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Robertson, Peter Charles John. "Movement behaviour of wild and rehabilitated juvenile foxes (Vulpes vulpes)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238942.
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Landete-Castillejos, Tomás. "Chemical communication in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout)." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11231/.
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This study examined the urine and faecal scent marking behaviour and investigatory responses of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout) kept in large, semi-natural enclosures to assess the role these scents play in their communication system. For the first time, this study has shown that Norway rats deposit faecal scent marks in response to odour cues and form latrines. The spatial distribution of faeces was highly uneven. Most faeces deposited in open areas were found in clusters occupying less than 1 m2 which were termed latrines. Rats spent more time at feeders and in other areas which were almost devoid of faeces than at these latrines. This suggests that latrines were created deliberately, perhaps for communication. Rats discriminated among faeces from different donors with respect to their investigation, presumably using olfactory cues. They faecal marked in response to urine cues from rats belonging to other colonies, although they did not faecal mark in response to their own urine cues or to a novel non-social stimulus (clean tiles). Investigation and faecal marking was aimed mainly towards urine from individuals of the marker's own sex. This suggests that faecal marking may play a role in communication between competitors. Urine was deposited as discrete marks around the enclosures, in an uneven distribution. The highest density of marks was found by the enclosure walls and nest areas. Rats showed a greater urine marking response towards introduced clean surfaces than towards surfaces they had already marked, ensuring that their home area was always covered with their urine marks. Close monitoring of urine marking on clean surfaces showed that male -rats had a marking rate three times greater than that of females. This could not be attributed solely to weight differences between males and females. Rats also urine marked in response to urine deposited by rats from other colonies. Urine from unfamiliar rats of the subject's own sex stimulated more investigation than urine from the opposite sex, though donors were immature. These results suggest that urine marking also plays a role in communication between competitors. Testing individuals in their home enclosure, using scent marks deposited naturally by rats, and the contexts in which scent stimuli are deposited by donors (e. g. as part of their home range) and found by residents (e. g. finding intruder's home range marks in the resident's home range) were essential factors in determining their response to olfactory cues. The importance of these factors is discussed.
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Augustsson, Hanna. "Ethoexperimental studies of behaviour in wild and laboratory mice : risk assessment, emotional reactivity and animal welfare /." Uppsala : Dept. of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/v174.pdf.
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Adriaenssens, Bart. "Individual variation in behaviour : personality and performance of brown trout in the wild /." Göteborg : Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology, University of Gothenburg, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/22217.
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Bassett, Lois. "Effects of predictability of feeding routines on the behaviour and welfare of captive primates." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3319.
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The effects of variations in the predictability of appetitive events, such as feeding, have rarely been studied in animals in general or primates in particular. Feeding animals on highly predictable temporal schedules often results in the performance of food anticipatory activity (FAA), characterised by increased arousal and activity and thought to be detrimental to welfare. Temporally unpredictable feeding schedules have been interpreted as resulting in improved welfare. However, if feeding is made unpredictable by preceding it with an unreliable signal, it may result in frustration and aggression. It is suggested here that two distinct but overlapping types of predictability exist. 'Temporal' predictability describes whether an event occurs at fixed or variable intervals, whereas 'signalled' predictability relates to the reliability of a signal preceding the event. This thesis examines the effects of each of these types of predictability in relation to feeding. Welfare was assessed in laboratory-housed common marmosets( Callithrix jacchus) using behavioural measures, which were identified in the context of the routine stressor of human handling and weighing. The signalled and temporal predictability of presentation of a desirable titbit was subsequently experimentally manipulated. It was found that temporally unpredictable presentation of food, preceded by an unreliable signal, was associated with substantially increased stress-related behaviours in this species. If no signal was used, stress increased to a moderate level, but if the food delivery followed a reliable signal there were few behavioural changes compared to control animals. Temporally predictable feeding, without a signal, was associated with lower rates of stress-related behaviour than temporally unpredictable, unsignalled feeding. However, deviations from this temporally predictable schedule, representing delays to feeding, resulted in marked increases in stress. The results were confirmed with a further study, worked around existing feeding routines and using a different primate species, the stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides). Based on these findings it is suggested that the most beneficial schedule for feeding captive primates is a temporally unpredictable one, which appears to buffer animals against the negative effects of delays as well as minimising FAA. Presentation of a reliable signal before food delivery appears to minimise the stress intrinsically associated with a temporally unpredictable routine. These recommendations represent a simple and inexpensive method of improving the welfare of captive primates.
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Fisher, David Newton. "Social networks and individual behaviour variation in wild crickets." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21128.
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Individuals engage in competitive and cooperative interactions with conspecifics. Furthermore, within any population of interacting individuals there are typically consistent differences among-individuals in behavioural traits. Understanding the importance of both these types of individual-specific behaviours allows us to understand why populations are structured as they are, why individuals show apparently limited behavioural flexibility, and how these elements link to population-level properties. I used extensive video camera monitoring of a population of wild field crickets (Gryllus campestris) to study the interactions and behaviours of uniquely identified individuals. I studied the shyness, activity and exploration of individuals of this population across contexts: from young to old and between captivity and the wild. This allowed me to confirm that individuals were relatively consistent across their adult lifetimes for all three traits, but only consistent between captivity and the wild for activity and exploration. I then found that high activity levels were positively related to high mating rates and short lifespans. Crucially, lifetime mating success was not related to activity level, indicating that the trade-off between lifespan and mating success was sufficient to allow variation in activity level to persist across generations. I also found that cricket social network structure is stable across generations despite the complete turnover of individuals every year. This social network structure influences sexual selection, with some male crickets heavily involved in networks of both pre- and post-copulatory competition, yet males are unable to use pre-copulatory competition to avoid post-copulatory competition. Additionally, positive assortment by mating rate between males and females may reduce the fitness of males with high mating rates, as they face stronger sperm competition. Finally, I used actor-based models to determine the factors predicting cricket social network structure and to test and reject the social-niche hypothesis for the maintenance of among-individual variation in behaviour. I also demonstrated that little else is needed in a stochastically changing network aside from positive assortment by mating rate to simulate a population with a similar skew in mating success to the one observed in the real cricket population. These results give insights into the importance of trade-offs and stochasticity in maintaining the extensive variation in the natural world.
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Burns, Zackory T. "Quantifying the sociality of wild tool-using New Caledonian crows through an animal-borne technology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:16db8026-53e4-4fb0-aa69-80d7cc34e183.
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New Caledonian crows (NC crows; Corvus moneduloides) are the most prolific avian tool-users and crafters, using up to three unique tool types derived from numerous plant materials. Since the discovery that wild populations of NC crows use and manufacture different tools in different locations with no measured environmental correlates to these distributions, the process by which NC crows acquire their tool-oriented behavior has been investigated. Two major findings were discovered in 2005: NC crows have a genetic predisposition to manipulate stick like objects, and they increase their rate of manipulation when exposed to social influences. Since then, much of the research into the sociality of wild NC crows has focused on direct social influences, especially the parent-juvenile relationship, yet no social network of wild NC crows has been described. In my thesis, I characterized a new proximity-logging device, Encounternet, and outline a four-step plan to assess error in animal borne devices; uncovered drivers, such as relatedness, space-use, and environmental factors, of wild NC crow sociality, and experimentally manipulated the social network, revealing immediate changes to the number of day-time and roosting partners, the breakdown of first-order relatedness driving sociality, and an increase in the amount of time NC crows associate; and revealed an indirect pathway via tools left behind by conspecifics allowing for the transmission of tool-properties between unrelated NC crows. Altogether, I furthered our understanding of wild NC crow sociality through the use of an animal-borne device, experimental manipulation in the wild measuring the response of the NC crow social network, and demonstrated the utility of animal-borne devices in mapping the network of a population of wild birds.
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Bashaw, Meredith J. "Social behavior and communication in a herd of captive giraffe." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180020/unrestricted/bashaw%5Fmeredith%5Fj%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.
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Tighe, Emily Jayne. "The effects of captivity on display-based communication and social interaction in the captive African wild dog (Lycaon pictus)." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8676.
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The obligate cooperative nature of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), unique among social canids, is thought to be driven by high levels of interspecific competition and intra-guild predation with other large socially-organised predators. Research exploring how wild dogs maintain social bonds through social communication, while avoiding detection from potential competitors, is therefore vital for understanding this species. While olfactory and vocal communications are well represented in the literature concerning L. pictus, these channels of communication pose significant risks to wild dog survival, as they are inherently susceptible to eavesdropping by unintended receivers. In comparison, display communication, which requires visual contact between the signaller and receiver, poses comparatively less risk of attracting the attention of eavesdroppers. In spite of this, few studies have explored the use of display communication in wild dogs, leaving its potential significance in maintaining social bonds within packs unexplored. Using video analysis, I investigate how display communication and subsequent social interaction are affected by several pressures of the captive environment. Captivity did not appear to affect the presence of many social display types also used by free-ranging wild dogs. However, sexual behaviour was absent from the study groups, likely due to the use of contraception and pack sex composition. The effects of pack sex composition (single-sex versus mixed-sex) revealed that while the frequencies and durations of many social behaviours were not affected by sex composition, the distribution of social interactions did differ depending on group structure. Here, a highly related, single-sex group was more stable than a highly related, mixed-sex group of the same size. Differences in the captive management strategies, specifically enclosure size and feeding regime, of the two packs, may explain the behavioural differences observed. The death of a pack member permitted investigation of the effects of death on social interactions. While many of the social interactions were unaffected by the death, behaviours relating to the formation and maintenance of social dominance and social hierarchy increased after the dog’s death. The distribution of social interactions was non-random, suggesting that individuals were reorganising the social structure of the pack during this period. Finally, a small study into the effects of simultaneously added enrichments in the pack (post death) revealed that enrichment reduced the frequencies of dominance behaviours and allowed for a more even distribution of social interaction within the pack. This demonstrates how enrichment may potentially be used to reduce aggression within captive animals. Overall, this research reveals that display-based communication is important for the maintenance of sociality in captive African wild dogs. To better understand this endangered species, future studies in free-ranging populations should include this channel of communication.
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Hayes, Richard Andrew, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Science and Technology, and School of Science. "Semiochemicals and social signalling in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus(L.)." THESIS_FST_SS_Hayes_R.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/371.
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The European rabbit lives in defined social groups of between two and about twenty individuals. There are distinct social hierarchies within each group. Rabbits are known to scent-mark their environment with secretions from several glands, and the secretion of the submandibular cutaneous gland is strongly correlated with social status. Dominant, male rabbits have a higher secretory activity of the gland, and show much more scent-marking behaviour than do any other individuals within the social group. This study was principally conducted at Hope Farm, Cattai National Park in New South Wales, Australia.The proteinaceous components of the secretion varied between individuals, but the protein profile of an individual did not change over time.It was found that dominant rabbits chin mark preferentially at the entrances to warrens, and at the boundaries of their territory.The work in this study provides new insights into the way that rabbit semiochemical messages work. The difference between the secretion of a subordinate and a dominant rabbit appears to be due to the presence or absence of one compound, 2-phenoxy ethanol. This compound, with known fixative properties, supports the idea that the only difference between dominant and subordinate secretions is whether or not they persist in the environment after marking. Such a mechanism for asserting dominance may be much more common in mammals than is apparent from the published literature<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Pansini, Riccardo. "Cooperation and economic behaviour in wild vervet monkeys : An experimental approach." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/PANSINI_Riccardo_2011.pdf.
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Peu d’études ont examiné les phénomènes de coopération survenant naturellement dans les populations animales. Dans celle-ci, je me suis intéressé aux actes de coopération en conditions naturelles. J’ai réalisé des expériences sur le terrain avec trois groupes de singes vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops) en Afrique du Sud. Ces expériences faisaient intervenir au moins deux individus qui actionnaient spontanément des distributeurs de nourriture. Chaque groupe a été divisé en deux sous-groupes, les distributeurs devant être actionnés simultanément par au moins un membre de chaque sous-groupe pour que la nourriture devienne accessible. L’objectif de ces expériences était de connaitre les stratégies de choix des partenaires. De plus, j’ai analysé les actes de coopérations survenues et leurs conséquences au niveau des comportements sociaux. Les associations récurrentes de partenaires observées avant l’expérience n’ont prédit que partiellement la formation des partenaires de coopération. Singulièrement ni le sexe ni la classe d’âge ou les liens de parenté n’ont pu expliquer la sélection des partenaires. En revanche, les individus dominants des groupes ont coopéré avec d’autres individus dominants et les individus subordonnés avec d’autres individus subordonnés. Afin de tester la théorie des marchés biologiques, j’ai analysé si les réseaux sociaux s’étaient modifiés de manière conséquente aux évènements de coopération. Par la loi de l’offre et de la demande, les membres des sous-groupes les plus petits sont devenus des partenaires privilégiés. D’autres études sur le terrain avec d’autres espèces de primates ou de mammifères devront être réalisées afin de confirmer ces observations<br>A number of theoretical papers have investigated cooperation but only a very few studies have examined the evolution of cooperation in natural animal populations under experimental conditions. Over the course of three years, I performed field experiments with three groups of wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in South Africa. The experiments involved at least two or more individuals repeatedly operating feeder; that is to cooperate to get access to food. The purpose of the experiments was to test partner choice strategies and the modified social structure after the experiment. The recurrent partner associations observed before the experiment only partly predicted the forming of cooperative partnerships during the experiment. Most subjects cooperated with specific and recurring combinations of partners. Interestingly sex, age and kinship did not explain the specific partner matching. Rather, higher ranking individuals cooperated with others higher ranking, and lower ranking ones with others of lower rank. To test biological market theory models, I thereafter analysed whether the social networks modified because of the cooperation events. During the training phase, the monkeys became able to discriminate between the values of the contribution to the cooperation across classes. Because one social class was less numerous than the other, its members acquired a privileged status. To test whether cooperation increases discrimination among group members I recommend the implementation of this experiment in the field with other primate species and other mammals
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Zhang, Endi. "Behavioural ecology of the Chinese water deer at Whipsnade Wild Animal Park, England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/251600.
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Qasem, Lama Asaad. "New ideas for determination of wild animal behavioural ecology : the case for acceleration." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650097.
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Stoinski, Tara Suzanne. "Behavioral differences between captive-born, reintroduced golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) and their wild-born offspring." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30368.
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Hobaiter, Catherine. "Gestural communication in wild chimpanzees." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2143.
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Great ape gesture is an elaborate, flexible system of intentional communication. It has been suggested that human language originated in gesture, thus, the gestural communication of great apes is of great interest for questions on the origin of language. To date, systematic studies of great ape gesture have been limited to restricted captive settings, supplemented by the study of a few specific gestures in wild populations. To address questions about gestural communication from an evolutionary perspective it is necessary to extend the systematic study of gesture into a wild ape population. I therefore undertook a 22-month study of gesture in the wild Sonso chimpanzee community in Budongo, Uganda. Sonso chimpanzees employ a large repertoire of species-typical gestures in intentional communication; a proportion of this repertoire appears to be ape-typical, as would be expected with a biologically given trait. Chimpanzees can acquire new behavioural patterns through imitation; however, this apparently does not represent a significant means of acquiring gestures. Gesturing was employed regularly in an intentional manner from the end of the first year, and was used by chimpanzees of all ages to communicate across a range of contexts, including the evolutionarily urgent context of consortship. Immature chimpanzees used a wide range of gestures, which they combined into rapid sequences. With maturity, use of the repertoire was ‘tuned’ to focus on the most effective gestures, which were then used individually. Despite the evidence for referential pointing in captive chimpanzees, there was little evidence for the regular use of it in wild chimpanzees. Gestures were used to communicate a range of imperative requests that regulated social behaviour. Chimpanzee gestures vary from the ambiguous to the highly specific in meaning; and, while gestures were used flexibly, they tended to be associated with a single dominant meaning.
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Oberski, Iddo M. "Dynamics of grooming and grooming reciprocation in a group of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3463.
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Grooming relationships between adult male chimpanzees are often reciprocal, i.e. individuals receive grooming from those they groom. Grooming may be reciprocated at the same time it is received (mutual grooming), or later within the same grooming session. Alternatively, it can be reciprocated at a much later stage, in another session. An analysis of individual grooming sessions at the dyadic level was used to investigate how chimpanzees reciprocate grooming within these sessions. This study describes the grooming and reciprocation of grooming by male chimpanzees, living in a multi-male, multi-female group at the Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland. A method for the analysis of dyadic grooming relationships was based on the presence or absence of mutual and unilateral grooming in a session, which allows seven types of grooming session to be distinguished. Grooming session was defined empirically, and the duration of the bout criterion interval (BCl) depended on the presence or absence of oestrous females. For comparison, however, the same BCI was used throughout. Without oestrous females, grooming was primarily reciprocated in sessions with mutual grooming and unilateral grooming by both participants. This kind of session proved highly cooperative and each male adjusted the duration of his unilateral grooming to that of mutual grooming, rather than to the duration of unilateral grooming by the other male. Mutual grooming was less important to dyads which had a strong grooming relationship. It is suggested that mutual grooming serves as an indication of the motivation to groom unilaterally. There was no indication that males reciprocated on the basis of TIT-FOR-TAT within these sessions, or between sessions in general. Alternative hypotheses of mutual grooming were only partly confirmed in that some dyads used mutual grooming to reduce the (already very short) time they spent in grooming. However, mutual grooming did not arise from the accidental overlap in the grooming of two partners. In the presence of oestrous females, grooming cooperation between the males broke down, and this was the result of heightened aggression as well as the presence of oestrous females itself. The balance in grooming given and received shifted in the direction of dominants (i.e. dominants received more) under the influence of oestrous females, but in the opposite direction under the influence of aggression. Feeding had no effect on the reciprocity of groormng. There was considerable dyadic variation. Some dyads groomed more when there were oestrous females, others groomed less. Some dyads had proportionally less mutual grooming with increasing numbers of oestrous females, others had more. There were generally no clear patterns of grooming reciprocation over longer time-spans than the session, but the overall degree of reciprocity of a dyad was frequently reached at the end of each day. Tracing the degree of reciprocation over a few weeks indicated that some dyads' grooming was governed by dominance, whereas that of others by cooperation.
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Bashaw, Meredith Joy. "To hunt or not to hunt? : a feeding enrichment experiment with captive wild felids." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28558.
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Hayes, Richard Andrew. "Semiochemicals and social signalling in the wild European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)) /." View thesis View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030424.112701/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 2000.<br>A thesis presented to the University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, December, 2000. Includes bibliographical references.
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Michalak, Piotr. "Context dependent variation in aggression and mating behaviour in the pygmy halfbeak (Dermogenys collettei) : a study of wild population." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-436941.
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To understand animal behaviour, it is important to consider the environment in which it occurs. The environment, consisting of both abiotic factors and social context, is usually highly variable and leads to variation in individual’s and group’s behaviour. To better understand the environmental influences on behaviour of pygmy halfbeaks (Dermogenys collettei), a small live-bearing fish, I viewed videos of shoals of wild halfbeaks in Singapore. I investigated effects of environmental variation (water depth, canopy cover and water vegetation) and social environment (group size and male to female sex ratio) on halfbeaks’ aggression and mating behaviours. I found that environment had little effect and most variation between studied shoals was probably due to social factors. I found some evidence for aggression increase in larger shoals, primarily in males. Sex ratio had different relation with aggression for individual sexes and mating behaviours decreased when sex ratio became more male biased. This study shows that halfbeaks probably modify their behaviour in relation to social environment. I also show that these changes are similar to those described in other species, which strengthens the validity of using halfbeaks to study social interactions.
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Roberts, Anna I. "Emerging language : cognition and gestural communication in wild and language trained chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3091.
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An important element in understanding the evolutionary origin of human language is to explore homologous traits in cognition and communication between primates and humans (Burling, 1993, Hewes, 1973). One proposed modality of language evolution is that of gestural communication, defined as communicative movements of hands without using or touching objects (de Waal, 2003). While homologies between primate calls and language have been relatively well explored, we still have a limited understanding of how cognitive abilities may have shaped the characteristics of primate gestures (Corballis, 2003). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are our closest living relatives and display some complex cognitive skills in various aspects of their gestural behaviour in captivity (de Waal, 2003, Pollick and de Waal, 2007). However, it is not yet currently clear to what extent these abilities seen in captive apes are typical of chimpanzees in general and to what extent cognitive capacities observed in captive chimpanzees have been enhanced by the socio-cultural environment of captivity such as language training. In this Ph.D. research, I investigated the cognitive skills underlying gestural communication in both wild and language trained chimpanzees, with a special focus on the repertoire and the intentionality of production and comprehension. The study of cognitive skills underlying the production of the repertoire and the role of intentionality is important because these skills are cognitively demanding and are a prerequisite in human infants for their ability to acquire language (Baldwin, 1995, Olson, 1993). My research suggests that chimpanzee gestural communication is cognitively complex and may be homologous with the cognitive skills evident in pre-verbal infants on the cusp of language acquisition. Chimpanzees display a multifaceted and complex signal repertoire of manual gestures. These gestures are the prototypes, within which there is variation, and between which the boundaries are not clear-cut, but there is gradation apparent along several morphological components. Both wild and language trained chimpanzees communicate intentionally about their perceived desires and the actions that they want the recipients to undertake. They do not just express their emotions, but they communicate flexibly by adjusting their communicative tactics in response to the comprehension states of the recipient. Whilst chimpanzees communicate their intentions flexibly, the messages conveyed are specific. However, recipients comprehend gestures flexibly in light of the signaller’s overall intentions. Whilst wild and language trained chimpanzee gestural communication revealed similar cognitive characteristics, language trained chimpanzees outperformed wild apes in that they had ability to use signals which made distinctions that human deictic words can make. Whilst these differences between wild and language trained chimpanzees may be due to the different methodological approaches used, it is conceivable that language training may have influenced captive ape cognitive skills in the representational domain. These results from wild and language trained chimpanzees indicate that chimpanzees possess some form of cognitive skills necessary for language development and that cognitive skills underlying repertoire and use in chimpanzees are a shared capacity between humans, other apes and a common ancestor. These findings render theories of the gestural origins of language more plausible. Related publications: 1. Roberts, A. I., Vick, S.-J., Roberts, S. G. B., Buchanan-Smith, H. M. & Zuberbühler, K. 2012. A structure-based repertoire of manual gestures in wild chimpanzees: Statistical analyses of a graded communication system. Evolution and Human Behavior, Published online: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.05.006 2. Roberts, A. I., Vick, S.-J. & Buchanan-Smith, H. 2012. Usage and comprehension of manual gestures in wild chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, Published online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.05.022
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Humle, Tatyana. "Culture and variation in wild chimpanzee behaviour : a study of three communities in West Africa." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2082.
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The concept of culture has recently been used to explain behavioural variation and trans-generational continuity of behaviour in non-human animals and in chimpanzees in particular. However, few studies in the wild have systematically investigated how the environment and behavioural adaptation might influence behavioural diversity. In this context, one habituated community of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Guinea, and two neighbouring non-habituated communities in the Nimba Mountains region of Guinea and Cote d'Ivoire were the subject of a detailed study of behavioural variation at the intra- and inter-community level. An ecologically-based approach was adopted to investigate variation in nest building, in the use of the oil-palm tree (Elaeis guineensis), in ant-dipping and in tool-choice and -manufacturing. A significant influence of environmental variables on nesting parameters emerged explaining much of the variation observed between the three sites. However, some differences that arose are more likely to reflect differences in social structure and organisation. The comparative study of the utilisation of the oil-palm tree failed to reveal proximate environmental parameters that might explain significant observed variations in use. These findings raise interesting and important questions pertaining to diffusion of behaviour between neighbouring chimpanzee communities. Dipping for driver ants, Dorylus spp., is often cited as one of the best examples of culture in chimpanzees. A detailed analysis of this behaviour at Bossou suggests that risk exposure affects frequency of performance in the developing chimpanzee and reveals a strong influence of prey characteristics, including aggressiveness and/or gregariousness , on tool length and technique employed. Variations in tool-choice and tool-manufacturing within and between three tool-use behaviours at Bossoui nvolving the use of a stick or a stalk were found to be significantly associated with the nature of the task and its predictability, emphasising the importance of environmental affordance and constraints on these processes. In addition, efficiency in behaviour across another set of three tool-use behaviours was explored focusing chiefly on age-class differences. An analysis of individual and community-level patterns of laterality in hand-use between these three tool-use behaviours is also provided. The data supply some evidence to support the selective advantages of lateralization in hand-use with respect to behavioural efficiency. The findings also suggest that haptic tasks have played an important evolutionary role in driving population-level handedness, and reveal that although complex tool-uses exhibited high levels of lateralization, these failed to show task specialisation across individuals. Finally, this thesis presents a comprehensive review analysis of individual and community-wide variation across a range of behaviours observed in chimpanzees and identifies paths and hypotheses that warrant further exploration and testing with the aim to gain further insight into cultural processes in nonhuman animals.
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Reid, Clio. "Exploration-avoidance and an anthropogenic toxin (lead Pb) in a wild parrot (kea: Nestor notabilis) : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology and Biodiversity /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/897.
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Jones, Theresa. "Social Network Dynamics and Information Transmission in Wild Black-capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34974.
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Animals exhibit a wide variety of social behaviours that are shaped by the external group social structure. Thus, understanding social behaviours and processes requires examining the individual social associations that form the basis of a group’s social network. The first objective of this thesis was to assess the consistency of social position within wild networks of black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) and to evaluate the effects of individual behavioural traits (exploratory personality and social dominance) on network position. Intra-annual social position was found to be repeatable and centrality increased with dominance rank, suggesting that dominant individuals occupy more central positions. The second objective of this thesis was to evaluate how network position and individual traits influence the transmission of social information through groups; the use of information acquired by other group members is expected to be an important benefit to group living. Social information regarding the location of novel foraging patches was observed to be transmitted through all eight chickadee groups. The rate of information transmission was found to be positively associated with dominance rank, but was not influenced by exploratory personality, indicating that dominant individuals may have greater access to social information than more subordinate individuals. The final aim of this thesis was to assess if social information transmission varied between urban and rural environments, as increased resource variability in more rural sites was expected to lead to higher reliance on social foraging cues. However, no effect of level of urbanisation was detected on the transmission of social information regarding novel food sources, which may indicate a habitat-independent strategy of social information use in chickadees. In general the results from this thesis indicate the importance of dominance status on individuals’ position within a social group, which can lead to differential exposure to social processes, such as social information transmission.
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Carlson, Debra Anne. "Reproductive Biology of the Coyote (Canis latrans): Integration of Behavior and Physiology." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/104.
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Wild Canis species possess a unique suite of reproductive traits including social monogamy, copulatory lock/tie, and biparental care. Females are seasonally monestrous and experience an obligatory pseudopregnancy after spontaneous ovulation. While these characteristics have been ascribed to coyotes, an integrated profile of behavior and physiology has not yet been described. In this study, temporal correlations between steroid hormone levels and socio-sexual mating behaviors were documented, as were changes in vaginal epithelium. Pseudopregnancy was compared to pregnancy by contrasting hormone (progesterone, estradiol, prolactin and relaxin) profiles of unmated females to patterns obtained in alternate years when they bred. Meanwhile, social interactions between pseudopregnant females and their mates appeared similar to pregnant coyotes, suggesting a proximate role of pseudopregnancy in pair-bond enforcement. Finally, out-of-season stimulation of ovarian hormones and estrous behaviors suggested that reproductive seasonality of the coyote may possess some degree of plasticity, providing an adaptive response mechanism to environmental change.
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D'Amore, Danielle M. "Swordtails Gone Wild: How Maternal Environment, the Aquarium Trade, and Artificial Selection Influence Behavior and Invasive Potential in a Popular Pet Fish." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1534248129804892.
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Webber, Catherine Elizabeth. "A comparison of behavioural development of elephant calves in captivity and in the wild : implications for welfare." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27503.
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Compromised welfare and wellbeing of elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus) in captive facilities are significant and global problems. The period between birth and two years old is crucial for calf survival and social and environmental learning. Behaviour and developmental processes among captive elephant calves in these first years were compared with those seen in wild calves. Wild elephants calves develop within a complex, varied social context and provide one reference for normal patterns of development. Such comparisons enable insights into welfare at captive facilities. Eleven captive elephant calves born at three UK facilities were studied from birth to 18 months (AsianN=6; AfricanN=5). Older calves (AsianN=2; AfricanN=2) were also sampled up to 3.5 years; making a total of 15 calves studied from 2009 to 2014. Due to the small sample size, the 11 younger calves were also discussed as individual case studies. By 2017, only two of these case study calves were both alive and not orphaned. Three additional calves (AsianN=1; AfricanN=2) died on their day of birth and were not sampled. This small sample highlights the ongoing lack of self-sustaining populations of captive elephants. This thesis collated systematic behavioural observations on captive calves across 373 days (483.5hrs). Calf maintenance activities (feeding, resting, moving), associations with mother and others, interactions and calf play were compared with behavioural observations of wild AsianN=101 (74hrs, Uda Walawe, Sri Lanka) and wild AfricanN=130 (252hrs, Amboseli, Kenya) calves from ~birth to five yrs. Mothers’ (captive: AsianN=4; AfricanN=4; wild: AsianN=90; AfricanN=105) activities were also recorded to explore synchrony with calves. Captive calves raised by their mothers had similar activity budgets to those seen in the wild. Expected age-related declines in suckling were found in captivity. However, captive calves were more independent than wild calves for their age in distance from mother and spent significantly more time in play. A Decision Tree for whether to breed elephants in captivity was developed; benefits that a calf potentially brings to companions, e.g. multi-generational matrilineal groups, enabling social bonding and reducing abnormal behaviours, were considered against space required for families to grow and divide naturally over time, as well as ensuring that captive-bred males are socially sustained. It was recommended that facilities invest in future enclosure/housing designs which permit: free-access to other elephants; 24hr trickle feeding; juvenile males allowed to stay with their maternal group for longer, encouraging learning opportunities and further retaining age-structure/composition. Conversely, facilities unwilling to house a male or provide appropriate group size/composition are recommended to cease breeding.
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Phan, Jeremy M. "A Comparative Study of Activity Budgets in Two Endangered Leaf Monkey Species (Trachypithecus hatinhensis and T. delacouri) in Semi-wild and Caged Living Conditions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338392893.
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Beisiegel, Beatriz de Mello. "Contribuição ao estudo da história natural do cachorro do mato, Cerdocyon thous, e do cachorro vinagre, Speothos venaticus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-10112004-084412/.
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O objetivo deste projeto foi descrever a ecologia comportamental e a ontogênese do comportamento social de um grupo de Speothos venaticus, o único pequeno canídeo que caça em grupos, em uma área de Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo, o Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho. Os cursos de água da área de estudos foram percorridos em busca de cachorros vinagre, seus indícios ou tocas, foram colocadas iscas para atrair os animais e foi feita tocaia nos locais onde estes foram vistos ou seus indícios encontrados. Devido à dificuldade de localização de um grupo de cachorros vinagre após 17 meses de trabalho no campo, o projeto foi ampliado para incluir o estudo comparativo dos mesmos aspectos em Cerdocyon thous, espécie filogeneticamente próxima a Speothos mas com características ecológicas e comportamentais muito distintas. Esta espécie foi estudada através de rádio-telemetria, análise de fezes e observações ad libitum. A dificuldade de localização de Speothos venaticus no PECB pode ser atribuída à grande extensão da sua área de uso ou a possíveis hábitos nômades. A área de uso do cachorro do mato foi estimada em 382,5 ha pelo MPC e 999,1 ha pelo Kernel Adaptativo. Sua dieta é onívora e varia sazonalmente. Os cachorros do mato no PECB não são estritamente noturnos como em outras áreas onde foram estudados, provavelmente devido à temperatura mais baixa e menor presença humana.<br>The aim of this project was to describe the behavioral ecology and the ontogeny of the social behavior in a group of Speothos venaticus, the only small canid that hunts in groups, in an Atlantic Forest area in the state of São Paulo, the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho. The streams and rivers of the study area were searched for bush dogs or their tracks and for their dens, baits were placed to attract the animals and we waited for their passage in hides near the sites where they were seen before or where their tracks were found. Because of the difficulty to find the bush dogs even after 17 months of field surveys, the aim of the project was broadened to include the comparative study of the same aspects in Cerdocyon thous, a species phylogenetically close to Speothos but with very distinct ecological and behavioral characteristics. This species was studied through radio telemetry, scat analysis and ad libitum observations. The difficulty to find a Speothos venaticus group in the PECB can be attributed to their large home range or possibly to nomadic behavior. The MCP estimate of the crab-eating foxs home range was 382.5 ha and the Adaptive Kernel estimate was 999.1 ha. These animals are omnivore and their diet differed between seasons. Crab eating foxes were not totally nocturnal in PECB, as they are in other areas where they have been studied, probably because of the lower temperatures and less human disturbance at PECB.
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Adekunle, Omotoyosi O. "A CONJOINT ANALYSIS STUDY OF PREFERENCES AND PURCHASING BEHAVIOR OF POTENTIAL ADOPTERS OF THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT WILD HORSES." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/agecon_etds/33.
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This study uses conjoint analysis to examine the preferences of buyers for Bureau of Land Management (BLM) wild horses based on physical attributes of wild horses and individual characteristics of the buyers. Generalized ordered logit models and multinomial logit models are used to study the impact of the buyers’ demographic characteristics such as age, gender, knowledge about wild horse care, and number of wild horses previously adopted on physical attributes of the horses such as color, age, height, training status, temperament, conformation, and unique markings. Using a choice experiment, taken together, these attributes determine buyer’s preferences for a wild horse. This study reveals that characteristics of buyers have significant effects on their preferences for wild horses. Their gender, age, knowledge about wild horse care, and the number of horses previously adopted influence the importance that buyers place on physical attributes of a wild horse in their decision to purchase a wild horse.
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Garner, Joseph P. "The aetiology of stereotypy in caged animals." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670219.
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Faria, Catia. "Animal ethics goes wild: the problem of wild animal suffering and intervention in nature." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385919.
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In this thesis I claim that, on the assumption that we have reasons to assist other
individuals in need, there are decisive reasons to intervene in nature to prevent or reduce
the harms wild animals suffer, provided that it is feasible and that the expected result is
net positive. Moreover, I claim that these reasons are as strong as those we would have
to intervene in order to help human beings that were in similar circumstances. This is
because: (a) all sentient individuals, including nonhuman animals, are morally
considerable, irrespective of their species or other alleged species-specific attributes; (b)
the interests of wild animals are systematically frustrated by different natural events, so
that most of them have lives of net suffering; and (c) the various objections that may be
put forward against intervention in nature ultimately fail to show that our reasons
against intervening are sufficiently strong.<br>En esta tesis sostengo que, bajo la asunción de que tenemos razones para ayudar a otros
individuos en necesidad, tenemos razones decisivas para intervenir en la naturaleza para
prevenir o reducir los daños que los animales salvajes sufren, siempre que ello sea
factible y que el resultado esperado sea netamente positivo. Asimismo, sostengo que
estas razones son tan fuertes como las que tendríamos para intervenir con el fin de
ayudar a seres humanos que se hallaran en circunstancias similares. Ello es porque: (a)
todos los individuos sintientes, incluyendo los animales no humanos, son moralmente
considerables, con independencia de su especie o de otros atributos supuestamente
específicos a la especie; (b) los intereses de los animales salvajes son frustrados
sistemáticamente por diferentes eventos naturales, de manera que la mayoría de ellos
tiene vidas de sufrimiento neto; y (c) las diversas objeciones que pueden formularse
contra la intervención en la naturaleza no logran finalmente mostrar que nuestras
razones en contra de intervenir sean lo suficientemente fuertes.
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Watermeyer, Jessica Patricia. "Anthropogenic threats to resident and dispersing African wild dogs west and south of the Kruger National Park, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005318.
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African wild dog Lycaon pictus populations are declining and the species is listed as Endangered by the IUCN. The Kruger National Park (KNP) is home to the only viable population of wild dogs in South Africa, but census results reveal consistently low numbers since the late 1990s. Wild dogs display wide-ranging behaviour and it is possible that the species might frequently use unprotected lands adjacent to the KNP. However, very little is known about wild dog movements beyond the boundaries of the KNP, and whether or not adjacent land owners are tolerant of the species. Significantly, threats along the boundaries may have negative consequences for the KNP population. This research investigated the dispersal habits of wild dogs beyond the western and southern boundaries of the KNP, and gathered information on human tolerance, and anthropogenic threats in an area of mixed land use. The land west of the KNP presented the best prospect for wild dog range expansion. The wild dog packs operating outside the KNP had smaller home ranges and less home range overlap than the packs operating within the KNP. In addition, my data suggested that the development of conservancies and the formation of ecotourism-based land use practices would be beneficial for wild dog conservation. Failed wild dog dispersals due to snaring and human persecution could threaten the genetic stability and persistence of the KNP population. Therefore, raising awareness and an understanding of the plight of wild dogs is important for improving land owner perception and tolerance outside of protected areas. The rapidly increasing human population continues to infringe on protected lands and fragment landscapes, thus cooperation from individual land owners is vital for the conservation of free-ranging large carnivores.
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Bowman, Reed. "Mate replacement in wild American kestrels." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63131.
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Allard, Stephanie M. "The effect of enrichment structures on the behavior of captive western lowland gorillas (gorill g. gorilla) and public perception." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/36539.
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Pariser, Emma C. "Wild at heart? : differential maternal investment in wild and domesticated zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata)." Thesis, St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/884.
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Hampton, Jordan. "Animal welfare for wild herbivore management." Thesis, Hampton, Jordan (2017) Animal welfare for wild herbivore management. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38031/.
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This thesis describes an approach for scientific assessment of animal welfare relevant to the management of wild herbivores. The research identifies animal welfare risks and uses quantified animal-based measures to examine welfare outcomes. The requirement for evidence-based approaches is emphasised, particularly through transparent, independent assessments. The thesis is presented as a series of case studies assessing a variety of management techniques (lethal and non-lethal) applied to wild Australian herbivores. Case study species include European rabbits, feral horses, free-ranging cattle, and eastern grey kangaroos. Management techniques examined include ground-based and helicopter-based shooting, chemical immobilisation and fertility control.
Quantifying the duration of stress experienced by animals and the frequency of adverse animal welfare events for several management techniques permitted robust welfare assessment and comparison. Analysis of large datasets of animal-based measures allowed identification of explanatory variables (e.g. the skill of shooters) that may influence welfare outcomes. Limitations were identified for approaches currently used to assess welfare impacts, particularly for wildlife fertility control. An improved welfare assessment framework was developed that emphasised consideration of positive welfare states and the importance of natural behaviour. Animal welfare regulation was examined, and limitations were identified for a popular approach in wildlife management, use of procedural documents.
Two key recommendations are made for future studies in this field. Firstly, animal welfare assessment should be evidence-based and outcomes should be quantified using animalbased measures, rather than the eminence-based subjectivity inherent in deeming practices to be either humane or inhumane. Secondly, the duration of stress and frequency of adverse welfare events offer a robust template for quantifying welfare outcomes. This approach does not attempt to quantify intensity of stress (which is not easily measured) but is practical for field studies and could be used to compare techniques, to designate desirable welfare standards, and to facilitate incremental improvements.
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Couzin, Iain D. "Collective animal behaviour." Thesis, University of Bath, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301544.
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I investigate collective behaviour using a wide range of theoretical and experimental approaches. Individual-based (Lagrangian) computer modelling is used extensively to reveal how individual movement and interactions result in group characteristics. This technique is used to gain insight into the structured patterns of movement within human crowds and the development of trail networks by ants. These models reveal the importance of interactions among individuals to density-dependent group behaviour. A simulation of animal groups in three-dimensional space reveals the existence of several robust collective patterns. Simulated groups show similar group-level behaviour and internal structure to natural groups. The model also reveals how differences among individuals influence group structure, and how individuals employing simple, local rules of thumb, can accurately change their relative position within a group (for example, to move to the centre, or to the periphery) without necessitating information regarding their current position within the group. New techniques in computer vision are introduced that can facilitate the automatic analysis of collective motion. This software can simultaneously track and analyse the movement of a large number (hundreds) of organisms. Computer vision is used to reveal the spatio-temporal patterns of activity in ant colonies for the first time. I also show how it can record detailed aspects of individual behaviour, including the movement of, and production of honeydew and offspring by, aphids. This technique is used in a detailed analysis of ant exploratory behaviour, revealing temporal and spatial information about the movement patterns of individual ants, and the relationship between individual behaviour and collective exploration. Simultaneous digital tracking of organisms is a powerful technique that in the future is likely to provide insight into the behaviour of many animal groups.
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Townsend, Simon W. "Intra-sexual competition and vocal counter-strategies in wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii)." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/774.
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Newton-Fisher, Nicholas Edward. "Tactical behaviour and decision making in wild chimpanzees." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/273435.
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The mind of the chimpanzee poses something of a paradox. In captivity, chimpanzees show cognitive abilities which seem only rarely used in the wild. The contention of this thesis is that the added complexity which a fission-fusion social system imposes on a Machiavellian primate requires complex decision-making, and that it is in making these decisions that wild chimpanzees use their cognitive abilities. The extent of social complexity in the relationships between male chimpanzees was investigated in an unprovisioned community in the Budongo Forest, Uganda. Statistical modelling and the construction of mutually exclusive hypotheses were used to determine the extent of tactical behaviour and decision-making in the social lives of these animals. Male chimpanzees were found to live in a highly dynamic social milieu, showing complex patterns of associations which appeared to be tactical. Chimpanzee males changed their associates frequently every day, and it is argued that each change represents a decision. In pursuit of association strategies, each decision is tactical, and requires cognitive representations of strategic goals and the relationships between individuals. Individual males appeared to deliberately select their association partners. Over time, the tendency a dyad had to associate changed, as individuals sought to alter their relationships, in pursuit of association, and broader social, strategies. Two such association strategies were distinguished; one in which individuals maintained an even level of association with other males, another where males concentrated on associating with only a few others. Individuals switched from one strategy to another as their social status changed, although both strategies could lead to increased status. A preference for higher status males as nearest neighbours lead to competition for proximity partners, and individuals, particularly the middle to high status males, appeared to use proximity tactically. In choosing between grooming partners, male chimpanzees appeared to to select the individual with whom they had the stronger association relationship. This implied a cognitive comparison of the value of each relationship. Male ranging patterns were examined, and the majority of time was spent within small core areas which were both partially overlapping and distinct. Each male?s core area had a similar habitat composition, and overlap between core areas was positively related to dyadic association tendencies. It is hypothesised that these core areas function to enable the location of individuals to be predicted by other members of the community. The cognitive demands of decision-making by wild chimpanzees is discussed in relation to the demonstrated abilities of captive individuals, as are the implications for an understanding of the evolution of the chimpanzee mind.
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Costa, Inês Duarte Alves da. "Clínica e comportamento de animais selvagens." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/17680.
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O presente relatório refere-se ao estágio curricular realizado no âmbito do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Évora, com o título de Clínica e Comportamento de Animais Selvagens, realizado no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres e no Centro de Medicina e Pesquisa de Animais Selvagens.
O relatório está dividido em duas partes. Na primeira é descrita a casuística assistida durante o estágio, enquanto que a segunda é dedicada a uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a criação de órfãos selvagens com expectativa de retorno à natureza, com posterior referência a alguns dos casos acompanhados.
Apesar de difícil, é possível manter um órfão selvagem vivo em cativeiro. No entanto, se não forem prestados os devidos cuidados, a cria irá adquirir comportamentos e vínculos não apropriados. Existe recentemente uma maior preocupação para a implementação de novos procedimentos, permitindo que os animais desenvolvam comportamentos típicos e possam ser libertado; Abstract:
Wild Animals’ Clinic and Behaviour
This dissertation will discuss my placement year as part of my master’s degree in Veterinary Medicine in Universidade de Évora. It will report the training I have gained from working in Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres and Centro de Medicina e Pesquisa de Animais Selvagens, whilst reflecting on Wild Animals’ Clinic and Behaviour.
This document is divided in two main parts. The first one focuses on the activities I have witnessed and the second one consists on a literature review on the recovery of wild orphans who are intended to return to nature, with reference to some of the cases followed.
Although it might be difficult, it is possible to keep a wild orphan alive in captivity. However, proper care must be delivered to prevent them from creating bounds and behaviours that could compromisse their release. New procedures should be regularly implemented in order to allow these animals to continue an ordinary life.
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Stoddart, Ruth (Ruth Ellen). "Activity and aggression in captive blue-winged teal (Anas discors)." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63293.
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Hannah, Alison Campbell. "Rehabilitation of captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/12549.
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The behaviour of 48 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) was studied over 27 months in Liberia, West Africa. The chimpanzees were first studied while they were housed in groups in enclosures in a medical research institute, and then after their release onto a 9.7 ha offshore island. When the chimpanzees were observed in captivity, data on social behaviour were collected with the use of check sheets and ad libitum notes. Data were collected on aggression, social grooming, social play, sexual behaviour, and individual spacing. After release onto the island, data on both social and subsistence behaviour were collected with the use of ad libitum notes. Both changes in social behaviour and in the development of subsistence behaviour were observed following release of the chimpanzees onto the island. Rates of aggression decreased following release, whereas rates of social grooming increased. Rates of social play decreased overall, but this was due to a decrease in social play by adults. Stereotyped or abnormal behaviour shown by some subjects declined. Subsistence behaviours which were observed following release were foraging for naturally occurring foods (leaves, fruits, seeds, and nuts), ant-eating, and tool-use for nut-cracking. Some subjects were also seen building sleeping-nests in trees. The chimpanzees also split into subgroups (including consortships) which showed similar trends in size and composition to those observed in wild populations of chimpanzees. Some techniques found to be useful during the release process are discussed, and the study is compared to previous primate release projects.
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Van, Der Meer Ester. "Is the grass greener on the other side? : testing the ecological trap hypothesis for African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in and around Hwange National Park." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10095/document.
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Lorsque des animaux montrent un choix préférentiel pour un habitat à effet puits, on dit alors qu’ils sont capturés par un piège écologique. La sélection de l’habitat est bénéfique dans les systèmes classiques de type source-puits, puisque les animaux vivant dans des habitats de haute qualité (natalité>mortalité), choisissent de migrer vers des habitats de faible qualité (natalité<br>When animals show a preferential choice for sink habitat they are said to have been caught in an ecological trap. Habitat choice behaviour is beneficial in classic source-sink systems, as animals living in high quality habitat (natality>mortality) only choose to migrate into low quality habitat (natality
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McCusker, Sarah. "Effects of three practical diets on feeding behavior, nutritional status, rumen health, and growth of captive mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2009/s_mccusker_110209.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in natural resource sciences)--Washington State University, December 2009.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed on Jan. 21, 2010). "Department of Natural Resource Sciences." Includes bibliographical references.
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Rabin, Lawrence Aaron. "The effects of wind turbines on California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) behavior : successfully integrating conservation and animal behavior research /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Ferreira, Gabriela Cortellini. "Enriquecimento ambiental aplicado ao bem-estar de Aratinga leucophthalma." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153849.
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Previous issue date: 2018-03-09<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Atualmente, os animais selvagens estão tendo seus hábitats destruídos, e com isso, várias espécies estão se extinguindo. O primeiro zoológico público foi fundado no século XVIII, onde os animais expostos eram apreendidos em circos e outros eventos. Em 1826 foi fundado o primeiro zoológico com objetivo de ser uma instituição científica para estudo, porém com a falta de verba foi aberto para visitação. O primeiro zoológico com preocupação de bem-estar dos animais foi fundado em 1900, e somente no século XX houve uma mudança do enfoque da função dos zoológicos, que passaram a desenvolver atividades e funções voltadas para a conservação da fauna. Hoje os zoológicos tem papel importante para reserva genética, desenvolvimento de pesquisas e educação ambiental. A adaptação dos animais em cativeiro é fundamental para que não apresentem problemas de saúde e bem-estar, o que reflete em seu comportamento normal. Desde 1967 um conjunto de “estados” ideias, denominado “cinco liberdades” dos animais deve ser respeitado. O tráfico de animais silvestre no Brasil fica atrás somente do tráfico de narcóticos e armas, sendo em sua maioria, o tráfico de aves, devido à beleza de suas plumagens, canto, inteligência, docilidade e habilidade de imitar a voz humana. O Brasil possui a maior diversidade de Psitacidae do mundo, sendo a Aratinga leucophthalma uma espécie representante dessa ordem, com porte médio e plumagem predominante verde e reluzente, que faz com que seja muito visada para criação. A compreensão dos seus comportamentos naturais e padrões sociais têm implicações para a prevenção e tratamento de vários comportamentos indesejáveis, que podem surgir quando mantidas em cativeiro, como arrancamento de penas e automutilação, gritos, agressividade e fobias. E nesse momento é que o enriquecimento ambiental desempenha o seu papel, sendo a chave para uma manutenção equilibrada, permitindo que a ave satisfaça suas necessidades e manifeste seu potencial. O enriquecimento ambiental é um processo dinâmico no qual, mudanças na estrutura e implantações de práticas de manejo com estratégias temporais, físicas, sociais e sensoriais visam oferecer uma série de estímulos que possam aumentar o conforto e a capacidade de adaptação do animal ao cativeiro. As medidas de enriquecimento ambiental para psitacídeos visam providenciar às aves a simulação de hábitos e comportamentos normais, focando em três aspectos essenciais: procura de alimento; alteração no espaço e exercícios e interação social.<br>Today, wild animals are having their habitats destroyed, and with that, several species are becoming extinct. The first public zoo was founded in the 18th century, where exposed animals were seized in circuses and other events. In 1826 the first zoo was founded with the objective of being a scientific institution for study, but with the lack of money was opened for visitation. The first zoo with concern for animal welfare was founded in 1900, and it was only in the twentieth century that there was a shift in focus from the function of zoos to activities and functions aimed at wildlife conservation. Today, zoos play an important role in gene pooling, research development and environmental education. The adaptation of captive animals is essential so that they do not present problems of health and well-being, which reflects in their normal behavior. Since 1967 a set of "states" ideas, called "five freedoms" of animals must be respected. The trafficking of wild animals in Brazil is behind only narcotics and arms trafficking, most of which are the traffic of birds, due to the beauty of their plumage, singing, intelligence, docility and the ability to imitate the human voice. Brazil has the greatest diversity of Psitacidae in the world, being the Aratinga leucophthalma a representative species of this order, with medium size and predominant green and gleaming plumage, which makes it very targeted for breeding. Understanding their natural behaviors and social patterns have implications for the prevention and treatment of various undesirable behaviors that may arise when held in captivity, such as feathering and self-mutilation, shouting, aggression, and phobias. And at that time, environmental enrichment plays its part, being the key to balanced maintenance, allowing the bird to meet its needs and manifest its potential. Environmental enrichment is a dynamic process in which changes in the structure and implantation of management practices with temporal, physical, social and sensorial strategies aim to offer a series of stimuli that can increase the comfort and adaptability of the animal to captivity. Environmental enrichment measures for psittacines aim to provide birds with the simulation of normal habits and behaviors, focusing on three essential aspects: food demand; alteration in space and exercises and social interaction.
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Hawtree, Laura Joy. "Wild animals in Roman epic." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3469.
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Roman epic authors extended, reinvented and created new wild animal representations that stood apart from traditional Greek epic renderings. The treatment of wild animals in seven Roman epics (Virgil’s Aeneid, Lucan’s Civil War, Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Statius’ Thebaid and Achilleid, Valerius’ Argonautica and Silius’ Punica) forms the basis of this thesis, but the extensive study of other relevant works such as Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey and Apollonius’ Argonautica allows greater insight into traditional Greek renderings and throws Roman developments into starker contrast. Initial stages of research involved collection and detailed examination of almost 900 epic references to wild animals. The findings from this preliminary research were analysed in the context of Pliny’s Natural History, Aristotle’s Historia Animalium, and other ancient works that reveal the Greeks’ and Romans’ views of wild animals. The accumulation of such a range of evidence made it possible for patterns of development to become evident. This thesis focuses on the epic representation of animals and considers a number of questions: 1) How Roman epic authors represented animals’ emotions and employed creatures’ thought processes. 2) How Roman epic authors examined the difference between wild and tame animals and manipulated the differences and similarities between humans and animals and culture and nature. 3) How wild animals were aligned with scientific and cultural beliefs that were particular to Roman society. 4) How animals were employed to signify foreign countries and how some epic animals came to be symbolic of nations. 5) How Roman epic authors represented particular aspects of animal behaviours with fresh insight, sometimes ignoring traditional representations and historiographic sources.
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Kalafut, Kathryn Lynn Rosales-Ruiz Jesús. "The captive animal activity tracking system a systematic method for the continuous evaluation of captive animal welfare /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc12137.
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Brunton, Clair. "Neophobia and feeding behaviour of wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333320.
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Tisdall, Carol. "Aggression among captive mallards and black ducks during the breeding season." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23302.
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The behaviour of captive mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and black ducks (Anas rubripes) was studied from the end of March to mid-June in 1991 and 1992 to determine the extent of interspecific aggression exhibited and the effect of sympatry and allopatry on interactions between the two species.<br>Mallards were more aggressive than black ducks regardless of sex and origin, though both species were equally attacked in both years, male ducks were more aggressive and more attacked than female ducks regardless of species and origin in both years, and ducks of sympatric origin were more aggressive than ducks of allopatric origin in 1991 regardless of sex and species while the opposite was true in 1992.<br>Site attachment was observed in 7 of 9 experiments performed in 1992. In the experiments involving site attachment, almost all of the activity centered around the feeding stations, not around the nesting platforms.