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Chappine, Patricia. "Organizing the Home Front: The American Women’s Voluntary Services in New Jersey during World War II." New Jersey Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 8, no. 1 (2022): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14713/njs.v8i1.264.
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During World War II (WWII), the American Women’s Voluntary Services (AWVS) became the largest service organization in the U.S. At the onset of American entry into WWII, the AWVS already included 18,000 volunteers. Within two years of its creation, the group expanded to 350 chapters nationwide, with the height of its wartime membership reaching roughly 325,000. Both on a national and local level, the AWVS proved instrumental to the success of home-front mobilization during WWII. With numerous community chapters, significant wartime initiatives, and proximity to the national AWVS in New York City, the New Jersey groups serve as a starting point for a more nuanced reflection on the AWVS during WWII. Along with considerations of gendered citizenship and volunteerism, the narrative of the AWVS presents women who both adhered to accepted forms of volunteerism and pushed social boundaries. The activities of the AWVS occupied a space somewhere in between nurturing and militaristic, blurring gendered lines of acceptable wartime participation and occupying a unique role not easily categorized. These women reimagined local activism and cooperation as encompassing more than their socially accepted supporting roles and expanded into areas of civilian defense, disaster response, emergency preparedness, and more. 
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Miller, Marla R. "Bowling Together: Women's Voluntary Organizations and American Civic Life." Reviews in American History 31, no. 3 (2003): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2003.0052.
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Ross‐Gordon, Jovita M., and William D. Dowling. "Adult learning in the context of African‐American women's voluntary organizations‡." International Journal of Lifelong Education 14, no. 4 (1995): 306–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0260137950140404.
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HINTON, J. "Voluntarism and the Welfare/Warfare State. Women's Voluntary Services in the 1940s." Twentieth Century British History 9, no. 2 (1998): 274–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/9.2.274.
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Skocpol, Theda, Marjorie Abend-Wein, Christopher Howard, and Susan Goodrich Lehmann. "Women's Associations and the Enactment of Mothers' Pensions in the United States." American Political Science Review 87, no. 3 (1993): 686–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2938744.
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Mothers' pensions were the first explicit welfare benefits established outside of poor relief in the United States. Contrary to established wisdom in political science, their enabling statutes spread very quickly across most states in the 1910s, with smaller, nonindustrial states often in the vanguard. Previous research concerning the predictors of state-level policy innovations has focused on a small subset of possible explanatory variables, typically economic or electoral conditions. We operationalize and test hypotheses about the influence of economic conditions, culture and ideology, electoral politics, governmental institutions and prior public policies, and the role of business, labor, and women's voluntary groups on the priority of state enactments. Our findings indicate that widespread federations of women's voluntary groups exerted a powerful influence on mothers' pension enactments even before most American women had the right to vote. We demonstrate the value to empirical political science of theories and variables referring to gender and women's politics.
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Sparks, Cheryl Logan, Peter R. Walniuk, and Theda Skocpol. "The Enactment of Mothers' Pensions: Civic Mobilization and Agenda Setting or Benefits of the Ballot?" American Political Science Review 89, no. 3 (1995): 710–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2082986.
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In this Review in 1993, Skocpol, Howard, Lehmann, and Abend-Wein analyzed the rapid enactment of mothers'pension laws in the American states in the 1910s. They concluded that the widespread federations of women's voluntary groups exerted a powerful influence on these enactments even before most American women had the right to vote. Sparks and Walniuk challenge these conclusions, noting that all 10 equal-suffrage states are among the 29 that passed mothers' pensions before 1916, and presenting new measures of suffrage endorsement and suffrage pressures in regression analyses suggesting that women's votes—actual and potential—played a major role in leading some states to adopt mothers' pensions earlier than their normal patterns of legislative change would predict. In response, Skocpol defends the 1993 conclusions. She adduces that the aggregate pattern of enactment of mothers'pensions corresponds much more closely to endorsements by women's groups than to suffrage timing and puts forth reasons to doubt the validity and significance of Sparks and Walniuk's tests.
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Salmon, Lester M. "Government and the Voluntary Sector in an Era of Retrenchment: The American Experience." Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 1 (1986): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00003834.
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AbstractPrevailing conceptions of the welfare state in the United States have failed to acknowledge the widespread partnership that exists between government and private voluntary organizations in the provision of human services. Thanks in large part to this partnership, voluntary organizations have retained a significant role in the American welfare state, delivering a larger share of government-financed human services than government agencies. By cutting back on government spending, therefore, the Reagan administration has significantly reduced the revenues of the nonprofit sector while calling on this sector to do more. Although nonprofits as a group have overcome the resulting cutbacks, they have done so chiefly by increasing their income from service charges, rather than their private charitable support.
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KLEINBERG, S. J. "Race, Region, and Gender in American History." Journal of American Studies 33, no. 1 (1999): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875898006082.
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Catherine Clinton and Michele Gillespie, The Devil's Lane: Sex and Race in the Early South (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1997, £28.50). Pp. 274. ISBN 0 19 511242 3.Tera Hunter, To ‘Joy My Freedom’: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997, £19.95). Pp. 311. ISBN 0 674 893 9 3.Theda Perdue, Cherokee Women: Gender and Culture Change, 1700–1835 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, £38.00). Pp. 252. ISBN 0 8032 3716 2.Vicki L. Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998, £24.99). Pp. 240. ISBN 0 19 5114833.The historical study of women has evolved from a consideration of elite women, the quest for suffrage, and women in organized groups to encompass different classes, ethnic groups, and social settings. Writing women back into the historical record has led to a more creative use of data sources, a greater depth of understanding about how societies work on both formal and informal levels, and the exploration of gendered patterns of most aspects of the economy, social structure, and politics. However, the conceptual frameworks of women's history have not kept pace with the expansion of scholarship to encompass a more diverse population.These four books highlight two trends in contemporary historical practice: the inclusion of gender as an essential aspect of our understanding of the past and the use of comparative frameworks to investigate the significance of socially constructed sex roles for society. By contrasting women's lives in different settings and racial groups, the authors illustrate how communities shape gender roles and how those roles influence a wide range of social, political, economic, and cultural events. Gender thus takes its place as a fundamental category of historical analysis without which it is difficult to understand American (or any other) history; women's work, family relationships, voluntary, social, and political activities are as central to understanding society as men's.
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Ginn, Jay, and Jane Sandell. "Balancing Home and Employment: Stress Reported by Social Services Staff." Work, Employment and Society 11, no. 3 (1997): 413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017097113002.
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The paper aims to contribute to an understanding of how stress from the combined responsibilities of home and employment varies according to the family circumstances and employment characteristics of women and men. For women, family responsibilities are associated with shorter hours of employment and lower occupational achievement, whereas for men, marriage is a career asset. Yet the reason for women's underachievement is disputed: some researchers claim that women's part-time work in low-paid, low-status jobs represent women's voluntary choice. Others argue that women's employment options are constrained by their domestic responsibilities; and that reducing hours of work and modifying career aspirations may represent one way of balancing home and employment so as to minimise stress. Data are used from the National Institute of Social Work (NISW) Workforce Survey of over 1000 women and men in four broad types of work in the social service departments of five English local authorities. Information is available on staff's perception of stress from combining paid and unpaid roles. We examine whether there are gender differences in reported stress among those who have structurally similar domestic circumstances; whether gender differences in stress can be explained in terms of occupational segregation and hours of employment; and whether the lower stress reported by part-time employees is independent of family responsibilities and type of occupation. A key concern is to assess whether part-time employment enables women with family responsibilities to avoid high levels of stress. There was increased stress on those staff with dependent children or with informal caring commitments. Men reported higher stress than women, irrespective of family circumstances, but the difference disappeared once account was taken of type of work and hours. Family responsibilities and employment characteristics had independent effects on stress levels. Type of work, in terms of level of responsibility, had more influence on stress than hours worked. Among full-time non-manual staff, women with family responsibilities experienced more stress than equivalent men, suggesting that women's occupational advancement is achieved at greater cost in terms of stress than men's.
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UDDIN, MOHAMMAD JASIM. "MICROCREDIT, CIVIC NETWORKS AND WOMEN'S POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT IN BANGLADESH." Hong Kong Journal of Social Work 47, no. 01n02 (2013): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021924621300003x.
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The social capital school has proposed that one of the key mechanisms for generating good democratic outcomes is participation in voluntary associations. Of late, group-based microcredit programmes are considered as effective policy instruments for generating and strengthening civic networks of the community. However, on the micro-level we do not know enough about how membership in microcredit programmes promotes civic engagement, nurtures democratic learning process and makes their members more cooperative. In this paper I investigate whether microcredit providing NGOs have run through and nurtured democratic practices at the local level and whether they mobilize citizens politically and promote leadership among the women. The results indicate that microcredit organizations in the area that I studied failed to promote women's political capabilities or civic engagement since these organizations mainly concentrate on the services of credit distribution and installments collection, and have deviated or shifted away from community mobilization.
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Malcolm, Laurence, and Pauline Barnett. "Decentralisation, Integration and Accountability: Perceptions of New Zealand's Top Health Service Managers." Health Services Management Research 8, no. 2 (1995): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489500800204.
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This paper reports on the findings of a representative survey of senior managers within New Zealand's health system. Respondents report most favourably upon the implementation of a new organisational structure, service management, which appears to have largely replaced the traditional division of health services into hospitals and community services. Service management, which is the decentralisation of decision making to integrated patient groupings, i.e. medicine, surgery, mental health, women's health, primary health care etc., appears to have been remarkably successful, in the view of the respondents, in achieving greater efficiencies, better quality care, better decision making about priorities and greater accountability of doctors. A majority of respondents consider that services have replaced hospitals as organisational entities. Significant progress is reported in the integration of hospital and community services, primary and secondary care, preventive and treatment services and of public, private and voluntary services through service management. The findings point to a new paradigm which may be of fundamental significance in the future organisation of health services.
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Shulman, Julie L., and Sharon G. Horne. "The Use of Self-Pleasure: Masturbation and Body Image Among African American and European American Women." Psychology of Women Quarterly 27, no. 3 (2003): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00106.
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The current investigation examined the relationship between masturbation and body image among 96 women seeking services at a local family planning clinic in a mid-southern U.S. city. Participants completed a questionnaire that assessed body image and masturbatory practices. Ethnic differences were found with European American women reporting greater masturbation frequencies and higher rates of body dissatisfaction than African American women. Among European American women, there was a positive relationship between women's sexual self-pleasuring and positive body image. For African American participants, body image was not related to masturbation practice or frequency.
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Ellul, Rosanna, Rose McCarthy, and Melanie Haith-Cooper. "Destitution in pregnancy: forced migrant women's lived experiences." British Journal of Midwifery 28, no. 11 (2020): 778–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2020.28.11.778.
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Background Forced migrant women are increasingly becoming destitute whilst pregnant. Destitution may exacerbate their poor underlying physical and mental health. There is little published research that examines this, and studies are needed to ensure midwifery care addresses the specific needs of these women. This study aimed to explore vulnerable migrant women's lived experience of being pregnant and destitute. Methods Six in-depth individual interviews with forced migrant women who had been destitute during their pregnancy were conducted over one year. Results A lack of food and being homeless impacted on women's physical and mental health. Women relied on support from the voluntary sector to fill the gaps in services not provided by their local authorities. Although midwives were generally kind and helpful, there was a limit to how they could support the women. Conclusions There is a gap in support provided by local authorities working to government policies and destitute migrant pregnant women should not have to wait until 34 weeks gestation before they can apply for support. Home office policy needs to change to ensure pregnant migrant women receive support throughout their pregnancy.
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Bowenkamp, Christine Dusty. "Community Collaboration in Disaster: The Role of Voluntary Agencies." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, no. 4 (2000): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025334.
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AbstractAlthough the United States has been impacted by numerous devastating disasters over the last 10 years, there have been only limited efforts between the governmental and non-profit/voluntary organizations to meet the multiple disaster health and mental health needs of the community. Too often, responding organizations compete to provide services, duplicate efforts, and frequently under-estimate the need for services.Recent efforts have been undertaken by The American Red Cross and other groups to resolve this issue. Governmental and community-based organizations have been invited to participate in planning sessions to pre-identify roles and responsibilities, as well as to exchange key information about the services each group can and does provide.These efforts have lead to an increased awareness of the potential problems and the development of cohesive plans to provide medical and emotional support services to impacted communities. This has led to improved care for those with serious injuries or psychological crisis, while those with less critical problems have been managed appropriately without needing to be immediately referred to overcrowded emergency departments or physician's offices.
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Wright, James R. "The American College of Surgeons, Minimum Standards for Hospitals, and the Provision of High-Quality Laboratory Services." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 141, no. 5 (2017): 704–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2016-0348-hp.
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Context.— The first major project of the American College of Surgeons (Chicago, Illinois), founded in 1913, was implementing Minimum Standards for Hospitals. The 1918 standard (1) established medical staff organizations in hospitals; (2) restricted membership to licensed practitioners in good standing; (3) mandated that the medical staff work with hospital administration to develop and adopt regulations and policies governing their professional work; (4) required standardized, accessible medical records; and (5) required availability of diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. One hundred years ago, these were radical expectations. Objectives.— To describe the origin, “marketing,” and voluntary adoption of the 1918 standards, and to describe how the evolution of those standards profoundly affected laboratory medicine after 1926. Design.— Available primary and secondary historical sources were reviewed. Results.— The college had no legal mandate, so it used a highly consultative approach, funded by its membership and the Carnegie Foundation (New York, New York), to establish the Minimum Standards, followed by a nonthreatening mechanism to determine which hospitals met them. Simultaneously, the college educated the public to fuel their expectations. Compliance by more than 100-bed hospitals in the United States and Canada, although entirely voluntary, rose from negligible when first implemented in 1918 to more than 90% in only a few years. From 1922 to 1926, the American Society for Clinical Pathology (Chicago, Illinois) worked creatively with the college to establish Minimum Standards for “adequate” laboratory services. Conclusions.— The birth and implementation of this program exemplifies how a consultative approach with full engagement of grassroots stakeholders facilitated a voluntary, rapid, sweeping North America–wide change-management process. This program eventually evolved into the Joint Commission (Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois).
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Wyatt, Lee. "Kochendoerfer, One Women's World War II." Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 20, no. 2 (1995): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.20.2.97-98.
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Kochendoerfer's work is an intriguing account of her wartime experiences and observations between 1943 and 1947, first as a member of the Women's Anny Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and then as key staff officer in the American Red Cross (ARC). After joining the ARC, Kochendoerfer became snared in the swirl of events from the preparation for D-Day in England to following the advance of allied forces eastward on the continent and finally witnessing the ultimate defeat and occupation of Germany. Furthermore, as the mission of the Red Cross expanded during the war from one of merely medical support to that of providing recreational services, Kochendoerfer obtained a position as an ARC director working closely with military officials to ensure soldiers had top-notch club facilities and outlets for morale and welfare activities.
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Alperin, Diane Elias. "Family Service Agencies: Responding to Change in a Conservative Decade." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 73, no. 1 (1992): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949207300104.
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During the 1980s much of the concern in social services has focused on the impact of external forces on agencies—namely the increase in the problems of the American family with a simultaneous decrease in commitment from the U.S. government for funding and services. A nationwide survey of Family Service America, Inc., member agencies was undertaken in an attempt to assess partially the impact of these environmental changes on voluntary social service agencies. The data indicate that the increased needs of the community took precedence over the decline in public sector support. Response to a conservative environment led to interorganizational changes, which allowed for program expansion in an attempt to meet the increased demand for human services.
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Eid, Mahmoud, and Isaac Nahon-Serfaty. "Ethics, Risk, and Media Intervention." International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management 4, no. 3 (2015): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrcm.2015070104.
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Breast cancer incidence and mortality rates are of concern among Latin American women, mainly due to the growing prevalence of this disease and the lack of compliance to proper breast cancer screening and treatment. Focusing on Venezuelan women and the challenges and barriers that interact with their health communication, this paper looks into issues surrounding women's breast cancer, such as the challenges and barriers to breast cancer care, the relevant ethics and responsibilities, the right to health, breast cancer risk perception and risk communication, and the media interventions that affect Venezuelan women's perceptions and actions pertaining to this disease. In particular, it describes an action-oriented research project in Venezuela that was conducted over a four-year period of collaborative work among researchers, practitioners, NGOs, patients, journalists, and policymakers. The outcomes include positive indications on more effective interactions between physicians and patients, increasing satisfactions about issues of ethical treatment in providing healthcare services, more sufficient and responsible media coverage of breast cancer healthcare services and information, a widely supported declaration for a national response against breast cancer in Venezuela, and the creation of a code of ethics for the Venezuelan NGO that led the expansion of networking in support of women's breast cancer healthcare.
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Padilha, Aléxia Victória Pereira, and Luciana Suárez Grzybowski. "NÃO-MATERNIDADE E A OPÇÃO PELA ESTERILIZAÇÃO CIRÚRGICA VOLUNTÁRIA DE MULHERES SOLTEIRAS: Narrativas de usuárias do SUS." Psicologia e Saúde em Debate 10, no. 1 (2024): 80–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22289/2446-922x.v10n1a6.
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With the modification in women's social roles, motherhood has become an option and no longer something mandatory or a dream for all women, and there is a growing search for effective contraceptive methods capable of avoiding unwanted pregnancies, such as voluntary surgical sterilization (VSS). This qualitative, exploratory-descriptive, and cross-sectional study aimed to understand the experiences, motivations, and trajectories of single women who opt for non-maternity through voluntary surgical sterilization in the Unified Health System (SUS). Five women with an average age of 27.8 years who are currently undergoing family planning or have already undergone VSS participated in the research. The participants responded to a socio-demographic and health data questionnaire and a semi-structured interview, understood through thematic analysis. The results highlighted four themes: Perceptions about “being a mother” and “being a father”; Life today; Non-motherhood as a possibility of being; and Surgical sterilization: freedom versus obstacles. It is clear that the choice for non-maternity is multicausal and complex, as is the option for VSS, involving aspects of each woman’s life story. Furthermore are several obstacles within the scope of the SUS for women who seek the method, proving necessary for the qualification of professionals in these services and knowledge about family planning legislation.
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Stark, Agneta. "Arbete och liv - genuskontrakt i omförhandling?" Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 22, no. 3-4 (2022): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v22i3-4.4270.
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Work is in this artide seen as a social phenomenon that has been defined in many different ways. However, the definitions have long been gender biased, in that men's traditional activities more often than women's have been defined as "work". Work has been defined as the opposite of leisure, of consumption, of non-production or of rest, hut work has also been defined for the purpose of assessing the level of economic activity in a society, for establishing the level of economic development and for comparing different societies in a number of ways. Many gender researchers have discussed the male bias in definitions of work, and the importance of developing definitions that include women's activities. Margaret Reid, followed by Karin Kock and others, developed the "third party criterion" for defining work. This criterion states that work includes waged work as well as work performed without payment but for which märket substitutes are available and acceptable. In the artide, the definition of Barbara Hilkert Andoisen is used in building a base for the long term purpose of developing an emancipatory work concept. The concept is bold, as such a work concept should include activities that are paid or unpaid, prescribed or voluntary, fulfilling or unpleasant, performed on a märket or within the family, in public services, in voluntary organisations, performed full-time, part-time or without working time being registered, and activities performed by people regardless of age, gender, class or ethnicity. Finally, the example of the Swedish pension reform in the 1990's shows that pressure for changing the present distribution of work is directed towards women, with no incentives for men to change traditional patters. The tacit agenda may be expressed as "do not disturb men" - women are allowed all kinds of work as long as their activities do not require men to change more than marginally.
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Rodrigues, Ivana Rios, Luiz Belino Ferreira Sales, Mônica Oliveira Batista Oriá, Maria Luziene de Sousa Gomes, and Nádya dos Santos Moura. "Impact on pregnant/parturient women's health resulting from displacement between residence and health service." Rev Rene 22 (February 23, 2021): e61115. http://dx.doi.org/10.15253/2175-6783.20212261115.
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Objective: to analyze the impact on pregnant/parturient women's obstetric and neonatal outcomes resulting from displacement between homes and health services. Methods: an integrative review was carried out in August 2020 on the following databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online/PubMed, Science Direct and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature/Virtual Health Library, using controlled descriptors and keywords. Besides, a quantitative descriptive analysis of the main results was performed using the Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires software. Results: the sample resulted in 20 articles. It was evidenced that the mobility of women is hampered by distance between home and health services, precarious transport, and living in socioeconomically disadvantaged places. Conclusion: difficulty in mobility is a crucial factor that explains the adverse maternal and neonatal impact.
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Kenny, Gale L. "The World Day of Prayer: Ecumenical Churchwomen and Christian Cosmopolitanism, 1920–1946." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 27, no. 2 (2017): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2017.27.2.129.
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AbstractBetween World War I and World War II, the World Day of Prayer (WDP) expressed Protestant women's Christian cosmopolitanism that combined rituals of prayer with a liberal program of social activism and humanitarianism. The WDP began as a way to unite Protestant women together across organizational denominational lines as women's missionary societies entered a period of decline in the 1920s. The WDP raised awareness of home and foreign missionary work and took up a collection to support designated home and foreign mission projects, but it quickly emerged as a site for ritual creativity. The planning committees and prayer service facilitated Protestant women's efforts to replace a traditional understanding of missionary work with a cosmopolitan Christianity that coupled American women's spirituality with a liberal program supportive of racial diversity and internationalism. The prayer services became sacred spaces to enact “unity in diversity,” even though this was always more an ideal than a reality. Churchwomen used the evident dissonance between a universalist vision of a united Christian world and the realities of racial, religious, and national difference to generate discomfort in the prayer services and to deepen participants' spiritual experiences. While the interwar era is understood as a period of theological schisms and Protestant declension, a gendered analysis of Protestantism through the World Day of Prayer shows that it was also a period of religious transformation as churchwomen formulated a modern social gospel that paired spirituality and action in ways that would shape Protestant churches for the next several decades.
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Hernández-Medina, Patricia, and Boris Valencia Velasco. "Can tourism contribute to gender equality? Evidence from South American countries." Investigaciones Turísticas, no. 28 (July 5, 2024): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/inturi.25793.
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The research examines the causal relationship between tourism and gender equality for 10 South American countries in the period 2006-2019. Panel data modelling has been used to account for unobservable heterogeneity derived from time series and cross-sectional data. Estimates of the gender equality index have been made for both fixed and random effects for four models, considering as explanatory variables international tourism receipts (% of exports) which were kept constant in each of the estimates, in addition to real GDP per capita (model 2), education expenditures (model 3) and female labor participation in agriculture, industry and services (model 4). Based on the estimates we selected, through the Hausman test, those with fixed effects in three of the four models, which were corrected for the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity problems. The results show that tourism has a positive and significant effect on gender equality. With respect to the control variables, education expenditure and GDP per capita are found to be statistically significant, showing a direct relationship with gender equality, similarly to international tourism receipts. An inverse relationship is identified between gender equality and women's labor participation in agriculture and services.
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Howell, Jayne. "Different Paths Lead to the Shelter: Homeless Women's Struggles and Goals." Practicing Anthropology 21, no. 1 (1999): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.21.1.r131k33u4h5635p0.
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In a survey of ethnicity, gender, and homelessness, S. G. Baker (1994) observes, "at no time in U.S. history has homelessness proved so far-reaching in its demographic scope" (Gender Ethnicity and Homelessness: Accounting for Demographic Diversity on the Streets. The American Behavioral Scientist, 37:476-504, 1994:476). She suggests that the term "homeless" currently refers to men, women, and children of all ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds who live on the streets or use the services of shelters. Baker notes that although many homeless individuals lack familial support, there is a difference in men's and women's relationships with their families. In particular, homeless women often have less desire than men for contact with their families of origin, yet are more likely than men to be accompanied by dependent children.
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Wolff, Emily. "Gringita in the Waiting Room: Women's Reproductive Healthcare in Quito, Ecuador." Practicing Anthropology 32, no. 3 (2010): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.32.3.6k648p4714250218.
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In August of 2008, I embarked on a three-month field research trip to Quito, Ecuador, a project intended to hone my anthropological research skills. The purpose of my trip was to research women's use and perceptions of health care services, paying special attention to the differences between those receiving public and private care. I gained access to seven clinics and hospitals through my participation in a medical volunteer and shadowing program. I had learned of Child Family Health International (CFHI) at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln campus where they were advertising medical volunteering programs all over the world. While the program had locations in developing countries worldwide, I focused on Latin American countries. With the growing Spanish speaking population in the United States, improving my Spanish seemed like a very practical thing to do.
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Lillie-Blanton, Marsha, Rose Marie Martinez, Andrea Kidd Taylor, and Betty Garman Robinson. "Latina and African American Women: Continuing Disparities in Health." International Journal of Health Services 23, no. 3 (1993): 555–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mncj-nb8e-m0wa-1fgm.
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Women of all races have faced incredible challenges as they sought to realize the promises of America. For women of color, these challenges were compounded by the second-class citizenship of U.S. racial and ethnic minority population groups. In an effort to assess the quality of life experienced by Latina and African American women, this article provides descriptive information on racial/ethnic differences in women's social conditions, health status, exposure to occupational and environmental risks, and use of health services. When possible, indices are stratified by family income to limit the effects of social class on the comparison of racial differences. The authors provide evidence that Latina and African American women are more likely than nonminority women to encounter social environments (e.g., poverty, densely populated neighborhoods, hazardous work conditions) that place them at risk for ill-health and injury. Although persistent racial disparities in health are often attributed to the lifestyle behaviors of racial minority populations, they are undoubtedly a consequence of poorer social conditions as well as barriers in access to quality health services. To achieve further gains, public policies must reduce social inequalities (i.e., by gender, race, and social class) and assure greater equity in access to resources that facilitate healthier environments and lifestyles. Public health initiatives should be community-based, reflecting a shared partnership that actively engages minority women in decision-making about their lives.
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Edith, Nabasa, Ainembabazi Earnest B, Gideon Too Kiplagat, Nantale Hadijja, and Niwagaba Tarcis. "A Feminist Critique of Women Portrayal in NGUGI WA THIONGO’S Devil on the Cross." INOSR ARTS AND HUMANITIES 10, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/inosrah/2024/101.1801.
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African American Literature demonstrates that the Black Women's Feminism Caucus acknowledged that black women faced a dual patriarchal oppression from within their own community and from white society. This paper examines how Devil on the Cross portrays a Kikuyu woman striving for liberation and transformative change in Kenyan society. Employing a feminist perspective, the researcher contends that Ngugi Wa Thiong'o illustrates the plight of women in Kenyan society, interpreting feminism within its cultural framework. Building on this foundation, the study advocates for the designation of essential services such as police protection, justice, shelters, helplines, and community support services, ensuring they receive adequate support and resources to operate during pandemics and other public emergencies affecting women and girls. It emphasizes the necessity of involving women and women's civil society organizations in policy formulation, development, and implementation to integrate their knowledge, experiences, and needs into response strategies. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of prioritizing prevention and protection against gender-based and domestic violence in national responses by collecting detailed data on the prevalence of such violence and identifying which demographics of women and girls are most vulnerable. Keywords: Domestic violence, Feminist critique, Fiction, Women emancipation, Women portrayal
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Thanvi, Irfan Ali. "Legal Challenges in Securing Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP): An American Empathy." Cyber Law Reporter 02, no. 01 (2023): 60–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/cylr.2023.2101.
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Among the main achievements of the CIIP policy are establishment of the European Forum for Member States and of the European Public-Private Partnership for Resilience; carrying out of pan-European exercises (Cyber Europe 2010 and 2012); adoption, by ENISA, of a minimum set of baseline capabilities and services and related policy recommendations for National/Governmental Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) to function effectively. In some cases, the Cybersecurity strategy is taking forward such actions (for example, in carrying out pan-European exercises). In other cases, the voluntary approach of the CIIP policy would be strengthened by the proposal for a Directive on network and information security, which would require the Member States to put in place a minimum level of capabilities at national level and to co-operate cross-border. This paper alludes to the legal challenges confronted by the authorities’ in implementing them.
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Samahon, Tuan N. "American Immigration Microfederalism." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 18, no. 2 (2018): 171–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.18.2.7.
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Immigration power is thought to be a federal power in the United States, but the States and their localities play key roles in filling congressional immigration policy gaps. When confronted with a major migration crisis, these microfederal jurisdictions in a multi-layered federal system respond differently to the policy gaps. A healthy tolerance for microfederal policies promotes this experimentation and voter preference maximisation. A countervailing interest in uniformity, among other values, tempers the case for microfederalism by suggesting temporal or other limitations may be justified. States and localities have experimented with microfederal policies concerning migrants that touch on migration and integration policy. Restrictionist jurisdictions have promoted policies that discourage migration and integration. Their strategies include: formal cooperation with federal immigration enforcement when restrictionist in policy orientation; adoption of independent state-law measures to supplement federal immigration enforcement; and litigation to attempt to force or realign federal executive enforcement priorities on migration and integration. Sanctuary jurisdictions adopt inverse strategies. They may decline to participate in voluntary federal programs; refuse to access available federal immigration status information; deny federal requests to cooperate with federal detainer requests; provide access to State and local services to all comers, without regard to legal status; and, like restrictionist jurisdictions, litigate to attempt to force or realign the federal government’s enforcement priorities to favour migration and integration. Inevitably, conflict between federal and state administration results in litigation. The federal government attempts to assert its primacy in those matters touching on alien regulation. During the Trump administration, this effort has included the likely unconstitutional Executive Order 13768, but also the threat of affirmative federal pre-emption litigation against sanctuary jurisdictions. Provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act may provide Trump with a basis for arguing that federal law expressly or impliedly pre-oempts conflicting state law.
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DeMarco, Rosanna F., and Chad A. Minnich. "Men's Experiences Viewing an HIV/AIDS Prevention Education Film by and for Women." American Journal of Men's Health 1, no. 3 (2007): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988306293859.
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The purpose of this study is to understand (a) the experience of men viewing the film Women's Voices Women's Lives ( WVWL), a prevention education film for and by heterosexual African American women living with HIV/AIDS in the United States, and (b) the perceived needs of male viewers on how to best access effective HIV/AIDS prevention messages. A postviewing structured written survey was completed addressing the experience of viewing the film and HIV prevention services in the community, respectively ( N = 16). Responses include stunning realization and anger that motivated viewers to get immediately screened for HIV. In addition, the men felt they were informed about HIV risk through the courage and candidness of the women describing their experience. Participants reported that a film similar to WVWL should be made for heterosexual/bisexual men. The authors conclude film prevention messages are a powerful means to convey health education ideas.
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Rummery, Kirstein. "Introduction: Themed Section: Partnerships, Governance and Citizenship." Social Policy and Society 5, no. 2 (2006): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746405002903.
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The issue of ‘joined up’ governance and partnership working (between statutory partners, between the state and the voluntary sector and between the state and the private sector) is one which currently occupies the attention of policy makers and academics across mixed-liberal welfare states such as the European Union, Nordic, Commonwealth and North American welfare regimes (Geddes and Benington, 2001; Considine and Lewis, 2003; Bradford, 2003; Ovretveit, 2003). Many of these states, the UK included, are attempting to tackle the issues of growing demands for services, the perceived ineffectiveness and inefficiency of governments in responding to welfare need and the ‘hollowing out’ of the state that is a feature of modern mixed-liberal welfare states, particularly those which are attempting to find a ‘Third Way’ between socialist bureaucracies and market-driven liberalism (Giddens, 1998). The policy response, both in the UK and internationally, has been to encourage ‘partnership’ working between the various arms of the state, and between the state and the private and voluntary sector, as well as emphasizing ‘partnership’ working between the state and local users and communities.
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Harris, Mary S., and James R. Eckman. "APPROACHES TO SCREENING." Pediatrics 83, no. 5 (1989): 858–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.83.5.858.
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Georgia's newborn screening program for hemoglobinopathies has been evolving for more than 23 years. The program began in 1964 with the screening of infants at 6 months of age and progressed to the full-scale implementation of a statewide hemoglobinopathy newborn screening program in 1980. The program functions as a cooperative effort with several major components: two tertiary care centers, a community-based clinic, and the state public health department. The tertiary care centers consist of the Augusta Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center affiliated with the Medical College of Georgia and the Georgia Sickle Cell Center at Grady Hospital affiliated with Emory University School of Medicine. These two centers are responsible for patient care, education, and research. The community component consists of the Sickle Cell Foundation of Georgia, which is responsible for counceling clients with sickle cell trait, community education, and notification of parents of infants with normal test results. The state component consists of the Georgia Department of Human Resources, which is responsible for program administration and primary laboratory testing. The program components coordinate their services through a voluntary organization known as the Georgia Sickle Cell Task Force. The organization consists of representatives from agencies and organizations actively involved in the provision of services for patients with sickle cell disease. The members of this organization work together to ensure an efficient service network for education, testing, counseling, patient management, program monitoring, and evaluation. Georgia's screening program can best be described as a targeted, voluntary, mandatory screening program, which means that, unless the mother objects to having her infant tested on religious grounds, infants in 13 ethnic groups are automatically tested because they are considered at risk (African, Arabian, Central American, Greek, Maltese, Hispanic, Indian, Portuguese, Puerto Rican, Sardinian, Sicilian, South American, and Southern Asian).
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Abdullahi, Muhammad, and Rilwan Nakazalle Usman. "Management of Public Enterprises through Public Private Partnership in Nigeria." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 19 (December 2013): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.19.76.
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Collaboration with corporations, small businesses, non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations to provide socially beneficial goods and services. Public enterprises and the private sector cooperate in providing services and infrastructure through a variety of mechanisms. The level of performance and development of public enterprise in the country are very low due to corruption, management inefficiencies, overstaffing and inflation. This paper therefore in tend to highlight the different mechanisms of public private partnership (PPPs) in the management of public enterprise including concessions, build-operate- and- transfer (BOTs) arrangement, joint ventures and informal and voluntary cooperation as applied in some Latin American and Asian countries. The paper recommends that the government should clearly identify goals and objectives of public private partnerships and embody them in an official set of laws, develop strategy for management plan for public private partnerships and create employment protection measures for current government employees in organization that will go in to public private partnerships.
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de Bruyn, Maria, and Susan Paxton. "HIV testing of pregnant women—what is needed to protect positive women's needs and rights?" Sexual Health 2, no. 3 (2005): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04056.
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With increased availability of antiretroviral therapy, there is an escalating global trend to test all pregnant women for HIV in order to stop perinatal transmission. However, insufficient consideration is given to the impact this may have on the lives of these women and their families. Many women feel pressured into HIV testing during pregnancy, do not receive adequate pre-test counselling or do not give truly informed consent. Some women who test positive experience significantly more discrimination from their partners, families and community members than HIV-positive men do. As a consequence, large numbers of women diagnosed during pregnancy do not tell their husband their status because they fear blame, abandonment or abuse, including physical assault. Women who do disclose their HIV status may face dramatic negative repercussions on their own and their children’s wellbeing. Consequently, it is unfair to test women during pregnancy solely or mainly to help prevent perinatal transmission if there are no available support services to protect the women’s rights, enable them to live healthily after an HIV-positive diagnosis and engage them in the policies and programmes that affect women’s lives. We need to create a climate that encourages HIV testing before pregnancy so that women can make informed reproductive choices. Men must be brought into the testing process through couple counselling before pregnancy and scaling up of voluntary counselling and testing programmes outside the antenatal care setting. In addition, people living with HIV have unique expertise and are very effective as peer counsellors. They have been under-utilised in the health care sector to provide support to newly-diagnosed people and to help eliminate AIDS-related shame and stigma.
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Elsayed, Walaa. "An analytical View from the Perspective of Method Community Organization of the Reality of Women's Volunteer Work in the Emirate of Ajman in the U.A.E." Dirasat: Human and Social Sciences 49, no. 1 (2022): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/hum.v49i1.1667.
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The study aims to identify the reality of women's volunteer work in the Emirate of Ajman in the UAE from the perspective of the way the society is organized by identifying the characteristics of volunteers, the nature of volunteer services, the reasons that drive Emirati women to volunteer, conditions, forms of volunteering, and the obstacles for women to practice volunteer and exit with recommendations that contribute to raising the level of a female volunteer in the Emirate of Ajman. The study used the descriptive survey method using the case study for 90 volunteers in charitable societies in the Emirate of Ajman. The important results of the study are that the largest age group of volunteers was between the ages of 30-40, and they obtained Highly qualified and most of their volunteer services were in the local area, and the most motivating reasons for their volunteer was their high confidence in their abilities to help, and the most important conditions for their volunteering is the availability of sufficient time with a measure of good health to do the required effort, and the most their favorite forms of volunteer are online volunteering. The important difficulty from their point of view is the lack of awareness of the importance of volunteering for a large number of girls of the current generation. The important recommendations of the study are the need to work on establishing a center for voluntary rehabilitation. It specializes in raizing their level of performance to solve the problems their societies
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Madaras, Gary. "An overview of room acoustics requirements in North American, nonresidential, building standards." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (2021): 5047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2943.
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In the United States and elsewhere in North America, acoustics requirements for nonresidential buildings in Federal acts, codes, official standards and unofficial guidelines and rating systems tend to be voluntary, grass-roots and bottom-up instead of being mandatory, top-down or governmentally mandated. This relates to the governmental viewpoint that noise is merely a nuisance, not a health risk as viewed in other parts of the world. Existing requirements associated with noise control - whether they are related to environmental/community noise, transmission of transportation noise through the building envelope or occupant noise through the interior construction assemblies or minimizing noise from building services - are more prevalent in these standards. Requirements for good room acoustics related to sound absorption, speech intelligibility and distraction-free and comfortable interiors that promote human health and well-being are appearing in more standards and being updated to have more stringent values. Much improvement is still needed in older standards that do not have regular revision cycles and open, public, review periods. An overview of the types of room acoustics metrics used, their evolving values, advantages/disadvantages and the research behind them will be provided. Recommendations for future advancements will be offered.
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Malkawi, Zain A., and Reem S. Tubaishat. "Knowledge, Practice and Utilization of Dental Services among Pregnant Women in the North of Jordan." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 15, no. 3 (2014): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1541.
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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate women's oral hygiene knowledge, practice, and use of dental services during pregnancy in the north of Jordan. Materials and methods Voluntary sample of 154 pregnant women of 18 to 40 years old were invited to participate in the study. They were asked to read a self-designated questionnaire and a cover letter which explained the purpose of the study. The questionnaire addressed self-reported demographics, knowledge, practice and use of dental services during pregnancy. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-square test to determine statistically significant differences across knowledge, practice and use of dental services during pregnancy. Results The sample included 29.3% aged 20 to 24 years old; 33.1% having bachelor degree; and 66.9% were housewives. The majority of study sample 68.2% knew they need dental consultation during pregnancy; however, 39.5% received dental consultation during pregnancy. Majority 62.4% brushed their teeth regularly; however, 73.2% does not use auxiliary dental hygiene devices. Majority 44.5% visited dentist, when they feel pain. Statistically significant association were found between educational level and knowledge about need to dental consultation during pregnancy (p = 0.012); educational level and knowledge about link between pregnancy and periodontal diseases (p = 0.01); and economic status and use of auxiliary dental hygiene devices during pregnancy (p = 0.040). Conclusion Pregnant women brushed their teeth regularly and visited dentist occasionally. Income was significantly associated with increase use of auxiliary dental hygiene devices. Educational level was significantly associated with mothers’ knowledge about the need for consultation and possible link between pregnancy and periodontal diseases. How to cite this article Malkawi ZA, Tubaishat RS. Knowledge, Practice and Utilization of Dental Services among Pregnant Women in the North of Jordan. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014;15(3):345-351.
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Levinstein, David. "Paternity and Legal Abortion: A Comprehensive Analysis of Rights, Responsibilities and Social Impact." Community and Interculturality in Dialogue 2 (December 10, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/cid202230.
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Introduction: The abortion debate in society revolves around women's reproductive rights and autonomy, while also considering men's perspectives and societal implications. Women argue for the right to make decisions about their bodies, emphasizing the potential consequences of denying this right, such as forced motherhood and restricted personal and professional development. Men, too, play a role in the debate, with some supporting women's rights and emphasizing the importance of joint decision-making in relationships. Development: The historical context of abortion is complex, with different societies and time periods featuring varying views and regulations. From ancient civilizations to modern eras, practices and legal approaches to abortion have evolved. In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church had a significant impact on abortion regulation, while scientific and medical advancements shaped modern debates. Abortion is defined as the deliberate termination of pregnancy before fetal viability, with legal definitions varying worldwide. Understanding these distinctions is essential to address abortion comprehensively. In Argentina, the historic reform of 2020 marked a significant change in abortion legislation, permitting termination of pregnancy up to 14 weeks without justification. The feminist movement played a crucial role in advocating for this reform, leading to a more inclusive and equitable approach. Despite this progress, challenges remain, including ensuring nationwide access and promoting comprehensive sexual education. Responsible fatherhood involves recognizing men's rights and responsibilities in pregnancy and abortion. Men have the right to receive information, be present during pregnancy and childbirth, and establish custody and visitation arrangements. Emotional support, financial contributions, and active participation in decision-making are also essential aspects. Legislation regarding men's involvement in abortion decisions varies, but a balanced, informed dialogue is encouraged.Conclusions: Argentina's legalization of abortion represents a significant step forward for women's reproductive rights and autonomy. The Law on the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy recognizes fundamental rights and guarantees and establishes access to safe and legal abortion services. However, challenges persist in ensuring equal access across the country. Responsible fatherhood involves recognizing men's rights and responsibilities in pregnancy and abortion decisions.
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Lee, Mi Hwa, Joseph R. Merighi, and Hee Yun Lee. "Factors Associated with Mammogram Use in Korean American Immigrant Women." American Journal of Health Behavior 43, no. 6 (2019): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.43.6.6.
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Objectives: In this study, we assessed breast cancer screening in Korean American immigrant women and identified factors associated with adherence to American Cancer Society mammography screening guidelines. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional survey with 182 Korean American immigrant women in Los Angeles County, California. Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use guided this study's design and analysis. We used hierarchical logistic regression to identify predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with mammography adherence. Results: Nearly all respondents (95.1%) had a mammogram at some point in their lifetime. Mammography adherence based on age was 22.2% (45-49 years), 29.0% (50-54 years), and 67.7% (55 years and older). The strongest correlates of mammogram adherence were having a regular primary care check-up and hearing about a mammogram experience from family members, friends, or neighbors. Awareness of free or low-cost mammogram service, family cancer history, and having fatalistic beliefs also were associated with mammogram adherence. Conclusions: The findings highlight the primacy of health education messages that emphasize the importance of regular check-ups and personal screening experiences to promote mammography use in this population. Additional research is needed to understand Korean American immigrant women's perspectives on breast cancer and breast cancer screening in relation to fatalism.
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Foster, Peggy. "Improving the Doctor/Patient Relationship: A Feminist Perspective." Journal of Social Policy 18, no. 3 (1989): 337–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400017608.
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ABSTRACTSince the early 1970s British and American feminists have developed a comprehensive critique of the dominant doctor/patient relationship within mainstream health care services. In Britain, activists in the women's health movement have struggled to put into practice a model of health care delivery based on feminist principles, within which the doctor/patient relationship is radically redesigned. This paper will explore the principles and practice of this feminist health care model. It will then attempt to evaluate alternative strategies for strengthening and expanding feminist health care within the NHS. The paper will draw on data gathered by the author in 1987 through a series of unstructured interviews with feminist health care providers who were working within a variety of NHS settings in the North West of England.
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Schwartz, Thomas J. "Model for Pre-Hospital Disaster Response." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2, no. 1-4 (1986): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00030417.
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I will present a process by which many of the prehospital providers in this country are trying to organize effective and efficient response plans for major medical incidents which could in fact include a disaster response.Many people in the emergency medical services community, including myself, have been involved in a planning process for voluntary national EMS standards, the program being coordinated by the American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) F30 Emergency Medical Services Standards Committee. I chair a subtask group on Disaster Management. The committee has prepared a document containing elements, suggestions, processes and procedures from MCI/disaster response plans from EMS agencies around the country. These places include the cities of Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C. area, Phoenix, Arizona and other urban places. The intent of this task group is not to prepare a document as a rigid standard to cover every detail on an individual task response plan. Instead, the intent of our task group is to provide an overview of expectations of what an individual mass casualty plan should include; focusing on such topical areas as Incident Command Management, communications, triage, transportation, logistical support issues, mutual aid and ancillary support services and many other topical areas that agency planners must address in developing their respective operational response plans.
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Mehta, Jaya M., Kathy L. MacLaughlin, Denise M. Millstine, et al. "Breast Cancer Screening: Women's Attitudes and Beliefs in Light of Updated United States Preventive Services Task Force and American Cancer Society Guidelines." Journal of Women's Health 28, no. 3 (2019): 302–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2017.6885.
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Creek, Drew Vande. "Solomon Huebner and the Development of Life Insurance Sales Professionalism, 1905–1927." Enterprise & Society 6, no. 4 (2005): 646–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700014993.
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In 1927 the National Association of Life Underwriters collaborated with Professor Solomon Huebner of the University of Pennsylvania to found the American College of Life Underwriters, an institution devoted to establishing and maintaining professional standards for the nation’s life insurance salesmen. Their work sheds light on the new politics of expertise and associations that emerged in the 1920s. While many historians have portrayed the period’s experts as purveyors of new, technical knowledge and apolitical agents of an inevitable modernity, Huebner in fact brought little real knowledge of insurance to his work. Instead, he introduced the industry’s prevailing ideology of public service into his classroom, and it informed his professionalization project as well. The professor worked as a campaigner for professionalism, attempting to persuade life insurance salesmen, industry executives, and the American public to accept the notion that salesmen could become professionals. Ultimately, Huebner’s career shows how a Progressive expert worked directly with a trade association representing a disorganized industry. But instead of merely seeking to build new capacity for economic planning and stabilization, Huebner and the association boldly positioned their industry as a voluntary and private means of providing Americans with basic social welfare benefits and paved the way for the growth of the modern financial services industry.
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Berg, Judith A., Diana Taylor, and Nancy Fugate Woods. "Where we are today: Prioritizing women’s health services and health policy. A report by the Women's Health Expert Panel of the American Academy of Nursing." Nursing Outlook 61, no. 1 (2013): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2012.06.004.
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Savoie, Isabelle, Arminée Kazanjian, and Fern Brunger. "WOMEN, THE MEDIA, AND HEART DISEASE." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15, no. 4 (1999): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462399154126.
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Objective: To analyze the nature and presentation of print media messages regarding cholesterol and heart disease in women. The hypothesis is that print media messages about cholesterol and heart disease may encourage and perpetuate the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in women.Methods: A hand-search of the "seven sisters" of American women's magazines and of two Canadian women's magazines. All print material related to cholesterol and heart disease in women was photocopied and the content analyzed qualitatively. The print media content was divided into two categories: magazine articles and drug industry–sponsored advertisements. Themes were identified and were analyzed for the messages they contained about heart disease, cholesterol, and the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in women.Results: From the magazine articles, three main messages were identified. First, heart disease is the number one killer of women. Second, women must demand recognition of their high risk of heart disease and demand equal access to prevention and treatment services for heart disease. Third, lifestyles changes are not enough. Cholesterol-lowering drugs should be considered. Drug advertisements also emphasize that postmenopausal women are at high risk of heart disease and that lifestyle changes are inadequate or insufficient to lower this risk. In both cases, high blood cholesterol is considered not as a risk factor for heart disease but as the disease itself.Conclusions: Magazine articles and drug advertisements act synergistically and may encourage and promote the use of cholesterol-lowering drugs in women. Postmenopausal women not on hormone therapy are particularly targeted.
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Carek, Peter J., Lisa Mims, Stacey Kirkpatrick, et al. "Does Community- or University-Based Residency Sponsorship Affect Graduate Perceived Preparation or Performance?" Journal of Graduate Medical Education 12, no. 5 (2020): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-19-00907.1.
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ABSTRACT Background Residency training occurs in varied settings. Whether there are differences in the training received by graduates of community- or medical school–based programs has been the subject of debate. Objective This study examined the perceived preparation for practice, scope of practice, and American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) board examination pass rates of family physicians in relation to the type of residency program (community, medical school, or partnership) in which they trained. Methods Predetermined survey responses were abstracted from the 2016 and 2017 National Family Medicine Graduate Survey of ABFM and linked to data about residency programs obtained from the websites of national organizations. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data and logistic regression to examine differences between survey results based on type of residency training: community, medical school, or partnership. Results Differences in the perception of preparation as well as current scope of practice were noted for the 3 residency types. The differences in perception were mainly noted in hospital-based skills, such as intubation and ventilator management, and in women's health and family planning services, with different program types increasing preparedness perception in different domains. Conclusions In general, graduates of family medicine community-based, non-affiliated, and partnership programs perceived they were prepared for and were providing more of the services queried in the survey than graduates of medical school–based programs.
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Rocha, Juliana Schaia, Letícia Yumi Arima, Renata Iani Werneck, Samuel Jorge Moysés, and Márcia Helena Baldani. "Determinants of Dental Care Attendance during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review." Caries Research 52, no. 1-2 (2018): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000481407.
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Despite the fact that dental care attendance during pregnancy has been recommended by guidelines and institutions, the demand for dental services is still low among pregnant women. The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the determinants of dental care attendance during pregnancy. We performed a systematic literature search in the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Brazilian Library in Dentistry, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Medline using relevant keywords. Studies were filtered by publication year (2000-2016) and language (English, Portuguese, Spanish, and French). The included studies were assessed for quality. Their characteristics and statistically significant factors were reported. Fourteen papers were included in the review. The prevalence of dental service usage during pregnancy ranged from 16 to 83%. Demographic factors included women's age, marital status, parity, and nationality. The socioeconomic factors were income, educational level, and type of health insurance. Many psychological and behavioral factors played a role, including oral health practices, oral health and pregnancy beliefs, and health care maintenance. Referred symptoms of gingivitis, dental pain, or dental problems were perceived need. Demographic, socioeconomic, psychological, behavioral factors and perceived need were associated with the utilization of dental services during pregnancy. More well-designed studies with reliable outcomes are required to confirm the framework described in this review.
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Ostergren, Jennifer A., and Sara M. Aguilar. "An International Perspective on Speech-Language Pathology Assistants." Perspectives on Administration and Supervision 25, no. 2 (2015): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/aas25.2.64.
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In 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank highlighted several pressing concerns in the area of service provision to individuals with disabilities, including a global shortage of rehabilitation personnel. The use of mid-level workers was recommended as one strategy for improving human resource capacity in this area. In the United States, speech-language pathology assistants (SLPAs) are one type of mid-level worker that has received recent attention. The American Speech-Language and Hearing Association (ASHA) updated its policy statement on SLPAs in 2013 and also implemented a voluntary affiliation for assistants in 2011. Unfortunately, a paucity of research exists in the United States on this topic. Internationally, however, researchers have reported on the topic of assistants in the field of speech-language pathology. This manuscript serves as an integrative review of the research literature on the topic of assistants in the field of speech-language pathology from an international perspective, including information on the effectiveness of assistants in service provision, important elements related to their training and supervision, opinions from supervisors on this topic, and novel extensions of assistant services to areas such as cross-disciplinary tasks and telerehabilitation.
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Neely, Keith W., Robert L. Norton, Ed Bartkus, and John A. Schiver. "Analysis of Hospital Ability to Provide Trauma Services: A Comparison between Teaching and Community Hospitals." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 6, no. 4 (1991): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00038954.
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AbstractHypothesis:Teaching hospitals (TH) can maintain the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (ACSCOT) criteria for Level II trauma care more consistently than can community hospitals (CH).Methods:A retrospective analysis of 2,091 trauma system patients was done to determine if TH in an urban area are better able to meet the criteria for Level II trauma care than are CH. During the study period, a voluntary trauma plan existed among five hospitals; two TH and three CH. A hospital could accept patients that met trauma system entry criteria as long as, at that moment, it could provide the resources specified by ACSCOT. Hospitals were required to report their current resources accurately. A centralized communications center maintained a computerized, inter-hospital link which continuously monitored the availability of all participating hospitals. Trauma system protocols required paramedics to transport system patients to the closest available trauma hospital that had all the required resources available. Nine of the required ACSCOT Level II trauma center criteria were monitored for each institution emergency department (ED); trauma surgeon (TS); operating room (OR); angiogaphy (ANG); anesthesiologist (ANE); intensive care unit (ICU); on-call surgeon (OCS); neurosurgeon (NS); and CT scanner (CT) available at the time of each trauma system entry.Results:With the exception of OR, TH generally maintained the required staff and services more successfully than did CH. Further, less day to night variation in the available resources occurred at the TH. Specifically, ANE, ICU, TS, NS and CT were available more often both day and night, at TH than CH. However, OR was less available at TH than CH during both day and night (p<.01).Conclusions:In this community, TH provided a greater availability of trauma services than did CH. This study supports the designation of TH as trauma centers. A similar availability analysis can be performed in other communities to help guide trauma center designation.
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Gilson, Clive H. J., and Terry Wagar. "The U.S./Canada Convergence Thesis: Contrary Evidence from Nova Scotia." Articles 50, no. 1 (2005): 66–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050992ar.
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The impact of P.C. 1003 on labour relations legislation in the various Canadian provinces can be both overestimated and underestimated. Many other elements and factors came together to produce a Canadian System of industrial relations in 1944. P.C. 1003 was both a result and a beginning. The American Wagner Act of 1935 and the pressure exerted in Canada by union leaders to obtain similar legislation in this country were two major factors. Some provincial legislations had established Systems of conciliation, through the federal and/or provincial Departments of Labour. A few previous laws prepared the way for P.C. 1003. The Quebec Trade Disputes Act of 1901 introduced mediation, conciliation and arbitration. Although the services were offered on a voluntary basis to interested parties, a certain number did use them, and that very fact contributed to the view that state intervention was normal. The federal legislation adopted in the first decade of the century had a similar impact, at least until its constitutionality was successfully attacked in 1925. After the Snider case, all Canadian provinces but one moved to "provincialize" the effect of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act by adopting similar legislation. The 1937 Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act of British Columbia provoked much interest; and the 1943 Ontario Collective Bargaining Act was an important experimental prelude to P.C. 1003. The provisions of these acts were in most cases voluntary, but their application, whether mandatory or voluntary, helped to foster the belief that government intervention in labour disputes was normal, if not desirable. The first federal-provincial conference held on the subject in 1943 also helped to pave the way to the acceptance of the main elements of P.C. 1003. Because of the war situation and the urgency of keeping conflicts from becoming too disruptive, steps that could not have been taken in other circumstances became acceptable at that time. Thus the administrative machinery for certification and conciliation services was put in place. The "cost-plus" system of granting government contracts played a major role. Because P.C. 1003 was mandatory for all war industries, it applied to most of the unionized industries. The rest of the economy was covered by provincial laws, many of them simply extending P.C. 1003 provisions to labour disputes in provincial jurisdiction. These provisions were continued after the war under the National Emergency Transitional Powers Act. By 1948, all of the provinces had adopted a Labour Relations Act, under that name or another, containing the major features of P.C. 1003 and of the 1948 federal Industrial Relations and Disputes Investigation Act. In a sense, P.C. 1003 owed a lot to previous provincial laws, but subsequent legislation also owes a lot to P.C. 1003, especially with regard to the technical aspects of certification and the creation of labour boards.