, and company records.

Part of a comprehensive studio design project, the exercise presented in this paper is a vehicle to investigate design thinking processes and how students construct intentions. The theme is the book and media. The semester’s project begins with seminars on the history of books. The discussion delves into a book’s craftsmanship and as a symbol for embodied knowledge and progresses to the roles books have played in society. Expanding the theme, discussion leads to the question of a book’s preservation (vault) or its destruction in a digital society (memorial). The exercise is contingent upon the opposition created between the two spheres inherent to the title, Vaults versus Memorials. It positions the student in a manner that resists allocation to one sphere or another, an impetus for restructuring specified spheres according to new schemas. Written texts play an interlocutory role during the production of students’ drawings. Each of the assigned texts offers an entry point to a tacit learning situation and a restructuring of semantic fields. With reference to Paul Ricoeur’s research on interpretation theory, a mental distancing between text and drawing exposes students to ambiguities and the realization that prejudices play a role in understanding and interpreting meaning in the production of a visual work. The act of drawing produces its own frame of reference that we trace in three modes of production. These can be categorized as metaphoric interaction, textual dissection, and the guess. Vaults versus Memorials establishes a dialectical situation between explanation and understanding which lends itself to an open investigation process. With the expansion of theme through drawing and by the depth of inferred meanings, students can speculate as to which interpretation is the most plausible fiction establishing probable, subjective criteria to carry forward later stages of the design.

Images of Research is an annual competition that challenges researchers to capture their work in a single image, alongside a short description. This competition has been run at the University of Dundee since 2020 and represents just a handful of the research projects being carried out by postgraduate researchers. The competition celebrates our research and the many original ways it can be expressed. This collection showcases the winning entries, mixed with fun sketches and puzzles to complete.

Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3

Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.