Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „AMAZON INDIA”

With the growth of ubiquitous computing, it is becoming increasingly easy to carry out work from anywhere, using a simple computing device that can connect you to the internet. Governments, policy makers, not-for-profit and scientific organizations have been reaching out to members of the general public - citizens, popularly known as the ‘crowd’, to get their ideas, opinions and expertise on various matters. This phenomenon of using the expertise of the ‘crowd’ for different purposes is called ‘crowdsourcing’. For sometime now businesses have been looking for new ways of saving money, beyond outsourcing, for their organizations; and have thus started reaching out to the crowd, through various platforms online to get access to a cheap, mobile workforce that is presumably available round the clock. Employing the crowd comes with massive benefits for such organisations that choose to use them: the crowd-workers serve as contractors or daily workers, who do not receive standard employee benefits such as holiday pay and insurance, as well as, pay for their own primary resources – the internet, computer, infrastructural and subsistence costs. There is also no current legislation that provides guidelines regarding such type of work, although there are quite a few researchers and advocacy groups now trying to change this. For the workers, crowdsourcing provides opportunities to make money, get exposure towards developing skills, learning to work and see a world outside their own all thanks to growth in tele-communication technologies and unstable employment patterns around the world. And although there is a lot of discourse surrounding crowdsourcing and crowdwork, particularly due to the legal aspect of such work, not much is understood about the work and the workers. Questions about this workforce remain unanswered such as: why does the crowd choose to do this type of work, how do they find these crowdsourcing platforms and crowdsourced jobs, what do they look for in the jobs they pick, how they organized their activities (both work and non-work), what tools and technologies they used, what might their concerns be as workers, how do they relate to requesters and the work platform? This thesis aims to provide insights into the work of crowdwork, what entails ‘doing crowdwork’, from the perspective of the workers who partake in crowdsourced work through online platforms. The thesis presents insights from an ethnographic study conducted in India through the summer of 2013, of crowdworkers, with a particular focus on Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) as the principle site for work. The naturalistic data was collected from virtual and in-person interviews as well as observations of crowdworkers in their places of work and dwelling, and analysed with an ethnomethodological orientation to data, to uncover the local methods of the workers in their own words, to provide more information about this understudied cohort. Learning about crowdwork and the workers is important because this type of work has potential from an organizational perspective; a variety of relatively low-skilled work such as data entry processing, tagging, information verification, transcription and translation are being (and could be) crowdsourced by medium and large organisations. Hence this thesis makes contributions to the fields of human computation, CSCW, HCI and crowdsourcing by bringing forth insights into ‘doing crowdwork’ and ‘being a crowdworker’, which might help parties interested in using, applying or designing for crowdsourced work and crowdsourcing platforms, as well as, researchers and designers interested in this field. The contributions of the thesis include: • Uncovering the heterogeneity in the motives of turkers: what motivates workers to work on platforms like AMT, and why they choose to continue their engagement with such work and platforms. • The features of the crowdsourcing platform: what made a platform attractive to the turkers? For instance, features such as ease of use and flexibility in choosing work, played an important role in crowdsourcing. • The social nature of work: although crowdwork is highly individualized and atomic, the nature of work itself was very social. Most workers found that they needed help for one thing or the other and found online resources such as forums and Facebook groups to get support or information regarding work and personal life. • Invisible work and constant contingency management undertaken by the crowdworkers: Workers had to find and do work while managing contingencies that were created due to the opaque nature of the platform studied, AMT; requiring them to seek help externally, e.g by means of browser plug-ins, to help them work around this opacity, at the same time, creating more unpaid work for them.

This study explores evocations of the concept of the "Amazon Woman" and her female tribe, from cross-continental prehistoric sources to contemporary ritual practice within native amerindian belief systems of the rain forests of South America. The designation "Amazon" for the world's largest river has often been considered a grand "mistake" made by sixteenth century explorers; imaginative portrayals of Amazons had invigorated the reports of numerous early travelers, including Marco Polo, Columbus, and Hernan Cortes. This analysis establishes the importance of a reconsideration of the Amazon "mistake," or the idea that Europeans were projecting the fantastical worlds and dramatic personae of classical Greek legends and later romances of chivalry onto the realms of New World daily experience. The deep roots of prehistoric and historic civilizations carry the fragmentary genesis of matristic views of the world--the Mother, deified as Warrior, is a constant sign and symbol interplaying within the semiotics of the Amazon. The amazons of the New World were both ancient sister kin and actual tribal homosocial units who played vital roles in sacred religious beliefs and clan organization. I read the corpus of chronicles on, and studies of, the question of Amazons through a multi-faceted and multidisciplinary lense: archeology, history, anthropology, ethnography, mythology, literary criticism, and the sciences all intertwine to provide a more wholistic view of the subject. The text of the Amazons is clarified here by the consideration of prehistoric fragment upon fragment, reuniting five tribal narratives from the rain forests of South America, which reconstitutes the overall corpus of the Amazon mythos in Latin America. An autobiographical opening juxtaposes the continuum between the personal and cultural microstructures of my own approach to this subject with the macrostructures of the socio-symbolic order generally, and keeps a double focus constantly at play throughout the entire analytical text. Finally, Amazons are defined as evocations of natural phenomena and the diversity of animal and human behaviors as represented in mythical, cultural, and social spheres. This thesis comprises a literary analytical process I define as "ecotextuality": the reading of biotic diversity through its multiple languages, not excluding the "I" of the reader/writer.

Orientador: John Manuel Monteiro
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Não informado
Abstract: Not informed
Mestrado
Mestre em História

This research develops a new concept for people-to-people contacts, formulates a theoretical model to assess the impact of people-to-people contacts on peacebuilding, and draws theoretical modifications and explanations in the model on the basis of its empirical application on India-Pakistan conflict and Northern Ireland conflict. The new concept of interactive people-to-people contacts (IPPC) is developed and it is differentiated from the similar concepts in peace theory. Then ontological and epistemological foundations of IPPC are determined and the roots of IPPC in peace and conflict theories are traced. To empirically assess the role played by IPPC in building peace, the web approach model is developed from Lederach’s “pyramid” of peacebuilding as formulated in Building Peace (1997) and later improved in The Moral Imagination (2005). The web approach model is applied on Northern Ireland conflict to empirically test the web approach model and make improvements in the model learning from the practice of IPPC in Northern Ireland conflcit. Then web approach model is applied on two selected case studies of PIPFPD and Aman ki Asha to empirically asses the role played by IPPC in building peace between India and Pakistan. The web approach model is used to determine the stage/frame of the web process where IPPC based peacebuilding have reached so far in India-Pakistan conflict. Moreover, theoretical modifications in web approach model are drawn learning from the selected case studies and an attempt is made to find out a way forward for IPPC based peacebuilding in India-Pakistan conflict.

This research develops a new concept for people-to-people contacts, formulates a theoretical model to assess the impact of people-to-people contacts on peacebuilding, and draws theoretical modifications and explanations in the model on the basis of its empirical application on India-Pakistan conflict and Northern Ireland conflict. The new concept of interactive people-to-people contacts (IPPC) is developed and it is differentiated from the similar concepts in peace theory. Then ontological and epistemological foundations of IPPC are determined and the roots of IPPC in peace and conflict theories are traced. To empirically assess the role played by IPPC in building peace, the web approach model is developed from Lederach’s “pyramid” of peacebuilding as formulated in Building Peace (1997) and later improved in The Moral Imagination (2005). The web approach model is applied on Northern Ireland conflict to empirically test the web approach model and make improvements in the model learning from the practice of IPPC in Northern Ireland conflcit. Then web approach model is applied on two selected case studies of PIPFPD and Aman ki Asha to empirically asses the role played by IPPC in building peace between India and Pakistan. The web approach model is used to determine the stage/frame of the web process where IPPC based peacebuilding have reached so far in India-Pakistan conflict. Moreover, theoretical modifications in web approach model are drawn learning from the selected case studies and an attempt is made to find out a way forward for IPPC based peacebuilding in India-Pakistan conflict.
Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in UK

Submitted by Dominick Jesus (dominickdejesus@hotmail.com) on 2015-12-23T15:43:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Angélica Cristina Gouveia Nunes.pdf: 2972485 bytes, checksum: 84861d5c031bff8490be86a8a84a60ce (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-23T15:43:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_Angélica Cristina Gouveia Nunes.pdf: 2972485 bytes, checksum: 84861d5c031bff8490be86a8a84a60ce (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-22
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Acoustic variations in animal vocalizations may carry codifications of motivation, which in social species may improve communication among and between groups. The Amazon river dolphin, or boto, are considered acoustically quiet animals, but are capable of producing may sounds. The behavioral contexts and functions of these vocalizations are still unclear, as well as the species vocal repertoire. The goals of this study were to describe the botos vocal repertoire and verify if vocalizations corresponds to specific behavioral contexts. Acoustic recordings and behavioral observations were made in three different floating-houses were in-water interactions with these animals occur, in the lower Negro river region, between May to August 2014. In these sites, wild boto aggregations are formed due to offer of fish. Each site has different animals, that are recognized by marks and scarring patterns. Simple and robust acoustic parameters were measured and analyzed through acoustic softwares. Acoustic variables did not differ among the three sites, but did significantly varied among behavioral contexts. The peak frequency at the fundamental (PFF) and max frequency (MF) in aggressive behavioral contexts were much lower than in other contexts. The vocal repertoire of this species is compound of gradations and transitions and are occasionally difficult to separate into discrete call types. Botos changed their behavior due to interactions with humans and the use of supplementary feeding. At the oldest location of interaction, the probability of animals to stay in aggressive behavior increased. Animals remain close to the floating most of the time. This might be due to the sensitisation to supplementary feeding. Botos have been conditioned to human contact due to the use of supplementary feeding as a means of attraction. We suggest management measures to ensure the quality of tourism and animal welfare.
Variações acústicas em fonações de animais podem carregar codificações de motivação, as quais em espécies sociais podem melhorar a comunicação dentro e entre grupos. Os botos-vermelhos são considerados animais com baixa atividade vocal, mas capazes de produzir uma série de sons. Os contextos e funções destas vocalizações ainda não estão esclarecidos, assim como a composição do repertório vocal da espécie. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: 1) descrever o repertório vocal do boto-vermelho e verificar se as fonações correspondem a contextos comportamentais específicos; 2) verificar as respostas comportamentais de três agregações de botos-vermelho formadas em locais de interação e relacioná-las com à atividade turística. Gravações acústicas e observações comportamentais foram realizadas em três diferentes flutuantes de interação com botos na região do baixo Rio Negro entre maio e agosto de 2014. Nestes locais, agregações de botos se formam em função do alimento oferecido. Cada lugar possui indivíduos reconhecidos por meio de marcas e padrões individuais de cicatrizes. Parâmetros acústicos simples e robustos foram medidos e analisados. Variáveis acústicas dos diferentes tipos sonoros não diferiram entre as áreas de estudo, mas variaram significativamente entre contextos comportamentais. A frequência dominante na fundamental (PFF) e a frequência máxima (MF) em comportamentos agressivos foram mais baixas que em outros contextos. O repertório vocal da espécie é formado por gradações e transições, sendo difícil a categorização em tipos sonoros discretos. Botos alteraram seu comportamento devido às interações com humanos e o uso de alimentação suplementar. No local mais antigo de interação, a probabilidade dos animais de permanecer em comportamento agressivo foi maior. Animais permanecem próximos ao flutuante boa parte do tempo. Isto deve ocorrer devido ao fato de estarem sensibilizados ao estímulo alimentar e terem sido condicionados ao contato humano devido ao uso de alimentação suplementar como forma de atração. Sugerimos medidas de manejo para garantir a qualidade da atividade turística e o bem-estar dos animais.

Orientador: Robin Michael Wright
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Esta pesquisa visa a descrever o processo histórico e social de desenvolvimento de Mitú como cenário urbano, colocando como eixo a participação dos índios na sua construção e significação. Desde esta realidade particular ¿Mitú, cidade indígena¿ criar as condições para que os atores sociais e culturais da região falem e materializem seus posicionamentos sobre o processo de desenvolvimento regional e da Amazônia. As histórias, as economias, a política, as etnografias e a cartografia social que serão apresentadas, procuram tecer as potencialidades e importância de colocar os atores sociais como sujeitos de pensamento e de ação vitais para as correntes de proteção e sustentabilidade cultural e ambiental da Amazônia. O urbano é um cenário complexo e simbólico, no qual o índio se confronta com a idéia de cidadão, de democracia, de poder e de poderes, produzindo e transformando as identidades. Os distintos fatores que influenciam a construção do urbano indígena não são uma soma de fatores individuais, mas uma nova expressão societária, correspondente à dinâmica social própria da Amazônia
Abstract: This research aims to describe the social and historic Mitu's development process, being an urban center and considering indigenous participation the center of its construction and meaning. From this particular reality ¿Mitú, indigenous city¿ create conditions to the social and cultural actors of this region to talk and materialize your ideas about the regional development process and Amazonian's one. The histories, economy, politics, ethnography and the social cartography which will be presented, wants to weave the potencials and importance of considering the social actors like subjects of vital comprehension and actions to the protection tendences in cultural and ambiental Amazonian sustainability. The urban is a complex and symbolic scenery, in which the indigenan comes across with the idea of citizen, democracy, and power or powers, producing and muting the identities. The distinct factors which influence the indigenous urban construction are not a sum of individual factors, but a new societary expression, corresponding to the social Amazonian dynamic own
Doutorado
Antropologia
Doutor em Ciências Sociais

Submitted by Gizele Lima (gizele.lima@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-03-19T18:24:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_versão_final_corrigida_Marcele_Valle.pdf: 2069367 bytes, checksum: 5e2b8c3a61833f551df4facdcb315719 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-19T18:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação_versão_final_corrigida_Marcele_Valle.pdf: 2069367 bytes, checksum: 5e2b8c3a61833f551df4facdcb315719 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-14
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Information on habitat use and population density are essential to understand the population dynamics of a specie. They are also important for guiding conservation and management measures. In the Amazon, due to its proximity to human populations, river dolphins are considered endangered species. However, according to the IUCN, there is limited amount of information on threats, ecology, estimates and population trends for the Amazon river and Tucuxi dolphins. In order to fill this gap, the present study investigated the population density and distribution of these dolphins in the lower Negro River, verifying the existence of preference for habitats and areas of higher density. The study was carried out in the lower Negro river region, comprising the municipalities of Novo Airão and Manaus. Two visual surveys were carried out in 2016: one in the flood period (April) and another in the lowing (October) period. Two vessels were used: a regional boat with length of 16m with two floors and a small boat with 15hp engine. For counting, two survey methodologies were used: 200m strip transects in river margins and linear transects, using distance sampling, in the center of the river. In the flood period (April), there were 298 sightings, with 195 boto dolphins and 333 tucuxis, with a general encounter rate of 0.91 individual/km, being 0.34 botos/km and 0.57 tucuxi/km. In the lowing period (October), 276 sightings were made, with 195 botos and 244 tucuxis, with a general encounter rate of 1.08 individuals/km, with 0.48 boto/km and 0.60 tucuxi/km. During the flood, the stratum "lake" had a higher density of botos (D = 2.4 ind/km 2) and lower density of tucuxis (D = 1.0 ind/km 2). In the lowing period, the "paranã" stratum showed higher density of both botos (D = 2.3 ind/km 2) and tucuxis (D = 2.6 ind/km 2). The uneven distribution of a species, observed along an area, is probably the result of an uneven distribution of resources, driven by topographic variation or habitat fragmentation. Despite the high diversity of fish, the Negro River presents some factors that limit the abundance of existing species, such as low levels of nutrients (oligotrophy), caused by the flood pulse and low productivity of animal and plant biomass. In addition, estimates of densities are hampered by the discrete behavior of dolphins and their high mobility. This study is the first attempt to estimate the population of botos and tucuxis in the lower Negro River. We expect that the results could serve as a basis for future research and effective conservation measures.
Informações sobre uso de habitat e densidade populacional são essenciais para conhecimento da dinâmica populacional de espécies. Além disso, são importantes para guiar medidas de conservação e manejo. Na Amazônia, devido à proximidade com populações humanas, os golfinhos de rio são considerados como espécies ameaçadas. Porém, de acordo com a IUCN, é limitada a quantidade de informações sobre ameaças sofridas, ecologia, estimativas e tendências populacionais para os botos-vermelho e tucuxis. Com objetivo de preencher esta lacuna, o presente estudo determinou a densidade populacional e a distribuição desses golfinhos no baixo rio Negro, verificando a existência de preferência por habitats e áreas de maior densidade. O estudo foi realizado na região do baixo rio Negro, compreendida entres os municípios de Novo Airão e Manaus. Duas expedições de campo foram realizadas em 2016: uma no período de enchente (abril) e outra no período de vazante (outubro) do rio. Duas embarcações foram utilizadas: barco regional de 16m de comprimento com dois andares e lancha pequena com motor de 15hp. Para a contagem, houve a combinação de duas metodologias de levantamento: transectos de banda de 200m nas margens e transectos lineares, com o uso de amostragem de distância, no centro do rio. No período de enchente (abril), houve 298 avistagens, com 195 botos-vermelhos e 333 tucuxis, e taxa de encontro geral de 0,91 indivíduo/km, sendo 0,34 boto-vermelho/km e 0,57 tucuxi/km. No período de vazante (outubro), foram feitas 276 avistagens, com 195 botos-vermelhos e 244 tucuxis, e taxa de encontro geral de 1,08 indivíduos/km, sendo 0,48 boto-vermelho/km e 0,60 tucuxi/km. Durante a enchente, o estrato “lago” teve maior densidade de botos-vermelhos (D = 2,4 ind/km 2) e menor densidade de tucuxis (D = 1,0 ind/km 2). Na vazante, o estrato “paranã” apresentou maior densidade de botos-vermelhos (D = 2,3 ind/km 2) e tucuxis (D = 2,6 ind/km 2). A distribuição desigual de uma espécie, observada ao longo de uma área, é provavelmente resultado de uma distribuição desigual dos recursos, orientada por variação topográfica ou fragmentação do habitat. Apesar da alta diversidade de peixes, o rio Negro apresenta alguns fatores que limitam a abundância das espécies existentes, como níveis baixos de nutrientes (oligotrofia), desgaste provocado pelo pulso de inundação e baixa produtividade de biomassa animal e vegetal. Além disso, as estimativas de densidades são dificultadas pelo comportamento discreto dos golfinhos e sua alta mobilidade. Esse estudo é a primeira tentativa de estimativa populacional de botovermelho e tucuxi no baixo rio Negro. Espera-se que os resultados encontrados possam servir de base para futuras pesquisas e medidas efetivas de conservação.

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Muito têm se falado sobre a problemática envolvendo turistas e botos vermelhos na Amazônia. A interação boto-homem com fins turísticos no Brasil é relatada há aproximadamente seis anos por pesquisadores que observaram efeitos negativos desse tipo de atividade tanto para animais (mudanças comportamentais, principalmente) quanto para turistas envolvidos (acidentes com lesões). Porém, a forma menos impactante dessa atividade, o Ecoturismo, é apontada por muitos pesquisadores a nível nacional e internacional como alternativa viável para a conservação dos cetáceos (baleias e golfinhos). Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar, de acordo com a percepção dos turistas entrevistados, o principal fator que influência na satisfação de turistas que buscam as atividades de interação com botos. E assim, discutir qual o modelo adequado de atividade sob uma perspectiva ecoturística considerando o bem estar dos golfinhos envolvidos e a satisfação dos visitantes. Foram aplicados 149 questionários autoexplicativos no período de Julho de 2012 à Janeiro de 2013 em dois pontos turísticos no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Os questionários foram elaborados com questões fechadas e abertas, e, um teste de percepção subjetivo através de uma Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) para avaliação do estado subjetivo de satisfação quanto à interação com botos. Dos questionários recolhidos 107 fizeram parte das análises. Adicionalmente foram realizadas observações turísticas participantes (OTPs) e registros vídeo/fotográficos. O principal fator gerador de altos níveis de satisfação dos turistas foi a aproximação do animal (p<0,001) escolhido pelo Modelo Linear Generalizado Binomial Negativo. Os níveis de satisfação encontrados (em uma escala de 0 a 10) estiveram cima de 8 caracterizando as atividades como boas. A interação próxima de nado e alimentação de golfinhos selvagens é controversa quanto ao beneficio gerado para os envolvidos, uma vez que compreende riscos físicos aos turistas e físicos/comportamentais aos golfinhos. A forma turística de observação próxima de botos se mostra como modelo mais adequado ao tipo de turismo realizado com botos selvagens na Amazônia, uma vez que prioriza uma forma menos impactante de atividade turística e oferece a condição de proximidade com o animal.
Much has been said about the problems involving tourists and pink dolphins in Amazonian. The dolphin-human interaction for tourism in Brazil is reported about six years by researchers who observed negative effects of this type of activities on both animals (behavioral changes, especially) and - tourists involved (accidents with injuries). However, a less invasive manner of this activity, the Ecotourism, is considered by many researchers, nationally and internationally, as a viable alternative for the conservation of cetacean (whales and dolphins). This study aimed to investigate, according to the perception of tourists interviewed, what is the main factor which influences the satisfaction of the tourists who seeking interaction activities with dolphins. Thus, to discuss the appropriate activity template under an ecotourism perspective considering the dolphins welfare involved and the visitor satisfaction, were conducted 149 self-explanatory questionnaires during the time between the months July 2012 to January 2013 in two tourist places in Amazonas state, Brazil . The questionnaires were designed with open and closed questions and a test of subjective perception through a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to assess subjective state of tourist satisfaction about the interaction with dolphins. A total of 107 questionnaires were part of the analysis. In addition the participant touristic observations (PTOs) and video/photographic recording were made. The main factor that generates high levels of tourist satisfaction was the animal approach (p<0.001) chosen by the Negative Binomial Generalized Linear Model. Satisfaction levels found (on scale of 0 to 10) were greater than 8 featuring the activities as good. The close interaction of swimming and feeding wild dolphins is controversial about the benefit generated to those involved, because it comprises physical risks to humans and physical/behavioral risks to dolphins. The close observation tourism of ‘botos’ presents as the most appropriate type of tourism conducted with wild dolphins in Amazon, since it prioritizes a less impactful way of tourism and offers the condition of proximity to the animal.

Vem se verificando uma crescente preocupação por parte de diversos países e de órgãos internacionais de saúde e conservação animais quanto à necessidade de monitoramento da ocorrência e da distribuição de enfermidades infecciosas em populações de animais silvestres, devido ao potencial destas doenças de causarem impacto na dinâmica e conservação de espécies silvestres, na saúde dos animais domésticos e na saúde pública. A ocorrência de brucelose vem sendo relatada em diversas espécies de mamíferos marinhos, em vários centros de pesquisa no mundo, contudo, não há dados na literatura científica sobre a ocorrência desta infecção em mamíferos aquáticos fluviais brasileiros. Nos cetáceos, a brucelose é causada pela Brucella ceti, sendo associada a problemas reprodutivos, quadros de meningoencefalite e infecções em tecidos linfóides. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar a ocorrência de infecção por Brucella spp. em botos-vermelhos de vida livre da Amazônia (Inia geoffrensis), procedentes da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Mamirauá, Tefé, Amazonas, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada em animais de vida livre, de ambos os sexos e várias idades, sendo realizadas duas expedições para colheita de amostras, nos anos de 2010 e 2011. De cada animal foram coletadas amostras de sangue, leite e suabes genital, anal, nasal, oral e de eventuais lesões cutâneas apresentadas. Um total de 161 animais foi capturado. A detecção de anticorpos séricos anti-Brucella foi realizada utilizando-se as provas de soroaglutinação com antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT), teste do 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) e o teste de polarização fluorescente (PF). As amostras de leite e de suabes foram submetidos ao cultivo microbiológico e à reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) para detecção direta de Brucella spp. As colônias bacterianas que apresentaram características morfológicas compatíveis com Brucella spp. foram identificadas pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR), utilizando-se os primers específicos para detecção do gênero Brucella, direcionados ao DNA codificador da região interespaçadora do RNA ribossomal de Brucella (PCR-ITS). As amostras que apresentaram resultados positivos, foram caracterizadas quanto ao gene recA pela amplificação (PCR-recA) e posterior sequenciamento do produto amplificado. A PCR-ITS também foi empregada para o diagnóstico direto das infecções por Brucella spp. nas amostras de sangue, leite e suabes, as quais foram caracterizadas da mesma forma que as colônias bacterianas isoladas. As 67 amostras de soros colhidas apresentaram resultados negativos nos testes de AAT, PF e IDGA. Das 369 amostras submetidas ao cultivo microbiológico, duas amostras de suabe apresentaram características compatíveis com o gênero Brucella e resultados positivos pela PCR-ITS. Uma delas foi identificada como pertencendo à espécie Ochrobactrum intermedium. A segunda amostra não pôde ser caracterizada por não ter sido obtida em cultura pura. Das 118 amostras de sangue total analisadas pela PCR-ITS, seis (7,08%) apresentaram resultados positivos. Das 248 amostras de suabes analisadas pela PCR-ITS, uma (0,4%) apresentou resultado positivo. Das 29 amostras de leite analisadas pela PCR-ITS, cinco (17,24%) apresentaram resultados positivos. Considerando os 128 animais amostrados, 11 (8,59%) apresentaram resultado positivo pela PCR-ITS em pelo menos uma amostra testada. Das 12 amostras biológicas que apresentaram resultados positivos pela PCR-ITS e foram submetidas à PCR-recA, apenas duas apresentaram o produto amplificado no tamanho esperado. De acodo com a análise filogenética utilizada, uma delas apresentou similaridade aos microrganismos Cellulomonas fimi, Cellulomonas flavigena e Cellvibrio gilvus. A segunda amostra foi agrupada juntamente com as bactérias Propionicimonas paludicola, Micropruina glycogenica, Naumannella halotolerans e Propionibacterium propionicum com maior proximidade com a espécie P. propionicum. De acordo com os resultados apresentados, não foi evidenciada a ocorrência de infecções por Brucella spp. na população amostrada pelos métodos sorológicos e microbiológicos. Foi isolada uma estirpe de Ochrobactrum intermedium de um exemplar da espécie Inia geoffrensis, contudo, a importância sanitária destes resultados para esta espécie de boto não pôde ser determinada.
There is a growing concern among several countries and international institutions of animal health and conservation regarding the surveillance of infectious diseases in wildlife populations, because these infections may cause impact on the dynamics and conservation of wildlife species, as well as on the health of livestock and public health. Brucellosis has been reported in several species of marine mammals in various research centers worldwide. However, there is no data about the occurrence of brucellosis in aquatic mammals in Brazil. Brucellosis in cetacean is caused by Brucella ceti and has been associated to reproductive problems, meningoencephalitis and lymphoid tissues infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Brucella spp. infection in free living amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis), from Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, in Tefé municipality, Amazonas State, Brazil. Samples were collected from free-living animals from both sexes and different ages during two expeditions, in 2010 and 2011. Samples of serum, whole blood and milk as well as genital, anal, nasal, oral and cutaneous lesions swabs were collected. One hundred and sixty one animals were samples. Serodiagnosis was performed using the acidified buffered antigen test (ABAT), the 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) test and the fluorescent polarization assay (FPA). Milk and swabs samples were submitted to microbiological culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the direct diagnosis of Brucella spp. Bacterial colonies showing morphologies compatible with Brucella spp. were tested by a PCR using specific primers directed to the 16S-23S interpace region of the ribosomal DNA of Brucella (ITS-PCR). Samples with positive results by ITS-PCR were amplified using primers specific to the gene recA (PCR-recA), and the amplicon was sequenced. ITSPCR was also used to diagnosis of Brucella spp. infections directly in samples of blood, milk and swabs which were characterized as the bacterial colonies. All 67 serum samples were negative in the three serological tests used. Eleven of the 128 (8.59%) animals showed positive results by ITS-PCR in at least one biological sample. Of the 369 samples tested by microbiological culture, two had positive results in ITS-PCR. Accroding to the characterization of recA gene, one of them was identified as Ochrobactrum intermedium and the other sample could not be characterized because it was not isolated in pure culture. Of the 118 whole blood samples, six (7.08%) were positive by ITS-PCR. Five of the 248 (17.24%) milk samples and one of the 248 (0.4%) swab samples were positive by ITS-PCR. Of the 12 psoitive samples by ITS-PCR, only two were amplified by the recA-PCR and sequenced. According to the phylogenetic analysis, one sample clustered with Cellulomonas fimi, Cellulomonas flavigena e Cellvibrio gilvus group showing major similarity with C. fimi. The other sample clustered with the bacteria Propionicimonas paludicola, Micropruina glycogenica, Naumannella halotolerans, being more similar to Propionibacterium propionicum. An Ochrobactrum intermedium strain was isolated from a dolphin, however, the sanitary importance of the detection could not be determined.

La vall de Chazuta de l'Amazònia peruana presenta un ecosistema interessant per a la recerca de medicaments d'origen natural. D'una banda, els boscos tropicals de la vall contenen una gran biodiversitat. D'altra banda, en comparació amb regions veïnes, a la vall de Chazuta l'ús de plantes medicinals sembla molt freqüent i estès. La vall és una de les regions amb major presència del grup indígena anomenant quítxues de San Martín (també coneguts com a quítxues de Lamas). Aquest grup quítxua, així com la regió de Chazuta mateix, gairebé no han estat estudiats acadèmicament. Aquesta tesi aprofundeix en el coneixement de l'ús general de plantes medicinals a Chazuta, incloent-hi també l'estudi de diferents aspectes de la medicina tradicional de la regió associats a l'ús de plantes medicinals, en particular el concepte de depuració i la noció de les dietes estrictes. Les dades que es presenten en aquesta tesi provenen en primera instància del treball de camp realitzat a la vall de Chazuta de l'octubre del 2004 a l'agost del 2005. La informació es va obtenir a través d'entrevistes de camp fetes al 6,3% de la població adulta rural del districte (140 individus, el 75% dels quals van ser considerats quítxues). Posteriorment, els resultats es van analitzar i confrontar amb les dades bibliogràfiques existents. Es van registrar 1.058 reports d'usos medicinals pertanyents a 318 espècies diferents de plantes superiors, les quals pertanyen a 219 gèneres i 87 famílies botàniques. Principalment, els remeis vegetals s'empren per al tractament de des-ordres musculoesquelètics (el 30,7% de tots els reports d'usos), molèsties gastrointestinals (12,1%) i patologies de la pell (11,9%). Es van registrar 122 dietes estrictes, en les quals es van utilitzar 106 espècies vegetals diferents. Les dietes estrictes són pràctiques medicinals tradicionals ben estructurades, amb un significat simbòlic en el cicle vital de l'home chazutí. Les plantes utilitzades en les dietes estrictes poden contribuir als principals efectes a través d'accions antiinflamatòries, antimicrobianes, de psicoactivitat i d'altres activitats depuratives relacionades. La correlació entre dades bibliogràfiques d'activitats de les plantes més utilitzades i els efectes reportats de les corresponents dietes (en les quals es va fer servir la planta en qüestió) són el 36% per a activitat antiinflamatòria, el 29% per a activitat antimicrobiana, el 18% per a psicoactivitat i el 5% per a activitats depuratives relacionades. Els percentatges augmenten al 77%, 64%, 73% i 32%, respectivament, quan es consideren dades bibliogràfiques de taxons relacionats. En general, a Chazuta sovint s'utilitzen plantes medicinals pels seus efectes depuratius. Es va registrar l'ús de 114 espècies diferents en 191 pràctiques depuratives. Aquestes pràctiques es caracteritzen per la ingesta de plantes medicinals amb efectes emètics (i algunes vegades també purgatius), juntament amb una reducció del consum d'aliments. La gran varietat d'usos medicinals reportats per a les pràctiques depuratives justifica la consideració de respostes adaptatives a l'estrès i la contemplació de les plantes emprades en aquestes pràctiques com a "estimuladors medicinals d'estrès". A través de l'estimulació moderada d'estrès a nivells segurs, les pràctiques depuratives de Chazuta podrien originar respostes adaptatives amb efectes protectors per a la salut. Aquesta hipòtesi podria ajudar a comprendre la diversitat d'usos medicinals registrats durant l'estudi de camp. A Chazuta, les plantes medicinals s'utilitzen dins d'un marc de medicina tradicional que confronta la salut i la malaltia des d'una visió integral, on s'han de considerar els usos medicinals de les plantes i la seva combinació amb modificacions de l'estil de vida.
The Peruvian Amazonian valley of Chazuta is an interesting area to carry out ethnopharmacological research. As Chazuta represents one of the main reservoirs of the indigenous group known as San Martin Quechuas, and the valley stretches along biologically rich rainforests. This thesis contributes to the ethnopharmacological knowledge of this hardly studied region, by investigating the general use of medicinal plants. AIso, this thesis studies some aspects of the local traditional medi cine that are related to the use of plants, such as the concept of depuration and the notion of the strict diets. The data presented in this thesis was firstly obtained from a field survey carried out in Chazuta from October 2004 to August 2005. The information was col1ected through interviews performed to the 6.3% of the district rural adult population. Thereafter, results were analysed and confronted to the existing literature. Overall, 1,058 medicinal use-reports were recorded of 318 plant species collected in Chazuta. Mainly, plant remedies were employed to treat musculoskeletal disorders (30,7% of all the medicinal use-reports), gastrointestinal complaints (12,1%) and skin conditions (11,9%). In total, 122 strict diets were recorded, where 106 different plant species were used. Strict diets are well-structured traditional medicinal practices, also with a symbo1ic significance in the life cycIe of chazutian men. Bibliographic data suggests that some ofthe substances likely to be found in the plants used in strict diets could contribute to the main effects registered in these practices. In general, depurative practices, based on taking emetic plants and the restriction of calorie intake, are often used in the traditional medicine of Chazuta, not only to restore health but also to maintain it. By inducing moderate stress within safe levels, depurative practices in Chazuta could produce adaptive responses that protect health. This hypothesis could help to understand the diversity of the medicinal uses recorded in the field. In Chazuta, medicinal plants are used within a context of a traditional medicine that confronts health and illness from an integral vision, which often considers the medicinal uses of plants in combination with lifestyle changes.

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This study is characterised as ethnography of the sanitary practices developed at the Rio Negro Indian Sanitary Special District (DSEI), highlighting the work organization of nursing professionals, such as, nurses, nursing technicians and the Indian health-care agent. Its aims comprise the sanitary practices employed by the Indian Health-Care Multidisciplinary Team (EMSI) nursing corps regarding the provision of differentiated attention to health-care as it interacts with the Baniwa Indian health-care agent (AIS), his forming process and sociodemographic profile; social representations and sanitary practices, seeking to grasp his compatibility and/or incompatibility with the policy of differentiated attention to the Indian health-care subsystem. The present research entails a prospective, descriptive, qualitative type study, directed by the interpretative model of the social representation theory and health evaluative survey. The findings here obtained show that the Baniwa AIS, faces problems regarding his low schooling, along with the fact that his professional forming process has advanced very little since the DSEI was implemented six years ago. The EMSI acting profile is marked by the care treatment model to the spontaneous demand, even though the professionals provide care for diseases of the infectious, chronic-degenerative type to specific population groups (mother-child group), with detriment to health surveillance components presupposed on the design of the National health programs. Among the set of essential activities developed in the DSEI, the travelling logistics consumes a large part of the EMSI time and energy, with negative implications on the health-care agent overseeing and followup as well as on the implementation of the differentiated attention principle presupposed by the National Indian Health-Care Policy. The areas are still greatly patched and the differentiated attention gets mixed up with the extension of the coverage provided by the DSEI Implantation.
O estudo se caracteriza como uma etnografia das práticas sanitárias desenvolvidas no DSEI Rio Negro, com ênfase na organização do trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem, aí compreendidos o enfermeiro, o técnico de enfermagem e o agente indígena de saúde. Os objetivos compreendem a análise das práticas sanitárias do corpo de enfermagem da Equipe Multidisciplinar de Saúde na oferta de atenção diferenciada à saúde e em interação com o agente indígena de saúde; do perfil-sócio-demográfico e o processo de formação dos Agentes Indígenas de Saúde (AIS) Baniwa; das representações sociais e práticas sanitárias dos AIS, buscando apreender sua compatibilidade e/ou incompatibilidade com a política de atenção diferenciada do subsistema de saúde indígena. A pesquisa é um estudo exploratório, descritivo, do tipo qualitativo, orientado pelo modelo interpretativo da teoria das representações sociais e da pesquisa avaliativa em saúde. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os AIS Baniwa enfrentam problemas ligados à baixa escolaridade, e que seu processo de formação profissional pouco avançou após 6 anos de implantação do DSEI. O perfil de atuação da EMSI é marcado pelo modelo assistencial curativo à demanda espontânea, ainda que os profissionais efetuem assistência a agravos de tipo infeccioso, crônico-degenerativo e de grupos populacionais específicos (grupo materno-infantil), com prejuízo dos componentes de vigilância a saúde previstos na organização dos programas nacionais de saúde. Dentre o conjunto de atividades essenciais desenvolvidas no DSEI, a logística de deslocamento consome grande parte do tempo e energia da EMSI, com implicações negativas na supervisão e acompanhamento dos agentes de saúde e na implementação do princípio da atenção diferenciada previsto na Política Nacional de Saúde Indígena. As áreas são ainda bastante fragmentadas e a atenção diferenciada se confunde com a extensão de cobertura provida pela implantação do DSEI.

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This study aimed to analyze the nutritional profile of children under 5 years of age monitored by the Brazilian Indian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN-I) from the Brazilian Indian Special Sanitary District “Alto Rio Solimões” (DSEI-ARS), Amazonas, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study on the universe of secondary data from SISVAN-I. This data was previously collected on the occasion of the food and nutrition surveillance actions carried out in the Indian communities of DSEI-ARS. Data from all children with records in the SISVAN-I monitoring maps for December 2013 were included. For classifying the nutritional status we used the indices height/age (H/A), weight/age (W/A), weight/height (W/H), and body mass index/age (BMI/A) using the criteria of the curves provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2006 and by the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics for 1977. The indices H/A, W/A, W/H, and BMI/A with values lower than -2 z-score were defined as low height for age, low weight for age, low weight for height (meagreness), and meagreness for age, respectively. Values greater than +2 z-score for the indices W/H, and BMI/A were classified as overweight. The analyses excluded the children who did not meet the eligibility criteria of the study and those that had z-score values outside the biological plausibility limit recommended by the WHO. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify possible associations between nutritional status and gender, age group, and primary hub. We evaluated the nutritional status of 7,520 children, who represent 85% of the Indian children assisted by DSEI-ARS in December 2013. According to the WHO parameters, 44.9% of the children had a deficit in H/A, 9.2% in W/A, 3.8% in W/H, and 4.3% in BMI/A. According to the NCHS, 36.8% of the children had low H/A, 12.8% had low W/A, and 3.7% had low W/H. Overweight reached 10.8% for BMI/A, according to the WHO, and 8.9% for W/H, according to the NCHS. In the univariate and multivariate analyses, men had a prevalence ratio 1.14 times higher (95% CI: 1.08-1.20) than women for deficit in H/A and 1.17 times higher (95% CI: 1.08-1.20) than women for deficit in W/A. Two out of the eleven primary hubs had a lower prevalence ratio for developing deficit in height for age. As for the deficit in BMI/A, the primary hub “Nova Itália” had a prevalence ratio 2.94 times higher (95% CI: 1.25-6.88) than the reference. The age groups with higher deficit prevalence values were different depending on the indicator. W/H and BMI/A for all age groups from 6 months had a lower prevalence ratio for deficit. SISVAN-I has proved to be a useful tool to evaluate health and nutrition of Indian peoples. It highlights high prevalence values of chronic malnutrition among children and puts in evidence the inequalities faced by Indian children from the upper Solimões river.
Este estudo teve por objetivo de analisar o perfil nutricional das crianças menores de 5 anos acompanhadas pelo Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional Indígena (SISVAN-I) do Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Alto Rio Solimões” (DSEI-ARS), Amazonas, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal do universo dos dados secundários do SISVAN-I. Esses dados foram coletados anteriormente por ocasião das ações de vigilância alimentar e nutricional realizadas nas comunidades indígenas do DSEI-ARS. Foram incluídos os dados de todas as crianças com registros nos mapas de acompanhamento do SISVAN-I de dezembro de 2013. Para a classificação do estado nutricional foram utilizados os índices estatura/idade (E/I), peso/idade (P/I), peso/estatura (P/E) e índice de massa corporal/idade (IMC/I) usando os critérios das curvas da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) de 2006 e do National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), dos EUA, de 1977. Os índices E/I, P/I, P/E e IMC/I com valores menores que -2 escore-z foram definidos como baixa estatura para idade, baixo peso para idade, baixo peso para estatura (magreza) e magreza para idade, respectivamente. Valores maiores que +2 escore-z para os índices P/E e IMC/I foram classificados como sobrepeso. Foram excluídas das análises as crianças que não atendiam os critérios de elegibilidade do estudo e as que apresentaram valores de escore-z fora do limite de plausibilidade biológica recomendado pela OMS. Foram realizadas análises univariadas e multivariadas para identificar possíveis associações do estado nutricional com sexo, faixa etária e polo-base. Foi avaliado o estado nutricional de 7.520 crianças, que representam 85% das crianças indígenas assistidas pelo DSEI-ARS em dezembro de 2013. Segundo parâmetros da OMS, 44,9% das crianças apresentaram déficit de E/I, 9,2% de P/I, 3,8% de P/E e 4,3% de IMC/I. De acordo com o NCHS, 36,8% das crianças apresentaram baixa E/I, 12,8% baixo P/I e 3,7% baixo P/E. O sobrepeso chegou a 10,8% para o IMC/I, segundo a OMS, e 8,9% para o P/E, segundo o NCHS. Nas análises univariada e multivariada, o sexo masculino apresentou razão de prevalência 1,14 vezes maior (IC 95%: 1,08-1,20) que o sexo feminino para o déficit de E/I e 1,17 vezes maior (IC 95%: 1,02-1,36) que o sexo feminino para o déficit de P/I. Dois dos onze polos-base apresentaram menor razão de prevalência para o desenvolvimento de déficit de estatura para idade. Quanto ao déficit de IMC/I, o polo-base de Nova Itália apresentou razão de prevalência 2,94 vezes maior (IC 95%: 1,25-6,88) que a referência. As faixas etárias com maiores prevalências de déficit foram diferentes em função do indicador. O P/E e o IMC/I para todas as faixas etárias a partir de 6 meses apresentaram menor razão de prevalência para déficit. O SISVAN-I mostrou-se uma ferramenta útil na avaliação das condições de saúde e nutrição de populações indígenas. Destaca elevadas prevalências de desnutrição crônica entre as crianças, e coloca em evidência as desigualdades que enfrentam as crianças indígenas do alto rio Solimões.

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This article provide a Geoarchaeological contribution for the study of the settlement of the Pontão (AM-SL-06) and Santa Helena (AM-SL-07) archeological sites located in the Lower Urubu River, in the township of Silves, Amazonas. The objective is analyze the deposition system of the archaeological vestiges and characterizing the black earth of indian and ceramic artifacts related to these sites. The methodology process adopted is based on a morphological, mineralogical and chemical analysis of soil samples, sediments and ceramic traces. The soils of the region are classified as immature profiles, formed on Alter do Chao formation, the mineralogy is represented by quartz, kaolinite, hematite, gibbsite and goethite, the sediments come from alluvial deposits that constitute a clay-sandy material, mineralogically composed by 2: 1 clay, quartz and iron oxides. The black soil can reach 40 to 220 cm depth, with a sandy granulometry for Pontão site and a sandy-clay for Santa Helena site, consisting of quartz and kaolinite and high proportions of Ti, Zr, Ag and Mn. Ceramics artifacts are commonly associated as pre colonial period: Incisal Edge Tradition an the Saracá regional Tradition, being mineralogically constituted by quartz, kaolinite, smithite, illite, gibbsite, hematite, feldspar, phosphates, and presents additional seasonings to the blend of cauixi, cariape and ceramics shards, which are distinguished only by the proportion of this constituents for each of the studied sites. Based on the analyzes of ceramic data is possible to infer two places as being the material provider: the first, associated to the immature profiles is formed on the cretaceous deposits and the second, associated to the sediments is coming from the alluvial deposits present in the lakes of the region, which currently provides primary resources for the manufacture of tiles and bricks. For questioning about the origin of the resource areas and manufacturing of the artifacts from the studied sites, we can correlate that the ceramics were produced locally with the raw material available in the region.
Este trabalho apresenta as contribuições da Geoarqueologia no estudo sobre o assentamento dos sítios arqueológicos Pontão (AM-SL-06) e Santa Helena (AM-SL-07), localizados na região do baixo rio Urubu, no município de Silves, Amazonas. O objetivo está em analisar o ambiente de deposição dos vestígios arqueológicos e caracterizar a terra preta de índio e artefatos cerâmicos relacionados a estes sítios. A metodologia adota está na analises morfológica, mineralógica e química das amostras de solos, sedimentos e vestígios cerâmicos. Os solos da região são classificados como perfis imaturos, formados sobre a Formação Alter do chão, com mineralogia representada por quartzo, caulinita, hematita, gibbsita e goethita, os sedimentos são provenientes dos Depósitos Aluvionares que constituem um material argilo-arenoso, compostos mineralogicamente por argilominerais do tipo 2:1, quartzo e óxidos de ferro. A terra preta nestes sítios alcança profundidades entre 40 a 220 cm, com granulometria arenosa para o Sítio Pontão e argilo-arenosa para o Sítio Santa Helena, constituídas por quartzo e caulinita e proporções altas de Ti, Zr, Ag e Mn. Os artefatos cerâmicos são associados as fases cerâmicas pré-coloniais: Tradição Borda Incisa e a Tradição Regional Saracá, sendo constituídas mineralogicamente por quartzo, caulinita, esmectitas, illita, gibbsita, hematita, feldspatos, fosfatos e apresentam temperos adicionados a sua mistura de cauixi, cariapé e cacos cerâmicos, sendo diferenciados apenas pelas proporções destes constituintes para cada um dos sítios estudados. Com base nas análises feitas é possível atribuir dois lugares como áreas de proveniência de matéria prima desses artefatos cerâmicos: o primeiro, associado aos perfis de solos imaturos formados sobre os depósitos cretáceos e o segundo, associado aos sedimentos provenientes dos depósitos aluvionares presentes nos lagos da região, que atualmente constituem depósitos de matéria prima para a fabricação de telhas e tijolos. Para questionamentos sobre áreas fontes e fabricação destes artefatos dos sítios estudados, podemos correlacionar que as cerâmicas foram produzidas localmente com a matéria prima disponível na região.

Supply chain management can be referred as – ‘a collection of methods for effectively integrating suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and retailers to ensure that goods are manufactured and distributed in the appropriate amounts, to the right places, and at the right time, in order to minimize system-wide costs while meeting service level requirements.’ Any company, industry or organization has some supply chain practices. The supply chain includes many functions and activities within and outside the industry, company, or organization. There has been much talk about sustainability and environmental issues in recent decades. Green supply chain management ensures that public and corporate policies are effective in greening their operations, gaining market share, boosting business image and reputation, and increasing earnings. Green supply chain management or commonly known as GSCM, entails integrating environmental and economic goals into the operational plan management. This type of integration reduces the carbon footprint while enhancing financial benefit and efficiency. It is a broader concept that maximizes revenue while minimising environmental effects and improves the social well-being of the different stakeholders involved. Green practises are taken into account at the SC level, including internal practises and inbound and outbound linkages, as well as making room for systemic potential and systemic techniques. The Indian e-commerce business is experiencing a good shift in Indian customers' attitudes about online purchasing. The Indian e-commerce market is expanding, with established e-Businesses like Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal, and others and new creative e-Business start-ups such as Grofers Aaramshop.com, and others. Nevertheless, the way Amazon has created a new level of competition, others follow its footsteps. Amazon entered Indian market in 2012 and by 2013, it was functional and since then, it has successfully captured the e-commerce business in India with leaps and bounds. Amazon’s supply chain is one of the remarkable feat in the retail supply chain. The Bezos machine is constantly improving every part of the network to deliver on their goal of customer pleasure – and their aim of being the most prominent and fastest growing retailer. This ambition is also a significant driving element behind the Amazon supply chain's ongoing development. As the retail behemoth has responded v to growth, it has never failed to engage in service development to support and fuel further growth. Amazon's invention rate is fantastic, which makes it challenging for competitors to stay up to its level. The retail colossus has stirred up the supply chain management business, forcing competitors to invest cautiously in their supply chain and eventually making increase their efficiency. It’s fascinating to watch what else Amazon can and will accomplish in the future, from growing the number of fulfilment facilities to extending their delivery fleet, building new technologies, even producing products and following green and sustainable means. Apart from these, consumers in India are now showing their concerns about the environment and moving towards more sustainable products. With the easy availability of the internet, the consumers can quickly get any information onto their screens. They can choose between a number of options available online and continuous curiosity for information regarding what they are buying and what others are buying. It has been observed that customers are gladly paying a slightly higher price for a category of a product if it has been manufactured or delivered to them using greener practices and even encouraging others to do the same. Now, looking at Amazon’s exceptional supply chain practices, there are still a few factors where they are lacking in adapting to greener practices. Although they have a few of these practices already incorporated within their organization, there are a few regions that they are lacking from a customer perspective. As consumers are getting aware of sustainability, they are now willing to contribute in any way possible to move towards more environment-friendly products and services. Amazon has successfully reached almost every region in India; the result of this study indicates that there are few factors they are lacking behind, and seeing the change in consumers buying behavior, moving and adapting few of the greener practices will benefit both.

This thesis uses three case studies to analyze and contextualize the interface between Western conceptions of indigenous peoples and nature and community-based conservation and development schemes in the Amazon: Kapawi Ecolodge (Ecuador), Chalalán Ecolodge (Bolivia), and Posada Amazonas (Peru). It explores how three Amazonian communities represent their indigenous identity in the online marketing of their ecotourism lodges. As a methodological tool, this research identifies four characteristics of the Ecologically Noble Savage stereotype: the spatial, the spiritual, the temporal, and the cultural. Current ethnographic literature describing these communities is used to analyze these self-representations. This thesis examines these representations within larger academic discussions on authenticity, power and control, and the long-term viability of ecotourism as a community-based development model.

Este artículo propone algunas pistas para la comprensión de las movilizaciones indígenas ocurridas en los últimos años en la región amazónica peruana, especialmente para la que terminó con los trágicos sucesos ocurridos en la cercanías de la ciudad de Bagua en junio del año 2009.Así, en una primera parte se revisa la construcción histórica de algunos de las imágenes y prejuicios que tiene la sociedad peruana sobre los indígenas amazónicos. En esta sección se presta especial atención a dos de estas imágenes: la del indígena «salvaje» (y su forma más extrema: el caníbal) y la del indígena «manso» e «ignorante». En una segunda parte, se revisa brevemente la larga lucha histórica de los indígenas por la defensa de sus territorios y de sus modos de vida, así como los cambios en su forma de organizar esta defensa durante las últimas décadas. Finalmente, nos detendremos a analizar lo que realmente está en juego detrás de las demandas y movilizaciones de los últimos años.
This article aims to provide some clues for understanding indigenous mobilizations occurred in recent years in the Peruvian Amazon, especially for the tragic events that took place in the vicinity of  the city of Bagua in June 2009. The first part depicts the historical construction of some of the images and prejudices that Peruvian society has had about the Amazonian indigenous people. This section gives special attention to two of these images: that of the «savage» indian (and its most extreme form: the cannibal) as well as the image of the indian as «naive» and «ignorant». The second part briefly reviews the long history of indigenous struggle for the defense of their territories and culture, as well as the changes in the way they organized this struggle during the last decades.A final step is to analyze what is at stake and lies behind the demands and mobilizations of recent years.