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Agung Riyadi, Agus Dwi Santosa, Gunarto Gunarto i Lois Yulianto. "Kajian Dampak Pengembangan Islamic Center Terhadap Kondisi Sosial dan Lingkungan". Jurnal Bengawan Solo : Pusat Kajian Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daerah Kota Surakarta 2, nr 1 (10.06.2023): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58684/jbs.v2i1.22.
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The Islamic Center is the center of Islamic religious activities. Islamic centers emerged in America as a place for the growing American Muslim population. In Indonesia, there are quite well-known Islamic Centers such as the Jakarta Islamic Center, the Samarinda Islamic Center, and the West Nusa Tenggara Islamic Center. The Islamic center is a place that functions as a center for fostering and developing the Islamic religion, besides that it also functions as a space for the development of da'wah in the era of development.
The construction of the Islamic Center in Surakarta City is a part of the construction of the Raya Zayed Mosque which has been completed. The construction of Masjid Raya Zayed and Solo Islamic Center came from a gift from the Crown Prince of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh Mohamed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan to President Joko Widodo. The construction of the Islamic Center is in line with the policy direction of the 2021-2026 City of Surakarta RPJMD, which is to increase efforts to use and control spatial planning with indications of the Optimizing the development of the North Solo Region program. This will balance the development of the North Solo Region and the development of the South Solo Region. Politically, the bilateral Islamic center is a symbol of friendship. The Solo Islamic Center that will be built is a collaboration between the governments of the UAE and Indonesia; Symbolizes good relations between the two countries.
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Finch, Zachary O., i Richard H. Johnson. "Observational Analysis of an Upper-Level Inverted Trough during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment". Monthly Weather Review 138, nr 9 (1.09.2010): 3540–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3369.1.
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Abstract Upper-level inverted troughs (IVs) associated with midlatitude breaking Rossby waves or tropical upper-troposphere troughs (TUTTs) have been identified as important contributors to the variability of rainfall in the North American monsoon (NAM) region. However, little attention has been given to the dynamics of these systems owing to the sparse observational network over the NAM region. High temporal and spatial observations taken during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) are utilized to analyze a significant IV that passed over northwestern Mexico from 10 to 13 July 2004. The Colorado State University gridded dataset, which is independent of model analysis over land, is the primary data source used in this study. Results show that the 10–13 July IV disturbance was characterized by a warm anomaly around 100 hPa and a cold anomaly that extended from 200 to 700 hPa. The strongest cyclonic circulation was in the upper levels around 200 hPa. Quasigeostrophic (QG) diagnostics indicate that the upper-level low forced weak subsidence (weak rising motion) to the west (east) of its center. Net downward motion to the west was a result of the Laplacian of thermal advection (forcing subsidence) outweighing differential vorticity advection (forcing weak upward motion). Despite the QG forcing of downward motion west of the upper-level IV, enhanced convection occurred west of the IV center along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). This seemingly contradictory behavior can be explained by noting that the upper-level IV induced a midlevel cyclonic circulation, with northeasterly (southeasterly) midlevel flow to the west (east) of its center. Increased mesoscale organization of convection along the SMO foothills was found to be collocated with IV-enhanced northeasterly midlevel flow and anomalous northeasterly shear on the western (leading) flank of the system. It is proposed that the upper-level IV increased the SMO-perpendicular midlevel flow as well as the wind shear, thereby creating an environment favorable for convective storms to grow upscale as they moved off the high terrain.
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Ladwig, William C., i David J. Stensrud. "Relationship between Tropical Easterly Waves and Precipitation during the North American Monsoon". Journal of Climate 22, nr 2 (15.01.2009): 258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2241.1.
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Abstract Relationships between tropical easterly waves (TEWs) and precipitation over Mexico and the United States are examined during the North American monsoon (NAM). The National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data are used to identify 137 TEWs that cross Mexico north of 20°N after monsoon onset over a 31-yr period from 1975 to 2005. Mean precipitation anomalies over two-day periods both before and after TEW passage are determined using Climate Prediction Center daily precipitation analyses. Results indicate that positive precipitation anomalies occur along the west coast of Mexico and extending into the west-central United States in association with TEW passage. Negative precipitation anomalies are found in the south-central United States. These precipitation anomaly patterns share many similarities to precipitation anomaly patterns previously defined in association with gulf surge events. On longer time scales, correlations between the total number of these northern TEWs crossing Mexico and 90-day monsoon period precipitation anomalies are also examined. An out-of-phase relationship is found between monsoon period precipitation anomalies in the southwestern and south-central United States, suggesting that increasing the number of northern TEWs crossing Mexico leads to enhanced monsoon period rainfall in Arizona and New Mexico and reduced monsoon period rainfall in Texas and Oklahoma. Thus, these northern TEWs likely play an important role in producing the distribution of precipitation throughout the NAM region and the south-central United States during the monsoon season, and extended-range predictions of northern TEW frequency may lead to improved seasonal rainfall anomaly forecasts in these regions.
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Livingston, Lindsay. "Brandishing Guns: Performing Race and Belonging in the American West". Journal of Visual Culture 17, nr 3 (grudzień 2018): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470412918801293.
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This article examines the racial dynamics and performative nature of US gun culture by analyzing the 2014 standoff between Cliven Bundy and the Bureau of Land Management. The standoff followed discernible scripts of white masculine privilege and drew on scenarios of conquest in the US American West, as Bundy’s supporters gathered at his ranch and brandished their weapons in open defiance of the federal government. The act of brandishing their guns was a ‘performance of belonging’, a public, theatrical gesture that marks the bearer as a full participant in civic life and all its attendant rights and privileges. This belonging, however, is predicated on histories of white supremacist laws and settler colonialist violence. By reading gun culture in the United States through the lens of performance, this article traces the profound discrepancies between legal and practical gun rights and illuminates one of the most intractable debates at the center of US American life.
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Moore, Stephanie C. "Jews in the Los Angeles Mosaic. The Autry National Center of the American West". Public Historian 35, nr 4 (1.11.2013): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2013.35.4.76.
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Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge R., Santos T. Leiva-Espinoza i M. Catherine Aime. "The History of Cacao and Its Diseases in the Americas". Phytopathology® 110, nr 10 (październik 2020): 1604–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-20-0178-rvw.
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Cacao is a commodity crop from the tropics cultivated by about 6 million smallholder farmers. The tree, Theobroma cacao, originated in the Upper Amazon where it was domesticated ca. 5450 to 5300 B.P. From this center of origin, cacao was dispersed and cultivated in Mesoamerica as early as 3800 to 3000 B.P. After the European conquest of the Americas (the 1500s), cacao cultivation intensified in several loci, primarily Mesoamerica, Trinidad, Venezuela, and Ecuador. It was during the colonial period that cacao diseases began emerging as threats to production. One early example is the collapse of the cacao industry in Trinidad in the 1720s, attributed to an unknown disease referred to as the “blast”. Trinidad would resurface as a production center due to the discovery of the Trinitario genetic group, which is still widely used in breeding programs around the world. However, a resurgence of diseases like frosty pod rot during the republican period (the late 1800s and early 1900s) had profound impacts on other centers of Latin American production, especially in Venezuela and Ecuador, shifting the focus of cacao production southward, to Bahia, Brazil. Production in Bahia was, in turn, dramatically curtailed by the introduction of witches’ broom disease in the late 1980s. Today, most of the world’s cacao production occurs in West Africa and parts of Asia, where the primary Latin American diseases have not yet spread. In this review, we discuss the history of cacao cultivation in the Americas and how that history has been shaped by the emergence of diseases.
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Ewert, Eric C. "Searching for the “Old West” in the Theme Towns of the New American West". Review of Social Sciences 1, nr 1 (20.01.2016): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/rss.v1i1.8.
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<div align="center"><p>The Western Anachronism: thanks to western novels and Hollywood, the general public and a great many foreign visitors believe that the “Real West” is, or should be, the mythic West of cowboys and Indians, pickax miners, mountain trappers, and Oregon Trail pioneers. And for a great many busted resource towns, Real West tourism seems to be the boom waiting to replace moribund mining, logging, ranching, and agriculture. So, in many places, towns have rushed to re-create the past in order to attract visitors and new residents. Tourists want to see 19th century saloons and bordellos, old-style signs, Main Street gunfights, blacksmith shops, and hitching posts, not irrigated agriculture, sprawling suburbs, interstate highways, franchise America, and retirement communities. To meet these expectations, towns have reinvented themselves as “museums” of the Old West. For some, historic preservation and resurrection of past landscapes have sufficed, but for others, the “old” look is completely contrived. In both cases, this “Old West” iconography has become emblematic of the rapidly growing modern “New West.” It appears as Victorian, Bavarian, Mining, Wild West, Alpine, Old West, Southwest, Frontier, and other themes. Indeed, one can hardly visit a rural western town without seeing half-timbers or false fronts or board sidewalks or adobe bricks or tile roofs or some other representative adornment or period bric-a-brac. Furthermore, the activities of tourism and outdoor recreation seem most at home when rooted in these “themed” landscapes. The only problem is this: while many theme towns have enjoyed sustained economic success, the costs and tradeoffs have often rendered them no more real or stable than a western movie-set façade.</p></div>
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Bennison, Sarah. "Americanizing the West: Protestant and Catholic Missionary Education on the Rosebud Reservation, 1870–1920". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 113, nr 3 (marzec 2011): 431–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811111300301.
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Background This paper challenges the dominant story of Protestant and Catholic conflict by illustrating the critical role that mission schools played in creating denominational consensus in the West. Focus Protestant and Catholic missionaries cast aside their differences as they worked toward common goals to “civilize,” Christianize, and “Americanize” natives on reservations like Rosebud. United as whites against indigenous “others,” these predominantly female missionaries forged new, interdenominational conceptions of American identity through their work in western mission schools. Research Design The article offers historical analysis and interpretation. Conclusions Despite a long historiography emphasizing conflict between these groups, this study of a Protestant school and a Catholic school on Rosebud at the turn of the twentieth century provides new perspectives on the Americanization process at the center of schooling during this period. This examination of missionary education adds to our understanding of educative efforts among Native Americans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by illustrating how religion, and religious denominationalism, operated on the frontier. Against a long history of missionary work in the West and denominational conflict in the East, Protestants and Catholics alike affirmed their own “American” identity through their work on Rosebud.
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Lai-Henderson, Selina. "Color around the Globe: Langston Hughes and Black Internationalism in China". MELUS 45, nr 2 (2020): 88–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlaa016.
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Abstract Langston Hughes was the first African American writer to set foot on Chinese soil. Having visited Mexico, Europe, and West Africa before he turned twenty-two, Hughes eventually also made his way to the Soviet Union, Japan, and China in 1933. At the age of thirty-one, he accomplished what none of his contemporaries or predecessors had been able to achieve—to rewrite the public image of African Americans in the Chinese cultural and intellectual imagination. Crucially, his visit to China pushed beyond the limits of black internationalism as he responded to American and European global hegemony through using China as an experimental ground. At a time when the Soviet Union held center stage in communist revolutionary thought, Hughes's Chinese encounters challenged the assumption within the American and African American communities that China was largely irrelevant in the discourse of proletarianism. The internationalist perspectives that he obtained from the sojourn offered him a powerful tool to communicate the struggles of black citizenship at home in a global context. It stimulated a racial consciousness that defied national, geographical, and political boundaries of the US color line.
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Puchalski, Adam, Antonio K. Liu i Byron Williams. "Three Cases of West Nile Encephalitis over an Eight-Day Period at a Downtown Los Angeles Community Hospital". Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/262698.
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Since its introduction in New York City in 1999, the virus has spread throughout the entire North American continent and continues to spread into Central and Latin America. Our report discusses the signs and symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment of West Nile disease. It is important to recognize the disease quickly and initiate appropriate treatment. We present three cases of West Nile encephalitis at White Memorial Medical Center in East Los Angeles that occurred over the span of eight days. All three patients live within four to six miles from the hospital and do not live or work in an environment favorable to mosquitoes including shallow bodies of standing water, abandoned tires, or mud ruts. All the patients were Hispanic. Physicians and other health care providers should consider West Nile infection in the differential diagnosis of causes of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, obtain appropriate laboratory studies, and promptly report cases to public health authorities. State governments should establish abatement programs that will eliminate sources that allow for mosquito reproduction and harboring. The public needs to be given resources that educate them on what entails the disease caused by the West Nile virus, what the symptoms are, and, most importantly, what they can do to prevent themselves from becoming infected.
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Young, A. Young. "The anthropology of Pentecostalism in Africa and along its transformative routes: A review essay". Pentecost Journal of Theology and Mission 2, nr 1 (31.08.2017): 75–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.62868/pjtm.v2i1.178.
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If the turn of the twenty-first century featured the transfer of the Christian center of gravity from the Euro-American West to the global South, then a large part of the reason for the emergence of majority world Christianity can certainly be attributed to the explosiveness of churches across the African continent.' Not without reason, then, scholarship on African Pentecostalism has proliferated, and to the degree that globalization dynamics are intensifying African migration to and inter-relationship with the West, research on the African pentecostal diaspora and on transnational Pentecostalism as it concerns the African context are also beginning to appear. This essay overviews six recent books published in this second decade of the third millennium, equally divided between the sub-Saharan and West African regions.
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McAdam, Jennifer L., Nancy A. Stotts, Geraldine Padilla i Kathleen Puntillo. "Attitudes of Critically Ill Filipino Patients and Their Families Toward Advance Directives". American Journal of Critical Care 14, nr 1 (1.01.2005): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2005.14.1.17.
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• Background Advance directives are important but often underused tools in critical care. Healthcare professionals’ understanding of how culture influences attitudes toward advance directives can improve knowledge and completion of these documents.• Objective To understand the attitudes of critically ill Filipino American patients and their families toward advance directives.• Methods A descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 22 Filipino American patients and 22 Filipino American family members at a West Coast medical center. All patients were admitted for cardiac surgery or cardiac interventions. Participants were interviewed with the Advance Directive Attitude Survey and A Short Acculturation Scale for Filipino Americans.• Results Family members’ scores were significantly more positive than patients’ scores on the attitude survey (P = .01). Family members were more American acculturated than were patients (P = .001). Family members with more education had more positive attitudes toward advance directives (P = .02). Only 2 patients (and no family members) had completed an advance directive before the study. Only 27.3% of family members had prior knowledge of advance directives.• Conclusion Overall attitudes toward advance directives were positive; however, the completion rate and knowledge of advance directives were low. Participants may have been saying what they thought the researcher wanted to hear in order to avoid disagreement. Such behavior could partly explain the positive attitudes of the Filipino Americans toward advance directives. Further research is warranted to understand how to increase completion rates for advance directives among Filipino Americans.
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VanPool, Christine S. "The Shaman-Priests of the Casas Grandes Region, Chihuahua, Mexico". American Antiquity 68, nr 4 (październik 2003): 696–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3557068.
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The Casas Grandes culture flourished between two well-known regions: Mesoamerica and the North American Southwest. An analysis of Medio period (A.D. 1200-1450) pottery suggests that Paquimé, the center of the Casas Grandes world, was dominated by shaman-priests. The pottery includes images that document a “classic shamanic journey” between this world and the spirit world. These images can be connected to the leaders of Paquimé and to valuable objects from West Mexico, indicating that the Casas Grandes leadership had more in common with the Mesoamerican system of shaman-leaders than with the political system of the Pueblo world of the North American Southwest.
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Richardson, Karimah Kennedy, Anna Liza Posas, Lylliam Posadas i Paige Bardolph. "New Discoveries and New Directions for the Archaeological Archives at the Autry Museum of the American West". Advances in Archaeological Practice 5, nr 3 (sierpień 2017): 280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2017.19.
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ABSTRACTIn 2003, the Autry Museum of the American West merged with the Southwest Museum of the American Indian, which housed the second largest collection of Native American objects in the country. Included within this collection is the Braun Research Library Collection, which consists of works of art on paper, rare books, scholarly publications, manuscripts, photographs, correspondences, maps and sound recordings, and other archival materials, many of which relate to the early development of the disciplines of archaeology and anthropology in the United States. For over a century, both national and international researchers have used the museum's collections and archival materials with a relative open access. However, due to the culturally sensitive nature of many of these collections and the growth of how information can be made accessible, the Autry institution is currently developing procedures that affect access, especially for those researchers who wish to study archaeological archives. Staff from multiple departments are collaborating on addressing these concerns, including developing new policies while improving access to Native American tribes, communities, and researchers in preparation for the new off-site Autry Resources Center and storage facility where the collection will be housed in the future.
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Cowley, R. Adams, i Alasdair K. T. Conn. "Prehospital and Intrahospital Specialized Management of Severe Multiple Trauma Cases". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044228.
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Multiple trauma is the leading cause of death of all Americans below the age of 37. The estimated cost to American society is between 70 and 80 billion dollars per year. In our present day society, one person in four will require the use of a trauma facility during his or her lifetime. Several studies have now been performed to demonstrate that the management of trauma is woefully inadequate. Stemming from the classical studies of Trunkey, Lim and West comparing San Francisco with Orange County, California; it was demonstrated that approximately 30% of fatalities resulting from traumatic injury were preventable in Orange County as compared to an extremely small percentage in San Francisco which does have a designated trauma center. Recent advances in the management of head injury may further increase this salvageable percentage.
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Cawich, Shamir O., Alexander Sinanan, Maria Gosein, Neil Pearce, Rahul Deshpande, Fawwaz Mohammed, Vijay Naraynsingh, Maurice Fortune i Fidel Rampersad. "An Investigative Study of Hepatic Arterial Anomalies in a West Indian Population". Radiology Research and Practice 2021 (15.10.2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9201162.
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Purpose. There are many known variations in the arterial supply to the liver. We sought to document the incidence and details of anomalies of the extrahepatic arteries in an unselected population in the West Indies. Methods. This study spanned 24 months. All 205 CT scans were evaluated at a hepatobiliary referral center in Trinidad and Tobago. We described the anomalies of the arterial supply to the liver using the conventional classification proposed by Michels. Results. 205 CT scans were evaluated, and 112 persons (54.6%) had conventional Type 1 anatomy. However, compared to the incidence in the existing medical literature, we encountered a greater incidence of replaced right hepatic arteries (18.1% vs 11%; P 0.04 ) and a lower incidence of accessory right hepatic arteries (2.4% vs 7%; P 0.030 ). Conclusion. Although 54.6% of persons in this West Indian population have conventional hepatic arterial supply, the distribution of anatomic variants of the right hepatic artery is quite different to that seen in North American and European centers. We found a higher incidence of replaced right hepatic arteries and a lower incidence of accessory right hepatic arteries.
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Young, Harvey. "An Interview with David Henry Hwang". Theatre Survey 57, nr 2 (13.04.2016): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040557416000077.
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Since winning wide acclaim and a Tony Award for his play M. Butterfly in 1988, David Henry Hwang (Fig. 1) has remained one of the brightest luminaries in American theatre. A playwright, screenwriter, and librettist, he regularly tells stories that center on complex characters and reveal their experiences with Western imperialism, American racism, and cross-generational family differences. His works include the plays FOB, Golden Child, Yellow Face, Chinglish, and Kung Fu; the revised book for the 2002 Broadway revival of the Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical Flower Drum Song; and, most recently, episodes of the television series The Affair. In this interview, Hwang reflects on the longevity of East West Players, comments on today's culture wars, and shares his perspective on the current state of Asian American theatre.
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Helmold, Emily, i Niknam Eshraghi. "590 Is There a Burn Center Community Standard on How to Best Manage Pediatric Burn Patients?" Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (marzec 2020): S137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.216.
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Abstract Introduction A burn center is defined by the American College of Surgeons as a program that facilitates the provision of specialized multidisciplinary care in a designated setting. The Children’s Hospital Association states that pediatric patients need age specific health care delivered by specialty trained clinicians in an environment designed just for kids. When these two different specialty areas within one organization cross paths, how does the organization determine all the factors that go into determining the standard of care? One burn center found itself at the heart of this question when asked to determine the best location and how to care for pediatric burn patients. Methods An email survey was sent to burn centers verified with the American Burn Association (ABA) to care for both adult and pediatric patients and located within their region or with a similar volume. The questions included: Results Thirteen burn centers responded. Nine of the thirteen were located within the western region, two in the mid-west, one each in the south and northeast regions. Eight burn centers were categorized as academic and the other five as teaching hospitals. Bed size ranged from 8–44 with an average of 18 beds. Eighty-five percent of the respondents stated they admitted most if not all pediatric burn patients to the burn unit with two of those centers being the only location within their hospital for pediatric patients. Over seventy-five percent provided 24/7 provider coverage. There was more variability in answers regarding rate of pediatrician consultation, code blue team response, and geographic proximity to a children’s hospital however pediatric consultation was obtained in the majority of cases. Conclusions The survey responses were helpful to communicate some degree of burn center community standard although more centers and increased specificity would have strengthened the argument for a burn center remaining the preferred location for all pediatric burn admissions. Applicability of Research to Practice Sharing of our experience and recommendation that the ABA establish a burn community standard, especially one that takes how to manage competing specialties into consideration, will be helpful to all burn centers who could face this same challenge.
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Wood, Linda Sargent. "Contact, Encounter, and Exchange at Esalen: A Window onto Late Twentieth-Century American Spirituality". Pacific Historical Review 77, nr 3 (1.08.2008): 453–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2008.77.3.453.
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Approximately 20 percent of Americans today resist traditional religious classification and practice a personalized, eclectic faith. California's Esalen Institute reflects this development. Since its inception in 1962, this human potential center, which drew on San Francisco's vibrant East-West scene, has offered a cornucopia of spiritual possibilities. Leaders and participants from around the world shared religious beliefs and scientific theories there. Through these exchanges, Esalen, both a physical and spiritual borderland along the Pacific Rim, served as an experimental hothouse for germinating a variety of religious hybrids and contributed to the changing nature of religion in late twentieth-century America. In the process, it helped revitalize religious notions within a scientific culture. By highlighting this cross-fertilization of ideas and practices, this article adds to our understanding of the dynamic process in which religion is made, remade, and rejuvenated by combining and adding beliefs and practices.
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Wöll, Steffen. "From Starved Rock to Cancer Alley: Simulated Violence and Representational Collapse in the American West". Intersectional Perspectives: Identity, Culture, and Society, nr 2 (15.08.2023): 29–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/ipics.97.
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The Louisiana Purchase created a complex landscape of cultures and ethnicities located at the peripheries of the Early Republic. Some feared that it would threaten (White) American identity while others imagined the frontier as a clean slate on which the nation could reform its core values. Throughout the nineteenth century, axiomatic regeneration through (violent) experiences dominated peripheral-yet-central discourses of the American space. Shedding new light on the role of representation in the placemaking of the West, this article interweaves a reading of James Hall’s “The Pioneer” with experiences recovered from travelogues and diaries, as well as their embodiments in material culture. I argue that violence was not only a hallmark of settler colonialism but also a crucial narrative device that bridged the gaps between reality and fiction as well as center and margin. These dynamics, the article suggests, regularly culminated in representational excesses of conspicuous and consumable spectacles of violence.
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Getz, Lynne M., Judith R. Raftery i Eileen H. Tamura. "Bridging Borders, Brokering Divides: Confronting the Limits of Cultural Assimilation". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9, nr 2 (kwiecień 2010): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781400003947.
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The three essays in this forum examine the ways in which individuals have sought to reconcile sociocultural differences between those at the fringes of American society and those at the center. Two concepts embody this effort. One is the bridge concept—the idea that those with dual identities would serve as links between the two sociocultural worlds. The other concept, that of the cultural broker, refers to someone who actively seeks to mediate the differences between the two groups. The essays in this cluster use the two concepts to analyze the ways in which individuals in three disparate places—the American West (California), a U.S. colony across the Pacific (the Philippines), and the American Southwest (New Mexico)—served as bridges and brokers in their efforts to negotiate the imbalance of power between dominant and subordinate groups.
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Silveira, Marcos Silva da. "The Universalization of the Bhakti Yoga of Chaytania Mahaprabhu. Ethnographic and Historic Considerations". Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 11, nr 2 (grudzień 2014): 371–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-43412014000200013.
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Inspired by Victor Turner's concepts of structure and communitas, this article commences with an analysis of the Gaudiya Vaishnavas - worshipers of Radha, and Krishna Chaitanya Mahaprabhu followers. Secondly, we present data from ethnographic research conducted with South American devotees on pilgrimage to the ceremonial center ISCKON in Mayapur, West Bengal, during the year 1996, for a resumption of those initial considerations. The article seeks to demonstrate that the ritual injunction characteristic of Hindu sects, only makes sense from the individual experience of each devotee.
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Jiagge, Evelyn, Joseph Kwaku Oppong, Jessica Bensenhaver, Francis Aitpillah, Kofi Gyan, Ishmael Kyei, Ernest Osei-Bonsu i in. "Breast Cancer and African Ancestry: Lessons Learned at the 10-Year Anniversary of the Ghana-Michigan Research Partnership and International Breast Registry". Journal of Global Oncology 2, nr 5 (październik 2016): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.2015.002881.
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Women with African ancestry in western, sub-Saharan Africa and in the United States represent a population subset facing an increased risk of being diagnosed with biologically aggressive phenotypes of breast cancer that are negative for the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, and the HER2/neu marker. These tumors are commonly referred to as triple-negative breast cancer. Disparities in breast cancer incidence and outcome related to racial or ethnic identity motivated the establishment of the International Breast Registry, on the basis of partnerships between the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital in Kumasi, Ghana, the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, Michigan. This research collaborative has featured educational training programs as well as scientific investigations related to the comparative biology of breast cancer in Ghanaian African, African American, and white/European American patients. Currently, the International Breast Registry has expanded to include African American patients throughout the United States by partnering with the Sisters Network (a national African American breast cancer survivors’ organization) and additional sites in Ghana (representing West Africa) as well as Ethiopia (representing East Africa). Its activities are now coordinated through the Henry Ford Health System International Center for the Study of Breast Cancer Subtypes. Herein, we review the history and results of this international program at its 10-year anniversary.
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Eichler, Timothy, i Wayne Higgins. "Climatology and ENSO-Related Variability of North American Extratropical Cyclone Activity". Journal of Climate 19, nr 10 (15.05.2006): 2076–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3725.1.
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Abstract The climatology and interannual variability of North American extratropical cyclones are examined using 6-hourly sea level pressure data from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis for the period 1950–2002 and ECMWF 40-yr Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data from 1971 to 2000. The climatology includes an evaluation of the seasonal frequency and intensity of storms as well as an analysis of extreme event intensity. ENSO variability is evaluated by ENSO phase with emphasis on boreal winter. Results show an enhanced East Coast storm track during El Niño as well as an equatorward shift in storm tracks in the North Pacific for storms generated from both the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis and ERA-40 datasets. Observed precipitation close to a storm’s center is used to determine which phase of the ENSO cycle is associated with the most productive storms and where they occur. During El Niño winters, a precipitation maximum is located east of the Appalachians and is associated with an enhanced East Coast storm track. During La Niña winters, the precipitation maximum shifts to the Ohio Valley and is associated with an enhanced Great Lakes storm track. Along the U.S. west coast, there is a precipitation maximum in the Pacific Northwest during La Niña winters, which is due to a storm track west of Washington State.
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Shuayb, Fiaz. "Bridging the Divide?" American Journal of Islam and Society 23, nr 1 (1.01.2006): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v23i1.1661.
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On January 9, 2006, in Washington, DC, the Saban Center for Middle EastPolicy at the Brookings Institution hosted the highest level meeting betweenthe Bush administration and the American Muslim community. Entitled “Bridging the Divide?” and organized by the Brookings Project on USPolicy toward the Islamic World, representatives of various Muslim organizationwere granted the opportunity to interface with C. David Welch, theAssistant Secretary of the Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. The conference,a follow-up to previous initiatives on “Bridging the Divide” theme, soughtto bring together key leaders and specialists “to explore the potential spacefor the American Muslim community to assist and advance US policytowards the Islamic world and capabilities within the community that mightbe better tapped.” In attendance were representatives from the Americangovernment, officials from a variety of American Muslim organizations,American Muslim foreign policy experts, others from the Washington thinktankand policy communities, and students.In the opening speech, Welch acknowledged several unique characteristicsabout the American Muslim community: its integration into Americancivic life; being Americans as well as Muslims; and, despite post-9/11 tensions,steering a moderate course while confronting extremist Islamist tendencies.As evidence, he cited the Fiqh Council of North America’s recentfatwa against Islamic terrorism that was endorsed by major Muslim organizations.He recognized that American Muslims can play an exceptional rolein explaining the American position, given their cultural, linguistic, and ethnicties with the Islamic world, and acknowledged the history of conflictbetween the United States and the Muslim world. In addition, he condemnedthe seeming “civilizational strife” between Islam and the West as a pointless“jihad/crusade.” He stated that he was more comfortable with the relationshipof the United States with the Muslim – especially Arab – world as beingdefined by a dialog stressing the commonalities of belief in God, virtue,family life, and socioeconomic justice ...
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Watson, Lesley, Megan M. Cotter, Shauna Shafer, Kara Neloms, Robert A. Smith i Katherine Sharpe. "Implementation of a Lung Cancer Screening Program in Two Federally Qualified Health Centers". Public Health Reports 136, nr 4 (13.01.2021): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920971717.
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Using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) to screen for lung cancer is associated with improved outcomes among eligible current and former smokers (ie, aged 55-77, at least 30-pack–year smoking history, current smoker or former smoker who quit within the past 15 years). However, the overall uptake of LDCT is low, especially in health care settings with limited personnel and financial resources. To increase access to lung cancer screening services, the American Cancer Society partnered with 2 federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in Tennessee and West Virginia to conduct a pilot project focused on developing and refining the LDCT screening referral processes and practices. Each FQHC was required to partner with an American College of Radiology–designated lung cancer screening center in its area to ensure high-quality patient care. The pilot project was conducted in 2 phases: 6 months of capacity building (January–June 2016) followed by 2 years of implementation (July 2016–June 2018). One site created a sustainable LDCT referral program, and the other site encountered numerous barriers and failed to overcome them. This case study highlights implementation barriers and factors associated with success and improved outcomes in LDCT screening.
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Liu, Chao-Li, D. L. Asch, B. W. Fisher i D. D. Coleman. "Illinois State Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates X". Radiocarbon 34, nr 1 (1992): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013436.
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The following is a partial list of samples of archaeological interest processed between February 1981 and October 1985 at the Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS) Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory. The list contains samples from west-central Illinois that were related to projects conducted by current or former researchers at the Center for American Archeology (CAA) (formerly Foundation for Illinois Archaeology) and Northwestern University, Department of Anthropology, or, as noted, by colleagues from other institutions. Although some of the samples reported here came from non-cultural contexts and are primarily of geological significance, all were from or related to archaeological investigations.
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Laha, Arghya, Tania Sarkar, Debarati Dey, Priti Mondal, Srijit Bhattacharya, Saibal Moitra, Goutam Kumar Saha i Sanjoy Podder. "Assessment of Hymenoptera and Non-Hymenoptera Insect Bite and Sting Allergy Among Patients of Tropical Region of West Bengal, India". Journal of Medical Entomology 57, nr 1 (22.06.2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz088.
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AbstractWest Bengal, India, is inhabited by abundance and variety of insects that triggers sensitization in some humans to inhalant allergens and/or insect stings/venoms. Lack of research on this topic prevented accurate diagnosis and proper follow-up treatments to patients suffering from insect-induced allergies. The aim of our study was to identify the allergy-causing insects and evaluate resulting sensitization among a study population in West Bengal, India. The skin prick test (SPT) evaluated sensitivity of 450 patients who sought treatment at the Allergy and Asthma Research Center from July 2017 to June 2018. Eight insect allergens were tested: Common Black Ant (Lasius niger, Linnaeus 1758), Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta, Buren 1972), Honey Bee (Apis cerana indica, Fabricius 1798), Common Wasp (Vespula vulgaris, Linnaeus 1758), Mosquito (Aedes aegypti, Linnaeus in Hasselquist 1762), American Cockroach (Periplaneta americana, Linnaeus 1758), House Fly (Musca domestica, Linnaeus 1758), and Grasshopper (Gesonula punctifrons, Stal 1861). From a total of 450 patients evaluated, 370 patients had positive SPT reaction from at least one of the 8 insect allergens tested. Sensitivity to some Hymenoptera insects (common black ant, 87.62%; fire ant, 84.59%; and honey bee, 67.02%) was found in higher proportion than non-Hymenoptera group (mosquito, 66.67%; American cockroach, 33.33%; house fly, 10.41%; and grasshopper, 5.14%). There was significant difference in sensitivity among child, adolescent, and adult (P < 0.001). While female patients showed more sensitivity than males to SPT, the difference was statistically insignificant. In regards to occupation, farmers and bee keepers were most sensitive of field workers sensitive to Hymenoptera-derived allergens.
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Belcher, William R., Suzanne Falgout, Joyce Chinen, R. Kalani Carriera i Johanna Fuller. "Experiences in Archaeology, Social Justice, and Democratic Principles". Advances in Archaeological Practice 9, nr 4 (27.10.2021): 354–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2021.23.
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ABSTRACTFrom 2016 to 2019, the University of Hawai‘i West O‘ahu conducted archaeological field schools at Honouliuli National Historic Site to teach our students basic archaeological skills. Because the site was the largest Japanese and Japanese American concentration camp on O‘ahu, the field school initiated a program related to social justice and democratic principles for the imprisonment of US citizens and legal residents based on racial and national profiling. The demography of O‘ahu created a special bond to the incarcerees’ stories and the students of Asian and Hawaiian descent. Through field trips, student discussion, and curriculum development, we focused on the pedagogical benefit of experiential learning. Field trips to the National Park Service's World War II Valor in the Pacific Park System on O‘ahu, King Kamehameha V Judiciary History Center, and the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawai‘i allowed the students to see and understand the historical context of the Japanese internment from the mid-nineteenth century, with the development of plantations and early colonialism, to the beginning of World War II and the internment of the more than 300 Japanese and Japanese American—as well as European and Okinawan—civilians and the imprisonment of over 4,000 prisoners of war.
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Sulhan, Moh. "Nilai Profetis Pendidikan Islam untuk Menanggulangi Perdagangan Manusia". Nadwa 6, nr 2 (22.03.2016): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/nw.2012.6.2.585.
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<p>Traffi</p><p>cking creates human as commerce object by deception modus, trap, tease, fake appointment, forcing and exploitation, even the violations that insult the human. The Consortium of Indonesia Migrant Labour (KOBUMI) noted that 1-1.5 million from 5 million of Indonesia migrant labours are the victim. American Center for International Labor Solidarity (ACILS) report in 2003 noted that 700.000 to 1 million Indonesia migrant labours who is employable as prostitute. Many of provinces in Indonesia, such as North Sumatra, Riau, Lampung, West Java, Jakarta, Central Java, East Java, West Borneo, East Borneo, North Cele-bes, Bali, and The West Lesser Sundas are the sources of trafficking area. Seeing that trafficking serious problem in Indonesia, it is important to encourage the prevention by adopting many of ethic values as the reinforcement of human re-source and education. Here, Islamic education is important enough to overcome anti-trafficking.<br /><br /><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong></strong><br />Trafficking menjadikan manusia sebagai objek perdagangan melalui modus pen-ipuan, jebakan, bujuk rayu, janji palsu, pemaksaan dan eksploitasi serta bentuk-bentuk pelanggaran yang merendahkan martabat manusia. Konsorsium Buruh Migran Indonesia (KOBUMI) mencatat 1-1,5 juta dari 5 juta buruh migran In-donesia adalah korban. American Center for International Labor Solidarity (ACILS) report 2003 mencatat terdapat 700.000 sampai 1 juta buruh migran Indonesia yang dipekerjakan sebagai pekerjaan seksual, penghibur, dan ek-sploitasi kerja lainnya. Banyak propinsi di Indonesia seperti, Sumatera Utara, Riau, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jakarta, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Timur, Sulawesi Utara, Bali dan Nusa Tenggara Barat adalah sumber daerah Trafficking. Melihat demikian serius problem Trafficking di In-donesia, dirasa sangat penting untuk mencari bentuk pencegahan melalui adopsi berbagai nilai etis bagi penguatan sumber daya manusia, penguatan kapasitas dengan pendidikan. Di sini, letak Pendidikan Islam untuk menanggulangi anti Trafficking ini menjadi penting untuk dirumuskan.<br /><br /></p>
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Barrier, Casey R., i Timothy J. Horsley. "Shifting Communities: Demographic Profiles of Early Village Population Growth and Decline in the Central American Bottom". American Antiquity 79, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.79.2.295.
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AbstractThe growth and decline of large village communities is a topic of considerable interest for archaeologists studying the development of complex regional polities. In this article, demographic information is presented for the transitional Mississippian period Washausen mound center located in the American Bottom region of west-central Illinois. Population estimates are calculated based on data for residential architecture collected in 2011 during an extensive geophysical survey and excavations at the site. A magnetometer survey was conducted over 8 ha and produced a relatively complete site map revealing numerous household clusters organized around a central, earthen mound-and-plaza complex. Population estimates and site spatial information for Washausen are compared with similar data for earlier village communities located nearby, as well as other global village sequences, producing a demographic profile demonstrating a pattern of village growth and decline in the area after the onset of sedentism and agricultural intensification. Information from the region and elsewhere suggests that the development of larger communities through time resulted in part through frequent population movements as village segments fissioned and aggregated to form new communities. This research finding has the potential to inform models for the growth of much larger American Bottom centers such as Pulcher and Cahokia.
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Long, Maureen D., Margaret H. Benoit, Rob L. Evans, John C. Aragon i James Elsenbeck. "The MAGIC Experiment: A Combined Seismic and Magnetotelluric Deployment to Investigate the Structure, Dynamics, and Evolution of the Central Appalachians". Seismological Research Letters 91, nr 5 (1.07.2020): 2960–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200150.
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Abstract The eastern margin of North America has undergone multiple episodes of orogenesis and rifting, yielding the surface geology and topography visible today. It is poorly known how the crust and mantle lithosphere have responded to these tectonic forces, and how geologic units preserved at the surface related to deeper structures. The eastern North American margin has undergone significant postrift evolution since the breakup of Pangea, as evidenced by the presence of young (Eocene) volcanic rocks in western Virginia and eastern West Virginia and by the apparently recent rejuvenation of Appalachian topography. The drivers of this postrift evolution, and the precise mechanisms through which relatively recent processes have modified the structure of the margin, remain poorly understood. The Mid-Atlantic Geophysical Integrative Collaboration (MAGIC) experiment, part of the EarthScope USArray Flexible Array, consisted of collocated, dense, linear arrays of broadband seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) stations (25–28 instruments of each type) across the central Appalachian Mountains, through the U.S. states of Virginia, West Virginia, and Ohio. The goals of the MAGIC deployment were to characterize the seismic and electrical conductivity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the central Appalachians using natural-source seismic and MT imaging methods. The MAGIC stations operated between 2013 and 2016, and the data are publicly available via the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center.
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Becker, Jerry P., Edward A. Silver, Mary Grace Kantowski, Kenneth J. Travers i James W. Wilson. "Some Observations of Mathematics Teaching in Japanese Elementary and Junior High Schools". Arithmetic Teacher 38, nr 2 (październik 1990): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.38.2.0012.
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A U.S.–Japan Seminar on Mathematical Problem Solving was held at the East-West Center in Honolulu 14– 18 July 1986 (Becker and Miwa 1987). Among the seminar's proposals was that cross-cultural research on American and Japanese students' problem-solving behaviors be organized and carried out. The author were in Japan in the fall of 1988 to meet with their Japanese counterparts, plan research, and make visits to mathematics classrooms preliminary to conducting a two-year program of research. In addition to planning the research, we were on a fact-finding visit to classrooms to better acquaint ourselves with mathematics teaching and learning in Japan.
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Windchief, Sweeney, Cheryl Polacek, Michael Munson, Mary Ulrich i Jason D. Cummins. "In Reciprocity: Responses to Critiques of Indigenous Methodologies". Qualitative Inquiry 24, nr 8 (11.12.2017): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800417743527.
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This article will examine and respond to significant critiques of Indigenous research methodologies as part of an Indigenous Methodologies in Educational Research course at a midsized public university in the intermountain west. The authors will present their perspectives in response to critiques of Indigenous research methodologies as presented at the American Indigenous Research Association’s annual meeting in October of 2014. This collection of responses is offered in an effort to facilitate an interactive dialogue with scholars who use Indigenous research methodologies applicable to multiple fields of study, support scholarship that is responsive to the needs of Indigenous communities, and ultimately center relevant research design and findings within Indigenous paradigms.
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Sakwa, Richard. "Power Transition, Cold War II and International Politics". Russian Politics 8, nr 2 (21.06.2023): 264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/24518921-00802009.
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Abstract The onset of multipolarity is accompanied by a number of cross-cutting trends. First, the consolidation of elements of modified bipolarity in the form of the Sino-American great power dyad. Second, the emergence of a range of ‘legacy’ great powers, including Germany, France, the UK and Japan, with Russia struggling to retain its status as a great power while fearing relegation to legacy status. Third, the revival of cold war entails the restoration of bloc politics, although in this case in an acutely asymmetrical form. The nascent political institutionalization of the political East is based on a very different institutional and normative basis than the more consolidated political West. Overall, the center of gravity of international politics is shifting from the Atlantic to the Pacific basin, reflecting a fundamental change in the global correlation of forces. The Ukraine war has accelerated the end of the era of the dominance of the political West.
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Harlin, Kate. ""One foot on the other side": Towards a Periodization of West African Spiritual Surrealism". College Literature 50, nr 2-3 (marzec 2023): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lit.2023.a902220.
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Abstract: For both writers and scholars of African and diaspora literature, genre is a fraught concept. Western institutions, especially departments of English literature, have used the tool of genre to discipline Africana literatures and the people who create them, at once reducing conventional realism to a source of anthropological information and mischaracterizing realism with an indigenous or Nonwestern worldview as fantasy or "Magical Realism." "West African spiritual surrealism," as defined in this essay, offers a generic rubric that both attends to the literalization of Igbo and Yoruba cosmology in fiction as well as the ways these cosmologies can give rise to literary devices that resist hegemonic, Anglo-American centric literary interpretation. Through close readings of Helen Oyeyemi's The Icarus Girl (2005) and Akwaeke Emezi's Freshwater (2018), this article historicizes West African spiritual surrealism as a geographically and ideologically diasporic genre that cannot be properly understood through frameworks of globalization alone. This genre and its writers require critics to read both deeply and widely in order to understand how West African spiritual surrealism places African cosmologies and people always already at the center of literary production.
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Datta, Y. "How America Became an Economic Powerhouse on the Backs of African-American Slaves and Native Americans". Journal of Economics and Public Finance 7, nr 5 (1.12.2021): p121. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jepf.v7n5p121.
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The objective of this paper is to make the case that the United States became an economic super-power in the nineteenth century on the backs of African-American slaves and Native Americans.It was in 1619, when Jamestown colonists bought 20-30 slaves from English pirates. The paper starts with ‘The 1619 Project’ whose objective is to place the consequences of slavery--and the contributions of black Americans--at the very center of the story we tell ourselves about who we are as a nation.Slavery was common in all thirteen colonies, and at-least twelve Presidents owned slaves. The enslaved people were not recognized as human beings, but as property: once a slave always a slave.The U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1788, never mentions slavery, yet slavery is at the very heart of the constitution. The U.S. government used the Declaration of Independence as a license to commit genocide on the Native Americans, and to seize their land.Racist ideas have persisted throughout American history, based on the myth that blacks are intellectually inferior compared to whites. However, in a 2012 article in the Scientific American, the authors reported that 85.5% of genetic variation is within the so-called races, not between them. So, the consensus among Western researchers today is that human races do not represent a scientific theory, but are sociocultural constructs.After end of the Civil War, the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery in America, and the 15th Amendment protected the voting rights of African Americans.However, in the Confederate South, Jim Crow laws legalized racial segregation between 1870-1968. In 1965, thanks to the Civil Rights movement, the Voting Rights Act was passed to overcome barriers created by Jim Crow laws to the legal rights of African Americans under the 15th Amendment.British and American innovations in cotton technology sparked the Industrial Revolution during the latter part of the eighteenth century. The British cotton manufacturing exploded in the 1780s. Eighty years later in 1860, Manchester, England stood at the center of a world-spanning empire—the empire of cotton. There were three pillars of the Industrial Revolution. One was the centuries-earlier conquest by Europeans of a colossal expanse of lands in the New World. It was the control of huge territories in America, that made monoculture farming of cotton possible. Second was that the Europeans drastically—and unilaterally--altered the global competitive landscape of cotton. They did it by using their military might, and the willingness to use it—often violently--to their advantage.The third—and the most important--was slavery: without which there would be no Industrial Revolution. America was tremendously suited for cotton production. The climate and soil of a large part of American South met the conditions under which the cotton plant thrived. More importantly, the plantation owners in America commanded unlimited supplies of the three crucial ingredients that went into the production of cotton: labor, land, and credit. And this was topped by their unbelievable political power.In 1793 Eli Whitney’s revolutionary cotton gin increased ginning productivity fifty times, and thus removed the bottleneck of removing seeds from cotton. Because of relying on monoculture farming, the problem the cotton planters were facing was soil exhaustion. So, they wanted the U.S. government to acquire more land. Surprisingly, in 1803 America was able to strike an unbelievable deal with the French--the Louisiana Purchase--which doubled the territory of the United States. In 1819 America acquired Florida from Spain, and in 1845 annexed Texas from Mexico.Between 1803 and 1838, under President Andrew Jackson, America fought a multi-front war against the Native Americans in the Deep South, and expropriated vast tracts of their land, that culminated in the ethnic cleansing of the Deep South.With an unlimited supply of land—and slave labor--even soil exhaustion did not slow down the cotton barons; they just moved further west and farther south. New cotton fields now sprang up in the sediment-rich lands along the banks of Mississippi. So swift was this move westward that, by the end of the 1830s, Mississippi was producing more cotton than any other southern state. By 1860, there were more millionaires per capita in Mississippi Valley than anywhere else in America.The New Orleans slave market was the largest in America--where 100,000 men, women, and children were packaged, priced, and sold.The entry of the United States in the cotton market quickly began to reshape the global cotton market. By 1802 America was the single-most supplier of cotton to Britain.For eighty years--from the 1780s to 1865--almost a million people were herded down the road from the upper South to the lower South and the West, to toil on cotton plantations. The thirty-odd men walked in coffles, the double line hurrying in lock-step. Each hauled twenty pounds of iron, chains that draped from neck-to-neck, and wrist-to-wrist, binding them all together. They walked for miles, days, and weeks, and many covered over 700 miles.The plantation owners devised a cruel system of controlling their slaves that the enslaved called “the pushing system.” This system constantly increased the number of acres each slave was expected to cultivate. In 1805 each “hand” could tend to five acres of a cotton field. Fifty years later that target had been doubled to ten acres.Overseers closely monitored enslaved workers. Each slave was assigned a daily quota of number of pounds of cotton to pick. If the worker failed to meet it, he received as many lashes on his back as the deficit. However, if he overshot his quota, the master might “reward” him by raising his quota the next day.One of the most brutal weapons the planters used against the slaves, was the whip: ten feet of plaited cowhide. When facing the specter of an overseer’s whip, slaves were so terrified that they could not speak in sentences. They danced, trembled, babbled, and lost control of their bodies.When seeking a loan, the planters used slaves as a collateral. With extraordinarily high returns from their businesses, the planters began to expand their loan portfolio: sometimes using the same slave worker as collateral for multiple mortgages. The American South produced too much cotton. However, consumer demand could not keep up with the excessive supply, that then led to a precipitous fall in prices, which, in turn, set off the Panic of 1837. And that touched off a major depression.The slaveholders were using advanced management and accounting practices long before the techniques that are still in use today.The manufacture of sugar from sugarcane began in Louisiana Territory in 1795. In sugar mills, children, alongside with adults, toiled like factory workers with assembly-like precision and discipline under the constant threat of boiling hot kettles, open furnaces, and grinding rollers. To attain the highest efficiency, sugar factories worked day and night where there is no distinction as to the days of the week. Fatigue might mean losing an arm to the grinding rollers, or being flayed for not being able to keep up. Resistance was often met with sadistic cruelty.The expansion of slavery in the first eight decades after American independence, drove the evolution and modernization of the United States. In the course of a single life time, the South grew from a narrow coastal strip of worn-out tobacco plantations, to a continental cotton empire. As a result, the United States became a modern, industrial, and capitalistic economy. This is the period in which America rose from being a minor European trading partner, to becoming the world’s leading economy. Finally, we hope that we have successfully been able to make the argument that America became an economic powerhouse in the nineteenth century not only on the backs of African-American slaves, but also on the genocide of Native Americans, and their stolen lands.
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Vilfand, R. M., I. A. Kulikova, V. M. Khan i M. E. Makarova. "An Analysis of Intra-Seasonal Variability and Predictability of Atmospheric Processes of Regional Scale in the Northern Hemisphere Mid-Latitudes". Известия Российской академии наук. Физика атмосферы и океана 59, nr 5 (1.09.2023): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0002351523050115.
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The issues related to the intra-seasonal variability and predictability of the atmospheric processes of a regional scale in the Northern Hemisphere are considered. To identify the latter, the circulation indices characterizing the large-scale modes of the atmospheric variability are used. An assessment of the regional intra-seasonal variability of the atmospheric processes in the summer and winter seasons of 1991–2020 is given. A study of the practical predictability of the regional atmospheric processes is carried out using the global semi-Lagrangian model developed at the INM RAS jointly with the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia, as well as the reanalysis of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts on a weekly and monthly time scales. It is concluded that beyond of the first forecast week, the quality of deterministic (ensemble mean) forecasts drops sharply. In winter, the exception is the Pacific-North American oscillation region, where a useful signal is traced not only for the first prognostic week, but also for the second one. The use of the probabilistic forecasts makes it possible to increase the time interval of predictability compared to the deterministic approach from one week to a month. The biggest errors are noted in the forecasts of the circulation regimes in the west of the North Atlantic and in the west of the northern part of the Pacific, in the regions of the most significant intra-seasonal variability. The obtained results are supposed to be used in the operational practice of the intra-seasonal forecasting of the North Eurasian Climate Center (NEACC).
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Nestel, Sheryl. "Israel and Palestine out of the Ashes". American Journal of Islam and Society 21, nr 2 (1.04.2004): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i2.1793.
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During the more than 37-year brutal Israeli occupation of the West Bankand Gaza, the numbers of North American Jews voicing their oppositionin public have been dispiritingly small. Since the outbreak of the secondIntifada in September 2000, however, Jewish anti-occupation activistshave become a visible political presence in Jewish politics in the UnitedStates and Canada. Such groups as Brit Zedek V’Shalom, the TikkunCommunity, and Junity (Jewish Unity for a Just Peace) have spawneddozens of regional chapters across North America. Local groups such asNot In My Name (Chicago), Jewish Voices against the Occupation(Seattle), and Jews for Global Justice (Portland, Oregon) have sprung upspontaneously in almost every major North American city. Numerous adhoc responses have emerged as well. For example, an “Open Letter fromAmerican Jews,” proclaiming opposition to Israeli government policies inthe Occupied Territories and bearing 4,000 signatures, has appeared as afull-page advertisement in The New York Times as well as in a dozen moreAmerican and British newspapers.While very few of these groups would identify themselves as religiouslyobservant, almost all have invoked a Jewish ethical tradition ofsocial justice, derived from Jewish texts and rabbinical tradition, to maketheir political point. In his most recent book, Israel and Palestine out of theAshes, Jewish theologian Marc Ellis posits a more deeply consequentialconnection between Jewish history, Jewish ethics, and the occupation.According to Ellis, Director of the Center for American and Jewish Studiesat Baylor University (Waco, Texas), Israel’s displacement and dispossessionof the Palestinian people constitutes such a fundamental transgressionof Jewish ethics and morality that it threatens to render Judaism, a religious ...
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Spindler, Chris, Garry C. Rogers i John F. Cassidy. "The 1978 Brooks Peninsula, Vancouver Island earthquakes". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 87, nr 4 (1.08.1997): 1011–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0870041011.
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Abstract A pair of Mw = 5.5 earthquakes occurred beneath the Brooks Peninsula on the northwest coast of Vancouver Island on 2 June and 25 July 1978. These are the largest and best-recorded earthquakes to date in the vicinity of northern Vancouver Island and the adjacent coast margin. A detailed study of these earthquakes was undertaken to examine the contemporary tectonics of this region, specifically the poorly understood interaction between the Explorer plate and the North American plate at the northern end of the Cascadia subduction zone. Both earthquakes were followed by well-defined aftershock sequences. A four-station temporary seismograph array deployed on the Brooks Peninsula following the 2 June mainshock allowed for accurate aftershock locations. This earthquake was located at 50.15° N, 127.84° W, based on the center of a 9-km-diameter circular region of aftershocks. The 25 July earthquake was located 4 to 7 km to the northeast of the June epicenter based on waveform comparison of the two events. Both earthquakes occurred at 15 to 16 km depth. The focal mechanisms as determined from body-wave modeling are nearly identical and show left-lateral strike-slip motion along a shallow north-dipping, east-west-striking fault. The focal mechanism and depth of these two earthquakes indicates that they were not megathrust events on the Explorer/North America plate boundary, but rather that they occurred within the North American plate, 5 to 10 km above the megathrust. The northeast-directed pressure axes for these earthquakes suggests coupling across the Explorer-North America segment of the Cascadia subduction zone, consistent with contemporary convergence of the Explorer Plate with the North American plate in a northeast-southwest direction.
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Sevilla-Villalobos, Salvador, i Myriam Guadalupe Colmenares-López. "Tercerización y descentralización urbana: análisis espacial de los servicios avanzados al productor en el Área Metropolitana de Guadalajara". Revista Urbano 26, nr 48 (30.11.2023): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22320/07183607.2023.26.48.03.
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Using an adaptation of the traditional Gini index in spatial autocorrelation models and the analysis of thematic cartography, this article aims to show that there is uncertainty about the spatial patterns found in the outsourcing process of Latin American cities, understanding that certain economic activities in this sector break with the typical center-periphery layouts and take advantage of territorial capacities to establish autonomous production environments. When analyzing different Advanced Producer Services sectors in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara, in Mexico, it was seen that there is a reduced presence of medium to large-sized businesses, which leads to the limited construction of production agglomerations outside the main city center. However, a relational analysis of the space leads one to consider that apart from showing a predilection for the urban west, there are services that in their strategic role could provide the basis for the future development of clusters in this city.
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Srour, Soha. "Forty Years after the War of June 1967". American Journal of Islam and Society 24, nr 4 (1.10.2007): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v24i4.1529.
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On 5 June 2007, the fortieth anniversary of the Six Day War and the Israelioccupation of Palestine, the Kay Spiritual Life Center hosted “Forty Yearsafter the War of June 1967: Is Israeli-Palestinian Peace Possible?” on thecampus of American University in Washington, DC. This panel featuredYuval Rabin (son of former Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin; governing board,the Rabin Center), Amjad Atallah (president, Strategic Assessments Initiative),Aaron David Miller (public policy scholar, the Woodrow WilsonCenter), and Ziad Asali (president, American Task Force on Palestine; panelchair).Rabin opened by describing the Six Day War as “a war of our existence.”He discussed the importance of the Camp David, Oslo, and other negotiationsand then talked about Israel’s 1967 victory. After stating that both sidesin this continued conflict have faced hardship, he also mentioned the lack ofknowledge involving certain issues.Atallah explained how Americans are bogged down with this conflict’stechnicalities, such as the number of checkpoints, which causes them to neglectthe bigger picture. He pointed out that on 29 November 1947, the UnitedNations General Assembly passed a resolution (33 to 13) recommending thatPalestine be partitioned into two states, with over half of the land going to theJews and the rest going to the Palestinians. By May 1948, according to theUnited Nations and the State Department, 350,000 Palestinians had beenexpelled from their homes. The Arab states declared war on Israel and, outnumberedand under-equipped, 400,000 more Palestinians were expelled. Atthe time, the Israelis accepted partition and the Arabs rejected the plan. Heexplained that the Israelis rushed to the Sinai Peninsula and the Jordan riverand fully understood the rules of diplomacy. This resulted in Jordan takingover what is now the West Bank. In the course of the Six Day War, another600,000 Palestinians were displaced, some for the second time ...
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Prilutskiy, Vitaliy. "The Final Period of Mormon Migration and the Development of Utah (1869—1911)". OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, nr 2-1 (1.02.2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202202statyi11.
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The article examines the last stages of migration to Utah of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons (1869-1890 and 1890-1911). It is shown that Utah became the center of Mormon migration and colonization, where waves of newly converted Mormons from Western Europe, Canada and the eastern states of the United States rushed. The study made it possible to analyze the ideological rationale for resettlement, the ethnic composition of the settlers, the specifics of the development of the lands of the American West, the peculiarities of the migration of the Saints across the continent - to the territory of Utah, and to characterize its results by the beginning of the ХХШ century.
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Lin, Hai, Gilbert Brunet i Ruping Mo. "Impact of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Wintertime Precipitation in Canada". Monthly Weather Review 138, nr 10 (1.10.2010): 3822–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010mwr3363.1.
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Abstract Based on the adjusted daily total precipitation data at Canadian stations and the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) data during the most recent 30 Northern Hemisphere winters, the connection between the tropical convection of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the intraseasonal variability of precipitation in Canada is investigated. The dominant convection patterns associated with the MJO are represented by the two leading modes of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis that is applied to the pentad outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) in the equatorial Indian Ocean and western Pacific. The first EOF mode is characterized by a single convection center near the Maritime Continent, whereas the second EOF has an east–west dipole structure with enhanced precipitation over the Indian Ocean and reduced convective activity over the tropical western Pacific. Lagged regression analysis reveals significant precipitation anomalies in Canada associated with the tropical convection of the MJO. Above-normal precipitation starts to occur in the west coast of Canada one pentad after a positive EOF2 phase. In the next two pentads, positive precipitation anomalies extend to a large area of south Canada. At the same time, the northeast region experiences reduced precipitation. For strong MJO events when the principal component of EOF2 exceeds its standard deviation, the precipitation anomaly in the west coast of Canada can reach about 20%–30% of its standard deviation of pentad-to-pentad variability. A linearized global primitive equation model is utilized to assess the cause of the intraseasonal variability in the Northern Hemisphere extratropics and its influence on North American weather associated with the tropical heating of the MJO.
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Molnar, Christopher A. "Imagining Yugoslavs: Migration and the Cold War in Postwar West Germany". Central European History 47, nr 1 (marzec 2014): 138–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893891400065x.
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In recent years historians have argued that after the collapse of the Nazi regime in May 1945, the concept of race became a taboo topic in postwar Germany but that Germans nonetheless continued to perceive resident foreign populations in racialized terms. Important studies of Jewish displaced persons, the black children of American occupation soldiers and German women, and Turkish guest workers have highlighted continuities and transformations in German racial thought from the Nazi era into the postwar world, particularly in West Germany. In a programmatic essay, Rita Chin and Heide Fehrenbach argue that “the question of race remained at the very center of social policy and collective imagination during the occupation years, as the Western Allies worked to democratize Germany, and during the Bonn Republic,” and they call for a new historiography that is more attentive to the category of race and the process of racialization in Germany and Europe after 1945. While this newfound emphasis on race in Germany's postwar history has been salutary, an approach that puts race and racialization at the center of German interactions with resident foreign populations runs the risk of sidelining the experiences of foreign groups that Germans did not view in primarily racial terms. Indeed, to a certain extent this has already occurred. By the mid-1980s, public and policy discourse on immigrants in West Germany came to focus overwhelmingly on Turks and the problems raised by their “alien” Islamic cultural practices. That West Germany's guest worker program had resulted in the permanent settlement of hundreds of thousands of Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Yugoslavs was largely forgotten. When historians, anthropologists, and scholars in other disciplines began taking more interest in Germany's migration history in recent decades, they too focused overwhelmingly on Turks. Only in recent years has the historiography of Germany's postwar migration history started to reflect the multinational character of Germany's immigrant population.
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Wu, Aiming, William W. Hsieh i Amir Shabbar. "The Nonlinear Patterns of North American Winter Temperature and Precipitation Associated with ENSO". Journal of Climate 18, nr 11 (1.06.2005): 1736–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3372.1.
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Abstract Nonlinear projections of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) onto North American winter (November–March) surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation anomalies have been performed using neural networks. During El Niño, the linear SAT response has positive anomalies centered over Alaska and western Canada opposing weaker negative anomalies centered over the southeastern United States. In contrast, the nonlinear SAT response, which is excited during both strong El Niño and strong La Niña, has negative anomalies centered over Alaska and northwestern Canada and positive anomalies over much of the United States and southern Canada. For precipitation, the linear response during El Niño has a positive anomaly area stretching from the east coast to the southwest coast of the United States and another positive area in northern Canada, in opposition to the negative anomaly area over much of southern Canada and northern United States, and another negative area over Alaska. In contrast, the nonlinear precipitation response, which is excited during both strong El Niño and strong La Niña, displays positive anomalies over much of the United States and southern Canada, with the main center on the west coast at around 45°N and a weak center along the southeast coast, and negative anomalies over northwestern Canada and Alaska. The nonlinear response accounts for about one-fourth and one-third as much variance as the linear response of the SAT and precipitation, respectively. A polynomial fit further verifies the nonlinear response of both the SAT and precipitation to be mainly a quadratic response to ENSO. Both the linear and nonlinear response patterns of the SAT and precipitation are basically consistent with the circulation anomalies (the 500-mb geopotential height anomalies), detected separately by nonlinear projection. A cross-validation test shows that including the nonlinear (quadratic) response can potentially contribute to additional forecast skill over North America.
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Zitek, Tony, Kristina Pagano, Oren J. Mechanic i David A. Farcy. "Assessment of Trauma Team Activation Fees by US Region and Hospital Ownership". JAMA Network Open 6, nr 1 (24.01.2023): e2252520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.52520.
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ImportanceTrauma centers must be readily equipped to handle a variety of life-threatening injuries and consequently may charge a fee for the activation of their trauma team. Regional and hospital-related variations in trauma activation fees across the US have not been formally assessed.ObjectiveTo evaluate the variability of trauma activation fees from trauma centers across the US and examine whether certain hospital characteristics are associated with higher activation fees.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from the American College of Surgeons website to identify all trauma centers in the US that were listed as verified from inception of the verification database through March 4, 2022 (N = 546). Five military hospitals were excluded, and trauma activation fees could not be found for 18 trauma centers; the remaining 523 hospitals were included in the analysis. Each hospital’s publicly available chargemaster (a comprehensive list of a hospital’s products, procedures, and services) was searched to obtain its trauma activation fees. Two levels of trauma activation fees were recorded: tier 1 (full activation) and tier 2 (partial activation). Hospital-specific data were obtained from the American Hospital Association website. All data were collected between January 2 and March 11, 2022. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess potential associations between hospital characteristics (type of control [for profit, government, church, or other nonprofit], hospital system [owner], number of staffed beds, and academic vs nonacademic status) and trauma activation fees.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMedian and mean trauma activation fees nationally and stratified by location, hospital system, and other hospital characteristics.ResultsOf 523 trauma centers included in the analysis, most were located in the Midwest (180 centers) and West (129 centers). There were 176 adult level I trauma centers and 200 adult level II trauma centers; 69 centers had for-profit status, and 415 were academic. Overall, the median (IQR) tier 1 trauma activation fee was $9500 ($5601-$17 805), and the mean (SD) tier 1 trauma activation fee was $13 349 ($11 034); these fees ranged from $1000 to $61 734. Median (IQR) trauma activation fees were highest in the West ($18 099 [$10 741-$$27 607]), especially in California, where the median (IQR) activation fee was $24 057 ($15 979-$33 618). Trauma activation fees were also higher at for-profit hospitals, most of which were owned by the HCA Healthcare system, which had 43 trauma centers and a median (IQR) tier 1 trauma activation fee of $29 999 ($20 196-$37 589).Conclusions And RelevanceIn this study, trauma activation fees varied widely among hospitals in the US. Regional variation in these fees was substantial, with hospitals in the West charging substantially more than those in other locations. In addition, for-profit hospitals charged more than other types of hospitals. These findings suggest that some patients with serious traumatic injuries will incur disproportionately high trauma activation fees depending on the trauma center to which they are brought. Therefore, standardization of trauma activation fees is warranted.
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Oriavwote, P. E., i A. O. Ikwuka. "Patterns and Factors Influencing Self-Medication among Students of The American International University West Africa (Aiuwa), The Gambia". European Journal of Clinical Medicine 3, nr 2 (5.04.2022): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/clinicmed.2022.3.2.181.
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Aims/Objectives: This study aimed to throw more light on how common self-medication is, among the American International University West Africa (AIUWA), The Gambia’s student population, the common patterns, and the factors that aid or prevent self-medication among the students.
Materials and Methods: This study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design. A sample of 168 AIUWA students was collected online. Qualitative data was hardcoded and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariable binary logistic regression to determine the correlation between factors for, and outcomes of self-medication.
Results and Discussion: 38.9% of the respondents practiced self-medication. The most common rationale for self-medication is the perception of the illness to be mild (42%) and having similar symptoms in the past (36.2%). Other reasons were availability of home remedies (26.1%) or drugs for self-medication (20.3%), emergency use (17.4%), and because self-medication saves time. The least common reasons given for self-medicating were clinic being far away (2.9%) and being a health worker or practicing nurse (1.4%). Knowledge from the past experiences of an illness (51.5%) and online sources (26.5%) were the most common sources of knowledge for self-medication. The most common medications used are Paracetamol (60.9%) and antibiotics (46.4%) and the most common conditions treated are headache (52.2%) and cold symptoms (46.4%). Less than half of the respondents (46.4%) self-medicated according to the recommended duration, 42% were sure that they did not take the medication for the correct duration of time and 11.6% did not even bother to check. Almost all the participants who self-medicated said that the medication solved the health condition they treated. Majority of the students who practiced self-medication preferred orthodox medicines to alternative medicines. By far, the most common source of drugs for self-medication was the drug store (81.4%), followed by friends and family (16.7%), drugs stored at home (15.7%), and home remedies (15.7%). Most of the students sometimes read the prescribing information before using a medication, and 51.2% do not support the idea of self-medication. In addition, self-medication was significantly associated with being a student in the health science center (p<0.001), married (p<0.05) or single (p<0.05), and being in or beyond the third year of studies (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Almost half of the respondents admitted to having practiced self-medication because they perceived their illness to be mild. Students who were significantly more likely to self-medicate were those in the health science center, those who are married or single, and those who have reached or passed the third year of studies.
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Davis, R. G. "Plays from a Marxist Perspective: Interpretations and Misinterpretations of Dario Fo". New Theatre Quarterly 33, nr 2 (12.04.2017): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x17000094.
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R. G. Davis directed the first commercial productions of Dario Fo's Accidental Death of an Anarchist and We Won't Pay We Won't Pay!, both in Canada and the USA. In the context of the original close relevance of the plays to the political situation in Italy, he looks at how in the USA especially their force has been diluted if not extinguished by the imperative to conform to the inherent anti-communsm of American culture. R. G.Davis founded and directed the San Francisco Mime Troupe in the 1960s, and the Epic West Center for the Study of Bertolt Brecht and Epic Theatre at Berkeley in 1975. Later he returned to academia to study science and ecology, and visited Cuba to examine the culture of organic farming. He has contributed previously to New Theatre Quarterly and its predecessor, specifically on Fo in two articles for the original Theatre Quarterly: ‘Seven Anarchists I Have Known: American Approaches to Dario Fo’, in TQ 8 (1986), and ‘Dario Fo Off-Broadway: the Making of Left Culture under Adverse Conditions’, in TQ 40 (1981).
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Kuzio, Taras. "Ukrainian kleptocrats and America’s real-life House of Cards: Corruption, lobbyism and the rule of law". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 50, nr 1 (17.01.2017): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2017.01.002.
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Washington DC is not only a center for democracy promotion programs by government-funded and private foundations and think tanks. Washington DC has also attracted hundreds of millions of dollars for lobbyists, political consultants and think tanks from authoritarian political forces and kleptocrats who have little in common with American and European values. Both Republicans and Democrats have been recipients of these illicit funds from state officials and oligarchs who are seeking to ingratiate themselves with American public opinion. Political consultants, lobbyists, lawyers and think tanks which receive funds from such sources are part of a bigger problem of reverse corruption and cynicism and the export of authoritarian practices from Ukraine and post-Soviet states to the West. This was clearly seen in the hiring of Paul Manafort, Viktor Yanukovych’s long-time political consultant by US presidential candidate Donald Trump. Trump’s promise to ‘drain the (Washington) swamp’ rings hollow after it was revealed he accepted funds from a Ukrainian oligarch who had earlier donated funds to the Clinton’s (Reader 2016).