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Nili, Nafisseh. "Limitations to amino acid biosynthesis de novo in ruminal strains of Prevotella and Butyrivibrio". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn712.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 226-261. Investigates nitrogen utilization in some species of rumen bacteria with the object of understanding the role of ammonia versus exogenous amino acids in relation to microbial growth.
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Zhang, Yongfang. "Amino acid metabolism and requirement in teleost during their early life stages and implications in fish formulated diets". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1199374737.
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Hess, Bret William. "Increasing postruminal amino acid supply to cattle consuming forages /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9812955.
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Tanner, Sara L. "EVALUATING DIETARY AMINO ACID ADEQUACY IN HORSES USING ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES". UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/38.
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Little is known about amino acid (AA) requirements in horses despite muscle mass accretion being of importance to an athletic species. Isotope methods for determining AA requirements and whole-body protein synthesis (WBPS) had not been previously used in growing horses. The first study herein was the first to apply isotope methods to determine WBPS in growing horses. In the study, weanling colts received two different levels of crude protein. Whole-body protein kinetics indicated that WBPS was greater when the weanlings were fed the diet with a greater crude protein content (P<0.05). The second study sought to determine a lysine requirement for yearling horses using the indicator AA oxidation (IAAO) method. Despite using six dietary levels of lysine; three above and three below the current recommendation, no breakpoint could be determined. Phenylalanine kinetics were not affected by lysine level (P>0.05), but plasma lysine increased linearly with lysine intake (P<0.0001). After comparing dietary AA intakes with current AA requirement recommendations, threonine was a candidate for the limiting AA in the diets used in the first two studies. The objective of the next two studies was to determine if threonine supplementation would increase WBPS. Weanling colts fed a grass forage and commercial concentrate were supplemented with threonine in one study, while adult mares fed a high fiber diet and low threonine concentrate were supplemented with threonine in the other study. In neither case were whole-body protein kinetics affected by threonine supplementation (P>0.05). However, multiple plasma AA concentrations were affected by supplementation (P<0.05) in both studies, suggesting that supplementation of a single AA can affect the metabolism of other AAs. The final study conducted was aimed at improving the IAAO method for use in horses. Intravenous isotope infusion was compared to a less invasive oral infusion. Both infusion methods produced stable plateaus and by calculation, the splanchnic extraction of phenylalanine was found to be 27%. Additional research is needed to determine AA requirements for horses. These studies add insight into equine AA requirements and metabolism and the confirmation of the oral isotope infusion method will allow future experiments to be less invasive.
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Mueller, Andrew L. "The ability of empirical equations based on dilution rate to predict microbial efficiency and amino acid flow post ruminally /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3144444.
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Kendall, Dustin Clay. "Opportunities and limitations for low-protein diet formulation in swine /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3164518.
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Scholljegerdes, Eric J. "Amino acid and fatty acid nutrition of beef cattle consuming high-forage diets". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2005. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=888865061&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Ludden, Paul Anthony. "Amino acid and energy interrelationships in growing beef cattle /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842550.
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Nolte, Joubert van Eeden. "Essential amino acid requirements for growth in woolled sheep". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1666.
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Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.This project consisted of five studies. The objectives were to determine the essential amino acid (AA) requirements of growing woolled lambs (Merino and Dohne Merino) and the essential AA profile of duodenal digesta pre-dominantly derived from microbial protein. The limiting essential AA`s in high rumen degradable protein (RDP) diets to growing lambs, where microbial protein is the primary source of AA`s, were also identified. The first study determined the essential AA profile of duodenal protein on a high rumen degradable diet and evaluated the impact of dietary RDP concentration and source [true RDP vs. non-protein nitrogen (NPN)] on the AA composition of supplied in the duodenum. The first trial in this study evaluated the effects of increasing true RDP levels on the essential AA composition of duodenal protein primarily derived from rumen microbes. The lambs had free access to wheat straw and fresh water. The daily RDP supplements were administered in two equal doses into the rumens through rumen cannulas at 07:00 and 19:00. Duodenal digesta was extracted with 6h intervals through T-type cannulas, inserted proximally to the common bile duct. Sampling time was advanced 2h every day to obtain duodenal samples on every even hour of a 24h period after three days. As expected, deficient RDP limited the supply of essential AA`s in the iv duodenum. When the true RDP supplements increased, the duodenal flow of essential AA`s also increased concomitantly, but appeared to level off at the higher RDP levels. Despite the positive quantitative effects of true RDP supplementation on AA supply to the duodenum, the AA profile in the duodenum was unaltered. Consequently, the essential AA profile of duodenal protein of sheep receiving high RDP diets, where microbial protein is the primary source of AA`s in the duodenum, is relatively constant and insensitive to dietary RDP concentration. In the second trial the effects of RDP source (true RDP vs. NPN) on the essential AA profile of duodenal protein on high RDP diets were evaluated by substituting increasing amounts of urea for true RDP in isonitrogenous teatments. Higher NPN increments reduced the daily supply of essential AA`s in the duodenum. In corroboration of the first trial, the AA profile of the duodenal protein was very constant, irrespective of the RDP source. Since microbial protein is the major source of duodenal AA`s on high RDP diets, this study supports the view that microbial protein has a relatively constant AA profile, but microbial protein yield varies according to several rate limiting factors in the rumen. A constant microbial AA profile allows accurate estimates of microbial essential AA supply in the small intestine if microbial protein production and fluid and particulate outflow rates from the rumen can be accurately predicted. This allows the development of more accurate undegradable protein (UDP) supplementation strategies, based on the essential AA requirements of animals. In the second study growing male Merino and Dohne Merino lambs were slaughtered at different weights and body condition scores. The digesta was removed from the stomachs and intestines and every organ or body part were weighed to determine the whole empty body (WEB) composition. The WEB was partitioned into the carcass, internall offal (stomachs, intestines, organs and blood) and external offal (head, feet, skin and wool). No differences were apparent in the proportional weight distribution of similar body components of the same breed at different ages. In a comparison between breeds, the proportional weight contributions of the carcasses from both breeds to the WEB weight were remarkably similar at both slaughtering stages. The Dohne Merino lambs had proportionally larger internal offals and smaller external offals than the Merino lambs at both slaughters. Unless the essential amino acid compositions of the internal and external offals were identical to the carcass, the dissimilarities in weight and protein allocation to these two components within the WEB`s of Merino and Dohne Merino lambs imply a distinct WEB essential AA composition for each breed. The apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), energy, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), fat and ash did not differ between Merino and Dohne Merino lambs. Energy retention was also similar for the two breeds, but the Merino lambs retained considerably more N than the Dohne Merino lambs. This may also impact on the respective amino acid requirements of the lambs. Since the Merino lambs utilise N more efficiently, they may have potentially lower essential amino acid requirements to achieve a similar growth rate. The WEB essential AA compositions of growing Merino and Dohne Merino lambs were determined in the third study. Based on the ideal protein concept, the WEB essential AA profile was accepted as representative of the AA requirements for growth. The use of a single body part as a representation of the WEB AA profile was also evaluated. Differences in the proportional weight and protein contribution of the three body components (carcass, internal offal and external offal) of the two breeds strongly suggested that the WEB AA composition of the breeds would differ, because of likely differences in the AA profiles of these components. The essential AA profiles of the carcasses from the two breeds were surprisingly similar. However, the essential AA compositions of the internal offal and external offal differed substantially from each other, as well as from the carcass. In addition, the internal offal and external offals of each breed had characteristic essential AA profiles. Inevitably, the WEB essential AA profiles of Merino and Dohne Merino lambs differed considerably. Only the leucine and phenylalanine concentrations in the WEB`s of Merino and Dohne Merino lambs did not differ. Significant differences in the concentrations of eight essential AA`s implied that the two breeds have different AA requirements for growth. The different AA compositions of the internal and external offal within each breed also illustrated that the use of a single body component, like the carcass, as a predictor of WEB essential AA composition contains considerable inaccuracies. The essential AA index indicated that the duodenal protein, primarily derived from rumen microbes, provided approximately 81 % of the qualitative AA requirements of growing lambs. During periods of sufficient availability of very low-quality forage, as the diet in this study simulated, microbial protein is not able to support maximum growth. The first two limiting AA`s (histidine and methionine) could not even support daily growth rates of 100 g/d. This is very low and stresses the need for effective undegradable AA supplementation under these conditions. Chemical scores identified histidine as the first limiting AA in high RDP diets (predominantly microbial protein), followed by methionine, leucine, arginine and phenylalanine. However, the requirements for histidine and arginine are frequently over estimated and these AA`s should actually be considered semi-essential, which could render methionine, leucine and phenylalanine the first three limiting AA`s to growing lambs receiving high RDP diets. Because of the limitations of static measurement systems for the determination of AA requirements, a more comprehensive evaluation method was introduced for determination of the limiting AA`s in duodenal protein of lambs on high RDP diets, in the fourth study. The fourth study focused on the identification of limiting AA`s to growing lambs being limit-fed a high RDP diet. The diet consisted primarily of soybean hulls, for its’ low rumen UDP content. Microbial protein production was calculated as 13 % of total digestible nutrient intake and complementary AA supplements prepared to simulate the WEB AA profile, determined in the previous study, in the small intestine. To eliminate the influence of the rumen on the AA supplements, the latter were infused into the abomasums via flexible tubing. Each essential AA was in turn removed from the control treatment (simulating the WEB composition) and the effect on N retention measured. When methionine or the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA`s) were removed from the infusate, N retention of the lambs was reduced. Consequently, methionine and at least one of the BCAA`s limited growth performance of young lambs when microbial protein was the predominant source of AA`s. The concomitant increased plasma concentrations of total AA`s when methionine or the BCAA`s were removed from the infusate corroborates the effects on N retention, since it indicates that AA utilisation was reduced when these AA imbalances were introduced. Amino acid imbalances had no effect on apparent DM, organic matter (OM) or NDF digestion, but N digestibility was reduced. The final study verified whether the BCAA’s were co-limiting the growth of lambs, or if any single BCAA was responsible for the limitation. Again the WEB AA profile of growing lambs was simulated in the small intestine via abomasal infusions to lambs receiving a soybean hull-based diet. Leucine, isoleucine and valine were individually or simultaneously removed from the infusate and the impact on N retention measured. On an individual basis valine had the largest negative impact on the efficiency of N utilisation. However, the simultaneous removal of the BCAA`s resulted in the lowest N retention, suggesting that valine might be limiting, but the three BCAA`s are more likely to be co-limiting in diets to growing lambs where microbial protein is the primary source of AA`s. Once again, neither DM, OM or NDF digestibility were affected by the AA imbalances. Nitrogen digestibility was, however, negatively affected by AA imbalances. This project succeeded in establishing the essential AA profile of duodenal protein in sheep receiving high RDP diets. The WEB essential AA compositions of growing lambs from two prominent sheep breeds in South Afica were then determined and the duodenal essential AA profile evaluated against the calculated AA requirements. Finally, the AA`s that limit growth in diets where microbial protein is the predominant source thereof were identified. These results contribute to the current knowledge of AA requirements in growing lambs, and highlight areas for future research, as discussed in the General Conclusion.
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Kamalakar, Rajesh Babu Chiba Lee I. "Effect of the degree and duration of early dietary amino acid restrictions on growth performance, carcass traits, and serum metabolites of pigs, and physical and sensory characteristics of pork". Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/FALL/Animal_Sciences/Thesis/Kamalakar_Rajesh_17.pdf.
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Greenhalgh, Shiva. "The Effects of Reduced Protein Diets on Growth Performance and Amino Acid Utilisation in Broiler Chickens". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29810.
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Protein requirements for broiler chickens can largely be met with the supplementation of non-bound amino acids (crystalline or synthetic), offering a more economical feasible alternative to soybean meal with the potential to reduce its inclusion by as much as 40%. However, current reduced-crude protein (CP) diets present do have drawbacks which have impacted its acceptance within the poultry industry. A key drawback is the limitation to which protein bound amino acids can be reduced and replaced with non-bound amino acids before it compromises bird performance, including weight gain, feed conversion ratios and carcass quality. For reduced-CP diets, feed grain is most pertinent to bird performance based on the differences in starch digestion rates, protein content and amino acid profiles. Maize is more conducive to reduced-CP diets compared to wheat-based diets, although increased fat-deposition is markedly a shortfall of maize and sorghum-based diets. The factors influencing these differences stem from their compositional differences, namely their rate of starch digestibility, levels of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and protein. These have a flow on effect on starch and protein digestive dynamics and bird performance. Wheat has higher CP levels compared to maize which results in higher inclusions of unbound amino acids in wheat-based diets. The higher unbound amino acid levels in wheat-based, reduced CP diets may increase plasma ammonia levels following deamination of unbalanced, surplus amino acids. Various nutritional strategies were implemented to mitigate these known drawbacks. The inclusion of L-carnitine was found to be ineffective in mitigating fat deposition but may aid against ammonia overload through its antioxidative properties. Promise was observed in capping starch:protein ratios particularly in maize-based diets.
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Erasmus, Morné. "Amino acid requirements of feedlot cattle according to the duodenal and whole empty body essential amino acid profile". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52085.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the essential amino acid requirements of beef cattle under feedlot conditions through evaluation of the duodenal and whole empty body essential amino acid compositions. To define the ideal protein required for growth, the whole empty body essential amino acid compositions of 8 beef steers (Simmental and Hereford crosses) was investigated. The amino acid composition of the components (carcass, metabolic organs and residual fraction), was pooled relative to their respective mass and protein contribution, resulting in the calculated whole empty body amino acid composition: arginine 6.81; histidine 2.69; isoleucine 4.02; leucine 6.96; lysine 7.43; methionine 2.01; phenylalanine 4.03; threonine 4.01; valine 5.30; tryptophan 0.82. Variations in profiles were found between scientific reports, either indicating that ratios change with growth and implants or possibly through genotype. The present study's body amino acid ratios were used to estimate dietary amino acid requirements through evaluation of the duodenal essential amino acid compositions from three different maize based feedlot diets. Although there was a general increase in the biological value of protein after rumen fermentation, the duodenal essential amino acids in comparison with the whole empty body recorded deficient/unbalanced profiles of essential amino acids for growth. The chemical scores suggested that the first-to-thirdlimiting amino acids in the duodenal digesta of beef cattle, that received three different commercially available feedlot diets, were: histidine, lysine, methionine/arginine (Diet 1), histidine, arginine, lysine (Diet 2) and arginine, methionine, histidine (Diet 3). Thedisproportionate duodenal amino acid concentrations obtained from the three diets, emphasise the necessity to enhance the intestinal delivery of amino acid profiles through different undegradable protein sources, with the objective to maximise protein utilisation and obtain the genetic potential for optimal growth in feedlot cattle. When amino acid requirements and flows to the duodenum were simulated using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein system (CNCPS), predictions indicated that lysine amino acid flow was limiting the metabolizable allowable average daily gain in Diet 1 and 3. Predicted profiles indicated that the order of limitation was: lysine, arginine, histidine (Diet 1), lysine, arginine, histidine, methionine (Diet 2) and lysine, arginine, histidine (Diet 3). The predicted profiles were in accordance with observed duodenal values, except for methionine that was observed limiting in Diet 1 and 3; however, the sequence and extent of limitation varied. Results indicate that prediction models have potential in predicting requirements; however there are still limitations for use to accurately define requirements for particular EAA's. From the present study, it is clear that the protein accretion was constrained by quantity and/or disproportionality of amino acids available for absorption. Further research should therefore be directed towards obtaining a more desirable array of amino acids to the lower digestive tract that is digestible, absorbable and an economically viable option for the feedlot operator.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aminosuurbehoeftes van Voerkraalbeeste Volgens die Duodenale en Totale Lee Liggaam Essensiele Aminosuur Profiel: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die essensiele aminosuur vereistes van vleisbeeste onder voerkraal toestande te bepaal deur die evaluering van die duodenale en totale lee liggaam essensiele aminosuursamesteilings. Om die idea Ie proteiene wat vir groei benodig word te definieer, is 'n ondersoek ingestel na die totale lee liggaam essensiele aminosuursamesteilings van 8 vleisbees osse (Simmetailer en Hereford kruise). Die aminosuursamesteiling van die komponente (karkas, metaboliese organe en residuele fraksie), se massa en proteien bydrae is gebruik om die totale lee liggaam aminosuursamestelling 5005 volg te bereken: arginien 6.81; histidien 2.69; isoleusien 4.02; leusien 6.96; lisien 7.43; metionien 2.01; fenielalanien 4.03; treonien 4.01; valien 5.3; triptofaan 0.82. Variasies in profiele tussen wetenskaplike verslae is gevind. Dit dui daarop dat groei en inplantings of moontlik genotipe 'n invloed op profiele kan he. Die huidige studie se liggaam aminosuurverhoudings is gebruik om die dieet aminosuurbehoeftes te skat deur evaluering van die duodenale essensiele aminosuursamesteilings van drie verskiilende mielie-gebaseerde voerkraal diete. Alhoewel daar 'n algemene toe name in die biologiese waarde van die proteien na rumen fermentasie was, het die duodenale essensiele aminosure in vergelyking met die totale lee liggaam, ongebalanseerde profiele van essensiele aminosure vir groei getoon. Die chemiese teilings toon aan dat die eerste-tot-derde-beperkende aminosure in die duodenale inhoud van vleisbeeste wat drie verskillende kommersieel beskikbare voerkraal diete ontvang het, soos volg is: histidien, lisien, metionieniarginien (Dieet 1), histidien, arginien, lisien (Dieet 2) en arginien, metionien, histidien (Dieet 3). Die ongebalanseerde aminosuur konsentrasies wat in die duodenum van die drie dlete verkry is, beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid om die intestinale lewering van aminosuurprofiele te verbeter deur verskillende nie-degradeerbare proteien bronne te voer. Die doelwit moet wees om proteien verbruik te optimaliseer en daardeur die genetiese potensiaal vir optimale groei in voerkraalbeeste te bereik. Met die simulering van aminosuurbehoeftes en vloei na die duodenum van die drie standaard voerkraal diete met behulp van die "Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System" (CNCPS), het voorspellings gewys dat lisien aminosuurvloei die metaboliseerbare toelaatbare gemiddelde daaglikse toename in Dieet 1 en 3 beperk het. Voorspelde profiele wys dat die volgorde van beperking soos volg sou wees: lisien, arginien, histidien (Dieet 1), lisien, arginien, histidien, metionien (Dieet 2)' en lisien arginien, histidien (Dieet 3). Die voorspelde profiele was in ooreenstemming met die waargeneemde duodenale waardes, behalwe vir metionien wat beperkend was in Dieet 1 en 3; die volgorde en mate van beperking was egter verskillend. Resultate wys dat voorspellingsmodelle die potensiaal het om behoeftes te voorspel. Vir die akkurate definisie van behoeftes vir spesifieke essensiele aminosuure is daar egter nog beperkinge. Uit die huidige studie, is dit duidelik dat protetenneerleqqinq deur die hoeveelheid en/of oneweredigheid van geabsorbeerde aminosure beperk is. Verdere navorsing moet dus fokus op die verkryging van In meer geskikte profiel van aminosure wat verteerbaar, opneembaar en 'n ekonomiese lewensvatbare opsie vir die voerkraalbestuurder is.
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Huang, Huajin Kim. "Amino acid digestibility and performance of broiler chickens /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18475.pdf.
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Legleiter, Leon R. "Responses to rumen undegradable protein as a source of essential amino acids in feedlot cattle /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418043.
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Delaere, Ian. "The chemistry of Vivia sativa L. selection". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd332.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 151-166. This thesis describes the development of two novel and complementary analytical approaches for assaying cyanoalanine non-protein amino acids. These assays are used to determine the distribution of these compounds both within and between plants and to identify accessions of common vetch which contain low levels of the cyanoalanine non-protein amino acids in germplasm collections. These analytical tools are used to correlate toxicity observed in animal feeding experiments with the cyanoalanine content. This thesis covers also the first report of the use of diffuse reflectance using dispersive infrared spectrometry for the "in situ" quantification of specific organic components from plant tissue as well as the first use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the quantitative analysis of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) derivatised and non-derivatised components of extracts from plant material.
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McGill, Elizabeth Ruth Firman Jeffre D. "Effects of low crude protein diets with amino acid supplementation on broiler performance in the starter period". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6457.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 18, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Jeffre Firman. Includes bibliographical references.
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Liu, Haijun. "Effect of reducing dietary protein level and adding amino acids on performance, carcass characteristics, and nitrogen excretion of finishing pigs /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9999303.
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Rack, Amanda L. "The effect of genotype, choice-feeding and season on organically-reared broilers fed diets devoid of synthetic methionine". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5707.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 50 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-50).
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Guaiume, Elisângela Aparecida. "Effects of reduced protein, amino acid supplemented diets on production and economic performance of commercial broilers fed from hatch to market age". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4814.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 13, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Cafe, Linda Maree. "The growth and compositional response of the hindlimb of the sheep to amino acid infusion /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17258.pdf.
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Stinefelt, Beth M. "Uric acid as an antioxidant and the effect of changes in plasma uric acid concentrations on broiler susceptibility to ascites and the effect of diet and strain on growth, feed efficiency, and amino acid retention in hybrid bluegill /". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3021.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 88 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wheelhouse, Nicholas Mark. "The effect of amino acids on growth hormone action in ovine hepatocytes". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1999. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=185765.
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Many of the anabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) are indirect, occurring through GH-stimulated production of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) by the liver. As well as being GH regulated, plasma IGF-I concentrations have been demonstrated to be dependent upon protein nutrition, with low protein diets being associated with reduced plasma IGF-I concentrations. This effect cannot be reversed by GH, suggesting that liver sensitivity to GH is impaired. To investigate the mechanisms through which protein supply affects GH sensitivity, primary cultures of ovine hepatocytes were grown in defined media. In a first experiment the media contained various fractions (0.2, 1.0, 5.0) of portal vein amino acid concentrations in fed sheep. In the second 24h incubation period, unstimulated IGF-I secretion was highly sensitive the concentration of amino acids in the media, with significantly greater release of basal IGF-I in 5x compared to either 1x (P<0.05) or 0.2x amino acid containing media. In a second series of experiments the effects of specific amino acid depletions was examined. Methionine depletion of 0.2x portal amino acid concentrations ablated the GH response second 24h of culture without affecting basal IGF-I release. By comparison 3H-leucine incorporation into secreted protein, following 20 hours of culture in defined media was significantly reduced in 0.2x aa (P<0.01) and 1.0x aa (P<0.05) media compared with 5.0x aa media, however secretory protein synthesis was unaffected by methionine depletion to 0.2x portal concentrations. The results suggest that amino acid availability regulates both basal and GH stimulated IGF-I release in ovine hepatocytes. Furthermore reducing methionine concentrations in the culture media to 0.2x portal concentrations diminishes GH response without compromising protein secretion.
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Van, Zyl Liana. "The essential amino acid requirements of springbok, blesbok and impala for optimal growth". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52524.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Regardless of the extensive game eradication during most of the previous century, the game farming industry in South Africa has shown dynamic growth over the past few decades. Currently the approximately 8 000 game farms have a total income of more than R850 million per annum. Although there are various game species included in these farming enterprises, three of the most important species for commercial farming and meat marketing are springbok iAntidorcas marsupialisï, blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsiï and impala (Aepyceros melampus). Since nutrition is a key factor in the productivity of animals, any information on this subject is essential for the successful management of a game farm. However, apart from the general lack in applied research on game animals (due to the different approaches by biologists and agricultural researchers), there is also only limited information available on the nutritional requirements of game species or any of the aspects affected by nutrition. In order to address the above shortcomings in game animal nutrition, two separate studies were conducted. The purpose of the first study was to determine the physical body component and nitrogen (N) distribution in the springbok, blesbok and impala. The chemical composition of the three-rib cut was also compared with that of the carcass. Amino acid requirements for growth of the three game species were investigated in the second study according to the ideal protein concept. The essential amino acid (EAA) profile of the whole empty body of the three game species was compared with the EAA profile of the duodenal digesta in order to detect any imbalances for optimal growth. The same animals were used in both studies, namely eight of each of the three game species. Characterization of the physical body composition revealed that the dressing percentages (% of body weight; % of empty body weight) for the three game species were: springbok (57.1 ± 2.4 %; 64.0 ± 2.5 %), blesbok (50.2 ± 2.1 %; 62.8 ± 1.4 %) and impala (57.4 ± 2.2 %; 65.6 ± 2.0 %). The proportional distribution ofN between the carcass, external offal and internal offal was also determined. The mean carcass N concentration of the impala was higher (P<0.05) than that of the springbok and blesbok on a dry matter basis. According to the carcass chemical composition, the three game species seem to have a better potential for lean meat production (fat content of carcass 4.7-5.2 %) than domestic sheep (17-25 % fat). Male animals had a lower (P<0.05) fat and higher (P<0.05) moisture percentage in the carcass and threerib cut than the females. The fat correlation between the three-rib cut and the carcass on both an as-is and dry matter basis was significant across species and sexes. The protein content of the same cuts did, however, not yield a significant correlation on an as-is basis, and only the protein content of the springbok three-rib cut related (P<0.05) to that in the carcass on a dry matter basis. The second study concentrated on the nutritional requirements of springbok, blesbok and impala, and more specifically the EAA requirements. Differences (P<0.05) were found between the whole empty body EAA composition of the three game species. These differences were present whether protein quantity was included in the calculations (g AA/100 g crude protein) or not (expressed as % of lysine). The chemical scores indicated that the four most limiting amino acids (three for impala) in the duodenal digesta for whole empty body growth were: arginine, histidine, threonine and methionine (springbok); methionine, arginine, histidine and lysine (blesbok); and methionine, histidine and arginine (impala). Further disproportion of the amino acids in the duodenal digesta was present in excess levels of isoleucine (blesbok) and lysine, valine, leucine, threonine, isoleucine and phenylalanine (impala). The EAA:Lysine ratios of the whole empty body indicated a similar trend for the three game species.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die essensiële aminosuurbenodighede van springbok, blesbok en rooibok vir optimale groei: Ten spyte van die feit dat wild grootskaals uitgedun is gedurende die vorige eeu, het die wildboerdery-bedryf in Suid-Afrika oor die laaste paar dekades dinamiese groei getoon. Die totale inkomste van die ongeveer 8000 wildsplase beloop tans meer as R850 miljoen per jaar. Alhoewel daar verskeie wildspesies is wat by hierdie tipe boerdery ingesluit word, is die springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) en rooibok (Aepyceros melampus) van die belangrikste spesies vir kommersiële boerdery en vleisbemarking. Voeding IS 'n sleutelfaktor in die produktiwitieit van diere en daarom is emge inligting oor hierdie onderwerp noodsaaklik vir die suksesvolle bestuur van 'n wildsplaas. Afgesien van die algemene tekort aan toegepaste navorsing op wilde diere (as gevolg van die verskillende benaderings van bioloë en landboukundige navorsers), is daar ook slegs beperkte inligting beskikbaar oor die voedingsbehoeftes van wilde dierspesies of enige van die faktore wat deur voeding beïnvloed word. In 'n poging om bogenoemde tekortkominge in die voeding van wilde diere aan te spreek, is daar twee aparte studies uitgevoer. Die doel van die eerste studie was om die fisiese liggaamsamestelling en die stikstof (N) verspreiding in die springbok, blesbok en rooibok te bepaal. Die chemiese samestelling van die drie-ribsnit is ook met die van die karkas vergelyk. In die tweede studie is ondersoek ingestel na die aminosuurbehoeftes van die drie wildspesies deur van die ideale proteïen konsep gebruik te maak. Die bepaling van die essensiële aminosuurprofiel van die totale leë liggaam van die onderskeie drie wildspesies is bepaal en met die essensiële aminosuurprofiel van die duodenale-inhoud vergelyk, ten einde enige wanbalans vir optimale groei vas te stel. Dieselfde diere is in beide studies gebruik, naamlik ag springbokke, blesbokke en rooibokke. 'n Beskrywing van die fisiese liggaamsamestelling het aangetoon dat die uitslagpersentasies (% van liggaamsmassa; % van leë liggaamsmassa) van die drie wildspesies as volg was: springbok (57.1 ± 2.4 %; 64.0 ± 2.5 %), blesbok (50.2 ± 2.1 %; 62.8 ± 1.4 %) en rooibok (57.4 ± 2.2 %; 65.6 ± 2.0 %). Die proporsionele verspreiding van N in die karkas, uitwendige afval en inwendige afval is ook bepaal. Die gemiddelde N konsentrasie in die karkas van die rooibok was hoër (P<0.05) as die van die springbok en blesbok op 'n droë materiaal basis. Dit blyk vanaf die chemiese samestelling van die karkas dat die drie wildspesies 'n groter potensiaal het vir die produksie van maer vleis (vet-inhoud van karkas 4.7-5.2 %) as skape (17-25 % vet). Manlike diere het 'n laer (P<0.05) vetpersentasie en 'n hoër (P<0.05) vogpersentasie in beide die karkas en die drie-ribsnit teenoor die vroulike diere gehad. 'n Betekenisvolle korrelasie is tussen die persentasie vet in die drie-ribsnit en die karkas van al drie wildspesies en vir beide geslagte gevind, op beide 'n nat en droë materiaal basis. Die proteïeninhoud van dieselfde snitte was egter nie op 'n nat basis betekenisvol gekorreleerd nie, en slegs die proteïen-inhoud van die springbok se drieribsnit het verband gehou (P<0.05) met die in die karkas op 'n droë materiaal basis. Die klem van die tweede studie was op die voedingsbehoeftes van springbok, blesbok en rooibok, en meer spesifiek die essensiële aminosuurbenodighede. Daar is verskille (P<0.05) tussen die totale leë liggaam essensiële aminosuursamestelling van die drie wildspesies gevind. Hierdie verskille was aanwesig afgesien daarvan of die hoeveelheid proteïen in berekening gebring is (g aminosure /100 g ruproteïen) of nie (uitgedruk as % van lisien). Volgens die chemiese tellings was die vier mees beperkende aminosure (drie vir rooibok) in die duodenale-inhoud vir totale leë liggaamsgroei as volg: arginien, histidien, treonien en metionien (springbok); metionien, arginien, histidien en lisien (blesbok); en metionien, histidien en arginien (rooibok). Verdere wanbalanse in die armnosure van die duodenale-inhoud was aanwesig in die oormaat isoleusien (blesbok) en lisien, valien, leusien, treonien, isoleusien en fenielalanien (rooibok). Die verhouding van die essensiële aminosure tot lisien van die totale leë liggaam het by al drie wildspesies dieselfde tendens getoon.
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Lancaster, Phillip A. "Distillers dried grains with solubles as a protein and fat source for beef cattle /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422939.
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Wojno, Michal. "Improved diet utilization of intensively cultured fish to address environmental sustainability - amino acid requirement in carp (Cyprinus carpio)". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1408726386.
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Mule, Hazarath Reddy Chiba Lee I. "The effect of early dietary amino acid restrictions on serum metabolites in pigs selected for lean growth efficiency". Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1259.
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Tebbe, Alexander W. "Effects of Dietary Protein and Amino Acids and Their Labile Stores in Dairy Cows". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594142379004042.
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GHIRINGHELLI, MATTEO. "PARENTERAL NUTRITION AND BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDS: AN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EVALUATION". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/549117.
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Parenteral nutrition (PN) offers the possibility to increase or to ensure nutrient intake, providing
nutrients in sufficient doses to meet the veterinary and human patient’s daily requirements. PN is a
complex admixture based on amino acids, dextrose, lipids. Safety issues related to parenteral nutrition
formulations have led to the development of guidelines for safe practices. The development of new
formulation and the evaluation of the already used solution is the main research in PN practice.
International guidelines are quite vague regarding the optimal doses of amino acid to administer to
malnourished patients affected by liver desease. A decreased ratio of branched-chain amino acids
(BCAA) to aromatic amino acids (AAA) is considered an important pathogenetic factor in hepatic
disease. The PN solution are composed by different compound, where the BCAAs are always
presents. Long-term oral supplementation with branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) as adjuvant
during liver injuries, both in humans and animals, is still not totally clear. Aim of the present study
was to determine how amino acids in PN and BCAAs on an in vitro study can preserve liver damage
and function. First purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of partial parenteral nutrition (PPN)
in dogs, using two different solutions: 11 dogs treated with a normal amino acidic concentration
(Medium/Low Protein Level group, Freamine concentration ≤ 25%;1,9-2,2 gr/kg/die amino
acids/proteins) as control group and 9 dogs with high-amino acid percentage (High Protein Level
group, Freamine > 25%; 3,6-6 gr/kg/die amino acids/proteins) as cases. The evaluation of the two
differents solutions is based on the liver damage during the therapy. Results reveal a not statistically
significatives differencies for liver damage between High Protein Level group and Medium/Low
Protein Level group. It means that an a hight amount of amino acids in PN could not affect and
overload the hepatic metabolism, despite carrying out their more advantage effects on body lean mass.
The second purpose and study, which is the most importan for us, was to evaluate two differents in
vitro models selected: A) hepatic rabbit cells plated in 2D monolayer and B) rabbit hepatic cells
cultured onto 3D scaffolds, obtained from decellularized rabbit liver. Both A and B cells were treated
with BCAAs. All cells adhered and proliferated, once plated. Moreover, the presence of hepatic
progenitors (HPCs), were detected by immuno staining assay and mRNA expression. However, A
cells were shown to produce albumin and FVII but quickly entered G0 and arrested growth by day
15. In contrast, cells in B, actively replicated and recellularized ECM rabbit liver, mimicking the
original organ cyto-architecture, until day 21. Interestingly, under defined conditions, BCAA
supplementation promoted vigorous growth of cell organoid and increased hepatocyte albumin and
FVII production and expression. A selective amplification of self-renewing bi-potent HPCs was also
observed. These results highlight the role of BCAAs in long term supplementation and support the
use of 3D cultures as reliable in vitro models. In conclusion, these finding suggest that an high amino
acidic diet with a high BCAAs/AAA ratio coud be a valid therapeutic option in cachectic patients or
patient with severe livere diseases.
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Selaledi, Lesego Gaborone Amos. "The influence of different energy, lysine and methionine levels on layer performance". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53128.
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Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study conducted was aiming on evaluating the influence of different levels of energy and amino acids, mainly lysine and methionine, on production performance of the layer bird. There were three treatments, namely the Control diet, a high energy, lysine and methionine diet (High spec.) and a low energy, lysine and methionine diet (Low spec.). The energy levels were 11.2 MJ/kg, 11.5 MJ/kg and 10.9 MJ/kg respectively. Lysine levels were 0.67%, 0.73% and 0.63% whereas methionine levels were 0.36%, 0.38% and 0.34% respectively. The experimental design was 3 x 4 factorial, which is 3 treatments with 4 replicates each. Results showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between treatments in egg production, egg mass, egg output, bodyweight and mortality. Feed intakes of the High spec. diet were significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control diet and the Low spec. diet.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studiestuk handeloor die evaluering van die invloed wat die verskillende vlakke van die energie en aminosure, veraiiisien en methionine op die produksie van 'n lê hoender het. Daar was gebruik gemaak van drie behandelings, naamlik die kontrole dieet, 'n hoë energie, lisien en methionien dieet (Hoë spesifikasie), en 'n lae energie, lisien en methionien dieet (Lae spesifikasie). Die energievlakke was 11.2 MJ/kg, 11.5 MJ/kg en 10.9 MJ/kg onderskeidelik. Lisienvlakke was 0.67%, 0.73% en 0.63% waarby methionienvlakke was 0.36%, 0.38% and 0.34% onderskeidelik. Die eksperimentele ontwerp was 3 x 4 fakulteitsfunksies: 3 behandelings met 4 replikas elk. Die resultate het geen noemenswaardige verskille (P>0.05) tussen die behandelinge in eierproduksie, eiergewig, eier-uitset, liggaamsgewig en mortaliteite nie. Die voerinnames van die hoë spesifikasie dieet was aansienlik laer (P<0.05) as die van die kontrole en lae spesifikasie dieet.
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QUARESMA, D?bora Vaccari. "Exig?ncia de metionina + cistina digest?veis para frangos de corte de menor potencial gen?tico". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/1829.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine methionine + cystine requirements. The treatments were determined from the basal diet, which was supplemented with increasing values of 99% DL-methionine as a replacement for corn starch. The following values were studied: 0.531; 0.648; 0.765, 0.882, and 0.999% of digestible methionine + cystine for the growth stage and 0.493, 0.600, 0.707, 0.814, and 0.921% of digestible methionine + cystine for the final stage. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replicates of 28 chickens per experimental unit, in a total of 560 chickens in experiment 1 and 24 chickens per experimental unit, in a total of 480 chickens in experiment 2. The responses were studied by means of regression analysis, and the estimates of nutritional requirements were determined, when possible, through the study of the quadratic model. Methionine + cystine requirements were estimated at 0.915% for greater weight gain and 0.990% for better feed conversion in the period from 29 to 56 days of age and at 0.815% for greater weight gain and 0.777% for better feed conversion in the period between 57 and 84 days of age. The results of this experiment showed that there are high nutritional requirements for broilers with lower genetic potential, when expressed as a percentage. This is partly due to lower daily consumption when compared with chickens with higher genetic potential. Given the high economic worth of this product on the market, suitable values can be 0.915% methionine + cystine in the period from 28 to 56 days of age and 0.815% methionine + cystine in the period between 57 and 84 days of age. The ratio methionine + digestible cystine/lysine for maximum performance are 83.49% in the period from 28 to 56 days and 74.36% in the period from 57 to 84 days.
Foram realizados dois experimentos para a determina??o da exig?ncia de metionina + cistina digest?vel, sendo os tratamentos estabelecidos a partir da ra??o basal que foi suplementada com valores crescentes de DL- metionina 99% em substitui??o ao ingrediente amido de milho. Foram estudados os valores de 0,531; 0,648; 0,765; 0,882 e 0,999% de metionina + cistina digest?vel para a fase de crescimento e de 0,493; 0,600; 0,707; 0,814 e 0,921% de metionina + cistina digest?vel para a fase final. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repeti??es de 28 aves por unidade experimental, totalizando 560 aves no experimento 1 e 24 aves por unidade experimenta, totalizando 480 aves no experimento 2. As respostas foram estudadas por meio de an?lise de regress?o, sendo as estimativas de exig?ncias nutricionais estabelecidas, quando poss?vel, atrav?s do estudo do modelo quadr?tico. As exig?ncias de metionina + cistina digest?vel foram estimadas em 0,915% para maior ganho de peso e 0,990% para melhor convers?o alimentar no per?odo de 29 a 56 dias de idade e em 0,815% para melhor ganho de peso e 0,777% para melhor convers?o alimentar no per?odo de 57 a 84 dias de idade. Os resultados do presente experimento evidenciam que as exig?ncias nutricionais de frangos de corte de menor potencial gen?tico, quando expressas em porcentual, s?o elevadas, em parte devido ao menor consumo di?rio quando comparado aos frangos de maior potencial gen?tico. Devido ? grande valoriza??o econ?mica deste produto no mercado podem ser recomendados os valores de 0,915% de metionina + cistina no per?odo de 28 a 56 dias de idade e de 0,815% de metionina + cistina no per?odo de 57 a 84 dias de idade. As rela??es metionina + cistina/lisina digest?vel para m?ximo desempenho s?o de 83,49% no per?odo de 28 a 56 dias e 74,36% no per?odo de 57 a 84 dias.
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Sitorski, Leonardo Gomes. "The Effects of Metabolizable Protein Intake and Post-Ruminal Flow of Amino Acids on Growth Performance and Pancreatic Digestive Enzymes in Steers". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29229.
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Excessive dietary protein may affect MP use because of energetic costs of excreting excess N. Amino acids also may influence post-ruminal digestion. Therefore, two experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of MP intake and post-ruminal flow of AA on growth performance and pancreatic digestive enzymes. In experiment 1, treatments supplied different amounts of MP intake to cattle and the effects on growth performance and feeding behavior were evaluated. In experiment 2, duodenal infusion of glutamate or casein was examined and the effects on pancreatic enzymes were measured. Experiment 1 suggests that feeding steers 906 g MP/d in finishing diets supplied enough MP for the greatest growth performance and carcass characteristics. Interestingly, MP intake caused different responses on feeding behavior with greater effects on steers fed 626 and 1444 g MP/d. In experiment 2, casein infusion increased α-amylase activity but not trypsin activity. Glutamate did not influence pancreatic digestive enzymes.
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Jurgens, Andre Hendrik. "Feedlot performance and essential amino acid growth requirements of Dorper lambs". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52846.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Dorper is numerically the second most abundent of all the sheep breeds in South Africa. It is the most numerous sheep breed in the dry arid areas of South Africa which make out a very big portion of the natural grazing in South Africa. In this study the feedlot performance was specifically investigated since so little research has been done in this regard. In the first study (Chapter 1), the production efficiency, body components and commercial yield of 13 Dorper and 12 Merino lambs were investigated. A pelleted diet was fed ad lib and the water intake per day was measured. Lambs were slaughtered at 30kg and at 40kg live weight and cut up according to the South African commercial cuts. The weights of the organs, head, feet, skin and carcass were also recorded. Results from the first study showed that Dorpers had a lower (P<0.05) water efficiency (285.97 mVkgO75/day) than the Merinos (240.07 mVkg075/day), but had a higher (P<0.05) nitrogen retention. The head, feet, skin, heart, lungs, kidneys and diaphragm of Merino lambs were heavier (P<0.05). Merinos had heavier (P<0.05) breast and shank and thick rib (only at 40kg live weight) cuts. But the Dorper had a significantly heavier hindquarter (buttock and loin) which is the high-priced cut of any carcass. It seems that the Dorper will do well under feedlot conditions, and would possibly make a better commercial meat producer than the Merino under all circumstances. In the second study (Chapter 2), the free-ranging Dorper on natural grazing were compared with 7 Dorper lambs in the feedlot study. The essential amino acids in the duodenal contents were compared. The free-ranging Dorpers were randomly slaughtered at 40 kg live weight and a duodenal sample was collected. The feedlot Dorpers were also slaughtered at 40 kg live weight and a duodenal sample was taken. The second study indicated no significant differences between the EAA composition of the duodenal samples, whether protein quantity was taken into account (gAA/100g crude protein (CP)) or not (expressed as % of lysine). The chemical scores indicated that the two most limiting amino acids in the duodenal digesta for whole empty body growth were: arginine and histidine. Excess levels of amino acids tend to be present in all three duodenal digesta samples (isoleucine, leucine, lusine, methionine, phenylalaline, threonine and valine). The whole empty body EAA composition (g AA/100 g crude protein) was as follows 7.10 arginine; 2.40 histidine; 3.31 isoleucine; 7.22 leucine; 6.61 lysine; 1.62 methionine; 3.91 phenylalanine; 3.77 threonine and 4.85 valine. The composition can serve as an example of the ideal EAA requirements for whole empty body growth between 30 and 40 kg live weight of Dorper ram lambs. The duodenal amino acid concentrations of the free-ranging Dorper compared well with those of the feedlot Dorpers which suggests that the microbial organisms have a big influence on the amino acid concentration which reaches the intestines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die voerkraal prestasie en essentiele aminosuur behoeftes van groeiende Dorper lammers: The Dorper is getalgewys die tweede mees talryke skaapras in Suid-Afrika. Dit is die mees talryke skaapras wat in die drce woestynagtige gebiede van Suid-Afrika aangetref word. Die gebiede beslaan die grootste oppervlakte van Suid-Afrika se natuurlike weiveld. In die studie is voerkraal prestasie van die Dorper nagevors, spesifiek omdat daar so min navorsing op hierdie gebied gedoen is. In die eerste studie (Hoofstuk 1) is die produksie doeltreffendheid, liggaams komponente en kornrnersiele produksie van 13 Dorper- en 12 Merino lammers ondersoek. 'n Verpilde rantsoen is ad lib gevoer en die water inname per dag is ook gekontroleer. Die lammers is geslag op 30 en 40 kg lewende gewig en die karkasse is daarna opgesny volgens die Suid-Afrikaanse kornmersiele karkassnitte. Die resultate van die eerste studie het getoon dat Dorpers 'n laer water potentiaal (P<0.05) (285 97 mflkgO 75/dag) as die Merinos (240.07 mVkg075/dag) het. Dorper lammers het ook 'n hoer (P<0.05) stikstof retensie. Die kop, vel, pote, hart, longe, niere en diafragma van Merino lammers was swaarder (P<0.05). Merinos se brisket en dikrib snitte weeg ook swaarder (P<0.05). Die Dorper het 'n beduidende swaarder agterkwart (len de en boud) gehad, wat die duurste snit is van enige karkas. Die Dorper het baie goed gedoen in die voerkraal toestande en sal waarskynlik onder aile omstandighede 'n hcer vleisproduksie op die Merino lewer. In die tweede studie (Hoofstuk 2), is die vryweiende Dopers op natuurlike weiding vergelyk met die Dorpers in 'n voerkraal. Die twee groepe Dorpers se essensiele aminosuur samestelling in hul dunderms is bepaal en vergelyk om te bepaal of daar enige tekorte teenwoordig is. Die Dorpers in die veld en in die voerkraal is op 40 kg lewende gewig geslag en monsters van die dunderm inhoud is gekollekteer. Die monsters is ontleed om te bepaal of daar enige betekenisvolle verskille in die essensiele aminosure van die dunderm inhoud tussen die veld Dorpers en voerkraal Dorpers was. Die tweede studie het geen betekenisvolle verskille getoon tussen die dunderm monsters se essensiele aminosure, of die hoeveelheid proteien (gAA/100g) in aanmerking geneem is of nie (uitgedruk as % lisien). Die chemiese telling dui aan dat die twee mees beperkende aminosure in die dunderm inhoud vir lee liggaam groei arginien en histidien was. Oormaat vlakke van aminosure kom voor in al drie dunderm inhoud monsters (isoleusien, leusien, lisien, metionien, femielalanien, treonien en valien). Die totale lee liggaam essensiele aminosuursamestelling (g aminosuur/100g ruprotein) was soos volg: 7.10 arginien; 2.40 histidien; 3.31 isoleusien; 7.22 leusien; 6.61 lisien; 1.62 metionien; 3.91 fenielalanien; 3.77 treonien en 4.85 valien. Hierdie aminosuursamestelling kan as 'n aanduiding dien vir die ideale aminosuurbehoeftes van Dorper ram lammers vir totale lee liggaamsgroei vanaf 30 tot 40 kg lewende massa. Die dunderm aminosuur konsentrasie van die Dorper in die veld stem goed ooreen met die van die voerkraal Dorper. Dit toon waarskynlik dat die mikrobe organismes in die rumen In groot invloed het op die aminosuur samestelling wat die dunderm bereik.
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Schroeder, Guillermo Fernando. "Effect of energy supply on amino acid utilization by growing steers". Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/216.
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Swinkels, Johannes W. G. M. "Availability of zinc from an amino acid chelate in Zn depleted pigs". Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-171604/.
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Van, Niekerk Natasha. "The interaction between dietary crude protein and amino acid levels in weaner pigs in an antibiotic-free environment with or without Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/75060.
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The interaction between dietary crude protein and amino acid levels in weaner pigs in an antibiotic-free environment with or without Bacillus amyloliquefaciens supplementation
Natasha van Niekerk
High crude protein (CP) diets cause a myriad of digestive problems in weaner pigs due to incomplete digestion. This is caused by an immature digestive system at weaning. These problems present themselves as increased diarrhoea and reduced growth performance in weaner pigs. Many of the negative consequences could in the past be rectified through the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). However, AGPs are becoming more closely scrutinised by the general public and government officials and it is therefore imperative that alternative feed additives and dietary strategies are explored so that weaner pig performance is not impaired in the face of AGP bans.
The effect of a 3% dietary CP reduction and 10% elevation of lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and valine and/or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was investigated in weaner pigs of 28 days old. The experiment was performed on 162 pigs with six dietary treatments; comprising of two CP levels (21% or 18% in the pre-starter diets and 18% or 15% in the starter diets), two amino acid levels (recommended amino acid level or elevated by 10%) and with or without the supplementation of a probiotic additive (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens). The total trial period was 42 days, divided into a pre-starter phase and starter phase, both of 21 days each. Growth performance and faecal score was measured for the entire trial period. In addition, after 21 days of the trial, 54 pigs were humanely euthanised to determine the gut health effects of the dietary treatments.
Crude protein level resulted in significant effects on body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed ratio (G: F) in both the pre-starter and starter phase. The pigs consuming the HP diets had increased (p <0.05) BW at day 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, and higher ADG (p <0.01) between days 7-14 and 7-21. In addition, high CP diets resulted in increased (p <0.05) G: F in the periods 7-14, 7-21, 21-42 and 7-42. This was due to the negative impact incurred as a result of deficiencies in certain essential AA and the standard ileal digestible (SID) Lys to CP ratio (SID Lys: CP) of 6.9% being exceeded when CP was reduced, and supplemental AA increased. The reduction in CP resulted in improved faecal scores. The supplementation of the probiotic did not result in any significant effects on performance but did exert a positive synergistic effect with the low CP diet on gut health, as observed through improved faecal score.
Ileal villi height was significantly increased in high CP diets, possibly indicative of increased nutrient availability in the high CP diets. Crypt depth was also increased in the high CP diets, indicative of increased cell proliferation. There were no significant dietary effects on the pH and ammonia content of caecal digesta, or the presence and enumeration of Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in ileal and caecal digesta. Interestingly, the supplementation of the probiotic increased the relative liver weights of the pre-starter pigs.
Results of the study suggest that in order for the strategy of reducing CP in weaner pig diets to be successful, no deficiencies in essential or non-essential amino acids should be present. In addition, low CP diets in conjunction with a probiotic can improve faecal scores of weaner pigs, providing an effective solution to replacing AGPs.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MSc (Agric) Animal Nutrition
Unrestricted
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Palma, Bendezu Hilda Cristina. "Modelos para estimar consumo e exigências nutricionais para poedeiras comerciais /". Jaboticabal, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136394.
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Orientador: Euclides Braga MalheirosCoorientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura
Coorientador: Robert Mervyn Gous
Banca: Nei André Arruda Barbosa
Banca: MelinaAparecida Bonato
Banca: Luciano Hauschild
Banca: Edney Pereira da Silva
Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar um modelo para calcular as ingestões de aminoácidos e energia para a fase de maturação sexual e produção de ovos. As exigências de energia, aminoácidos e consumo de ração foram calculados pelo método fatorial, considerando na fase de maturação sexual a quantidade de nutrientes requerida para mantença e a quantidade de nutrientes necessários para crescimento e deposição de nutrientes corporais em cada componente do corpo (ovário, oviduto, corpo livre de penas e penas); na fase de produção foram considerados a quantidade de nutrientes exigida para mantença e a quantidade de nutrientes exigida para a produção de ovos com base no potencial de postura das aves. Foram realizados três ensaios. Os dois primeiros ensaios foram realizados na fase da maturação sexual (de 16 a 28 semanas), no ensaio foram utilizadas 96 aves da linhagem Isa Brown para descrever o crescimento dos órgãos reprodutivos. Duas vezes por semana foram abatidas quatro aves e foi registrado o peso da ave com e sem pena, o peso do ovário e oviduto, adicionalmente se tomara amostra de cada uma destas para posterior analises no laboratório. Nesta mesma fase foi realizado um segundo experimento para avaliar os resultados do consumo predito. Foram utilizadas 76 frangas de 15 a 24 semanas de idade da linagem Hy-Line e ISA-Brown e foi mensurado o consumo diário antes do primeiro ovo. No ensaio da fase de produção (18 a 60 semanas), foram utilizadas 60 aves da linhagem Isa Brown e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The aim of this study was to develop a model to calculate the feed intake and the nutrient requirement for pre-laying and laying phase. energy and amino acids intake were calculated by the factorial method, taking into account the nutrients required for maintenance and growth of each body component (ovary, oviduct, feather-free body and feathers) in the pre-laying phase and in laying phase were considered the amount of nutrients required for maintenance and for egg production. Two trials were carried out in the sexual maturation phase (16-28 weeks), 96 Isa Brown laying hens were used to describe the growth of the reproductive organs. Twice a week, four birds were slaughtered and measured the body weight with and without feather and the weight of the reproductive organs (ovary and oviduct), additionally samples were taken to analysis in the laboratory (dry matter, gross energy and crude protein). A second experiment in the same phase, it was conducted to evaluate the results of predicted feed intake. Seventy six Hy-Line and ISA-Brown pullets from 15 to 24 weeks of age were used to measure daily feed intake before the first egg. In the laying phase (18-60 weeks), sixty laying birds of Isa Brown and Hy-line were used to register the egg production, egg weight and the weight of the egg components (yolk, albumen and shell). The growth parameters of reproductive organs were estimated by Gompertz equation in the pre-laying phase, and based on this information were predicted feed int... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Brake, Derek William. "Effects of duodenal amino acid infusion on small intestinal starch digestion in cattle". Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15071.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Evan C. Titgemeyer
Previous data suggest that greater amounts of postruminal protein increase small intestinal starch digestion in cattle. Duodenally and ileally cannulated steers were used in 5 studies to measure responses in small intestinal starch digestion to amino acids (AA) or casein. Flows of starch to the ileum from the diet were small. Small intestinal starch digestibility was 34.0% when raw cornstarch was continuously infused into the duodenum. Infusion of casein linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) small intestinal starch digestibility, and small intestinal starch digestion adapted to infusion of casein in 6 d. Ethanol-soluble starch and unpolymerized glucose flowing to the ileum increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05) with increasing infusion of casein. Plasma cholecystokinin was not affected by casein infusion, but circulating levels of glucose increased linearly (P ≤ 0.05). In another study, 5 steers were fed a low-starch diet and provided continuous duodenal infusion of raw cornstarch in combination with AA or casein in order to measure response of small intestinal starch digestion. Duodenal infusion of casein increased (P ≤ 0.05) small intestinal starch digestion. When a mixture of AA with a profile similar to casein (CASAA) was infused, small intestinal starch digestion was similar (P = 0.30) to casein infusion. Infusion of only non-essential AA tended to increase (P = 0.14) small intestinal starch digestion relative to control; however, infusion of essential AA alone did not affect (P = 0.84) small intestinal starch digestion. Additionally, infusion of casein or essential AA increased ileal flows of ethanol-soluble starch, but non-essential AA alone were not different than the negative control. Duodenal infusion of Glu increased (P ≤ 0.05) small intestinal starch digestion, whereas a mixture of Phe, Trp, and Met (PTM) did not. Neither Glu nor PTM increased ileal flow of ethanol-soluble starch, but Glu and PTM provided together tended (P = 0.07) to increase ileal flows of ethanol-soluble starch. Our data suggest that Glu alone can increase small intestinal starch digestion in cattle similar to casein, but increases in small intestinal starch digestion in response to Glu are not associated with an increase in ileal flows of ethanol-soluble starch.
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Nguyen, Thi Kim Dong. "Evaluation of agro-Industrial by-products as protein sources for duck production in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam /". SLU, Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200581.pdf.
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Dairiki, Jony Koji. "Exigência em aminoácidos e farelo de soja na nutrição de juvenis de dourado Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-14042009-094707/.
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Poucos são os trabalhos relacionados com a determinação das exigências nutricionais por aminoácidos de espécies nativas brasileiras, dentre as quais se destaca o dourado, Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), o maior peixe de escamas da Bacia do Prata, espécie reofílica e ictiófaga que chama atenção pelo excelente sabor da carne e pela beleza de seu tegumento. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar a exigência em aminoácidos e o uso de fonte de proteína de origem vegetal - farelo de soja (FS) - na nutrição do dourado. A exigência em lisina foi determinada em ensaio dose-resposta e os dados coletados foram analisados por meio de regressão polinomial e segmentada. Foi utilizada a relação A/E=[(aminoácido essencial÷total de aminoácidos essenciais+cistina+tirosina)x1.000], para estimar as exigências nutricionais dos demais aminoácidos essenciais. As unidades experimentais (UE) foram constituídas por lotes de 12 juvenis de dourado (11,4±0,2g; 9,4±0,9cm) condicionados a aceitar ração seca (43%PB e 4.600kcal EB), alojados em caixas de polipropileno com capacidade de 300L, com troca parcial de água num sistema fechado de recirculação e aeração. Os tratamentos correspondiam aos níveis crescentes de lisina: 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5% na dieta num delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado - DIA (n=4). A exigência dietética em lisina para peso final (PF), ganho de peso (GP) e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) foi de 2,15% da dieta ou 5% da proteína dietética; 2,5% de lisina 5,8% da proteína dietética, resultou no melhor índice de conversão alimentar (CA). A exigência por arginina foi determinada em ensaio dose-resposta utilizando a relação A/E e perfil de aminoácidos corporais de dourado. As UE foram constituídas por lotes de 12 juvenis de dourado (27,0±0,8g; 12,6±0,7cm) e os tratamentos correspondiam aos níveis crescentes de arginina: 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5 e 3,0% na dieta (DIA; n=4). A exigência dietética em arginina para PF, GP, consumo de ração e TCE foi de 1,48% da dieta ou 3,43% da proteína dietética. O valor 1,40% de arginina dietética ou 3,25% de arginina na proteína acarretou a melhor CA. O uso da regressão segmentada foi o mais apropriado para determinação da exigência dietética de lisina e arginina. A relação A/E foi uma ferramenta confiável para estimar níveis de exigência em aminoácidos essenciais. Para determinar efeitos do uso do farelo de soja em dietas para a espécie, grupos de 12 juvenis de dourado (27,0±0,8g; 12,6±0,7cm) foram submetidos a um ensaio de desempenho alimentados com dietas formuladas com base nos seguintes ingredientes: farinha de peixe+aminoácidos sintéticos (FP), farelo de soja+aminoácidos sintéticos (FS) e mistura farinha de peixe+farelo de soja+aminoácidos sintéticos (MIX) (DIA; n=4). A excreção indireta de nitrogênio e fósforo dos animais foi avaliada por meio do monitoramento dos parâmetros de qualidade de água nos aquários utilizando lotes de 20 juvenis (74,3±10,6g; 18,7±0,8cm) nas mesmas condições experimentais e com o uso das dietas da primeira parte do ensaio (n=3). Foram coletadas periodicamente (0, 2, 4 e 6 h pós-alimentação) amostras de água para determinação de amônio (NH4 +), amônia total (NH3) e fósforo total (P). O uso do farelo de soja e a suplementação de aminoácidossintéticos revelaram-se alternativas eficazes para substituir ou minimizar o uso da farinha de peixe na dieta desta espécie. Devido os resultados pouco conclusivos da excreção de metabólitos nitrogenados e de fósforo, maiores esforços precisam ser realizados para esclarecer este tópico de extrema importância para a consolidação de uma aquicultura sustentável.Only a few research report address dietary amino acids requirement of Brazilian fish; this is true especially in regard to dourado, Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816), a migratory, carnivorous Characin, which is not only the largest scale fish of the Prata Basin but also a prized aquaculture and sport fishing species. This study address dietary amino acids requirements and the use of a plant protein source soybean meal in the nutrition and feeding of dourado. Dietary lysine requirements were determined in doseresponse assay and collected data analyzed by polynomial and broken-line regression. The A/E relationship [AE = (essential amino acid÷total essential amino acids+cystine+tyrosine) x 1.000] was used to estimate the nutritional requirements of other essential amino acids. Groups of 12 juvenile dourado (11.4±0.2g; 9.4±0.9cm) were stocked in polypropylene tanks (300L) with partial water exchange in a closed recirculation, aerated system, conditioned to accept dry feed (43%CP and 4,600kcal CE), and then fed experimental diets containing increasing levels of lysine: 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0 and 3.5% in a completely randomized design (n=4). Dietary lysine requirement for optimal final weight (WF), weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was 2.15% of diet or 5% of the dietary protein; 2.5% dietary lysine or 5.8% of lysine in dietary protein yielded optimum feed conversion rate (FCR). Dietary arginine requirements were also determined in dose-response assay, also based on A/E relationship and carcass amino acid profile of dourado. Groups of 12 juvenile dourado (27.0±0.8g; 12.6±0.7cm) were fed with experimental diets containing increasing levels of arginine: 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 and 3.0% completely randomized design (n=4). Dietary arginine requirement for WF, WG, feed consumption and SGR was 1.48% of diet or 3.43% of the dietary protein; 1.40% dietary arginine or 3.25% of arginine in the protein caused the best FCR. The use of the broken-line regression was the most appropriate technique for determination of the dietary lysine and arginine requirement. A/E relationship was a reliable tool to estimate levels of essential amino acids requirements. To study the inclusion of soybean meal in diets for the species, the growth performance of groups of 12 juvenile dourado (27.0±0.8g; 12.6±0.7cm) fed with diets containing fish meal+ synthetic amino acids (FM), soybean meal+synthetic amino acids (SM) and mix of fish meal+soybean meal+synthetic amino acids (MIX) was evaluated. The indirect excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus was also evaluated by monitoring water quality parameters in the tanks stocked with groups of 20 juvenile dourado (74.3±10.6g; 18.7±0.8cm) in the same experimental conditions (n=3). Water samples were collected periodically (0, 2, 4 and 6 h after-feeding) for determination of ammonium (NH4 +), total ammonia (NH3) and total phosphorus (P). The use of soybean meal and synthetic amino acids are an efficient alternative to substitute or to minimize the use of the fish meal in the diets for the species, however, results regarding excretion of nitrogen andphosphorus were inconclusive, so additional efforts are needed to clarify this issue of importance for the consolidation of a sustainable aquiculture.
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Burger, Willem Jacobus. "Die verbetering van die benutting van laegraadse ruvoer vir wol- en vleisproduksie deur aanvulling van beskermde proteienbronne en/of aminosure". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52798.
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Thesis (MScAgric) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Low quality roughage is often used in the Western Cape as the only source of roughage for the young growing ruminant. Production levels of these animals is unsatisfactory and therefore supplementation is required. It is necessary when small grains are fed to also include protein sources in the diets. For high production, these protein sources must also be protected against rumen degradation. Good results are reported with the treatment of sunflower oilcakemeal (SFOCM) with formaldehyde (0.86 g formaldehyde per 100 g protein). Protecting methionine with 2-methyl maleic anhydride results in an increase in wool production. This study looked at the effect on dry matter intake (DM-intake), wool production and live weight change with supplementing a low quality diet with urea, SFOCM and formaldehyde protected SFOCM (FSFOCM). These diets where also supplemented with no methionine, methionine and 2-methyl maleyl methionine (MMM). The DM-intake of total diet are increased (P<0.05) with the supplementing of oats straw and barley (1.1% of live weight) diet with SFOCM and FSFOCM (949 & 935 vs 848 gis/d). Supplementing MMM decreased (P<0.05) the DM-intake with 9 %. Supplementing FSFOCM increased (P<0.05) live weight change from 19 to 44 gis/d. Wool production are increased (P<0.05) with 38 % with supplementation of MMM. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) of the urea diet are increased (P<0.05) by supplementing methionine when compared with no methionine supplementation (67.28 vs. 71.23 %). The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) of the SFOCM diet (63.71 and 64.96 vs. 70.15 %) and FSFOCM diet (66.39 and 66.26 vs. 70.89 %) are increased (P<0.05) by supplementing MMM when compared with no methionine and methionine supplementation. The apparent digestibility of fat of the SFOCM diet (61.01 and 65.65 vs. 48.33 %) and FSFOCM diet (60.93 and 63.83 vs. 38.14 %) are decreased (P<0.05) by supplementing MMM when compared with no methionine and methionine supplementation. The apparent nitrogen balance of the SFOCM diet (-0.15 and 5.41 vs. 4.62 gis/d) and FSFOCM diet (2.93 and 5.60 vs. 6.02 gis/d) are increased (P<0.05) by supplementing MMM when compared with no methionine and methionine supplementation. The DM- and CP-degradability of barley and DM-degradability of oats straw did not differ (P<0.05) between different protein treatments. The higher production with the supplementation of amino acids and proteins can be associated with more amino acids available in the lower digestibility tract and not as a result of better rumen function.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die benutting van strooi as 'n laegraadse ruvoer deur die jong groeiende herkouer is 'n algemene praktyk wat in die Weskaap toegepas word. Produksie is egter laag en aanvulling van beperkende voedingstowwe is dus noodsaaklik. Saam met kleingrane word proteïenbronne meestal as aanvulling gebruik. Vir hoë produksie is dit dikwels nodig om proteïen aan te vul wat teen ruminale afbraak beskerm word. Die formaldehiedbehandeling (0.86 g formaldehied per 100 g proteïen) van sonneblomoliekoekmeel (SBOKM) is alreeds baie suksesvol toegepas vir die beskerming van proteïen teen ruminale afbraak. Deur metionien met dimetielmaleïelsuuranhidried te beskerm, is wolproduksie verhoog. Die studie het die effek van aanvulling van ureum, SBOKM en formaldehiedbehandelde SBOKM (FSBOKM) saam met geen metionien, metionien en 2,3 - dimetielmaleïelmetionien (MMM) op droëmateriaal (DM) -inname, wolproduksie en liggaamsmassaverandering ondersoek. Die DM-inname van jong Merinohamels op 'n hawerstrooi en gars (1.1% van liggaamsmassa) dieet is verhoog (P<0.05) deur die aanvulling van SBOKM en FSBOKM (949 & 935 vs 848 g/s/d). Die DM-inname is egter met 9 % verlaag (P<0.05) deur aanvulling van MMM. Die aanvulling van FSBOKM het die liggaamsmassatoename verhoog (P<0.05) van 19 na 44 gIs/d. Wolproduksie is met 38% (P<0.05) deur MMM-aanvulling verhoog. Die skynbare verteerbaarheid van ruproteïen (RP) by die ureumbehandeling is verhoog (P<0.05) met metionienaanvulling teenoor geen metionienaanvulling (67.28 vs. 71.23%). By SBOKM (63.71 en 64.96 vs. 70.15%) en FSBOKM-behandelings (66.39 en 66.26 vs. 70.89%) is skynbare verteerbaarheid van RP verhoog (P<0.05) met MMM-aanvulling teenoor metionien- of geen-metionienaanvulling. By SBOKM (61.01 en 65.65 vs. 48.33%) en FSBOKM-behandelings (60.93 en 63.83 vs. 38.14%) is skynbare verteerbaarheid van vet verlaag (P<0.05) met MMM-aanvulling teenoor metionien- of geen metionienaanvulling. By SBOKM (-0.15 en 5.41 vs. 4.62 gIs/d) en FSBOKM-bahandelings (2.93 en 5.60 vs. 6.02 gIs/d) is skynbare N-balans verlaag (P<0.05) met MMM-aanvulling teenoor metionien- of geen-metionienaanvulling. Die effektiewe verteerbaarheid van DM en RP van gars en effektiewe verteerbaarheid van DM van strooi is nie beïnvloed (P>0.05) deur die aanvulling van proteïen nie. Die verhoogde produksie kan dus geassosieer word met 'n verhoogde voorsienning van aminosure in die SVK deur aanvulling en nie weens verbetering in die rumenfunksie nie.
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Goehring, Devin Lynn. "The effects of dietary soybean hulls, wheat, crystalline amino acids and high protein corn dried distiller’s grains on nursery and/or finishing pig growth and carcass characteristics". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15878.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Jim Nelssen
Six experiments using 3,659 nursery and finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soybean hulls and ingredient processing in corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal-DDGS diets on nursery and finishing performance. Experiment 1 tested increasing soybean hulls (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) and increasing soybean hulls decreased ADG and G:F. Experiment 2 evaluated increasing soybean hulls (0, 10, and 20%) in diets balanced or not for NE and showed reduced performance with increasing soybean hulls. Balancing for NE resulted in G:F similar to pigs fed the control. Experiments 3 and 4 evaluated increasing dietary soybean hulls in corn-soybean meal and corn-soybean meal-DDGS diets. Soybean hulls in either diet worsened G:F and improved caloric efficiency, suggesting current INRA (2004) values for soybean hulls underestimate their energy value. Experiment 5 evaluated 10 and 20% ground or unground soybean hulls in meal and pelleted diets. Caloric efficiency improved with high levels of soybean hulls. Pelleting improved ADG and eliminated negative effects on G:F with increasing soybean hulls, while grinding soybean hulls reduced performance. Experiment 6 tested increasing ground and unground soybean hulls (0, 7.5, and 15%). Increasing soybean hulls worsened G:F, carcass yield, and hot carcass weight. Grinding soybean hulls to finer particle sizes did not improve ADG and worsened G:F. Experiments 7 and 8 evaluated the replacement of corn with wheat and crystalline amino acids in nursery and finishing pig diets. Replacing 50% of corn with wheat did not affect growth performance in either nursery or finishing; however 100% replacement of corn with wheat reduced performance. In addition, feeding wheat improved carcass fat IV, while use of high levels of crystalline amino acids in wheat-based diets did not influence performance in either study. Experiment 9 evaluated the replacement of soybean meal with high-protein dried distiller’s grains with solubles and crystalline amino acids. High-protein DDGS and crystalline AA can replace 50% of the SBM in finishing diets without negatively affecting performance or carcass yield. Replacing 100% of SBM with high-protein DDGS reduced growth rate, but increasing crystalline AA levels can help mitigate negative effects on carcass yield and fat IV.
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Gonçalves, Giovani Sampaio [UNESP]. "Digestibilidade e exigência de lisina, proteína e energia em dietas para a tilápia do nilo". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100228.
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goncalves_gs_dr_jabo.pdf: 366406 bytes, checksum: 9292447bc252b06884ce3fe7463073d6 (MD5)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar a digestibilidade de ingredientes utilizados em formulações de rações para a aqüicultura, a melhor relação proteína digestível / lisina digestível, e por meio do conceito de proteína ideal a exigência em proteína e energia digestível para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo. Os resultados estão apresentados em capítulos, redigidos na forma artigos científicos para publicação em periódicos especializados. Foi possível observar diferenças em relação aos valores digestíveis dos nutrientes e aminoácidos, e verificar que os valores de coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína não refletem o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos aminoácidos para alguns alimentos. Com relação à determinação da exigência em proteína e lisina em rações para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (11,0 a 98,0g), o nível de 26% PD não diferiu do nível de 32,0% PD em relação a ganho em peso, sendo estes superiores ao tratamento com 22,0% PD. As diferentes relações proteína digestível (PD) / lisina digestível demonstram que o aminoácido lisina, ainda que, em níveis elevados de inclusão não foi suficiente para a melhora do desempenho produtivo da tilápia do Nilo, quando utilizado em dietas com baixo valor protéico. Entretanto, a suplementação de 7,5% de lisina em relação à proteína digestível (PD) em rações com níveis acima de 26% PD promoveu melhores respostas de desempenho produtivo para a espécie. A determinação da melhor relação proteína digestível / lisina digestível possibilitou a determinação posterior da melhor relação proteína digestível / energia digestível em rações formuladas com base no conceito de proteína ideal. Os resultados demonstram que a energia digestível das rações não influencia o desempenho dos peixes, uma vez que, as rações foram formuladas com base em energia...
The utilization of energetic and protein feeds, highly digestible as well, becomes more and more necessary due to the quality of formulated rations, zootecnic response and relationship with the environment. Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter, protein, energy, phosphorus, and amino acids of corn starch, corn, wheat, rice, soybean, and cottonseed meal, corn gluten and fish meal were determined for Nile tilapia. ADC was determined using a reference ration based on albumin, gelatin and corn starch, indicator with the inert chromium III oxide (Cr2O3). Each test ration was made up of 70% of reference ration and 30% of the diet being evaluated. Feces were collected in groups of 5 replicates for each treatment. ADC values for protein and average ADC of amino acids were as follows: corn 89.76 and 96.43%, rice meal 95.88 and 92.26%, wheat meal 93.54 and 84.41%, fish meal 82.59 and 86.36%, corn gluten 89.82 and 87.98%, soybean meal 94.13 and 91.93%, cotton meal 87.10 and 77.47%, respectively. The results reported in this study suggest that ADC of protein might not be a very reliable indicator of ADC values of amino acids, even more so for wheat meal, corn, and cotton meal. Among protein feeds, soybean meal was found to have the highest ADC for protein and amino acids, while corn was the energetic feed with the highest ADC (86.15%) for energy.
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Sell, Cameron W., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College i School of Environment and Agriculture. "An investigation into the Australian duck industry with particular reference to the energy and amino acid requirements of commercially farmed Australian pekin ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos)". THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Sell_C.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/522.
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Limited published data exists on the Australian duck industry, particularly in relation to the nutritional requirements of the commercial duck (Anas Platyrhynchos). A series of seven experiments was designed to determine whether current nutritional recommendations for energy, lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan were sufficient to optimise growth, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of the duck. The ability of the duck to perform diet self selection was then examined for its potential use in the Australian industry. The outcome of the diet self selection experiments showed that ducks sometimes self select diets when offered choices from four diets differing in nutrient density. A key outcome of this research was the development of a revised set of nutrient specifications designed to maximise the performance of the Australian commercially grown duck. These proposed specifications could be economically beneficial to the expanding Australian duck industryDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Pretz, Jon Patrick. "Application of rumen-protected lysine to lower crude protein diets for lactating dairy cows". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15606.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Micheal J. Brouk
The study objective was to evaluate the application of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RP Lys) to maintain milk production when reducing the crude protein levels in a lactating dairy cow diet. Twelve lactating multiparous Holstein cows, averaging 129 DIM, 50.2 kg milk yield, 3.6% fat and 2.9% true protein were randomly assigned to one of four 3x3 Latin squares. Each 14-d period had 11 d for adaptation followed by 3 d of data collection. Cows were offered one of three experimental treatment rations formulated with CPM Dairy (v3.0); Positive control (PC) — formulated to meet all nutrient requirements; Test diet (Test) — negative control diet formulated to meet nutrient requirements, except deficient in metabolizable protein (MP) (approximately 200 g/d) and first limiting in metabolizable Lys (approximately 10 g/d); and Test+RPL — same basal diet as negative control + RP-Lys to provide 14.5 g/d of MP-Lys. For Test+RPL, 45g of RP-Lys (AminoShure-L®; Balchem Corp., New Hampton, NY, containing 23.4g Lys) was top-dressed on the TMR once daily. The PC diet resulted in lower dry matter intake (P = 0.03) as compared to either the Test or Test+RPL diet. PC, Test, and Test+RPL cows averaged 42.6, 42.9, 43.6 kg/d of milk and 27.3, 28.4, 28.8 kg/d of DMI, respectively. Crude protein intake for the PC, Test, and Test+RPL diets was 4.83, 4.67, and 4.74 kg/d respectively. MUN decreased (P < 0.01) for cows on Test and Test+RPL diets as compared to PC diet (12.5, 12.5 and 14.9 mg/dL, respectively). Milk yield, milk components, milk component yields, FCM, ECM, SCM and production efficiencies (milk, ECM, SCM and FCM) did not differ (P > 0.05) among treatments. A post-study CPM Dairy evaluation using final chemical composition analyses of the feedstuffs and average production data from the animals predicted that diets supported more than 47 kg of milk and Lys was not limiting. Cows on the study produced slightly less milk, however DMI was 5-8% more than predicted by initial formulations. Formulation accuracy of the MP and Lys deficient diet may have been improved if data had been available from an initial adjustment period measuring DMI, body weight, milk yield and milk composition. It is also possible that the bioavailability of the RP Lys was not as great as thought during the diet formulation process. However, given the fact that the post-trial CPM analysis did not indicate a deficiency of Lys, it is not very likely that this impacted the results of this trial.
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Carder, Ethan G. "The Effects of Increased Metabolizable Protein in Fresh Dairy Cattle throughout Peak Lactation". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468425248.
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Sell, Cameron W. "An investigation into the Australian duck industry with particular reference to the energy and amino acid requirements of commercially farmed Australian pekin ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos)". Thesis, View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/522.
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Limited published data exists on the Australian duck industry, particularly in relation to the nutritional requirements of the commercial duck (Anas Platyrhynchos). A series of seven experiments was designed to determine whether current nutritional recommendations for energy, lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan were sufficient to optimise growth, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics of the duck. The ability of the duck to perform diet self selection was then examined for its potential use in the Australian industry. The outcome of the diet self selection experiments showed that ducks sometimes self select diets when offered choices from four diets differing in nutrient density. A key outcome of this research was the development of a revised set of nutrient specifications designed to maximise the performance of the Australian commercially grown duck. These proposed specifications could be economically beneficial to the expanding Australian duck industry
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Christiansen, Michael Lee. "Gastrointestinal acidity, protein and starch digestibility and amino acid absorption in ruminants fed a high-concentrate diet with limestone, magnesium oxide or defluorinated phosphate". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54321.
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Twelve wether lambs (32kg) with abomasal and ileal cannula were fed a 90% concentrate basal diet (800 g/d), basal + 1.5% magnesium oxide (MgO)(812 g/d), basal + 1.5% limestone (812 g/d) or basal + 3.0% limestone (824 g/d) to study the effect of·these minerals on intestinal pH, rumen fermentation, N balance, dry matter and crude protein digestibility (DMD, CPD), and small intestinal disappearance of amino acids (AAD). Limestone (3%) increased (P < .03) rumen pH. Magnesium oxide increased (P < .10) ileal and fecal pH. Limestone significantly increased N absorption and pre-abomasal DMD, but decreased (P < .03) AAD. N retention was not improved by the treatments. An 82-d feeding trial was conducted with 72 wether lambs (avg initial wt: 28 kg) to study the effect of 1 or 3% fine (70% < 53 µ) or coarse (85% > 425 µ) limestone on rumen environment, weight gain and feed efficiency of lambs fed an all-concentrate diet. Rumen pH and VFA molar proportions were not affected by the treatments. Limestone (3.0%) decreased (P < .10) total rumen VFA concentrations and increased (P < .10) fecal pH. Weight gain was not different (P > .10) among the treatments. Coarse limestone increased (P < .10) feed efficiency. Five Angus heifers (285 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulae were fed a 90% concentrate control diet (7.5 kg/d) or the same diet containing 1.60% defluorinated phosphate-regular (5.5%, 19.0% and 33.0% on 1400, 1180 and 850 µ sieves, respectively, DRP-R), 1.60% defluorinated phosphate-coarse (85% evenly among large sieves, DRP-C), 1.28% limestone or .5% MgO to study the effect of limestone or MgO on intestinal pH, DMD, starch digestibility (SD), CPD and AAD in beef cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Ileal pH was increased by MgO. Fecal pH was increased (P < .05) as follows: MgO > DRP > limestone and control. Minerals increased (P < .05) duodenal liquid flow. Limestone and DRP-C increased (P < .05) acid flow to the duodenum. Total tract DMD, SD and CPD were similar among treatments. Limestone and DRP-R increased (P < .10) AAD. DRP-C tended to increase AAD, but differences were not statistically significant.Ph. D.
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Gobi, Jaqueline de Paula. "Meta-analysis of the response of broilers to the digestible lysine intake /". Jaboticabal, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126399.
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Orientador: Luciano HauschildCoorientador: Ines Andretta
Banca: Edney Pereira da Silva
Banca: Charles Kiefer
Resumo: Numerosos estudos estão sendo publicados para avaliar os efeitos do consumo de lisina sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, no entanto, tais estudos diferem em seus resultados, principalmente devido à variabilidade existente nas condições experimentais. Uma meta-análise foi realizada para conduzir a informação disponível neste campo de pesquisa e estudar a resposta de lisina em dietas para frangos de corte. Os dados de diferentes níveis de lisina 104 experimentos dose-resposta oriundos de 66.726 frangos de corte foram utilizados neste banco de dados. Codificações foram usadas com critérios de agrupamento qualitativo e como moderador nas variáveis analisadas. O banco de dados foi dividido em quatro grupos: machos em fase inicial (de 1 a 21 dias de idade); machos em fase de crescimento (22-42 dias de idade); fêmeas em fase inicial (de 1 a 21 dias de idade); e fêmeas em fase de crescimento (22-42 dias de idade). Análises gráficas foram usadas para explorar a base de dados, ao passo que equações foram utilizadas para estudar o estudo das respostas das variáveis dependentes em cada grupo anteriormente descrito. Essas equações foram geradas através de análises sequenciais usando modelos de efeitos fixos e de efeitos aleatórios. Menores variâncias foram observados em modelos equipados usando dados de frangos de corte machos, comparando com os dados de fêmeas. A utilização de componentes aleatórios permitiu que os modelos explicassem a variabilidade na base de dados e reduzir a variação de 67% em média para machos e fêmeas nos períodos: inicial e crescimento, em comparação com o modelo de efeito fixo. O ganho de peso médio diário foi maximizado num...
Abstract: Numerous publications are being published evaluating the effects of lysine intake on broiler performance, however, showing differing results mainly due to the variability in the experimental conditions. A meta-analysis was conducted to address the available information in this research field and study the response of lysine in diets for broilers. Data of 104 dose-response experiments testing different dietary lysine levels for 66.726 broilers were used in this database. Codifications were used with qualitative grouping criteria and as moderating variables in the analysis. The database was subdivided into four groups, which were: males in initial phase (from 1 to 21 days of old); males in growth phase (from 22 to 42 days of old); females in initial phase (from 1 to 21 days of old); and females in growth phase (from 22 to 42 days of old). Graphical analyses were used to explore the database, whereas equations were used to study study the response of dependent variables in each group previously described. These equations were generated through sequential analysis using fixed-effects and random-effects models. Lower variance responses were observed in models fitted using data of male broilers comparing to the female treatments. Using random components allowed the models to account for the variability in the database and to reduce the variance by 67% in average for males and females in initial and growing comparing to the fixed-effect model. Average Daily Gain was maximized at dietary digestible lysine intake of 0,526 and 1,364 grams day-1 for males in the initial and growth phases ...
Mestre
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Gobi, Jaqueline de Paula [UNESP]. "Meta-analysis of the response of broilers to the digestible lysine intake". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/126399.
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000843197.pdf: 1134209 bytes, checksum: 4de6a22a6d56955186764a8408885058 (MD5)Numerosos estudos estão sendo publicados para avaliar os efeitos do consumo de lisina sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, no entanto, tais estudos diferem em seus resultados, principalmente devido à variabilidade existente nas condições experimentais. Uma meta-análise foi realizada para conduzir a informação disponível neste campo de pesquisa e estudar a resposta de lisina em dietas para frangos de corte. Os dados de diferentes níveis de lisina 104 experimentos dose-resposta oriundos de 66.726 frangos de corte foram utilizados neste banco de dados. Codificações foram usadas com critérios de agrupamento qualitativo e como moderador nas variáveis analisadas. O banco de dados foi dividido em quatro grupos: machos em fase inicial (de 1 a 21 dias de idade); machos em fase de crescimento (22-42 dias de idade); fêmeas em fase inicial (de 1 a 21 dias de idade); e fêmeas em fase de crescimento (22-42 dias de idade). Análises gráficas foram usadas para explorar a base de dados, ao passo que equações foram utilizadas para estudar o estudo das respostas das variáveis dependentes em cada grupo anteriormente descrito. Essas equações foram geradas através de análises sequenciais usando modelos de efeitos fixos e de efeitos aleatórios. Menores variâncias foram observados em modelos equipados usando dados de frangos de corte machos, comparando com os dados de fêmeas. A utilização de componentes aleatórios permitiu que os modelos explicassem a variabilidade na base de dados e reduzir a variação de 67% em média para machos e fêmeas nos períodos: inicial e crescimento, em comparação com o modelo de efeito fixo. O ganho de peso médio diário foi maximizado num...
Numerous publications are being published evaluating the effects of lysine intake on broiler performance, however, showing differing results mainly due to the variability in the experimental conditions. A meta-analysis was conducted to address the available information in this research field and study the response of lysine in diets for broilers. Data of 104 dose-response experiments testing different dietary lysine levels for 66.726 broilers were used in this database. Codifications were used with qualitative grouping criteria and as moderating variables in the analysis. The database was subdivided into four groups, which were: males in initial phase (from 1 to 21 days of old); males in growth phase (from 22 to 42 days of old); females in initial phase (from 1 to 21 days of old); and females in growth phase (from 22 to 42 days of old). Graphical analyses were used to explore the database, whereas equations were used to study study the response of dependent variables in each group previously described. These equations were generated through sequential analysis using fixed-effects and random-effects models. Lower variance responses were observed in models fitted using data of male broilers comparing to the female treatments. Using random components allowed the models to account for the variability in the database and to reduce the variance by 67% in average for males and females in initial and growing comparing to the fixed-effect model. Average Daily Gain was maximized at dietary digestible lysine intake of 0,526 and 1,364 grams day-1 for males in the initial and growth phases ...
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Sell, Cameron W. "An investigation into the Australian duck industry with particular reference to the energy and amino acid requirements of commercially farmed Australian pekin ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos) /". View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20051007.105841/index.html.
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