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1
Cochran, Sherman. "Oil For the Lamps of China: Alice Tisdale Hobart’s Dark Novel of American Capitalism and Chinese Revolution". Journal of American-East Asian Relations 20, nr 1 (2013): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02001010.
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Among American works of fiction about China before World War II, Alice Tisdale Hobart’s Oil for the Lamps of China (1933) was second only to Pearl S. Buck’s The Good Earth (1931) in influence and sales. Hobart’s novel, evidently set during the Northern Expedition of 1926-28, also inspired a Warner Brothers film by the same name in 1935. Unlike the film, Hobart’s novel did not give a boosterish picture of American capitalism. In portraying the leading character, Steven Chase, a field agent for an American oil firm in China, Hobart drew on the experience of her husband, a field agent for Standard Oil Company. Her husband, like Chase, was callously fired after loyally serving the company and adapting to Chinese culture and protecting company property from anti-imperialist mobs. The novel is memorable for its vivid characterizations of Americans and Chinese working for an American corporation in China and for its dark view of American capitalism and Chinese revolution.
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de Pena, Matilde G., i Deborah J. Fisher. "Business Reengineering in a South American Oil Company". Journal of Management in Engineering 10, nr 4 (lipiec 1994): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)9742-597x(1994)10:4(45).
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KAMARUDIN, SAIFUL KHAIRI. "BRITISH PROTECTIONISM AND OIL INDUSTRY PRIOR TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PETRONAS". MALIM: JURNAL PENGAJIAN UMUM ASIA TENGGARA (SEA JOURNAL OF GENERAL STUDIES) 21, nr 1 (10.11.2020): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/malim-2020-2101-02.
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The existence of protectionism policy in Malaya and Borneo had been practised by the British specifically in the oil industry during colonialism. This policy was to prevent the largest American oil corporation, from dominating the oil market in Southeast Asia. The two British oil companies, the Anglo-Saxon Company and Shell Company in the early 20th century completed their business relationship with the Dutch oil company to control the oil industry in Southeast Asia. Oil producer colonies in Southeast Asia was solely granted oil supply through British oil company to prepare the outbreak of the First World War. This marked the height of British protectionism by providing continuous oil supply to the British Navy and expanding oil exports during the First World War. Later, PETRONAS adopted protectionism and monopoly strategies to increase equity ownership of Malays in the oil and mining industry.
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Little, Douglas. "Pipeline Politics: America, TAPLINE, and the Arabs". Business History Review 64, nr 2 (1990): 255–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3115583.
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The Arabian American Oil Company's plan to build a pipe-line from eastern Saudi Arabia to the Mediterranean seemed to many an ideal project for business-government cooperation. A sound business project for the company would give American policymakers more and cheaper oil to aid plans to rebuild Western Europe, as well as a significant presence in the Middle East. Events in that tumultuous region, however, soon embroiled both the company and the U.S. government in a more complex relationship than had been envisioned.
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Jolink, Albert. "The urge to merge and the American Cotton Oil Company". Management & Organizational History 1, nr 4 (listopad 2006): 385–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744935906071911.
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Peyerl, Drielli, Silvia Fernanda de Mendonça Figueirôa i Elvio Pinto Bosetti. "The North American geologist Walter Karl Link and oil exploratory research at Petrobras (1954–1960)". Earth Sciences History 35, nr 2 (1.01.2016): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6178-35.2.387.
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The necessity of petroleum and the challenges related to oil exploration in Brazil caused the country in 1953 to create Petrobras, the Brazilian oil company, and to hire a foreigner work force. The company hired the North American geologist, Walter Karl Link (1902–1982), to be the head of the Department of Exploration, one of the most important and promising departments of Petrobras. In that position, Link faced not just countless technical difficulties but also personal ones during the six years (1954–1960) that he worked for the company. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how the Department of Exploration contributed to the consolidation of Petrobras over the six year period and how Petrobras became a model for other companies.
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Teixeira, A. A. "The Role of the State Oil Company in Latin America". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 10, nr 2 (kwiecień 1992): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879201000203.
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ARPEL is a private organization working for the benefit of its 20 member companies as well as promoting the economic integration of their respective countries. The Latin American State Oil Companies (LASOCs) are responsible for 80% of petroleum activities in the region, which in 1990 amounted to 7.4 mbd or 11.4% of the world's production. Mexico and Venezuela are responsible for 2/3 of the output. The LASOCs. besides filling domestic needs and seeking country self-sufficiency, look for opportunities for participation in international markets and to attract external investment.
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Zhang, Jia Xi, i Yan Hui Zhao. "The Study on 20W/40 Heavy Duty and Super-Charged Diesel Oil". Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (listopad 2012): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.999.
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Based on a lot of tests, domestic based oil and additives were chosen according to the working characteristics of heavy duty and supercharged diesel in this paper. The nyctinasty of compound additive produced by American EXXON company and domestic CD-package to based oil was inspected respectively by tests[1]. Dealing with the datum of orthogonal test by computer, the three optimum formulates of 20w/40 heavy duty and supercharged diesel oil were presented.
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VITALIS, ROBERT. "Wallace Stegner's Arabian Discovery: Imperial Blind Spots in a Continental Vision". Pacific Historical Review 76, nr 3 (1.08.2007): 405–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2007.76.3.405.
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In 1956 Wallace Stegner wrote a history of the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco), but it was only published fifteen years later——in Beirut. The book complicates the view of Stegner as a destroyer of American western myths and a forerunner of the social and environmental turn in western history. Stegner shared with those who bought his services some problematic ideas about American identity and history in the context of the Cold War. His forgotten history of oil exploration in Saudi Arabia reveals the blind spots in his ““continental vision,”” an inability or unwillingness to see the moment as part of the long, unbroken past of the U.S. West. Stegner's journey, from chronicler of the despoiling of the West by eastern oil and copper barons to defender of cultural diversity and the collective commons, stopped, as it has for many other Americanists, at the water's edge.
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Hadi Mihi, Zulaikha, i Qahtan Raouf Abdullah. "The American factor influence on the British position during the Iranian oil crisis 1951-1953". Journal of University of Raparin 11, nr 3 (9.07.2024): 235–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(3).paper10.
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The issue of nationalizing oil in Iran has already been addressed by researchers in previous studies that were characterized by comprehensiveness، However، this study attempts to shed light on the ongoing controversy in some aspects related to the British position، which were not resolved in previous studies، in light of the data which we obtained from unpublished documents and the recently published British and American documents and memoirs of decision makers in the countries concerned. There are still those who believe that the oil interests of Western companies were the most important factor in formulating the British and American decision، but there is another school that believes that the security factor and the exigencies of the Cold War were the most important factor in resolving matter the way it was done. This study is an attempt to shed further light on this controversy. The study will give special importance to the American factor and its influence on the British position during the Iranian oil crisis. The importance of the research is evident in the fact that it specializes in studying the first real attempt by a country that seeks to nationalize one of its most important resources in the Middle East in the atmosphere of the Cold War. Therefore، the study is an attempt to explain and analyze how and why the government of Muhammad Mosaddeq was seeking to nationalize Iranian oil ، and we discuss the challenges it faced in order to achieve that goal. As for the methodology of the paper، we study the debate on the subject by following the historical methodology in addressing the issues in a chronological way and critically analyzing the discourse. While doing the analyses، we compare the British archival material with that of American and the Iranian. The collected data from the archival material will be used to evaluate the previous studies in the field. As for the structure of the research، it consists of an introduction، two sections، and the conclusion. In the preface، light is shed on a historical renunciation of the Anglo-Iranian company. As for the first section، it is devoted to studying the development of British oil interests in Iran (1902-1951)، in which the conflicting British and Russian interests towards Iranian oil addressed. Besides، the differences between the views of the Iranian government and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company during 1947-1951 on the oil crisis are explained in detail. The second topic deals with the stand of the United States of America on the oil crises and its impact on formulating British position during the Iranian oil crisis 1951-1953.While explaining the US stand on the crisis ، we will point the two distinct stages in this regard .Finally ، we explain and discuss how the US and British government had eventually reached the conclusion that a joint efforts were needed to overthrow the government of Muhammad Mossadegh on August 19، 1953. In the end study will present its most important findings.
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Seccombe, Ian J. "‘A disgrace to American enterprise’: Italian labour and the Arabian American oil company in Saudi Arabia, 1944–54". Immigrants & Minorities 5, nr 3 (listopad 1986): 233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619288.1986.9974638.
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Daradkeh, T. K., i N. Al-Zayer. "Parasuicide in an Arab industrial community: The Arabian-American Oil Company experience, Saudi Arabia". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 77, nr 6 (czerwiec 1988): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05191.x.
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Bucheli, Marcelo. "Negotiating under the Monroe Doctrine: Weetman Pearson and the Origins of U.S. Control of Colombian Oil". Business History Review 82, nr 3 (2008): 529–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500082635.
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Before World War I, most foreign investment in Latin America came from Britain. By World War II, however, the United States had become the main and unchallenged foreign investor in the region. This analysis of the negotiations that took place between the British firm (Pearson and Son) and the Colombian government over oil contracts reveals the reasons for the shift in influence. The company's lack of awareness that Britain had been overtaken by the United States as the hegemonic power in the hemisphere eventually caused the negotiations to collapse. While talks were proceeding, the company failed to consider how much influence the United States had on Colombian internal politics, and it overlooked the history of U.S.–Colombia relations. As a result, Pearson never received oil concessions in Colombia; instead, they were granted to American companies, consolidating U.S. power in the region.
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Williams, Kyle. "Roosevelt's Populism: The Kansas Oil War of 1905 and the Making of Corporate Capitalism". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19, nr 1 (5.11.2019): 96–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781419000446.
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AbstractThe map of the American petroleum industry shifted rapidly from the Northeast to the Southwest at the turn of the twentieth century when spectacular gushers were struck first in Texas and soon in California, Kansas, and Oklahoma. The flood of small and mid-size oil producers broke the hold that the Standard Oil Company had for decades held on the industry. Competition defeated monopoly. Or so the conventional story goes. This article offers a more complicated narrative by focusing on conflicts between Standard Oil and independent producers in the booming towns of southeast Kansas in 1904 and 1905. In those years, John D. Rockefeller's firm established a monopoly through technologies of distribution and distillation and the production of scientific knowledge and opaque classifications of commodities. Oil producers revolted. A reform movement turned to the rhetoric and policy ideas of Populism as it sought to use state power to challenge the stranglehold of the “octopus.” This article explores the previously unrecognized significance of this movement by showing how the Kansas oil war contributed to the breakup of Standard Oil by the Supreme Court in 1911 and constituted one of the bottom-up sources for the reconstruction of American capitalism.
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Juraid, Ayed Ateeq. "KUWAITI WORKERS AND WESTERN OIL COMPANIES 1946-1960". SEJARAH 30, nr 2 (6.12.2021): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol30no2.5.
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Kuwaiti oil was very important for oil companies of colonial powers such as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, APOC, and Gulf Oil Company. Those two companies managed to acquire oil concession inside Kuwait. Although they achieved huge financial profits led to welfare and happiness of American and British peoples, they, however, broke the terms of the concession agreement regarding Kuwaiti workers rights by not providing jobs, training, qualifying, high position and other rights. In return, Kuwait witnessed a successful labor movement led to having workers’ rights. Moreover, that movement had a potential role in the decision of nationalization of foreign oil companies later in 1975. In light of the above, this study aims at highlighting the most important companies that had oil concessions in Kuwait. Also, it seeks to identify their real policies toward Kuwait and its workers. In addition, the finding tries to show the Kuwaiti workers response on the companies which exhausted Kuwait’s resources and depraved Kuwaitis from their normal rights. As far as the method followed by the study, nature of the research requires applying the suitable analytical approach. That is, via the references and sources used in study, the linked points with the subject are being specified, analyzed and objectively criticized in order to show the injustice that had taken place from colonial oil companies upon Kuwaiti workers.
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Zhukov, S., I. Kopytin i O. Reznikova. "Saudi Arabia in the World Oil Market". World Economy and International Relations 65, nr 9 (2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-9-98-107.
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The goal of the article is to analyze the role of Saudi Arabia in the world oil market and in the world economy for a long historical period. It is shown that strategically behavior of Saudi Arabia always was and continues to be subordinated to ensuring the stable supply of oil into the world oil market. Under the Saudi Arabia leadership OPEC aims at pursuing an economically rational and responsible policy, supporting the balance of the demand for oil and its supply thus allow¬ing to avoid deep and lasting oil price decline. Until the very recently an important factor impacting the formulation of Saudi oil policy was maintaining of strategic interaction with the US. The restructuring of the world oil market driven by the shale revolution and nearing peak of global demand for oil have created new challenges for Saudi Arabia oil strategy. The OPEC+ situational agreement enacted since 2017 by OPEC and non-OPEC countries to voluntary reduce levels of oil production temporarily allows to keep a supply – demand balance in the world oil market preventing from substantial drop in oil prices. At the same time the agreement opens opportunities for competitors, first of all American producers of tight oil, to maintain and expand export niches. Shale revolution created a situation when oil interests of the US and Saudi Arabia came into open conflict. For political and strategic considerations, a price war in order to crowd American oil producers with their relatively high production costs out of the market is not a feasible option for the Kingdom. Attempts to transform the state oil company Saudi Aramco into a mega supermajor utilizing on the global economic and financial potential have failed as the leading international banks and corporations avoided the company’s IPO. The failure of Saudi Aramco partial privatization is a signal of a false start of a company to open the Saudi economy to large-scale in-flow of foreign investment. Paradoxically the long-term perspectives of Saudi Arabia crucially depend on how effectively it will use in the coming 10–20 years oil export earnings for diversification of national economy outside the oil sector. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared within the project “Post-crisis world order: challenges and technologies, competition and cooperation” supported by the grant from Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation program for research projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement № 075-15-2020-783).
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S, Mukund, i Dr N. Arunsankar. "Effect of COVID-19 on Dupont based financial performance of three Nationalized Petroleum Companies in India". YMER Digital 20, nr 10 (8.10.2021): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer20.10/5.
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: Every company has two major objectives in terms of profitability. i.e. Profit Maximization and Shareholders’ Wealth Maximization. Ratio analysis is a good tool which fosters the utilization of company figures to make proper investment decision for various classes of investors and management for taking right decisions at right time. ROE (Return on Equity) comes into the picture in terms of measuring the wealth maximization. It is basically a composition of ROCE or Return on Capital Employed. American paint manufacturing company named DuPont invented DuPont model of ROE analysis. It basically talks about the key factors contributing the return on equity. It can be used to analyze the return in any industry. In this study, we studied the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in their financial performance using DuPont analysis of the three Nationalized Petroleum company including BPCL, HPCL & Indian Oil Corporation.
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Ebrahimian, Mojtaba. "The Coup". American Journal of Islam and Society 31, nr 2 (1.04.2014): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i2.1038.
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In his most recent work, The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of ModernU. S.-Iranian Relations, Ervand Abrahamian (Distinguished Professor of Iranianand Middle Eastern History, Baruch College of the City University, NewYork) recounts a definitive moment of modern Iranian history that overshadowsIranian-American relations to this day. Drawing on a remarkable varietyof sources – accessible Iranian official documents, the Foreign Office andState Department files, memoirs and biographies, newspaper articles publishedduring the crisis, recent Persian-language books published in Iran, aCIA report leaked in 2000 known as “the Wilber document,” and two contemporaryoral history projects (the Iranian Oral History Project at HarvardUniversity and the Iranian Left history project in Berlin) – the author providesa detailed and thorough account of the 1953 coup.Challenging the dominant consensus among academicians and politicalanalysts that the coup transpired because of the Cold War rivalries betweenthe West and the Soviet Union, he locates it within the paradigms of the clashbetween an old imperialism and a burgeoning nationalism. He then traces itsorigins to Iran’s struggle to nationalize its oil industry and the Anglo-Americanalliance against this effort.The book is divided into four chapters. The first chapter, “Oil Nationalization,”narrates the history of Iran’s oil industry and various encounters betweenthe Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) and the Iranians. The Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), an English company founded in 1908 followingthe discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman in southern Iran, wasrenamed AIOC in 1935. AIOC gradually turned into a vital British asset andprovided its treasury with more than £24 million a year in taxes and £92 millionin foreign exchange in the first decades of the twentieth century ...
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Martin, A. Timothy. "Aramco: The Story of the World’s Most Valuable Oil Concession and Its Landmark Arbitration". BCDR International Arbitration Review 7, Issue 1 (1.06.2020): 3–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2021015.
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The Aramco story is a fascinating and colourful history of the world’s most valuable oil concession, the challenges overcome by its original American owners and the orderly transfer of control of the world’s largest oil company to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It involved the largest American overseas investment, a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy, the stabilization of global energy markets and the Middle East region, along with the transformation of a medieval society into a modern state. Unlike some of the other states in the region, Saudi Arabia never intended to nationalize or expropriate Aramco. Instead, it worked closely with its American investors and the American government to maximize production for the benefit of all the parties involved. The parties did this within a long tradition of “friendship and good will.” Despite their best efforts, they did come to blows in a landmark arbitration, the Saudi Arabia v.Aramco Arbitration, which is one of the most historically important investor state arbitrations of the last century.This article describes that case with insightful detail, along with how the parties maintained their “friendly relationship” long after the end of the arbitration.
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Lin-chun, Wu. "“One Drop of Oil, One Drop of Blood”: The United States and the Petroleum Problem in Wartime China, 1937-1945". Journal of American-East Asian Relations 19, nr 1 (2012): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187656112x637151.
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In 1931, Japan occupied Manchuria and seemed intent on conquering China. Because Japan was devoid of petroleum, planners turned to exploration in the Western Pacific. In China, mobilization for a military invasion and preparations for economic survival made control of petroleum supplies more urgent than ever. As Irvine H. Anderson reminds us in The Standard-Vacuum Oil Company and United States East Asian Policy, 1933-1941, Standard-Vacuum, Shell, and the Anglo-American diplomatic corps accelerated their close cooperation especially after Japan created monopolies of the economies of Manchuria and North China, which violated the traditional principles of American Open Door Policy. However, the American de facto embargo policy and the Japanese resolve to seize the necessary supplies in the Dutch Indies made it inevitable that American companies would become involved in the formulation and execution of American policy both before and after Pearl Harbor. Building on Anderson’s extraordinary research, this article focuses on the petroleum problem in China and the American response, especially of the State Department and Foreign Service officers, during 1937-45.
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Rolan, Robert G., i Keith H. Cameron. "Adaptation of the Incident Command System to Oil Spill Response During the American Trader Spill". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, nr 1 (1.03.1991): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-267.
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ABSTRACT While developing its new crisis management plan in 1989, BP America (BPA) modified the incident command system (ICS) for use as the organizational structure of its oil spill response team. This was done to be compatible with the post-Exxon Valdez organization of the Alyeska response team and for certain advantages it would provide for responses in other locations and in other types of crisis situations. The ICS was originally developed for fighting wildfires in California and has since been widely adopted by other fire and emergency services in the U. S. While retaining most of the ICS structure, ?PA developed modifications necessary to fit the unique requirements of oil spill response. The modified ICS was used during a full scale test of ?PA's draft crisis management plan in December 1989, and thus was familiar to ?PA's top executives and other participating response team members. When the American Trader spill occurred in February 1990, BPA's management used the modified ICS organization even though the crisis management plan had not been finalized or widely distributed within the company. Details of the organizational structure evolved as the spill response progressed, in part due to the changing requirements of the response over time and in part because of previously unrecognized issues. This paper describes that evolution and the resulting final structure. Essential differences between the original ICS and BPA's oil spill version of it are highlighted. Despite the unrecognized issues and the unfamiliarity of some team members with the ICS, the organization worked well and can be credited with a share of the success of the American Trader response.
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Inaba, Kazuya. "The Common Integration The Group Operation of Petrochemical Complexes in Japan". Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 5, nr 1 (31.01.2014): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2014v5i2p94-102.
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Oil and petrochemical companies are in the severe situation where they shoulddeal with various problems. In Europe, America, the Middle East, and East Asia (China, Taiwan,and South Korea), one company usually builds a large-scale factory, and consistently producesoil and petrochemical goods in the system of one company. Differently from it, two or morecompanies are concentrated in the coast landfills in Japan, and generally manufacture in thesystem of groups. The system of production in a petrochemical complex would be a mediumscalelevel if it sees worldwide. After World War II, capital was insufficient in Japan. Manycompanies advanced to the oil and petrochemical industry which seemed to have a big future.Small and medium scale factories were constructed. As a result, petrochemical complexeshave been formed with the system of groups.After the defeat of World War II, many oil companies excluding Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. wereorganized for the supply of crude oil from European and American oil majors. They weredevoted to refining oil and selling it only in Japan. Moreover, the oil market in Japan had beendefended by restriction of the government. Such a system continued for years. Therefore,domestic oil companies had been aiming at improvement and efficiency of refining capacity.Their concentrating on technological development, cost reduction, and domestic share foughtin the same industry had become a main activity. The construction of global competitiveness hadbeen postponed for a while. However, after repealing protected laws, the import liberalizationof petroleum product had been taken since 1996, and cheap petroleum products had flown infrom foreign countries. The sales price had not become the same, and free competition undermarket mechanism had started. As a result, the movement of industry reorganization hadbeen accelerated.In such a severe situation, oil and petrochemical companies came up with the idea of businesscooperation in the same region in order to acquire global competitiveness. 20 companies inoil industry and chemical industry gathered round at first. Under the Research Associationof Technology Law, Research Association of Refinery Integration for Group-Operation (RING)was established in 2000. In order to gain global competitiveness, RING has acted groupoperationprograms in the industrial complexes in Japan. In this paper, I describe the historicalformation and development of petrochemical complexes in Japan.And I consider and analyzethe approach to and ways of the high-level integration for group operation. And I will explainthe meaning of the plans, and the economies arising from the group operation business.
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Bowen, Dawn S. "In the shadow of the refinery: an American oil company town on the Caribbean island of Aruba". Journal of Cultural Geography 36, nr 1 (25.07.2018): 49–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08873631.2018.1502398.
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Fitzgerald, Edward Peter. "Business Diplomacy: Walter Teagle, Jersey Standard, and the Anglo-French Pipeline Conflict in the Middle East, 1930–1931". Business History Review 67, nr 2 (1993): 207–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116725.
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British, Dutch, French, and American oil companies set up a multinational consortium in 1928 with a view to dominating petroleum production in the Middle East. Development of the consortium's first oilfield in northern Iraq depended on the construction of a pipeline to the Mediterranean sea-board, but rival great-power ambitions in the region blocked selection of a suitable route. Walter Teagle, president of Standard Oil of New Jersey, devised a compromise that he successfully pressed on both the French government and the chairman of the consortium, Sir John Cadman. Using company records and state papers now available in France, this article explains how Teagle's intervention arose and why it was crucial to the resolution of the Anglo-French pipeline conflict.
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Biama, Teresia. "A voice of resistance and activism: A critique of Imbolo Mbue’s How Beautiful We Were". African Educational Research Journal 10, nr 3 (12.09.2022): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/aerj.103.22.044.
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This article focused on the voice of resistance and activism in Imbolo Mbue’s How Beautiful We Were (2021). The novel voices the environmental injustices and the disastrous consequences of oil corporations. The people of Kosawa know that something is wrong with the land they’re living on. They receive acid rain, rivers have grown sickly green, and people are dizzy with the diseases. They also know that Pexton, the oil company is to blame for their loss of life and livelihood. The natives decide to rise up and fight back against an American Oil Company that has been polluting the land. This study investigated how this ecological destruction in Kosawa has triggered eco-activism and resistance from the natives. The study used the qualitative approach employing an analytical research design comprising research methods of content analysis and close textual reading. The research was further informed by Lawrence Buell’s (2005) second wave of eco-criticism, which advocates for environmental justice for the victims of environmental degradation. It is also concerned about the destruction of plants and animals. This study depicts eco-criticism as a theory that displays the tools of activism and resistance. The findings of this research show that oil spillage has shattering effects on humans, animals, and aquatic life. The findings also show that the author uses various resistance approaches to fight against environmental degradation such as media, education, revolution, and age mates among others. Mbue’s text calls on the African nations to vehemently resist environmental degradation.
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Veit, Helen Zoe. "Eating Cotton: Cottonseed, Crisco, and Consumer Ignorance". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 18, nr 4 (29.07.2019): 397–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781419000276.
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AbstractAmericans have eaten significant amounts of cottonseed oil since the late nineteenth century. Yet for generations, few Americans have known how often they eat foods made from the cotton plant. Crisco paved the way for this kind of consumer ignorance. Launched by the Procter & Gamble company in 1911, Crisco was a wholly new product: a solid fat made entirely from liquid cottonseed oil, the result of the novel technology of hydrogenation. Responding to tenacious prejudice against cottonseed, Crisco's marketers made consumer ignorance acceptable by promoting the idea that industrial processing was akin to purification and encouraging consumers to put trust in brands rather than to focus on ingredients. The Progressive Era is supposed to be a period when food processing became increasingly transparent, and in some ways it was. But in the wake of the Pure Food legislation of 1906 and in conjunction with an exploding food advertising industry that highlighted factory processing as a unique virtue, American consumers increasingly trusted both government oversight and industrial food production. Cottonseed oil's history is ultimately a story of consumers’ growing confidence in highly processed food and their growing comfort with ignorance about the ingredients that went into it.
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Acosta Prado, Julio César, i Jaime Andrés González Valencia. "Best practices and process improvement. An application for the transfer and management of knowledge to the transportation of hydrocarbons in ECOPETROL". Dimensión Empresarial 13, nr 2 (23.11.2015): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15665/rde.v13i2.542.
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Knowledge’s processes enrich the information bringing value to organizations. These formal or informal, processes increase the value of information and useful knowledge of people and organizations. Therefore, in order to identify good practices that promote the improvement of processes for the implementation of knowledge management in the area of transport hydrocarbon, this exploratory study it perform on ECOPETROL, Colombia's largest oil company. Due to its size, it belongs to 40 largest oil and gas companies in the world´s group and recognize as one of the four major in Latin American. The study target the workshops developed within the Operations and Maintenance teams using the methodology of the Knowledge Assurance Guide. The results show positive impacts identifying best practices that support process improvement in the tactical, strategic and operational levels.
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Hidayat, Rachmad, Hidayat, Rifky Maulana Yusron, Wasiur i Moh Jufriyanto. "The Influence of Oil Raw Materials on The Quality of Finished Soap Products in The Laboratory Division at PT. Solar Wings Corps". E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 05009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132805009.
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The business actors are required to generate the maximum profit possible, thus demanding workers to work productively. This cannot be denied because workers are the most essential element in running the company’s wheels. PT Wings Surya is a manufacturing company that produce soap. this research activity focuses on how to check soap products using the AOCS Method, in which the AOCS (The American Oil Chemists’ Society) method is a method applied to measure and analyze levels in oil so that it is known whether these levels already meet the standards to be processed into a quality product. The quality of the finished soap product can be determined and anticipated by looking at the quality of the Iodide Value, Peroxide Value, and Saponification Value of the raw oil used for the soap product. The finished product of soap at PT. Wings Surya in November based on the quality of the raw material used, it will produce a finished product of soap with good quality but not with the rancid smell caused by the raw material of the oil it self.
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Holley-Kline, Sam. "Nationalist archaeology and foreign oil exploration in El Tajín, Mexico, 1935–1940". Archaeological Dialogues 27, nr 1 (15.05.2020): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203820000100.
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AbstractThis article discusses the American Compañía Stanford’s efforts to drill an oil well on the outskirts of the archaeological site of El Tajín, Mexico, during the 1930s. Drawing on recent scholarly efforts to think beyond archaeology and the nation state, this article problematizes the notion of a unitary state behind the concept of nationalist archaeology, the constitution of archaeology and extractive industry as separate spheres, and their apparent mutual exclusivity. Exploring the negotiations between site guards, archaeologists, inspectors, oil company officials and labourers shows that different state actors worked at cross-purposes, and that the nominally separate spheres of nationalist archaeology and foreign oil extraction were in fact characterized by the sharing of infrastructure, equipment, expertise and labour. Consequently, this article advocates for close attention to the administration and management of archaeology in specific historical contexts, demonstrating that it is more reasonable to assume archaeology’s imbrications with the nation state and extractive industries.
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Beckman, Ericka. "An Oil Well Named Macondo: Latin American Literature in the Time of Global Capital". PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 127, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2012.127.1.145.
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For three months in the spring and summer of 2010, almost five million gallons of crude oil gushed uncontrollably from a broken BP well into the Gulf of Mexico, in what is thus far the worst petroleum spill in history. At the moment the spill occurred, the world was still reeling from the largest international financial disaster the world has yet known, one that reverberated from Iceland to the United States to the outer edges of the European Union in Greece and Spain. If the financial crisis was characterized by the sudden disappearance of intangible and invisible financial value, the horrific spectacle of oil-drenched seascapes, birds, fish, and coastlines resulting from the BP spill was a tangible reminder that capitalism had still not been able to emancipate itself from its material body. Even more troubling was the fact that the first several attempts by the multi-billion-dollar company to stanch the broken well were stunning failures: daily news broadcasts brought into public consciousness terms like top kill and kill mud, as hydraulic engineers armed with golf balls and sundry varieties of foam tried to kill the sea monster created by BP.
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Herjanto, Eddy, i Bendjamin B. Louhenapessy. "KAJIAN MANFAAT KEANGGOTAAN ORGANISASI STANDAR MANCANEGARA BERDASARKAN PERTIMBANGAN EKONOMI". Jurnal Standardisasi 8, nr 2 (31.03.2008): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31153/js.v8i2.652.
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<p>Economic study of the membership in standard organizations of foreign countries have to be viewed from the benefit received by the pertinent state or institute compared to the obligation which must be fulfilled. Similarly, in chosing the standard organization of foreign countries to join, the benefit and service received from becoming organizational member of the foreign countries is a very significant factor. But, beside the benefit, the sector area of the foreign countries standard organization related to the circumstance from institute or state to join needs to be considered. It is needed to consider whether the sector have important position in the state economies especially from its exporting ability. Standard of foreign countries which focussed at certain sector or only give benefit and service of certain sector might not be effective enough to a company or state to participate if the state and the company does not cover the same sector.<br />This study used descriptive method with a view to make description, systematic formulation, factual and accurate with evidence obtained, by studying the nature of and also relation among phenomenon under the study. Pursuant to result of the study from level of benefit and obligation in getting information and expense of a success membership, among 10 organization of standard of foreign countries in the priority and strategic for Indonesia to join, started from highest to lowest priority is: British Standard Institute (BSI), Japan Industrial Standard (JIS), American Oil Chemical Society (AOCS), Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC-International), American National Standard Institute (ANSI), American Petroleum Institute (FIRE), Deutchland Institute for Normung (DIN), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Australian Standard (AS), and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).</p>
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Jang, Minseok. "Kerosene Is King: Kerosene Consumers and the Antitrust Movement against Standard Oil, 1859–1911". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 23, nr 2 (kwiecień 2024): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537781423000518.
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AbstractIn the late nineteenth-century United States, kerosene became a universal illuminant for artificial lighting, providing its users with a shared material environment. While kerosene users employed the fluid not only for lighting but also for washing, cooking, and cleaning, they had to deal with the material’s risks, such as fires and explosions. With the help of chemists and domestic advisors, American consumers adapted to this ambivalent material condition, weaving kerosene into their economic life and social thought. In so doing, some consumers identified as a “professional class” that navigated within this material environment through their own expertise—which paralleled their economic struggle within a rapidly growing but volatile political economy during the Gilded Age. As Standard Oil’s monopolization of the kerosene business became a substantial issue in national politics, this social consciousness among kerosene users attracted anti-monopolists like Ida Tarbell. Because Standard Oil had lowered the consumer price, these reformers sought an alternative rationale to persuade kerosene-consuming households to participate in the antitrust movement against the company. Examining how these progressive reformers turned kerosene consumers’ social identity to their political ends, this article sheds new light on the relationship between the energy transition, consumer culture, and American capitalism.
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Muhammad, Abdulwahed H., i Ahmad S. Helal. "Effects of Occupational Exposure on Lung Function Tests in Old Process Plant Units workers, North Oil Company, Iraq". Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 8, nr 4 (1.05.2021): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v8i4.260.
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Occupational exposure to petroleum vapors has been shown to affect functioning of different systems of the body. The present study was taken up to assess the Pulmonary Function Tests. Method: A total of 356 male old process plant units' workers in north oil company, Kirkuk, Iraq, were assessed for lung function status. Respiratory function test was according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) recommendations, Questionnaire performed and respiratory functions viz. (FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and PEF) were recorded by a portable electronic spirometer. Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in FEV1, FVC, and PEF in this study of exposured state compared to the normal state which was normal. FEV1/FVC% ratio was within normal limit. Conclusion: Most findings point towards adverse effects of petroleum vapors on lung function, mainly on lower airways with restrictive pattern of disease.
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Bickerton, Brooke J. "Pollution Prevention and Bilge Water Recovery". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1620, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1620-01.
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At American Commercial Barge Line Co. (ACBL), protection of the marine environment is a top operating priority. As part of this commitment, every effort is made, using ingenuity and technology, in pollution prevention. An example of pollution prevention in practice at ACBL is the recovery of petroleum from bilge water (an oil/water mixture that collects in the bottom of a towboat), which is then blended into virgin fuel for use on ACBL towboats or resold as a cutter stock to a petroleum company. The source of petroleum in the bilge water is the diesel engines that power the towboat. The petroleum fraction is typically 30 percent. The bilge water is pumped from containment tanks on the boat into larger storage tanks at fueling or repairing facilities. ACBL currently operates a certificated barge that is dispatched to the various fueling and repair facilities to collect bilge water. This barge takes the mixture to American Commercial Liquid Terminal (ACLT) in Memphis, Tennessee. A process separates the oil from the water. The recovered oil is then blended with virgin diesel fuel for ACBL’s towboat fleet, used as ACLT boiler fuel, or sold as a cutter stock for ocean vessels. The separated water moves through a series of treatment tanks and an ultrafiltration system. The purified water is discharged into the Mississippi River according to a Tennessee National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. In 1996 and 1997 combined, this process recovered 4.2 million L (1.1 million gal) of oil, which is material that was disposed of as waste in the past. ACBL is making a difference and embracing the principles of pollution prevention.
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Andreev, Konstantin V. "Analysis of the Acid Compositions Application in High-Temperature Carbonate Reservoirs". Недропользование 21, nr 2 (1.04.2021): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/2712-8008/2021.2.5.
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The use of hydrochloric acid treatment goes back a century. For the first time the company “Ohio Oil” applied acid for formation stimulation in 1895, and the patent for acidizing limestone was obtained by the company "Standard Oil". However, with a significant increase in production volumes, it turned out that acid solutions caused very strong corrosion of downhole equipment. Therefore, the hydrochloric acid treatment method had not been used for 30 years. The discovery by John Grib of “Dow Chemical” in 1931 – slowing down the effect of hydrochloric acid on the metal with arsenic – made it possible to return to this method, and three years later “Halliburton Oil Well Cementing” began to practice acidizing on an industrial scale. As the analysis of the field material has shown, there are many technologies with the use of modified acids intended for acidizing, which are characterized by a high degree of success. Nevertheless, according to the estimates of different authors, the treatments success varies in the range from 60 to 80%, and for repeated treatments – less than 50 %. The urgency degree of the problems associated with acid treatment of the bottomhole formation zone and the tendencies of its development was investigated. Analysis of patent information according to the International Patent Classification for 17 years (from 1997 to 2013 inclusive) for Russian patents and for 15 years (from 1999 to 2013 inclusive) – for American ones showed stable activity of Russian organizations, while foreign organizations showed in this respect a significant growth of interests and achievements. Foreign experts mainly investigated the modeling of acid treatment [6–11], while Russian specialists were more inclined towards service support of acid treatment. It was revealed that there were no methods for calculating the risks of falling out of heavy oil components during acid treatment, depending on the geological and physical conditions of the target.
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Wu, Yiping, Jianjun Wang, Qing Wang, Qian Li, Haowu Li, Ningning Zhang i Qingchao Cao. "Portfolio Real Option Based on Trigeminal Tree Model in Sustainable Utilization of Exploration Asset". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (27.04.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4662460.
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Uncertainty of crude oil market causes the value of oil and gas exploration assets to fluctuate upward, remain unchanged, and fluctuate downward. So exploration project investment is usually chartered by multistages. This brings many challenges to investment decisions regarding the sustainable utilization of exploration assets. To avoid the investment risk of exploration projects, a portfolio option method based on the trigeminal tree model was proposed. By analysing the real options involved in oil and gas exploration assets, the investment process is divided into European options and American options. The pricing model of portfolio options is constructed by the trigeminal tree method, and sequential compound diagram and compound option diagram are built. Volatility is predicted based on the GARCH model, and then, the trinomial tree of the underlying asset value, evolution chart, sequential compound option chart, and portfolio option chart is established, respectively. Finally, the project option value is calculated. The application shows that the ROV of oil and gas exploration project of company A is 1.39 million US$ (USMM$), and the project value is 279.87 USMM$. Compared with the binary tree model, the model is superior to the traditional option pricing method in the application effect, which provides a scientific basis for investment decision-making.
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Pirela, Arnoldo. "Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Institutional Change: The Dynamics of Building Industry Alliances in Venezuela". Science, Technology and Society 12, nr 1 (marzec 2007): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097172180601200106.
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This article presents and analyses the final results of a four-year experience aimed at developing innovative capacities and competitiveness by creating alliances between the state-owned oil company (PDVSA), and national firms supplying goods and services to the Venezuelan oil and petrochemical industry. The article proposes a different approach from the standard analysis on firm behaviour, innovation competitiveness, and cooperative organisation and alliances that tend to disregard national environment, including national political developments and government ideological orientations. We make a case in favour of the analysis of the long-term macro-economic and macro-political trends and ideological orientations of a country, as well as how firms attempt to develop their competitiveness and the collaboration programmes supposedly taking place. We argue in favour of this approach in countries with high levels of political and economic instability, such as most underdeveloped nations. This is the case of several Latin American countries at present, especially of the Venezuelan oil-driven economy. A country now in a ‘u-turn’ economy, and maybe the only one since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet Union trying to impose a kind of planned economy and socialism.
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Trčková, Dita. "BP’S CONSTRUCTION OF AN ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY ON ITS WEBSITE: A CASE STUDY OF DISCURSIVE LEGITIMIZATION". Discourse and Interaction 7, nr 2 (15.12.2014): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2014-2-49.
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The paper presents a critical discourse analysis of the website of one of the world’s major oil companies, Beyond Petroleum (BP), formerly British Petroleum, with the focus on investigating the construction of BP’s corporate identity. The analysis reveals that BP enacts multiple positive discursive roles, including the identities of an indispensable organization, a philanthropist, an environmentally conscious company, an explorer, a researcher, an educator and an American dream achiever. These roles serve as a potent legitimizing strategy since they enable BP to be associated with higher social and moral values. The analysis shows that BP’s environmentally protective ethos adopts the ideology of the domination of human beings over nature through technology, an ideology which is suited to the company’s profit-making purpose.
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Wilkins, Mira. "Exxon: Transforming Energy, 1973–2005". Business History Review 89, nr 4 (2015): 761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680515001117.
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Four giant volumes (plus a companion one on Humble Oil) appeared between 1955 and 1988 on the history of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) and its successor (as of 1972) Exxon Corporation. These well-documented volumes took the story to 1975. As related by the publisher and author of this book, about four years after the 1999 megamerger of Exxon and Mobil and the formation of ExxonMobil, the merged unit gave a collection of its historical files—containing some four million documents—to the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History (DBC) at the University of Texas at Austin. When the document transfer was made, in 2003, William Hale, a thirty-year Exxon/ExxonMobil manager (most recently in the public relations department) suggested that it was time for a fifth volume of Exxon history. ExxonMobil's top management approved, and in 2005 the DBC asked Joseph Pratt to write it. He agreed, and the book under review, which covers the period 1973 through the merger to 2005, was written by Pratt “with the assistance of William Hale” and published by DBC.
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Pinem, Satya, Mahawan Karuniasa i Chairil Abdini. "Estimating GHG Emission Level from Oil and Gas Offshore Production Facility". E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020209004.
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Oil and gas (O&G) production activities emits greenhouse gases (GHG) which must be well estimated to improve accountability and formulating efficient mitigation. The Indonesia’s GHG emission reported thru Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was estimated by Tier-1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, while the O&G company adopts different methodology. This leads to asynchronous GHG emission contribution of this industry to national GHG emission. This paper aims to estimate the GHG inventory from O&G offshore production facility by using American Petroleum Institute (API) Compendium Methodology and compare it with Tier-1 IPCC Methodology. It found that GHG emission estimated by API method is significantly lower than IPCC method. Both methods shown fuel combustion sources are the dominant. GHG emission sources from fuel combustion and flaring have been well identified, but emission sources from venting and fugitive need to be improved. Moreover this study identified that to have more accurate national GHG inventory, the GHG calculation method might be different for each industry segment. This evaluation could improve the future national GHG inventory and as reference for the industry. National emission factors database for O&G industry segment is highly suggested to be developed.
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Ferrari, Adam. "Guest Editorial: The Unavoidable Truth: The World's Growing Need for Oil". Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, nr 06 (1.06.2024): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0624-0010-jpt.
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_ In a world populated by over 8 billion people and counting, the demand for energy has never been higher. Despite the push from the green energy movement advocating for renewable sources like wind and solar, the harsh reality is that these alternatives alone cannot sustain the world's voracious appetite for power—not currently or in the foreseeable future. The truth is that oil remains an indispensable and irreplaceable part of the global energy mix. According to Statista, more than 100 million bbl of oil are needed daily to meet the world's steadily rising energy requirements. From transportation and manufacturing to heating, electricity generation, and countless other vital applications, oil is the lifeblood that keeps modern civilization running smoothly. As convenient, efficient, and highly energy-dense sources, natural gas and oil are simply unmatched by any currently available alternatives. This fundamental reality is what drives me to explore and drill for new oil reserves to help secure the energy supplies that will power human progress. America’s Rising Importance in the Global Oil Equation In the global quest to locate and extract new, viable oil supplies to meet escalating demand, the US has emerged as an increasingly vital player. With its well-developed infrastructure, business-friendly policies, and decades of industry experience, America provides an attractive environment for bringing new barrels of oil online more rapidly than many other regions around the world. However, despite these advantages and increasing calls for greater domestic production, US oil companies have shown surprising restraint in substantially ramping up output, even with oil prices averaging around $90/bbl as of April 2024 before it "settled at $84/bbl on 2 May." There appears to be a concerning lack of investment and growth in American oil production at a time when the world is desperate for more supply. The Relentless Pursuit of New Oil Reserves As the CEO of an oil exploration and production company, I firmly believe that boldly pursuing new oil reserves is crucial to meeting the world's growing energy needs. It is this conviction that drives me and the rest of my team to uncover the next sources of oil to power human progress. Through strategic exploration initiatives guided by the latest geologic data, cutting-edge drilling technologies, and an unwavering determination, we are seeking out untapped oil reserves. Our goal is not only to increase production levels but also to make a meaningful contribution to US oil output and global energy security. While some industry voices chase fleeting trends or pander to mainstream narratives, our approach remains resolutely aligned with energy pioneers like Doug Sheridan, managing director and founder of EnergyPoint Research based in Houston, and Chris Wright, CEO and chairman of the board of Liberty Energy.
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Sánchez-Alvarracín, Carlos, Jessica Criollo-Bravo, Daniela Albuja-Arias, Fernando García-Ávila i M. Pelaez-Samaniego. "Characterization of Used Lubricant Oil in a Latin-American Medium-Size City and Analysis of Options for Its Regeneration". Recycling 6, nr 1 (2.02.2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010010.
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Petroleum-derived products, such as lubricant oils, are non-renewable resources that, after use, must be collected and processed properly to avoid negative environmental impacts. A circular economy of used oils requires the re-refining and reuse of the same. Similar to most countries in Latin America, the management of used oils in Ecuador is still incipient and few cities collect and treat this material properly. In Cuenca, the ETAPA company collects ~1344 t/year of used oils, which are subjected to pretreatment operations prior to their use as fuel in a cement factory. However, combustion generates polluting gases and disallows the adding of value to the used oils. The lack of studies on the characterization and methods utilized for recovering used oils under the conditions found in medium-size Latin-American cities (e.g., Cuenca), alongside a lack of government policies, have hindered the adoption of re-refining operations. The objective of this work is to characterize the used lubricant oils in Cuenca, to compare them with the properties of used oils from other countries, and to suggest some re-refining technologies for oils with similar properties. Used oil samples were collected from mechanic shops and car-lubricating shops for characterization. Its physicochemical properties and metal contents are comparable to the used oils in other countries globally. Specifically, the flash point, kinematic viscosity, TBN, and concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Mg are similar to the properties of used oils in Iraq, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates. Based on these results, the best re-refining option for used oils in Cuenca is extraction with solvents in which sedimentation and dehydration (already conducted in Cuenca) is followed by a solvent reaction process, a vacuum distillation process, a finishing process with bentonite, and a final filtration step.
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Karmakar, Goutam, i Rajendra Chetty. "Extraction and Environmental Injustices: (De)colonial Practices in Imbolo Mbue’s How Beautiful We Were". eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 22, nr 2 (23.07.2023): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.22.2.2023.3970.
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Environmental degradation, climate crises, and ecological catastrophes effect the countries of the tropics distinctly from those of the Global North, reflecting the ramifications of colonial capitalist epistemes and practices that sanction extraction, commodification, and control of tropical lands and peoples. Imbolo Mbue’s How Beautiful We Were (2021), set in the fictional African village of Kosawa, bears witness to the history and presence of ecological disaster in the African tropics through issues related to extractivism, environmental injustices, and structural racism that are ongoing under the mask of capitalist progress and development. Mbue, a Cameroonian-American novelist, recounts Kosawa’s decades-long struggle against the American oil company Pexton. This article focuses on the critical aspect that Mbue’s discourse reveals—that there is a need to map environmental injustices with other forms of structural injustices and the prevalence of neocolonialism and its manifestations through racial, economic, and epistemic practices. The article further explicates how the ordinary people of Kosawa become subjected to “slow violence” and “testimonial injustice” and foregrounds the necessity of “epistemic disobedience” demonstrated in the novel through the madman’s intervention and Thula’s sustained resistance to the exploitative agendas.
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Boschee, Pam. "Big Players Pivot in Response to Regulatory Pressures". Journal of Petroleum Technology 76, nr 02 (1.02.2024): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0224-0010-jpt.
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_ Early January brought with it significant changes in the environmental side of the oil and gas industry. ExxonMobil and Chevron, the two largest US oil producers, announced they will exit California, and the Biden administration froze LNG export approvals. After 50 years of producing oil in California, ExxonMobil will take a $2.5 billion writedown of the value of some of its California properties to be recorded in its fourth-quarter earnings. The company said the decision is primarily related to its Santa Ynez operations off the coast of Santa Barbara. Its US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filing said, “While the Corporation is progressing efforts to enable a restart of production, continuing challenges in the state regulatory environment have impeded progress in restoring operations.” After the Refugio oil spill in May 2015 (approximately 100,000 gal), resulting from a leak from a pipeline owned by Plains All American Pipeline, ExxonMobil acquired the damaged asset in October 2015. Just a few months before the purchase, the Santa Barbara County Board denied ExxonMobil’s request to truck its oil produced off the coast of Gaviota to its Las Flores Canyon processing facility and on to refiners located in Pentland, California. Seeking an alternative, ExxonMobil planned to replace two stretches of the 112-mile corroded pipeline for transit of its oil. Met with opposition to replace the damaged pipeline and denied permission to repair and restart production at the site (halted since 2015), ExxonMobil is now selling the Santa Ynez operation to Sable Offshore, a blank-check company created in 2020. The company will loan Sable the money for the purchase of its three offshore production platforms, pipeline, and onshore processing facility. Sable’s agreement with ExxonMobil requires production to be started by early 2026 or the assets and liabilities revert to ExxonMobil. Chevron, headquartered in San Ramon, California, will write down $3.5 billion to $4 billion in assets, citing its home state’s regulations that “have resulted in lower anticipated future investment levels.” The company intends to continue operating its oil fields and related assets. In the SEC filing, Chevron wrote it also will incur fourth-quarter charges related to decommissioning of US Gulf of Mexico assets that have reached the end of their productive lives. The company sold some of those assets, but US law stipulates that previous owners may be responsible for those costs if the current owner declares bankruptcy. Chevron wrote it’s “probable” that it may see such costs. January closed with another unexpected announcement on 26 January. The Biden administration paused decisions on permits to export LNG to non-free trade agreement countries to review current projects seeking approvals. US Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm stated, “We must review export applications using the most comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of the economic, environmental, and national security considerations.” She added that this was not a ban on exports and would not affect already authorized exports, which when combined with existing plants, total 48 Bcf/D. “Within this decade another 12 Bcf/D of US export capacity already authorized and under construction will come online,” Granholm said. While environmental impact (greenhouse gas emissions including CO2 and methane) was one of the reasons for the decision, along with market, economic, national security, and energy security, Granholm pointed out that facilities totaling 22 Bcf/D of capacity have been approved but have not yet started construction. This capacity, combined with existing infrastructure, is “more than enough to make the US a ‘behemoth’ in the LNG field,” according to Holland & Knight in an analysis dated 29 January. The international law firm said this raises the question of whether further development of LNG facilities could hurt US citizens as higher percentages of produced gas are exported. “This line of thinking follows the historical rhetoric on this issue as domestic users of natural gas want to ensure their feedstock price is stable. To support those claims, recent studies have concluded that ‘higher LNG exports create a tighter domestic natural gas market (all else held equal), increasing domestic natural gas prices.’” Could unintended consequences of these recent announcements rear up in the future? And could they be a behemoth for the US or global markets? For Further Reading Growth in 2022 US LNG Liquefaction Capacity Hits Top of the Charts by Pat Davis Szymczak, SPE Oil and Gas Facilities.
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Witmer, David J., i Jack W. Lewis. "The BP Oil Tanker Structural Monitoring System". Marine Technology and SNAME News 32, nr 04 (1.10.1995): 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1995.32.4.277.
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BP Oil Company time-charters a fleet of American-flag tankers for the ocean transportation of crude oil and petroleum products to the East, West and Gulf Coasts of the United States. Commencing in 1991, ship response and structural monitoring instrumentation was installed on the four ships of the Atigun Pass-class. These crude carriers are operated in the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Service, or "TAPS" trade, sailing the waters of the North Pacific Ocean and Gulf of Alaska. The structural monitoring systems were designed to measure the effects of subjecting a ship to the typical loads and forces encountered while at sea: hogging, sagging, slamming, hydrostatic pressure, and hull girder springing. Additionally, BP was interested in developing a system that could provide shiphandling guidance to the master or watch officer so that the detrimental effects of prolonged exposure to such loads and forces could be effectively minimized. The paper describes in detail the physical arrangement of the BP Oil Tanker Structural Monitoring System (BPSMS), including the suite of sensors employed to measure ship responses and hull girder stresses. It explains how the response data collected by the sensors is analyzed by the onboard computer located on the ship's bridge and how ship response data are presented back to the deck officers via a family of display monitor screens. These displays provide the officers with a "tool" that can be used to effectively monitor the physical and structural response of their ship to waves, and to quantify, in terms of lowering the wave bending moment and reducing the risk of slamming, the result of an action or actions taken to minimize the risk of incurring structural damage. Onboard ship response and structural monitoring is now an integral part of BP's tanker fleet structural management program. The units have greatly increased the awareness of the ship's officers regarding their role in helping to control the amount of structural damage done to the ships. Data from the units have also helped management make more informed decisions regarding operational requirements placed on the ships.
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Valenti, Michael. "Double Wrapped". Mechanical Engineering 121, nr 01 (1.01.1999): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-jan-2.
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This article discusses that a probabilistic study showed that the use of double-hulled shuttle tankers could reduce the probability of spillage resulting from collisions, contact with non-ship objects, and groundings by 75 percent. American petroleum companies are already using double-hulled tankers. The efficacy of double-hulled vessels in preventing environmental threats was borne out in October 1997 by Conoco Inc.’s tanker Guardian. Conoco, based in Houston, has operated a 100 percent double-hulled U.S. tanker fleet since August 1998. Indeed, the company decided to build only double-hulled tankers months before Congress passed OPA 1990. Two new craft will join Conoco’s flotilla of four twin-hulled vessels in 1999. Conoco engineers met a number of challenges when they embarked on building a double-hulled fleet. Double-hulled vessels are inherently more expensive than single-hulled vessels. Maritrans Operating Partners LP, a wholly owned subsidiary of Maritrans Inc. in Philadelphia, operator and owner of one of the nation’s largest fleets of oil tankers, tugboats, and oceangoing petroleum tank barges, found a way to reduce those costs, which may serve as a model for other shipping firms. The 65-year-old company converted a two-decade-old single-hulled tank barge into a double-hulled vessel.
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Changwei, Pang, Zhou Xiaojia i Sun Lu. "US hegemony and Sino-Russia energy security cooperation". E3S Web of Conferences 77 (2019): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20197701002.
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Why China and Russia give up previous suspicious attitudes toward each other, and going toward close cooperation on Energy security? We argue the threat of American hegemony push China and Russia together. Facing US sanction and strategic pressure, Russia changed its perception about China, and regarded China rise as opportunity. As a consequence, Russia strengthened its ties with China, and completed the oil pipe line which favored China. In addition to this, Russia permitted China Energy company access to its upstream and downstream Energy industry. With the rise of China, the structural conflict between China and US intensified. Trump administration explicitly described China as adversary. The fact that China’s energy transportation line is under the control of US Navy is a source of vulnerability. Out of consideration of reducing risk of cutting off energy supply, China developed a close cooperation with Russia on Energy safety.
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Mahadewi, Lufina. "Post-merger and Acquisition Integration: A Case Review of Dial Henkel And BP Amoco". International Journal of Business Studies 2, nr 1 (25.09.2018): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32924/ijbs.v2i1.33.
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Post-merger and Acquisition (M&A) integration often deals with significant transformational changes of merging companies in terms of development, communication, implementation and harmonization of a new shared vision, strategic objective, corporate culture, and also combination of best companies’ value practices. The transformational change is accentuated on facilitating the role of developing and executing an effective post-M&A Integration to build change cohesively with the strategic management of M&A, and also in terms of removing barriers to the success of M&A transaction. The aims of this study are to give a clear and deep understanding on how to manage the soft factors issues that address in M&A process especially in the post-M&A integration process and also to elucidate the critical success factor of M&A process by instilling the best characteristics and the effectiveness level of leadership aspect in M&A. The methodology used in this research is descriptive qualitative research with a method or approach of a case study of Henkel’s Acquisition of The Dial Corporation in 2004. The acquisition of a USA company Dial by a German company Henkel evidenced that both companies were successful in M&A transaction and employed the effectiveness of multi-culture integration strategy. Another case study used in this research is British Petroleum (BP) and American Oil Company (Amoco) (also Atlantic Richield Company (ARCO) and Burmah Castrol) in 1998-2000. The case of BP Amoco showed that the monoculture integration strategy or cultural imposition can also lead to a value creation. Both case studies showed that successful integration requires leadership as a foundation to build a solid execution of post-M&A integration projects in how they planned, communicated and delivered the objectives of the projects.
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ROTSKOFF, LORI E. "Decorating the Dining-Room: Still-Life Chromolithographs and Domestic Ideology in Nineteenth-Century America". Journal of American Studies 31, nr 1 (kwiecień 1997): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875896005543.
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On several occasions during the late 1860s, the novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe exhorted readers to adorn their homes with chromolithographs, color prints which reproduced original oil-paintings or, less often, depicted images created specifically for the print medium. In her 1869 domestic advice manual, The American Woman's Home, co-authored with her sister Catharine Beecher, Stowe described chromolithographs (or “chromos,” as they were commonly called) as essential components of a properly embellished home interior. In proposing a hypothetical budget devoted to parlor furnishings, the authors recommended that almost one-fourth of the total be allocated to lithographic reproductions of “really admirable pictures” by some of “America's best artists.” Stowe's advocacy of chromos also appeared in the promotional publications of L. Prang & Company, one of the country's largest publishers of these images. The short-lived quarterly Prang's Chromo: A Journal of Popular Art (published in five issues from January 1868 to April 1869) printed a letter in which Stowe thanked Louis Prang for sending her several free chromolithographs. After praising the “beautiful objects,” Stowe concluded her note with the kind of testimonial Prang no doubt had been seeking when he sent her the complimentary items: “Be assured I shall neglect no opportunity of proving my sympathy with your so charming and beautiful mission, and bringing it to everyone's notice, so far as I can.” And, though it is impossible to know what exact role Stowe's promotions played in the overall sale of chromos, it is clear that she aligned herself with a hot commodity: from 1840 to 1900, chromolithographs in America sold by the millions.
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Schiavi, Marcela Taiane, i Wanda Aparecida Machado Hoffmann. "Cenário petrolífero: sua evolução, principais produtores e tecnologias". RDBCI: Revista Digital de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação 13, nr 2 (31.05.2015): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rdbci.v13i2.2104.
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O setor Petrolífero é um dos maiores e mais amplos empreendedores do mundo. E vem crescendo a cada ano, com novas tecnologias e novas perspectivas de inovação. Esta pesquisa envolve os seguintes objetivos: apresentar um breve histórico da origem do petróleo e seu desenvolvimento com o passar dos anos; apresentar uma análise do segmento petrolífero, indicando quais são os principais países que detém as maiores reservas e as maiores empresas petrolíferas do mundo; e, uma análise de patentes onde apresenta-se o número anual de documentos de patentes na respectiva área em um determinado período, as áreas de foco tecnológico e as empresas que mais depositam documentos de patentes neste setor no Brasil. O método de pesquisa constituiu na seleção de artigos para que se tornasse possível à contextualização da história do petróleo e também na seleção de dados estatísticos que indicassem sua evolução através de tabelas e gráficos que comprovasse a produção e o desenvolvimento no decorrer dos anos. Uma analise na base de dados da Derwent Innovation Index julgou-se necessária e importante na utilização de documentos de patentes como uma fonte de informação, pois registram os avanços tecnológicos. Com o estabelecimento de uma estratégia de busca no período de 1994-2013 foi possível destacar a Procter & Gamble, empresa americana, como sendo a empresa que mais deposita documentos de patentes dentro desta área no Brasil. Ainda apresenta o cenário petrolífero e os avanços tecnológicos nos últimos anos. Quanto às descobertas de reservas petrolíferas recentes tanto no Brasil quanto em outros países a tendência é de que esta área se fortaleça implementando suas tecnologias e aumentando suas reservas produtivas e se destacando cada vez mais no cenário mundial.AbstractThe Petroleum sector is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world market. And it is growing every year with new technologies and new innovation perspectives. This research involves the following objectives: to present a brief history of the origin of oil and its development over the years; to present an analysis of the oil sector, indicating the main countries which own the largest reserves and the largest oil companies in the world; and a patent analysis showing the annual number of patent documents in the respective area in a given period, the areas of technological focus and the companies that place more patent documents in this sector in Brazil. The research method consisted in the selection of articles which made it possible to put the history of oil into context and also in the selection of statistical data that would indicate it's evolution through charts and graphs that show the production and development over the years. It was deemed necessary and important to analyze the Derwent Innovation Index database, as it allowed the utilization of patent documents as a source of information, inasmuch as they register technological breakthroughs. With the establishment of a search strategy in the 1994-2013 period it was possible to highlight Procter & Gamble, an American company, as the company that places more patent documents within this area in Brazil. As for the recent discoveries of oil reserves in Brazil and in other countries the trend is that the area be strengthened by implementing their technologies and increasing their productive reserves making them stand out more and more worldwide.KeywordsInnovation. Petroleum scenario. Oil. Patents.