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1
Couzin, Iain D. "Collective animal behaviour". Thesis, University of Bath, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301544.
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I investigate collective behaviour using a wide range of theoretical and experimental approaches. Individual-based (Lagrangian) computer modelling is used extensively to reveal how individual movement and interactions result in group characteristics. This technique is used to gain insight into the structured patterns of movement within human crowds and the development of trail networks by ants. These models reveal the importance of interactions among individuals to density-dependent group behaviour. A simulation of animal groups in three-dimensional space reveals the existence of several robust collective patterns. Simulated groups show similar group-level behaviour and internal structure to natural groups. The model also reveals how differences among individuals influence group structure, and how individuals employing simple, local rules of thumb, can accurately change their relative position within a group (for example, to move to the centre, or to the periphery) without necessitating information regarding their current position within the group. New techniques in computer vision are introduced that can facilitate the automatic analysis of collective motion. This software can simultaneously track and analyse the movement of a large number (hundreds) of organisms. Computer vision is used to reveal the spatio-temporal patterns of activity in ant colonies for the first time. I also show how it can record detailed aspects of individual behaviour, including the movement of, and production of honeydew and offspring by, aphids. This technique is used in a detailed analysis of ant exploratory behaviour, revealing temporal and spatial information about the movement patterns of individual ants, and the relationship between individual behaviour and collective exploration. Simultaneous digital tracking of organisms is a powerful technique that in the future is likely to provide insight into the behaviour of many animal groups.
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Faria, Jolyon Sebastian. "Collective animal behaviour in moving groups". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531630.
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Farrand, Alexandra. "The effect of zoo visitors on the behaviour and welfare of zoo mammals". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/300.
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There is evidence that the presence of the visiting public affects the behaviour of zoo-housed mammals. Understanding the effect of visitors is important in improving animal welfare, achieving zoo conservation goals, increasing visitor education/entertainment, and facilitating interpretation of data on zoo animal biology. A series of studies and experiments focusing on the effect of zoo visitors on captive mammal behaviour is presented. The influence of visitor density on a range of primates and large carnivores is examined. Methodological concerns regarding the operational definition of visitor density in the literature are expressed and a clarification of terms which may be helpful when comparing previous research is provided. Visitor noise data, using an objective measure of the variable, and its relationship to visitor density are also presented. External and internal visual barriers between visitors and zoo animals were hypothesised to moderate the visitor effect and enrich the environment of the study groups. Camouflage nets mounted on the outside of enclosure viewing windows had little impact on primate or felid behaviour, with the exception of the Sumatran orangutan group, who showed a trend toward decreased social play in the presence of the external barrier. Polar bear behaviour showed evidence of an enriched environment, with trends toward increased levels of swimming and decreased levels of resting. An internal visual barrier, which prevented visitors from having visual contact with the golden lion tamarins when the nonhuman primates were behind it, was also tested and elicited more extensive trends toward behavioural change than did the nets. Both Sumatran orangutans and zoo visitors were provided with a similar puzzle feeder in an effort to enrich the orangutan enclosure, and improve the visitor experience. It was hypothesised that the orangutans might be stimulated by watching visitors manipulate the device, but this did not occur. Orangutan use of the puzzle feeder within their enclosure was also unaffected. Olfactory stimuli were introduced into primate and felid enclosures and visitor viewing areas to investigate the role olfaction may play in the visitor effect. Although olfactory stimuli had an extensive significant effect on the behaviour of the study groups when it was introduced into the enclosure, there was little change when visitors were associated with the olfactory stimuli which suggest there may not be an olfactory visitor effect in primates or felids. The effect of visitors on petting zoo-housed mixed-breed goats, llama, and Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs was studied and compared to their behaviour without the presence of visitors. The goats were unaffected and the llama showed only a trend toward decreased levels of sitting in the presence of visitors. The Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs were significantly affected by the presence of visitors, exhibiting decreased inactivity and social behaviour. The hypothesis that a sustained absence of visitors would result in a more intense visitor effect was tested and was not supported by the data. An additional experiment investigating the effect of visitor grooming on the petting zoo study species showed that, while visitors spent more time interacting with the animals in the grooming condition, xiv the behaviour of the study animals indicated that they did not find visitor grooming rewarding. Data on the interaction between visitor density and the various experimental techniques tested here indicate that visitor density may impact animal response to environmental enrichment, supporting previous findings in the literature. In the presence of visual barriers, foraging devices, and olfactory stimuli, the relationship between animal behaviour and visitor density changed significantly, both qualitatively and quantitatively. These results suggest that collecting visitor density data when testing environmental enrichment techniques could be helpful when assessing their effectiveness, ultimately improving the welfare of zoo-housed mammals. Based on the data presented here, in conjunction with the literature, a closing discussion outlines proposed refinements to the visitor effect research guidelines published by the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (2005).
4
Fontana, I. "SOUND TECHNOLOGY IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY TO ASSESS ANIMAL WELFARE, BEHAVIOUR AND PRODUCTION". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/340793.
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This thesis describes a methodology of Precision Livestock Farming, to investigate animal health and welfare, through the monitoring of animal behaviours and vocalisations using image and sounds analysis instead of the visual observation methods. The main purpose of PLF is to improve the production efficiency, increasing animal and human health and welfare, through the application of advanced information and technologies, to control the entire production process. This thesis was particularly dedicated to the importance of using new technologies and methodologies to improve animal health, welfare and production.
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Toates, F. M. "Research papers in ophthalmology and animal behaviour". Thesis, City University London, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527198.
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Allcroft, David John. "Statistical models for short-term animal behaviour". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11132.
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This thesis aims to identify appropriate methods for the modelling of animal behaviour data, and in the wider context, any time series of categorical data. We make extensive use of a large dataset of cow feeding behaviour, consisting of full feeding records for a number of cows over one month, the data taking the form of binary time series, i.e. feeding/non-feeding periods. After initial exploratory data analysis, we go on to investigate three classes of model: latent Gaussian, hidden Markov and semi-Markov. The latent Gaussian model assumes the binary data occur from the thresholding of an underlying continuous variable. We identify the one-to-one relationship between the autocorrelation of the observed and latent variables and consider techniques for parameter estimation. For a multivariate stationary Gaussian process we show the asymptotic equivalence of the likelihood written in its spectral and conventional forms, and provide a proof that for short-term memory processes such as ARMA models, a good approximation for the spectral form is obtained using Fourier transforms of correlations at only the first few lags. A simulation study highlights the saving in computing time that this offers, and also shows that, in contrast to the least squares methods considered, the number of lags to retain is not crucial for obtaining efficient parameter estimates. Hidden Markov models also directly model the underlying state of the animal, but the latent variable here is discrete and follows a Markov chain, observations being dependent only on the current state. However, this type of model constrains the durations between feeding events to follow a mixture of geometric distributions, which is seen to be inappropriate for the data considered. Semi-Markov models simply involve the animal moving between a set of feeding and non-feeding states according to a set of transition probabilities, the marginal distributions for durations in each state being specified directly.
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Kardos, Monique. "A study in behaviour conservation : applying ecological learning theory to the maintenance of species-typical behaviour in small carnivores in a zoo environment /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk179.pdf.
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Lindqvist, Ann-Sophie. "Nandrolone decanoate, behaviour and brain : animal experimental studies /". Göteborg : Dep. of Psychology, Univ., 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/68.
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Winter, Alice. "The behaviour and modification of inherent behaviour patterns of dairy cows under frequent and automatic milking management systems". Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357997.
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Robertson, Peter Charles John. "Movement behaviour of wild and rehabilitated juvenile foxes (Vulpes vulpes)". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238942.
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Notari, Lorella. "Exogenous corticosteroids and dog behaviour". Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2016. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/23697/.
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Arousal and distress are considered important factors when dogs show problematic behaviours and the crucial role of hormones and neurotransmitters involved in stress responses is widely recognized. Corticosteroids are important players in stress responses and, along with other hormones and neurotransmitters, contribute to the onset of both physiological and behavioural changes that can be either normal and adaptive or excessive and maladaptive depending on several factors. A literature review revealed that exogenous corticosteroids have been reported to change behaviour in human beings and laboratory animals but no data were available as far as similar e�ffects in dogs. The aim of this research was to identify possible behavioural changes in dogs treated with corticosteroids. In the fi�rst study, the perception of behavioural changes in dogs during corticosteroid therapy was investigated through semi-structured open interviews of the owners of 31 dogs of di�fferent breeds, genders, and ages. All dogs had received corticosteroid therapies in the past six months. Owners were asked to describe their dog's behaviours both on and o� corticosteroid therapy. Eleven owners reported behavioural changes in their dogs; nine dogs were reported to show more than one behavioural change. Six dogs reportedly showed nervousness and/or restlessness, three showed an increase in startle responses, three showed food guarding, two showed a decrease in their activity level, three showed an increase in avoidance responses, four showed irritable aggression, and two dogs increased barking. Semi-structured interviews can be useful preliminary tools for the identifi�cation of areas of future investigation, and the outcomes of the interviews were then used to investigate more rigorously the possible relationship between these signs and corticosteroid use in dogs. In the second study 99 dog owners were asked to complete a 12 item questionnaire, developed following the results of the previous survey. Owners were asked to evaluate their dogs' behaviour on and off� therapy, using a seven point scale. A sample of owners whose dogs were receiving treatment for dermatological, orthopaedic or other conditions completed the survey. The survey was completed by 44 dog owners with animals receiving treatment with a range of corticosteroid preparations (mainly prednisolone and methylprednisolone) and 54 dog owners with dogs receiving treatment with other drugs, mainly antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-infl�ammatory drugs. Dogs under corticosteroid treatment were reported to be signifi�cantly less playful, more nervous/restless, more fearful/less confi�dent, more aggressive in the presence of food, more prone to barking, more prone to startle, more prone to reacting aggressively when disturbed, and more prone to avoiding people or unusual situations. The last part of this study involved behavioural tests of dogs. Eleven �treatment� dogs were then tested twice: before and during corticosteroid treatment with either methyl-prednisolone or prednisolone to assess their sensitivity to a potentially aversive stimulus. Eleven control dogs, not receiving corticosteroid therapy, were also tested at the same time intervals in the same environment. Dogs were exposed to a brief dog growl while they explored some bowls containing food and their behaviour was video recorded. Treatment dogs investigated the area for signi�ficantly less time and ate signi�cantly less food in the second test trial when on corticosteroid compared to control dogs. In �final study, exploring relationships between corticosteroid therapy and dogs with behaviour problems, a review of the caseload of the author of 345 dogs reported for behaviour and management problems was analyzed. It was found that 16 % of them had a history of previous treatments with corticosteroids. Previous treatment with corticosteroid was found to be signi�ficantly associated with negative aff�ective states. These results support earlier preliminary �findings concerning possible adverse behavioural side e�ffects following the use of corticosteroids in dogs, and the possible need for concomitant behavioural advice when these drugs are used in general veterinary practice.
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Lindberg, Julia. "Exploring Brain Gene Expression i Animal Models of Behaviour". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8177.
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Bazazi, Sepideh. "Nutritional needs, cannibalism and collective behaviour in animal groups". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543049.
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Heys, Chloe Elizabeth. "Investigating the relationship between gut microbiota and animal behaviour". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2018. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3027949/.
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An individual's gut microbiota is increasingly recognised as having a key role in many host behaviours. In insects, the environment largely determines the host gut microbiota, with the majority ingested through the diet. In this thesis, I examine a series of host-gut microbiota relationships within three species of Drosophila with varied ecologies. Initially, I analyse the current methods used to eliminate the gut microbiota in Drosophila melanogaster, key to studying host-microbiota relationships and providing a foundation for this thesis. I then use this information to assess the role of the gut microbiota as an honest signal in age-based mate choice in Drosophila pseduoobscura. Finally, I examine the role the gut microbiota plays in specialisation in Drosophila sechellia, through adaptation to its toxic host plant, Morinda citrifolia. To attribute a specific behaviour to the gut microbiota, it must first be removed. However, removal can have serious physiological side effects on the host organism, and the most effective and least detrimental method of doing this is widely debated. I analyse commonly used methods of removing the gut microbiota in Drosophila melanogaster and find the addition of lowdose streptomycin to the dietary media is more effective and has fewer physiological effects than other methods such as egg dechorionation or rearing on a sterile diet. Female Drosophila pseudoobscura are known to discriminate between males based on age. This may occur through the alteration of the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile of males, which can alter due to a varied gut microbiota caused by a varied diet. I determine that the gut microbiota influences female preference for older males and is a key component of attractiveness to females. I examine the role of the gut microbiota in Drosophila sechellia, in adaptation to its toxic host plant, Morinda citrifolia, and characterise the gut microbiota of this Drosophilid species for the first time. Rearing flies on M. citrifolia, a standard laboratory diet, and an additional salak (Salacca zalacca) fruit that lacks the toxic compounds present in M. citrifolia, I find that flies reared on a laboratory diet have a significantly reduced weight. However, there is no impact on development time or subsequent mating behaviours when compared to individuals reared on the wild, M. citrifolia diet. Finally, by creating experimental evolution lines of D. melanogaster supplemented with D. sechellia gut microbiota, I disentangle the role of pH in shaping the gut microbiota from the co-evolution of the gut microbiota within D. sechellia. D. melanogaster are highly averse to the scent of octanoic acid, the main toxic constituent within M. citrifolia, whereas D. sechellia are highly attracted. After ten generations D. melanogaster show significantly less aversity to octanoic acid. I determine that Lactobacillus plantarum acts as a detoxifying agent by metabolising octanoic acid, therefore suggesting this bacterium has been fundamental to the ecological transition and specialisation of D. sechellia. Taken together, the chapters of this thesis further uncover the role of hostmicrobiota interactions in important ecological and evolutionary processes within Drosophila, from elucidating a principle method in gut microbiota research, to underlying mate choice mechanisms and finally to dietary specialisation.
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Magee, Derek Robert. "Machine vision techniques for the evaluation of animal behaviour". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1295/.
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Over the last few decades the nature of farming has changed dramatically with small labour intensive farms being replaced by large, highly automated farms. With this change in the way things are done comes a new concern for animal welfare. Traditionally a skilled stock-man would look after a relatively small number of animals and have much direct contact with them on a daily basis. On the modern automated farm a few people will look after several hundred animals and as such there is much less direct contact. Within this thesis a toolkit of methods is presented which is suitable for the building of automated monitoring systems within a farm environment. Animal shape is modelled by a two-dimensional hierarchical contour model and various models for animal dynamics are evaluated. A framework is proposed that combines these spatial and temporal models as a combined tracker and behaviour analysis system. A method is also presented for the identification of individuals from their characteristic markings which utilises the result from the animal tracker method. The methods presented have wider application than simply the field of animal behaviour monitoring and applicable to other problems areas within machine vision and beyond.
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Dyer, John Robert. "Leadership, decision making and collective behaviour in animal groups". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491653.
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Welch, A. R. "Environmental control of piglet behaviour during the suckling period". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373192.
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Thompson, Claire Elisabeth. "The effects of light intensity on turkey eyes and behaviour". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250913.
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Mejia, Jose. "Monoamine oxidases and aggressive behaviour : clinical studies and animal models". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38238.
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Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are phylogenetically old enzymes which catalyze the deamination of monoamines. Interest in a relationship between MAO and aggressive behaviour derives from the report of a single family with a mutation which obliterates the activity of MAO A, as well as a long history of studies which substantiate a relationship between MAO activity and impulsive aggressive behaviour. The goals of this thesis were: (1) to examine the generalizability of the specific MAO mutation noted above; (2) to evaluate the relationship between platelet MAO activity and genetic polymorphisms in MAO genes, and (3) to extend knowledge regarding the developmental behavioural impact of MAO deficiency in mice treated pre- and perinatally with inhibitors of MAO.In the first study we genotyped the C936T mutation in 100 subjects followed longitudinally and oversampled for aggressive behaviour. None of the subjects in our sample carried this mutation.
In the second study, we report the lack of association between platelet MAO activity and four intronic microsatellite polymorphisms of the MAO genes.
Studies of MAO knockout mice are at significant variance with clinical pharmacological experience using MAO inhibitors. Prompted by this and by other seminal basic experiments, we hypothesized that inhibition of MAO activity during the developmental period would have profound behavioural effects. MAO A and B inhibitors were administered, separately or in combination, to mice during gestation and lactation. Total prenatal MAO inhibition produced a severe pattern of behaviour, while MAO-B inhibited mice demonstrated a similar pattern with lower intensity. Aggression was elevated in MAO-A inhibited mice only after acute pharmacological challenges suggesting prenatal sensitization. Thus developmental inhibition of MAO activity engenders behavioural effects which parallel those observed in animals devoid functional MAO. These data underscore the importance of neurochemical changes during development and provide a possible model for uninhibited aggression, common in clinical populations.
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He, Shan. "Developments of animal behaviour inspired optimisation algorithms and their applications". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433048.
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Bassett, Lois. "Effects of predictability of feeding routines on the behaviour and welfare of captive primates". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3319.
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The effects of variations in the predictability of appetitive events, such as feeding, have rarely been studied in animals in general or primates in particular. Feeding animals on highly predictable temporal schedules often results in the performance of food anticipatory activity (FAA), characterised by increased arousal and activity and thought to be detrimental to welfare. Temporally unpredictable feeding schedules have been interpreted as resulting in improved welfare. However, if feeding is made unpredictable by preceding it with an unreliable signal, it may result in frustration and aggression. It is suggested here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This thesis examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to feeding. Welfare was assessed in laboratory-housed common marmosets( Callithrix jacchus) using behavioural measures, which were identified in the context of the routine stressor of human handling and weighing. The signalled and temporal predictability of presentation of a desirable titbit was subsequently experimentally manipulated. It was found that temporally unpredictable presentation of food, preceded by an unreliable signal, was associated with substantially increased stress-related behaviours in this species. If no signal was used, stress increased to a moderate level, but if the food delivery followed a reliable signal there were few behavioural changes compared to control animals. Temporally predictable feeding, without a signal, was associated with lower rates of stress-related behaviour than temporally unpredictable, unsignalled feeding. However, deviations from this temporally predictable schedule, representing delays to feeding, resulted in marked increases in stress. The results were confirmed with a further study, worked around existing feeding routines and using a different primate species, the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). Based on these findings it is suggested that the most beneficial schedule for feeding captive primates is a temporally unpredictable one, which appears to buffer animals against the negative effects of delays as well as minimising FAA. Presentation of a reliable signal before food delivery appears to minimise the stress intrinsically associated with a temporally unpredictable routine. These recommendations represent a simple and inexpensive method of improving the welfare of captive primates.
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Rind, Muhammad Ismail. "Social effects on the feeding behaviour and production of dairy cows". Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240136.
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Lund, Vonne. "Ethics and animal welfare in organic animal husbandry : an interdisiplinary approach /". Skara : Dept. of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/8803573.pdf.
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Rose, Paul Edward. "Investigating the behaviour and welfare of captive flamingos (Phoenicopterformes)". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33595.
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When a species is housed in captivity there are facets of the managed environment that can impact on individual and population welfare. A key component of an individual’s environment is its social environment, which can have important implications for animal health and welfare. Highly social species may experience impoverished welfare if kept in captive groups that differ in size, structure and demographic to that experienced by free-living animals. Amongst the most common of social animals to be housed in captivity are the flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). The unique evolutionary biology of these birds means that key aspects of their behaviour depends upon group living. A positive relationship between breeding success and increasing flock size has previously been noted, but how flamingo flocks are structured socially remains mysterious. All six species of flamingo are currently found in captive collections. The three more generalist species, greater (Phoenicopterus roseus), Caribbean (P. ruber) and Chilean (P. chilensis) flamingos are found commonly in zoos and can, under the right conditions, breed well. The other flamingo species are much more specialised in their habitat and dietary requirements and have proved more challenging with regards to their captive management. These three species are the Andean (Phoenicoparrus andinus), James’ (P. jamesi) and lesser (Phoeniconaias minor) flamingos. All six species are included in the experimental work presented in this thesis. This research aimed to evaluate specific elements of flamingo group living using social network analysis (SNA). It also aimed to assess influences of the captive environment (i.e. enclosure style and visitor number) and climate on enclosure usage, time-activity budgets and behavioural diversity to provide, as far as possible, a complete insight into how to measure, assess and evaluate captive flamingo welfare. A synthesis of the relevance of SNA to zoo animal management, and a review of current literature to identify research needs that could evidence good flamingo husbandry form the basis of the first two chapters. These two overview chapters support the questions asked in the following data-based sections of the thesis. Flamingos were observed at WWT Slimbridge Wetland Centre from March 2012 to July 2016 with data on patterns of social associations being collected four times daily (depending upon weather and bird husbandry). Associations were defined as birds within one neck length of each other and, using photos, the affiliations of each bird in the group were recorded. For assessment of bond strength, network position and identification of preferred/avoided partners a Half-Weight Index was applied to these data. Permutation testing was applied to association matrices to determine the difference between the number of observed preferential bonds (and avoided bonds) and Mantel tests were used to compare matrix correlations to assess differences between seasons, species, years and enclosures (where appropriate). The SNA programmes Socprog, UCInet and Netdraw were used to analyse network data. These network data form the basis of three chapters and show that flamingos associate preferentially with non-random bonds occurring in all flocks observed. Influences of social bonds on courtship display were also examined, and temporal changes in association were considered across time, season and year. Finally, to see any influence of animal health on bond preferences, scores of foot condition (used to identify and evaluate the presence and severity of pododermatitis on an individual bird) were analysed alongside of network measures for three flocks of flamingos. To measure enclosure usage, each species’ exhibit was measured and zones accessible to the birds were defined. As exhibit use can be based on resource use (and these resources can form differently-sized areas within an exhibit) a modified Spread of Participation Index (SPI) was used to provide an outcome between 1 (one area or resource used more than others) and 0 (equal use of all resource zones). Time-activity budgets were calculated for all flocks over daytime, and for one flock (measured using remote camera traps) over night. These data are presented in two chapters and demonstrate that captive flamingos can change their activity patterns in a similar manner to that noted in wild birds. Interestingly, flamingos are very active during the night and this provides useful data for zoo personnel to consider when re-assessing husbandry and management plans for these most ubiquitous of zoo birds.
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Nelovkov, Aleksei. "Behavioural and neurogenetic study of molecular mechanisms involved in regulation of exploratory behaviour in rodents /". Online version, 2006. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/1251/5/nelovaleksei.pdf.
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Cruz, Mónica Guimarães. "Interacções aloparentais e comportamento materno num grupo cativo de macacos-capuchinho (Cebus Apella)". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/469.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em EtologiaA função das interacções aloparentais em primatas não é bem entendida. A maioria dos estudos incidiu sobre espécies paleotropicais, existindo pouca informação para platirríneos, excepto para calitricídeos. O objectivo deste estudo foi descrever as interacções aloparentais e o comportamento materno num grupo cativo de macacos-capuchinho (Cebus apella). Foram realizadas amostragens focais de 30 minutos por semana por cada cria dos zero aos cinco meses de idade, e registadas as interacções entre as crias e os restantes elementos do grupo, incluindo a mãe, bem como as reacções desta ao handling das suas crias. Foi medida a duração do transporte materno e alomaterno das crias bem como a frequência com que as crias forram manuseadas por indivíduos que não a mãe, e testados os efeitos da idade da cria, do rank de dominância materno, do sexo/idade do carrier e da proximidade afiliativa entre o handier e a mãe. Foi medida a frequência das respostas maternas negativas ao handling das crias e testados os efeitos do rank materno e da classe sexo/idade do handler sobre esta variável. Os resultados obtidos estão de acordo com o descrito para a espécie por outros autores no que diz respeito à natureza do handling e à relação entre o investimento materno e aloparental. Assim, as interacções aloparentais foram em geral de natureza benigna e o transporte materno foi dominante em relação ao aloparental, especialmente nos primeiros três meses de vida das crias. Também o interesse de outros indivíduos nas crias foi maior para as crias mais jovens, e o rank materno não pareceu influenciar a atractividade das crias. Ao contrário do documentado por alguns autores para este género, e para cercopitecos, as fêmeas não foram os indivíduos que transportaram as crias por mais tempo, mas sim os machos juvenis. O extenso envolvimento desta classe de indivíduos no transporte de crias foi já descrito para capuchinhos, sendo este normalmente atribuído a um elevado grau de parentesco entre os handlers e as crias. Neste estudo as relações de parentesco não eram conhecidas, e por isso não foi possível testar esta hipótese. No que diz respeito às restantes hipóteses presentes na literatura, a hipótese do assédio não foi suportada devido à natureza positiva do handling, o que está de acordo com a natureza relativamente tolerante das relações entre adultos descrita para esta espécie. O facto de ter existido alguma relutância materna, especialmente por parte de fêmeas de baixo rank, em aceitar o handling das suas crias após aproximação do handler, poderá ser explicada pelo risco de infanticídio existente nesta espécie e pela maior vulnerabilidade das crias de mães subordinadas a um eventual abuso. A hipótese da atracção natal poderá explicar apenas o comportamento aloparental das fêmeas, tendo algumas das suas predições sido verificadas: as crias foram mais atractivas quando mais jovens, e o comportamento aloparental foi de natureza positiva. Esta hipótese não explica no entanto o comportamento aloparental dos machos juvenis. A hipótese learning-to-mother não foi suportada por estes dados, uma vez que a fêmea juvenil, juntamente com os machos adultos, foi dos indivíduos que realizou menos handling e transporte de crias. No entanto, o facto de ter existido apenas uma fêmea juvenil no grupo não permite a exclusão desta hipótese. Por não ter havido qualquer influência da proximidade espacial entre o handler e a mãe e o handling das crias, os padrões de afiliação entre a mãe e outros indivíduos antes do nascimento da cria não parecem explicar o padrão de interacções aloparentais, embora seja necessária uma análise às relações de grooming para fundamentar esta afirmação. Sugere-se que, no futuro, seja averiguado se o handling das crias representa uma troca de comodidades. Para isso poderá ser relevante saber se o grooming dirigido à mãe é imediatamente seguido pelo handling das suas crias. Um outro ponto a clarificar é se o handling das crias promove a formação de alianças entre o handler e a mãe ou seja se os handlers mais frequentes são aqueles que recebem mais frequentemente suporte agonístico por parte da mãe das crias.
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Waran, Natalie Kay. "The behaviour and welfare of early-weaned pigs". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239165.
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Mendelson, Scott Douglas. "Serotonin receptor subtypes and sexual behaviour in the female rat". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25470.
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Recently, it has been discovered that serotonin (5-HT) receptors exist as subtypes in the mammalian brain. At least two major subtypes that differ in their distribution, and affinity for serotonergic drugs, have now been described. These receptors have been labeled 5-HT₁, and 5-HT₂ receptors. The purpose of this thesis is to determine what roles the 5-HT₁, and 5-HT₂ receptors might play in the modulation of sexual behaviour in the female rat.
The administration of the 5-HT₂ receptor antagonist pirenperone inhibited sexual receptivity in adult, ovariectomized Sprague Dawley rats that had been primed either chronically with estradiol benzoate (EB), or acutely with EB plus varying doses of progesterone (P). An inhibition occurred at peripherally administered doses of 50, 100 and 150, but not 25 µg/kg of pirenperone. Pirenperone also inhibited receptivity when administered intraventricularly at a dose of 15 µg/kg, however this dose of pirenperone was ineffective when administered peripherally. Increasing the dose of P did not attenuate the inhibitory effect of pirenperone. The 5-HT₂ antagonists ketanserin (2.5 mg/kg) and spiperone (250 µg/kg) also inhibited receptivity in females that had been primed with EB plus P. The inhibitory effect of pirenperone was attenuated by the 5-HT₂ agonist quipazine , however the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) (20 mg/kg), and the 5-HT₁, agonists 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethytryptamine (5MeODMT) (200 µg/kg) and tryptamine (2 mg/kg) did not attenuate the effect of pirenperone. Quipazine, 5-HTP, and 5MeODMT did not effect receptivity in females that had been primed with EB plus P, however tryptamine inhibited receptivity. Whereas the nonselective 5-HT antagonist methysergide (3 mg/kg) failed to have an effect on receptivity in females that had been primed with EB, methysergide coadministered with quipazine facilitated receptivity. Pirenperone also inhibited proceptivity in females that had been primed with EB plus P. Although quipazine did not attenuate the inhibitory effect of pirenperone upon proceptivity, quipazine alone facilitated proceptivity in females that had been primed either with EB, or with EB and P. Methysergide did not effect proceptivity, and 5-HTP, 5MeODMT, and tryptamine were also ineffective with regards to proceptivity.
The results of the present series of experiments are not entirely consistent with Meyerson's widely held theory of serotonergic inhibition , rather they suggest a dual role for 5-HT in female sexual behaviour. Therefore, a new theory regarding the role of 5-HT in sexual behaviour is proposed. Specifically, it is proposed that inhibitory effects of 5-HT are mediated by activity at 5-HT₁, receptors, whereas facilitatory effects are mediated by activity at 5-HT₂ receptors.Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate
29
Meachum, Cynthia L. "The regulation of instrumental behaviour by toxicosis". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256395.
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Lomas, Caroline Anne. "The effect of supplementary light on the behaviour, physiology and productivity of cattle". Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239841.
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Al-Shami, Salah Abdulaziz. "Observations on the foraging behaviour of sheep using a high-level feeder technique". Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310871.
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Wattanakul, Watcharapong. "Factors affecting the behaviour and performance of sows and piglets grouped during lactation". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362232.
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Group housing of sows and piglets during the lactation period in a multisuckling system was studied to identify the factors affecting the behaviour and performance of sows and piglets. Comparison was made with sows and piglets in a conventional farrowing pen with crate system. Cross-suckling, additional piglets at the udder during nursing periods, grouping piglets and changing sow location, which might all have contributed to the observed differences in behaviour and performance of the sows and piglets, were each studied separately in more controlled farrowing house conditions. It was shown that welfare of the sow as improved in the multisuckling system as the sows had free movement, expressed more natural behaviour and had social interaction, relative to a sow in a crate. Fighting at grouping was low when using a docile breed (Manor Meishan). The production of the sow was comparable to sows in the conventional system. Welfare of the piglets during grouping was impaired, as they suffered from being placed in a cooler environment (below their Lower Critical Temperature) compared to a conventional farrowing pen with crate system. Piglet mortality rate by being crushed was slightly increased when sows had free movement. Disruption of nursing with adverse effect on the performance of the piglets was observed following grouping with an increased incidence of cross-suckling and a greater number of piglets at the udder during nursing. It can be concluded that grouping sows and piglets during the lactation period can enhance the sows welfare and still provide similar piglet production to the farrowing pen with crate system. However, problems occur for the piglets and good management is needed as the ill-thriving animals are more difficult to identify and treat in such a loose housing system.
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Dennison, Sheila Ganson Copley. "The development of behaviour patterns and an assessment of temperament of dairy heifers". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27896.
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The main aims of this study were 1) to describe the development of behavioural patterns in dairy heifers, 2) to investigate individual differences in behaviour and temperament, 3) to assess the temperament of each during milking and 4) to determine whether measures of early behaviour are related to temperament at a later age or to production measurements. Time based focal animal samples of twenty Friesian heifer calves over a period of two years recorded the activity of the calf and its nearest neighbour. A study of beef suckler calves reared with their dams was available for comparison of early development. The animals reactivity to being touched was tested approximately weekly and its temperament during milking was assessed. Data on liveweight measurements and daily milk yields were available. Development of the heifer's behavioural activities is shown graphically, either as proportion of time spent or frequency of occurrence. The development is considered in two ways 1)development in relation to chronological age, and ?_)development in relation to period of time within a particular rearing condition. However, the development was similar in both cases. Testing of the mean values of the activities for each separate rearing condition, normally experienced by dairy calves during their rearing, showed significant changes. Diagrams of significant sequential changes of activities show the development of the context of these behavioural actions. These results are compared with those obtained for field calves to indicate where environmental conditions may be affecting the development of the dairy calves behaviour patterns. The animals were then considered individually. Individual differences in the proportion of time spent in different activities was not consistent in each rearing period. The heifers social profile is represented by histograms of the frequency of expression of two categories of social behaviour, social licking and aggression. Associations between heifers, measured as the most time spent as its nearest neighbour, was only observed between a pair of twins. The reactivity of the heifers to being touched showed that most of the heifers were consistent in their reaction from an early age. Investigation of position within the herd and ease of entry to the parlour during the milking routine showed that heifers were recorded more often in the in the last third of milking group which was also associated with being pushed into the parlour by the dairyman. investigation of correlation between the behavioural measurements and between the behavioural and production measurements (i.e. growth rate of the heifers and the mean daily milk yield) is discussed. For the behavioural measurements, only the correlation between the frequency of initiating aggression and milking temperament was significant at p < 0.05 level. However, three other correlations approached significance i.e. correlation of proportion of time spent passively as a calf with frequency of initiating aggression, frequency of initiating social licking with proportion of times pushed into parlour and proportion of times pushed into parlour with milking temperament. This led to the hypothesis of a trend in the development of behaviour characteristics of dairy heifers. There appeared to be little relationship between the behavioural measures of the heifers and measures of their productivity with only the correlation between frequency of initiating social licking and mean daily milk yield reaching the p < 0.05 level of significance. Finally, a discussion of these findings in relation to theories of development(e.g. effect of environment, early experiences) and their implications for animal husbandry is presented.
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Rutherford, Kenneth Malcolm Desmond. "Investigating fractal analysis of animal behaviour as an indicator of stress". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11346.
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The thesis examined whether, when applied to behavioural sequences, fractal measures could have diagnostic value in assessments of stress in farm animals. The fractal analysis methodology of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) was applied to continuous focal observations of hens and instantaneous scan-sample observations of growing pigs. In experiment one, the complexity of vigilance behaviour increased in young hens; both during the acute stress of open field exposure or following a five-minute period of restraint. The total duration of vigilance was increased in the open field but not following restraint. The DFA measures therefore revealed an alteration in behavioural organisation under stress not identified during standard analysis. In experiment two, a chronic intermittent stressor regime was applied to adult hens. This stressor regime caused alterations in food intake, body weight and egg production, which suggested the birds were transiently stressed. However, the behaviour of the treatment group did not differ from controls at any time point, either when using a standard analysis or a DFA. In the third experiment, a stressor regime involving repeated social defeats and additional mild stressors was applied to growing pigs. Following this regime the treatment group had higher levels of average 24hr cortisol than controls. The DFA did identify behavioural differnces between treatment and controls groups; however, it is unclear if these were directly related to the stressor treatment. The data sets generated in the experiments were used to further investigate the DFA method. Analyses showed that alterations in the duration of observation and the frequency of behavioural sampling can affect the end result. Although the analysis has some limitations it allowed novel dimensions of behavioural organization - not identified during standard analysis - to be measured. These dimensions were independent of total durations of behaviour and they were sensitive to stressful stimuli in some circumstances. In conclusion, fractal analysis of behaviour shows promise as a tool for measuring stress but further validation is required.
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BIANCHI, LORENZA. "Three empirical studies on animal welfare policy and consumer search behaviour". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Pavia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11571/1445434.
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Questa tesi si compone di tre capitoli. I primi due contribuiscono alla letteratura sulle politiche per il benessere animale negli allevamenti e sull'etichettatura relativa. Il terzo capitolo analizza il processo di ricerca online di elettrodomestici ad alto consumo energetico ed il ruolo
dell'informazione sui consumi e sul costo dell'energia.
Il primo capitolo analizza due programmi governativi implementati in Svizzera per incentivare sistemi di allevamento più rispettosi del benessere animale. Si tratta di due programmi a partecipazione volontaria basati su incentivi ai produttori. Questi due programmi rientrano nel quadro più ampio di un pacchetto di interventi messo a punto dal governo svizzero con l'obiettivo di migliorare la sostenibilità del settore agricolo nazionale. In particolare, l'analisi si focalizza sui due programmi per il benessere animale chiamati BTS e RAUS. Gli allevatori svizzeri che decidono di aderire devono assicurare standard di benessere animale più elevati rispetto all'allevamento intensivo tradizionale. A questo fine ricevono un sussidio e possono apporre l'etichetta di benessere animale garantita dal governo sui loro prodotti. Lo studio utilizza dati FAOSTAT per analizzare gli effetti di questa misura su produzione e consumo aggregato di carne di maiale, che è la carne più consumata nel Paese. La metodologia del "controllo sintetico" viene impiegata per comparare le variabili di interesse in Svizzera con le variabili controfattuali di un gruppo di Paesi di controllo costruito per questo scopo. I risultati mostrano che l'adozione della politica riduce non solo la produzione, ma anche il consumo di carne di maiale in Svizzera. Questo suggerisce che la politica ha avuto un'ampia diffusione e causato un riassestamento della produzione che, a sua volta, ha modificato il consumo, in quanto molto ancorato alla produzione nazionale a svantaggio della carne importata. Lo studio suggerisce che una politica per il benessere animale, in certe condizioni, non solo affronta il tema etico dell'allevamento, ma può anche avere effetti a catena su ambiente e salute attraverso la promozione di un minor consumo di carne in favore di maggiore qualità (in questo caso misurata in termini di benessere animale). Il secondo capitolo si propone di analizzare la percezione e l'atteggiamento dei consumatori rispetto ad un'etichetta per il benessere animale innovativa basata su dati derivanti da allevamento di precisione. L'analisi utilizza un questionario distribuito online attraverso i canali dell'Università di Wageningen (Paesi Bassi) per raccogliere le opinioni dei partecipanti sull'etichettatura innovativa proposta. Il nuovo metodo di etichettatura non è ancora implementato e viene spiegato ai partecipanti all'interno del questionario. L'etichetta proposta potrebbe rappresentare una soluzione al problema della scarsa fiducia consentendo ai consumatori di avere accesso a dati trasparenti su vari indicatori di benessere animale. L'atteggiamento dei consumatori rispetto a questo metodo di etichettatura è misurato attraverso numerose domande che raccolgono informazioni sulle loro opinioni, motivazioni, e valutazioni delle etichette tradizionali rispetto a quella proposta. I risultati suggeriscono che questo tipo di etichetta sarebbe soprattutto apprezzato da consumatori già interessati al tema ed informati, tuttavia ulteriori studi consentiranno di ottenere un'evidenza più conclusiva.
Il terzo capitolo utilizza dati di navigazione ed acquisto online per investigare il modo in cui i consumatori cercano ed acquistano elettrodomestici. La presenza di dati sperimentali sui frigoriferi consente di analizzare l'effetto che l'informazione sui costi relativi al consumo energetico ha sulla ricerca e sull'acquisto. L'effetto dell'informazione sul costo dell'energia diventa molto significativo quando considerato in relazione alle preferenze iniziali dei consumatori in termini di classe energetica e prezzo.
36
Olsson, Anna. "Motivation in laying hens : studies of perching and dustbathing behaviour /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5923-0.pdf.
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Goldner, Gerhard Tobias. "Social recognition and telencephalic binding sites of oxytocin in a solitary and a social Otomyine species". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/55857.
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This study examined the sociality of two phylogenetically closely related otomyine, murid rodent species that display differences in social behaviour in the wild. A fundamental characteristic of sociality in mammals is the ability to recognise conspecifics and discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar animals. In rodents, olfactory cues serve as the main source of such recognition and has been linked to dopaminergic reward centres in the brain, structures and regions responsible for short and long term memory, as well as neural processes involved in reducing stress. The neuropeptide, oxytocin, is produced by hypothalamic cells and can act as a neurotransmitter. Recent work has linked these neural, telencephalic structures (the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus) to social recognition and oxytocin. Oxytocinergic receptor density is greater in such regions in social, monogamous or gregarious rodents, whereas it is much less in solitary species. Experimental studies have found mechanistic links between oxytocin function and social recognition and discrimination in laboratory mice and rats. However, no known study has tested social recognition and discrimination in wild-caught, non-typical model species in conjunction with a description of their oxytocinergic neuroanatomy. This justified my study to investigate whether the social-living, gregarious, colonial ice rat, Otomys sloggetti robertsi, show similar oxytocin receptor binding to other social species, and whether it has the ability to recognise conspecifics and discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar animals. Similarly, I investigated and compared these traits in a solitary, phylogenetically closely related species, the vlei rat, Otomys auratus.
Neither sexes of both species showed social recognition abilities based on olfactory cues. This was surprising, as social-living ice rats were predicted to display recognition abilities. Interestingly, female vlei rats showed the ability to discriminate between a familiar and novel conspecific. The results suggest that vlei and ice rats exhibit social recognition flexibility, while social discrimination demonstrated by solitary female vlei rats may provide adaptive advantages in the wild. The impaired social recognition and discrimination observed by ice rats may be explained by their temporal flexibility in social behaviour in the wild. Colonial living and social tolerance by ice rats may indicate phenotypical plasticity, or ‘social flexibility’, to harsh ecological constraints.
In contrast, the neuroanatomy of vlei and ice rats reflects their wild behaviour. Neural oxytocin receptor binding sites, identified using ligand-binding receptor autoradiography, were more intense in the nucleus accumbens, islands of Calleja, claustrum, indusium griseum, prefrontal cortex, insular cortices, extended amygdala, bed nuclei of the stria terminalis and hypothalamic nuclei of the ice rats, compared to that of the vlei rats. The overall patterns of neural oxytocin receptor (OTR) binding in ice rats are similar to that found in social voles, while that of vlei rats and solitary voles are comparable, particularly the binding intensities observed in the lateral septum. The brains of the vlei rat had OTR binding in the medial habenula and dentate gyrus, which was absent in the ice rat brains. Similarly, OTR binding was only detected in the subfields of hippocampus, intermediodorsal and rhomboid thalamic nuclei in the brain of the ice rats. As predicted from their social behaviour in the wild, the telencephalic OTR binding of the two species reflected their socially disparate behaviour, similar to other studies. Based on the lack of extreme differences in behavioural data, and various similarities in oxytocinergic receptor binding sites in the telencephalic structures, I suggest that a continuum of oxytocinergic effects on social, group-living behaviour of these related species may exist in this otomyine group. The differences in neuropeptidergic circuitry in these two species contributes further to our understanding of evolutionary neuroendocrinology of sociality.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
National Research Foundation (NRF)
SARChI Behavioural Ecology
Zoology and Entomology
MSc
Unrestricted
38
Capdevila, Antonio Garcia-Bellido. "Development of parent-offspring relations in the hooded rat". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319391.
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Brierley, Matthew Joseph. "Neural network underlying snail feeding". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239132.
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Jackson, Nicholas Wyndham. "Information gathering and decision making during shell selection by the hermit crab Pagurus bernhardus". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356932.
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Malone, Nicholas. "Signalling of competitive ability by male house mice". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268896.
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Mason, Georgia Jane. "Individual differences in the stereotypies of caged mink". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239547.
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Conquest, Emma. "The pheromone-mediated behaviour of 'Dermestes maculatus'". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2006. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8087/.
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Bidder, Owen R. "A movement ecology toolkit : novel biotelemetry methodologies for elucidating animal behaviour and location". Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42816.
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This thesis aims to address some of the deficiencies that exist in this discipline, in order to widen the applicability of biotelemetry methods and ultimately provide new data which will improve our understanding of animal movement strategies.
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Augustsson, Hanna. "Ethoexperimental studies of behaviour in wild and laboratory mice : risk assessment, emotional reactivity and animal welfare /". Uppsala : Dept. of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/v174.pdf.
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Hodgkiss, Nicola Jane. "Behaviour, welfare and nutrition of group-housed sows fed in an electronic sow feeding system". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2605.
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A programme of study was undertaken to assess the welfare status of multiparous gestating sows housed in dynamic groups in a straw yard and fed by electronic sow feeders (ESF). Comparison of production figures from the Seale-Hayne herd with those nationally confirmed its status as a typical commercial unit. In an initial series of investigations, detailed ethograms were compiled to describe the animals' repertoire of activities and interactions. Lying and straw manipulation were found to be the predominant behaviours and attacks directed towards the head were the most commonly performed type of interaction. Although there was little evidence of aggressive behaviour, most interactions were found to occur in areas where there was an obvious source of competition, namely the feeding and lying areas. A recording scale was devised to assess the level of skin damage arising from aggressive interactions. Whilst data revealed a relationship between parity and the extent of injury, both the frequency and intensity of injury were found to be low for all animals and there was very little evidence of vulva biting, commonly cited as a major criticism of group-housing systems. Animals were observed to rest predominantly in the lying area. There was an association between parity and resting location, with older animals occupying those areas perceived to be more favourable. Recently introduced gilts and sows were observed to integrate gradually with the main group. An argument is put forward for the existence of sub-groups based upon parity within the main group, although it was concluded that it was difficult to prove such a theory. A series of voluntary feed intake (VFI) trials revealed that the animals' feeding motivation was not satisfied by the allowance fed in gestation. Results from a trial when animals were offered a high fibre, low energy diet in comparison with their conventional feed suggested that the animals had a requirement for a certain level of energy and were not motivated simply by a desire for gut-fill. However, a subsequent investigation into the animals feeding behaviour did not reveal any evidence of a frustrated feeding motivation; there was little evidence of non-feeding visits and few animals were recorded in the feed queue throughout the day. It is concluded that sows can be group-housed in a dynamic system on a restricted feed intake without detriment to their welfare or productivity status. A number of factors were found to be critical to the success of such a system including the freedom for animals to behave as individuals, the regular provision of fresh straw and adequate space for newly introduced animals to integrate gradually with the herd.
47
Spangenberg, Elin. "Housing laboratory dogs and rats : implications of physical and social activity /". Uppsala : Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007103.pdf.
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Limond, Jennifer Alison. "The behaviour of children with special needs : effects of animal-assisted activities". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264964.
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Holmes, Floyd. "The value of animal behaviour as a bio-indicator of restoration quality". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2106.
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Woodland restoration is a complex endeavour, and restoration ecology as a scientific discipline requires constant re-assessments and adjustments if it is to improve outcomes and better provide for biodiversity. The promise of effective restoration is often used to justify destructive processes that affect many of the world’s ecosystems. It is therefore imperative that those promises can be met, which comes down to restoration ecologists’ and land managers’ capacity to predict and facilitate desirable ecological changes in a timely and socio-economically responsible manner. As perspectives have changed, and knowledge has been gained over the past few decades there have been several fundamental shifts in how restoration is done. Efforts to ‘beautify’ degraded areas through the planting of fast growing non-native species is no longer thought of as responsible restoration practice. We have a better understanding of ecological thresholds, the creation of novel ecosystems and the ways ecosystems move between stable states through transitional processes. Yet many restoration projects still fail to deliver positive outcomes for certain taxonomic groups. Fauna are an important component of biodiversity, and yet ecological filters and traps remain common in restored habitats.
To date, the focus in restoration has been biased towards restoring flora, while fauna have been under-appreciated and under-utilised. This is likely due to a lack of clarity around how fauna can be used to assess restoration success. This study sought to address that issue by exploring ways fauna could be used to assess habitat quality, and evaluate whether they could fit into existing restoration management tools like a state-and-transition model. Variation in habitat quality was assessed using a number of biodiversity measures and behavioural patterns. This study used Rottnest Island in Western Australia, a mosaic landscape with a woodland restoration program that has been running for over 50 years. The Island’s woodland areas support a resident population of red-capped robins Petroica goodenovii, which was the focal species of this study. The robins are typically groundforaging insectivores that generally have been found to respond negatively to anthropocentric land use changes.
The suitability of the Island’s robin population as an indicator for the larger avian community was assessed to determine whether management and monitoring could simply focus on improving conditions for robins. Unfortunately, robins were found to be a poor indicator of the larger avian community. Factors that were positively correlated with estimated robin density, like woodland area and time since last fire, were negatively correlated with density of other avian species of conservation significance.
Invertebrate assembly was surveyed as a measure of food resource availability. There was a significant difference between woodland and heathland areas and to a lesser, but still significant, extent between restored woodland areas of different ages and remnant woodland. A major finding of this study was that Coleoptera were scarcely encountered in ground samples outside of remnant patches, but were among the most common orders in arboreal samples, specifically in old restoration. Given that this order is a major component of numerous insectivore diets, it is likely that this difference is influencing foraging habitat quality. This conclusion is supported by difference detected in the birds’ foraging behaviour, as birds in remnants foraged predominantly on the ground, while in restored areas birds were frequently observed collecting prey items from vegetation.
Aside from changing their foraging behaviour, the birds were also found to rarely display breeding related behaviours while in restored habitat. This mimicked a significant difference in juvenile robin population density between restored and remnant patches during the breeding season. As such, it appears robins readily use restored areas for feeding resources, but remnants remain a crucial component of their functional habitat requirements, providing important breeding habitat.
Behaviour was found to be a useful tool in explaining and verifying measured differences in habitat quality, and in this case, could easily be incorporated into pre-existing fauna monitoring programs. Robins weren’t found to be a suitable indicator species for the bird community, and given the small species pool on the island, management may need to consider all species of conservation significance separately.
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Sibbald, Angela M. "The effect of body condition and previous nutrition on voluntary intake and feeding behaviour in sheep". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU090361.
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There is evidence from a number of species that body condition or fatness plays a role in the regulation of energy balance, through a direct effect on voluntary food intake (VFI). However, since differences in body condition are frequently confounded with differences in previous nutrition, this study investigated the role of both factors in the control of VFI in sheep. In ewes grazing autumn pastures, there was a negative effect of body condition on VFI, but no independent effect of the previous level of nutrition. However, there was an interaction between the effects of body condition and herbage availability on intake, since VFIs of fat ewes differed with sward height while VFIs of thin ewes did not. The effect of early nutrition on VFI in growing lambs was studied in an experiment where ewes were given either a restricted or adequate level of nutrition in late pregnancy and early lactation. Mean live weight and gut development at weaning were reduced in lambs whose nutrition was restricted during both pregnancy and lactation, but subsequent VFI was not affected. Feeding behaviour was investigated in fat and thin sheep eating a pelleted diet. Thin ewes had higher intakes and spent more time feeding that fat ewes, but the number of meals and rate of ingestion during meals was the same. Both fat and thin ewes increased meal frequency and ingestion rate when food access time was reduced. Differences in VFI were found to persist longer than differences in body condition. Basal plasma insulin concentrations and those measured following an exogenous insulin challenge were both higher in sheep that had remained fat, than in sheep that had previously been thin. This is consistent with the hypothesis that insulin may provide a long-term negative feedback signal to the brain in fat animals, resulting in lower VFIs.