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1
Simon, Julian L. "Immigrants and alien workers". Journal of Labor Research 13, nr 1 (marzec 1992): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685452.
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Endoh, Toake. "The politics of Japan’s immigration and alien residence control". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 28, nr 3 (wrzesień 2019): 324–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196819873733.
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Since the 1990s, the Japanese state has tried to balance easing immigration for some categories of immigrants while tightening restrictions for others through immigration and alien residence control. Using qualitative and data-driven analysis, this paper examines the political implications of Japan’s recent policy of accepting less-skilled migrant workers by providing a systemic explanation of the institutional changes in immigration management. The state uses alien residence control in order to curb the social costs of immigrant integration while pursuing a selective worker acceptance policy. Despite the policy shift, it seems likely that Japan will maintain this essentially illiberal means of temporary labor inclusion with long-term social exclusion.
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Souza, D. J., T. M. C. Della Lucia, C. Errard, F.-J. Richard i E. R. Lima. "Behavioural and chemical studies of discrimination processes in the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex laticeps nigrosetosus (Forel, 1908)". Brazilian Journal of Biology 66, nr 3 (sierpień 2006): 863–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842006000500012.
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Leaf-cutting ants live in symbiosis with a basidiomycete fungus that is exploited as a source of nutrients for ant larvae. Tests of brood transport revealed that Acromyrmex laticeps nigrosetosus workers did not discriminate a concolonial brood from an alien brood. The same result was observed with tests of fungus transport. Adult workers showed no aggressive behaviour to workers from other alien colonies (non-nestmates). There was no qualitative variation in the chemical profiles of larvae, pupae and adult workers from the different colonies. However, quantitative differences were observed between the different colonies. Hypotheses about the lack of intraspecific aggression in this subspecies of ants are discussed.
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Hawes, Frances, i Shuangshuang Wang. "The Impact of Supervisor Support on the Job Satisfaction of Immigrant and Minority Long-Term Care Workers". Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1.12.2021): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3647.
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Abstract The need for long-term care workers (LTCW) will grow significantly as the American population ages. Understanding the factors that impact job satisfaction of this workforce has important implications for policy and practice. Previous research has demonstrated the effect of supervisor support on the job satisfaction of these workers; however, much less is known about how this effect differs among different race/ethnicity or immigration groups. This study examined how supervisor support mediates the associations between race/ethnicity, immigration status, and job satisfaction among nursing assistants (NAs). Data of 2,763 NAs were extracted from the National Nursing Assistant Survey (2004). Race/ethnicity groups included White (54%), African American (30%), Asian (2%), Hispanic (10%), and others (4%). Immigration status included U.S.-born citizens (87%), naturalized (7%) and resident/alien (6%). Bivariate analyses showed that Asian NAs perceived higher levels of supervisory support than other races, whereas U.S.-born NAs reported lower levels of supervisory support than naturalized and residents/aliens. Findings from multivariate analyses indicated that non-Hispanic Asians and Resident/Alien workers reported significantly higher levels of job satisfaction than their counterparts, and the associations were fully mediated by NAs’ perceived supervisor support. These findings support prior research that supervisor support is important to improving job satisfaction and contribute to the literature that Asians/Residents/Aliens long-term care workers may be more sensitive to supervisory support and may be more grateful if they received support from supervisors. Managers should be aware of these racial differences and by being supportive they may improve NAs job satisfaction and reduce turnover rates.
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JEON, Young Soon, i Kyoung Je KIM. "Improvement Plans for Deportation of Illegal Stay Alien Workers". European Constitutional Law Association 31 (31.12.2019): 337–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21592/eucj.2019.31.337.
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Martiniello, Marco. "Book Review: Alien Policy in Belgium, 1840–1940. The Creation of Guest Workers, Refugees and Illegal Aliens". International Migration Review 37, nr 4 (grudzień 2003): 1310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00180.xf.
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Martiniello, Marco. "Book Review: Alien Policy in Belgium, 1840–1940. The Creation of Guest Workers, Refugees and Illegal Aliens". International Migration Review 39, nr 4 (grudzień 2005): 973–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2005.tb00297.xe.
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Tempest, Sue. "Learning from the alien: knowledge relationships with temporary workers in network contexts". International Journal of Human Resource Management 20, nr 4 (kwiecień 2009): 912–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585190902770844.
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Bailey, Thomas. "The Influence of Legal Status on the Labor Market Impact of Immigration". International Migration Review 19, nr 2 (czerwiec 1985): 220–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838501900201.
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This article explores the labor market changes that would take place as a result of an amnesty that would regularize the status of undocumented workers without changing the total size of the alien workforce. The theoretical analysis suggests that the influence of legal status on market wage rates and on minimum wage enforcement is weak and that to the extent that there is an effect, it depends on particular institutional arrangements. Although data are not adequate for a definite measurement of these effects, those data that are available support this conclusion. It does appear that the presence of undocumented as opposed to resident aliens can weaken union organizing efforts.
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Tartally, András, Anna Ágnes Somogyi, Tamás Révész i David R. Nash. "Host Ant Change of a Socially Parasitic Butterfly (Phengaris alcon) through Host Nest Take-Over". Insects 11, nr 9 (20.08.2020): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090556.
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The socially parasitic Alcon blue butterfly (Phengaris alcon) starts its larval stage by feeding on the seeds of gentians, after which it completes development in the nests of suitable Myrmica ant species. The host plant and host ant species can differ at the population level within a region, and local adaptation is common, but some host switches are observed. It has been suggested that one mechanism of change is through the re-adoption of caterpillars by different ant species, either through occupation of abandoned nests or take-over of established nests by competitively superior colonies. To test this question in the lab we introduced relatively strong colonies (50 workers) of alien Myrmica species to the arenas of weaker colonies (two caterpillars with six workers), and to orphaned caterpillars (two caterpillars without ants). We used caterpillars from a xerophylic population of P. alcon, and both local hosts, M. sabuleti and M. scabrinodis, testing the possibility of host switch between these two host ant species during larval development. Most of the caterpillars were successfully readopted by alien ants, and survived well. Our results suggest higher ecological plasticity in host ant usage of this butterfly than generally thought.
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Ou, Yingtong. "Restriction on Foreigners Employment Violates the Principles of Equality and Non-discrimination From the Perspective of Thailand Foreigners Working Management Emergency Decree". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 77, nr 1 (18.04.2024): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/77/20241813.
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Thailand Foreigners Working Management Emergency Decree has stipulated 27 occupations prohibited for foreign workers, substantially differentiating Thai national workers from non-Thai national workers. Restriction on foreigners employment not only infringes on the non-Thai workers right to choose their employment freely but also violates human rights centered on the principles of equality and non-discrimination. Since employment discrimination has been regulated in relevant international treaties, basic methods for judging discrimination issues are gradually derived. Besides, the research on the Proportionality Principles has continued to deepen in practical and theoretical fields. By combining the Proportionality Principles with the method of judging discrimination in national law, the legitimacy and rationality of legislation can be quantitatively determined. Based on this, it is found that although Thailands decree restricting the employment of alien workers is stipulated to protect the employment of Thai nationals, its differential regulation ignores the sub-principle of necessity of means in Proportionality Principles. Hence, Thailands decree lacks objectivity and rationality, violating the principles of equality and non-discrimination under international law.
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Rother, Hanna-Andrea, Juanette John, Caradee Y. Wright, James Irlam, Riëtha Oosthuizen i Rebecca M. Garland. "Perceptions of Occupational Heat, Sun Exposure, and Health Risk Prevention: A Qualitative Study of Forestry Workers in South Africa". Atmosphere 11, nr 1 (28.12.2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010037.
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Occupational exposure to heat and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) threatens the health and wellbeing of outdoor workers. These threats are likely to increase as a result of climate change. This study examined the perceptions of occupational heat and sun exposure and health risk prevention among forestry workers removing alien invasive vegetation in the Western Cape, South Africa. The linkages between workers’ perceptions of heat, solar UVR, and herbicide exposure and impacts under the current climate were investigated to better understand potential adaptation needs under a changing climate. Using focus group discussions and participatory risk mapping, heat stresses identified by workers were either environmental (e.g., lack of shade) or work-related (e.g., wearing required personal protective equipment). Several heat and solar UVR health impacts were reportedly experienced by workers; local indigenous knowledge and coping mechanisms, such as wearing ochre for sun protection, were used to prevent these impacts. Despite workers’ current efforts to protect their health, existing gaps and opportunities to improve working conditions were identified. Institutional structures for improved reporting of adverse events are imperative, together with awareness and education campaigns about the risks associated with working in hot and sunny environments.
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H’madoun, Maryam, i Walter Nonneman. "Explaining differences in job retention between alien and nonalien workers after an in-company training". Applied Economics 44, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.500271.
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Iritsyan, G. E., i N. A. Garazha. "Economic and Ideological Reasons for the Use by the Third Reich of Forced Labor of “Eastern Workers”". Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 13, nr 3 (17.08.2023): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2023-13-3-135-140.
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The analytical part of this work consists in a special emphasis on the relationship and interdependence of ideological “justification” and economic “expediency” in the exploitation of forced labor by Ostarbeiters. The article notes the consonance of the ideas about the special status of the German worker and total mobilization put forward by the leaders of the Third Reich with the subsequent software and practical actions of the National Socialists in Germany on the issue of labor exploitation of millions of civilians and prisoners of war of countries — military opponents. These actions were not just aimed at reducing pressure on the German worker and maintaining a high level of production, but were accompanied by the imposition of ethnic myths and alien values on foreign workers, moreover, by “cleansing” territories from people during the retreat and destruction through back-breaking and often senseless labor of “racially — inferior” categories. An analysis of the views of modern researchers of the problem showed that rationalistic interpretations of the actions of the Nazi authorities in relation to foreign labor, especially “Eastern workers”, dominate. The ideas of war and domination, the priority of Germany and its interests, formulated by the leaders of the NSDAP, became dominant in the ideology and politics of the Third Reich, where the forced labor of citizens of the occupied states became an integral element.
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Karakayalı, Nedim. "Metamorphoses of the “Stranger”: Jews in Europe, Polish Peasants in America, Turks in Germany". New Perspectives on Turkey 29 (2003): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006105.
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The increase in population of wood and mountain barbarian tribes on one hand, and the increasing demand for labor in the developing culture areas on the other created, with increasing wealth, numerous lower or unclean services. When the local resident population declined to take them over, these occupations fell into the hands of alien workers of foreign origin who were permanently lodged in urban areas but retained their tribal affiliations (Max Weber, 1968 [1923], p. 12).
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Iden, Ehimare. "O-262 EMPLOYEES’ WELLBEING CONSIDERATION IN CONSTRUCTION WORKPLACES". Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (1.07.2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.1094.
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Abstract Introduction Construction has been rated as one of the most dangerous jobs in the world with the risk of falling objects and falls from height fast becoming snares in construction industry.Workers exposed daily to breathing in deadly asbestos and inhalation of silica and wood dust leading to possible asthma and cancer of the nostril. Informality of work is also high within the construction industry, this is made up of workers who may not be under a properly documented employment contract. In most construction sites in some countries, these sets of workers are even more in numbers than the workers with proper contracts. Results Enormity of the challenge Constructions are mostly done under harsh conditions, construction work goes on with high bodily and mental task on workers onsite. While most workplaces talk about wellbeing of workers and healthy life at retirement, this conversation seems to be alien to construction industry because most of them suffer from workplace accidents, work-related injuries and other factors and never live to have a healthy retirement life. Discussion-Conclusion Recommendations Compensation for construction workers or having health insurance cover for these workers does not amount to wellbeing. But, addressing issues as work pressure, deadlines, working under harsh weather conditions, inhuman treatment at work, discrimination in workplaces, over indulging of workers in heavy manual activities, poor workers’ supervision and absence of work autonomy are some key areas that must be looked at if we must improve wellbeing in construction industry.
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Carretero-Navarro, Iván, i Eva Espinar Ruiz. "Labor conflicts in the Spanish press: strikes as a reflection of the contradiction between capital and labor". Disjuntiva. Crítica de les Ciències Socials, nr 1 (15.07.2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/disjuntiva2019.1.02.
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A qualitative content analysis has been applied to a sample of news related to labor strikes from three major newspapers in Spain. Results suggest that news media mainly focus on the immediate negative consequences of the strikes rather than on causes and further explanations. Strikes are portrayed as isolated occurrences that happen because of disagreements between specific companies and workers. The attention is put on events (demonstrations, disorders, economic losses, etc.) and not on the structural causes of the strikes: the contradiction between capital and labor and the consequent tension among social classes. Within this frame, strikers and their organizations are delegitimized and isolated from the rest of the society. News media readers are categorized as consumers, and their interests are depicted as alien or even opposed to those of striking workers.
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Park, Hannah, Nafiseh Faghihi, Manish Dixit, Jyotsna Vaid i Ann McNamara. "Judgments of Object Size and Distance across Different Virtual Reality Environments: A Preliminary Study". Applied Sciences 11, nr 23 (4.12.2021): 11510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311510.
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Emerging technologies offer the potential to expand the domain of the future workforce to extreme environments, such as outer space and alien terrains. To understand how humans navigate in such environments that lack familiar spatial cues this study examined spatial perception in three types of environments. The environments were simulated using virtual reality. We examined participants’ ability to estimate the size and distance of stimuli under conditions of minimal, moderate, or maximum visual cues, corresponding to an environment simulating outer space, an alien terrain, or a typical cityscape, respectively. The findings show underestimation of distance in both the maximum and the minimum visual cue environment but a tendency for overestimation of distance in the moderate environment. We further observed that depth estimation was substantially better in the minimum environment than in the other two environments. However, estimation of height was more accurate in the environment with maximum cues (cityscape) than the environment with minimum cues (outer space). More generally, our results suggest that familiar visual cues facilitated better estimation of size and distance than unfamiliar cues. In fact, the presence of unfamiliar, and perhaps misleading visual cues (characterizing the alien terrain environment), was more disruptive than an environment with a total absence of visual cues for distance and size perception. The findings have implications for training workers to better adapt to extreme environments.
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Zincone, Giovanna. "The powerful consequences of being too weak. The impact of immigration on democratic regimes". European Journal of Sociology 38, nr 1 (maj 1997): 104–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007736.
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Common fears about immigration have little basis, such as the fear of being displaced by alien labour or invaded by fundamentalist mobs. Others have some basis, such as those concerning illegal behaviour or the magnitude of inflows, at least in some countries. However the profile of our European democracies may, unless certain policies are pursued, be doomed to change for the worse, not because of these commonly feared dangers but in consequence of the increasing number of workers who do not enjoy basic political, civil and social rights.
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Provost, Eric, i Philippe Cerdan. "Experimental Polygyny and Colony Closure in the Ant Messor Barbarus (L.) (Hym. Formicidae)". Behaviour 115, nr 1-2 (1990): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00310.
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AbstractColonies of Messor barbarus are monogynous. At the laboratory, it is possible to form polygynous colonies. This experimental model was used to study the influence of the number of queens on the degree of colony closure: are polygynous colonies more frequently open than monogynous ones? Experiments in which alien workers were transferred between monogynous and polygynous colonies showed that the latter had a lower degree of closure. The queen might play a major role in the recognition processes between individuals belonging to either the same or different colonies.
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Jordens, Ann-Mari. "Integrating Alien Workers: The Role of the Department of Immigration in Constructing a “Citizenship Bargain” 1945-56". Australian Journal of Politics & History 40, nr 2 (7.04.2008): 177–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1994.tb00099.x.
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Hummel, Ralph. "Knowledge Analytic: An Introduction". Public Voices 10, nr 1 (8.12.2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.132.
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A look at modern organizations shows that the leadership is seldom trained in science. Executives or administrators claim authority on the basis of an alien reason more suitable to milking the resources of financial markets and government budgets than to mid-management knowledge of production. Workers, too, have persisted in the claim to possessing knowledge: their hands-on know-how, an art often kept under wraps, silenced by management science and disregarded by the executive suite.A new way of dealing with resulting conflicts identifies and tests the compatibility of different kinds of knowledge in accomplishing work. It is called the knowledgeanalytic.
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Bahovadinova, Malika. "Tajikistan’s Bureaucratic Management of Exclusion: Responses to the Russian Reentry Ban Database". Central Asian Affairs 3, nr 3 (28.06.2016): 226–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00303002.
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This article analyzes the consequences of the Russian Federation’s introduction of an electronic database that dynamically generates lists of individuals with reentry bans, with a focus on its effect on the Tajik migration management bureaucracy and Tajik migrant workers. Countering standard narratives about the passive citizenry of authoritarian states, it demonstrates how Tajik citizens change the emphasis in the bureaucracy through their everyday encounters with civil servants and bureaucrats. However, this is not a clear case of subversion or subaltern agency, but rather an engagement that remains structured by capitalist needs for expendable, disciplined, and most importantly deportable alien labor.
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Heisler, Barbara Schmitter. "The “Other Braceros”". Social Science History 31, nr 2 (2007): 239–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013742.
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This article explores the contradictions between the bracero program and the temporary labor program using German prisoners of war in the United States during World War II. Despite the bilateral agreement between Mexico and the United States aimed at protecting the braceros, “who came as allies,” they remained alien workers and outsiders. In contrast, German prisoners of war, who came as enemies, were often transformed into personal friends “like our own boys.” This article uses archival records, in-depth interviews with former prisoners of war, and secondary sources to analyze several structural factors that help explain these divergent outcomes.
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O'Callaghan, M. "The ecology of the False Bay estuarine environments, Cape, South Africa. 1. The coastal vegetation". Bothalia 20, nr 1 (18.10.1990): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v20i1.903.
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The vegetation in and around eleven estuaries flowing into False Bay was surveyed during 1980 and 1981. Use was made of colour aerial photographs and a combination of dominance and phytosocioiogical techniques. Of the communities established, three are aquatic and four are described as emergent or wetlands. Of the terrestrial communities, five are described as fynbos and four occur on coastal sands. One community consists solely of alien plants. The communities thus classified generally compare well with those discussed by other workers in the area. However, differences due to the destruction and disturbance of the vegetation are commented upon.
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Mirón Juárez, Carlos Alberto, Claudia García Hernández, Rafael Octavio Félix Verduzco i Eneida Ochoa Ávila. "Characterization and determinants of organizational satisfaction in mexican workers of SMES". Cuadernos de Administración 36, nr 66 (6.04.2020): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/cdea.v36i66.8487.
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This study aimed to build a model that allows us to understand organizational satisfaction from variables related to job satisfaction; Likewise, we proceeded to validate and confirm the dimensions of a scale to measure satisfaction with the organization within the work environment based on the proposal by Cayama and Pazmiño (1998), in addition to characterizing organizational satisfaction in a sample of 646 employees, both sexes between 18 and 70 years, workers of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). From the Rasch analysis, relevant psychometric values were observed, identifying seven items as alien to the satisfaction dimension; An explanatory model was obtained that showed relevant adjustment criteria, observing that the main predictors of satisfaction with the organization were satisfaction with supervision (β = .84) and salary satisfaction (β = .75). Likewise, it was observed that the type of position, the marital status, the type of contract and the number of children had a significant impact on the differences in satisfaction. New studies are suggested that regain satisfaction with the organization as a relevant construct for a specific analysis of labor relations, as well as the extension of the sample to other types of workers and greater age ranges and seniority.
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Gomółka, Krystyna Ewa. "Russians on the Polish Labour Market". Review of European and Comparative Law 43, nr 4 (11.12.2020): 139–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.9851.
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The article looks into the employment of Russian citizens in Poland in 2004–2018. It presents the legal basis for Russians’ entering Poland and taking up work without having to seek a work permit, and specifies who must apply for such a permit. Russian citizens can obtain refugee status under the Geneva Convention, which grants them the right to move freely, choose their place of residence and undertake paid employment, while guaranteeing social security. On the basis of the Act on granting protection to aliens, citizens of the Russian Federation may obtain subsidiary protection if their return to their country of origin may expose them to a real risk of serious harm. A tolerated stay is granted to aliens where an alien might be expelled to a country in which their life, freedom and personal security would be jeopardised, where they could be subjected to torture, degrading treatment, humiliation, forced to work or deprived of the right to a fair trial. Training and employment can be undertaken in Poland under the bilateral agreements between Poland and Russia: the Treaty on friendly and good-neighbourly cooperation and the Cooperation Agreement in the fields of science, culture and education. In Poland, the entry and stay of foreign nationals is governed by the Act on aliens, their education by the Higher Education Act, whereas the employment of foreigners is regulated by the Act on employment promotion and labour market institutions. The empirical basis of the study was provided by the analysis of data from the Polish Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy and the Demographic Yearbook. Russians constitute the third largest group (after Ukrainians and Belarusians) of the post-Soviet States’ citizens coming to Poland. The analysis conducted showed that employment in Poland was chiefly sought by the citizens of the Russian Federation who arrived in Poland for a limited period and for permanent residence. In 2004, the Russians represented 4.4% and in 2018 – 0,66% of all foreigners who received work permits in Poland. Before 2015 some Russian nationals took up work in Poland as the managers of their own companies. Since 2015, there has been an influx of workers from Russia in three occupational groups: IT specialists, skilled workers and workers in elementary occupations. Most of the Russians were employed in the wholesale and retail, information and communication, construction, transport and warehousing sectors, which were the same sectors where Polish entrepreneurs reported demand for Russian workers. The demand significantly exceeded the number of Russians employed.
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Piernas, Carlos Jiménez. "The protection of foreign workers and volunteers in situations of internal conflict, with special reference to the taking of hostages". International Review of the Red Cross 32, nr 287 (kwiecień 1992): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400070339.
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One has only to glance at a newspaper to realize that much of today's world is in a state of upheaval and permanent crisis. Many countries are affected by internal conflicts of one sort or another, making the social stability usually enjoyed in North America and Western Europe a rare privilege. These internal conflicts constitute fertile breeding grounds for the most arbitrary violence against defenceless victims and for increasingly frequent violations of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual, whether a national of the country concerned or an alien.
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Griffith, David. "Peasants in Reserve: Temporary West Indian Labor in the U.S. Farm Labor Market". International Migration Review 20, nr 4 (grudzień 1986): 875–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000408.
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In the past ten years, the British West Indies Temporary Alien Labor Program has received widespread judicial and legislative support and criticism. While sugar and apple producers who import West Indians argue that domestic labor is insufficient to harvest their crops, labor organizations and their supporters maintain that domestic labor is adequate. The resulting legal disputes focus primarily on the issue of whether or not West Indians are displacing U.S. workers or undermining wage rates and working conditions. This article examines the relationships among legal issues surrounding the program, the U.S. farm labor market, and the Jamaican peasantry. It argues that continued imports of foreign labor during times of high domestic unemployment, as well as the varied factors which underlie the continued willingness and ability of Jamaican peasant households to supply workers to U.S. producers, can be most clearly understood from an international and historical perspective, rather than focussing on the needs and problems of any one nation.
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Ma, Zewen, Jiantao Fu, Yunfei Zhang, Lanying Wang i Yanping Luo. "Toxicity and Behavior-Altering Effects of Three Nanomaterials on Red Imported Fire Ants and Their Effectiveness in Combination with Indoxacarb". Insects 15, nr 2 (1.02.2024): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects15020096.
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The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) is one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world. At present, the control of red imported fire ants is still mainly based on chemical control, and the most commonly used is indoxacarb bait. In this study, the contact and feeding toxicity of 16 kinds of nanomaterials to workers, larvae, and reproductive ants were evaluated after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The results showed that the mortality of diatomite, Silica (raspberry-shaped), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes among workers reached 98.67%, 97.33%, and 68%, respectively, after contact treatment of 72 h. The mortality of both larval and reproductive ants was less than 20% after 72 h of treatment. All mortality rates in the fed treatment group were below 20% after 72 h. Subsequently, we evaluated the digging, corpse-removal, and foraging behaviors of workers after feeding with diatomite, Silica (raspberry-shaped), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for 24 h, which yielded inhibitory effects on the behavior of red imported fire ants. The most effective was diatomite, which dramatically decreased the number of workers that dug, extended the time needed for worker ant corpse removal and foraging activities, decreased the number of workers that foraged, and decreased the weight of the food carried by the workers. In addition, we also evaluated the contact and feeding toxicity of these three nanomaterials in combination with indoxacarb on red imported fire ants. According to contact toxicity, after 12 h of contact treatment, the death rate among the red imported fire ants exposed to the three materials combined with indoxacarb reached more than 97%. After 72 h of exposure treatment, the mortality rate of larvae was more than 73% when the nanomaterial content was above 1% and 83% when the diatomite content was 0.5%, which was significantly higher than the 50% recorded in the indoxacarb control group. After 72 h of feeding treatment, the mortality of diatomite, Silica (raspberry-shaped), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes combined with indoxacarb reached 92%, 87%, and 98%, respectively. The death rates of the three kinds of composite ants reached 97%, 67%, and 87%, respectively. The three kinds of composite food had significant inhibitory effects on the behavior of workers, and the trend was largely consistent with the effect of nanomaterials alone. This study provides technical support for the application of nanomaterials in red imported fire ant control.
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Bošković, Aleksandar. "Revolution, Production, Representation: Iurii Rozhkov's Photomontages to Maiakovskii's Poem “To the Workers of Kursk”". Slavic Review 76, nr 2 (2017): 395–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.84.
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In 1924, the self-taught artist Iurii Nikolaevich Rozhkov created a series of photomontages inspired by Vladimir Maiakovskii's poem “To the Workers of Kursk” and the geological discovery of the Kursk Magnetic Anamoly (KMA). Rozhkov's series for Maiakovskii's ode to labor is both an example of the political propaganda of the reconstruction period of the NEP era and a polemical answer to all those who relentlessly attacked Maiakovskii and criticized avant-garde art as alien to the masses. The article introduces Rozhkov's less-known photomontage series as a new model of the avant-garde photopoetry book, which offers a sequential reading of Maiakovskii's poem and functions as a cinematic dispositive of the early Soviet agitprop apparatus (dispositif). Bošković argues that the photopoem itself converts into an idiosyncratic avant-garde de-mountable memorial to the working class: a dynamic cine-dispositive through which the the early agitprop apparatus is realized in lived experience, reproduced, and transformed, thus delineating its shift towards the newdispositifof the late 1920s—socialist realism.
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Heinzen, James W. "“Alien” Personnel in the Soviet State: The People’s Commissariat of Agriculture under Proletarian Dictatorship, 1918-1929". Slavic Review 56, nr 1 (1997): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500656.
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Land policy must be carried out by an apparatus that has not grasped the tasks and ideas of Soviet construction in the countryside and that is riddled with elements that are alien and even hostile to Soviet power.—N. M. Shvernik, section chief, People’s Commissariat of Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, 1924“Anyone who reads the letters that passed between the Intendants and their superiors or subordinates,” wrote Alexis de Tocqueville, “cannot fail to be struck by the family likeness between the government officials of the past and those of modern France.” He added that not only the personnel and institutions but even the internal bureaucratic terminology of the old regime was similar to that of postrevolutionary, republican France. Despite their obsession with the French Revolution, Russia’s revolutionary rulers had probably not read Tocqueville’s cautionary tale about the persistence of the old-regime state. If they had, they might have learned quite a bit.
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Fay, Allen. "Ethical Implications of Charging for Missed Sessions". Psychological Reports 77, nr 3_suppl (grudzień 1995): 1251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3f.1251.
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The argument is made that the common practice of charging psychotherapy patients for missed sessions constitutes unethical conduct from which the therapist benefits at the patient's expense. Although various rationales and rationalizations have been put forth to justify the practice, the essential facts are that therapists are being paid for a service not performed and the patient-therapist relationship is often damaged, with the result that the patient's progress is impeded. The practice is therefore alien to the basic goals of psychotherapy, an enterprise that involves human interactions centering on positive bonding and collaborative problem solving. It is suggested that mental health workers' professional associations scrutinize the practice more closely and make stronger recommendations to discourage it.
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Medina-Vogel, Gonzalo, Carlos Calvo-Mac, Nicole Delgado-Parada, Gabriela Molina-Maldonado, Stephanie Johnson-Padilla i Paulette Berland-Arias. "Co-Occurrence Between Salmon Farming, Alien American Mink (Neogale vison), and Endangered Otters in Patagonia". Aquatic Mammals 49, nr 6 (15.11.2023): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.49.6.2023.561.
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The southern river otter (Lontra provocax) and the marine otter (Lontra felina) are endangered species that inhabit Chile. In southern Chile, both species cohabit with the American mink (Neogale vison), an invasive exotic species. The Chilean aquaculture industry has grown exponentially since the late 1980s, with salmon farming taking place from central Chile to the Patagonian fjords and channels. This study assessed co-occurrence between otters, mink, and aquaculture in Patagonia by (1) distributing a survey among workers, fisheries personnel, and aquaculture inspectors concerning observations of otters and mink inside or around aquaculture facilities and outcomes; and (2) a geographical assessment of distribution overlap between known otter territory and salmon farming-registered facilities. We recorded the first anecdotal evidence of interaction, described as co-occurrence, among native otters, American mink, and salmon aquaculture in Patagonia, which varied among seasons and seems to be increasing. We also recorded evidence of difficulty in recognition of the three mustelids among respondents. There is a geographically extended interaction between otters and salmon farms in Chile. The evidence of interaction among alien American mink, native endangered otters, and aquaculture is an early alarm for human–wildlife conflict, and further studies are recommended to ensure native otter conservation.
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Camiscioli, Elisa. "Alien Policy in Belgium, 1840–1940: The Creation of Guest Workers, Refugees, and Illegal Aliens. By Frank Caestecker. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2000. Pp. xxii+330." Journal of Modern History 76, nr 3 (wrzesień 2004): 700–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/425468.
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Kim, Sue J. "The Dialectics of “Oriental” Images in American Trade Cards". Ethnic Studies Review 31, nr 2 (1.01.2008): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2008.31.2.1.
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A late nineteenth-century trade card, or a color-printed circulating advertisement, touts Shepherd and Doyle's new “Celluloid” waterproof collars, cuffs and shirt bosoms (Fig. 1).1 These “economical, durable, and handsome” clothing items require less starching and washing, and so remove the need for Chinese laundries. The text on the reverse side includes directions on how “to remove yellow stains,” and the image enacts a kind of literal version of this removal. The slovenly laundryshop (the clothes overflowing the basket, the linens hung up askew, the steaming basins), the mix-and-match, gender-ambiguous garments of the workers, and their thin, slouching bodies all participate in the racist stereotype of Asians as dirty, effeminate and alien others. The caption proclaims the product to be “The Last Invention”; the “last” indicates finality, both in terms of modernity as the final stage of history and of a solution to the problem of unwanted immigrants. A group of Chinese male laundry-workers are so taken aback by this product that their pigtails stand in erect consternation. Their reaction stems both from the realization that they must return to China because their services have become unnecessary as well as from pure awe at the invention itself; in both cases, the scenario and its appeal apparently rely on these acts of recognition by the Chinese characters. Furthermore, the advertisement's status as such - merely advertisement - hides the illogicality of the celluloid salesman's presence in the laundry at all. The salesman, wearing a garish plaid suit and a bowler hat, appears to be one of those traveling salesmen who might peddle patent medicines, yet he bears the product eliciting such awe and consternation. Rather than selling the product to the Chinese workers, he appears simply to be taking gratuitous pleasure in introducing the workers to the agent of their impending misfortunes.
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Kinney, Arthur F. "Memorializing History in The Booke of Sir Thomas Moore". Moreana 45 (Number 174), nr 2 (październik 2008): 55–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/more.2008.45.2.6.
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Tracing the various playtexts of Sir Thomas Moore, a play of the 1590s written partly by Shakespeare, reveals differing perspectives on the cause and significance of Evil May Day and thus serves as a litmus test on its various cultural meanings and a history of cultural change. Under a strongly Protestant regime, the Catholic Thomas More is seen heroically as an authority who puts down protest and uprisings, a champion of peace. From another viewpoint, he is the humanist interested in social justice. After the threat of the Spanish Armada, however, attention turned to the rioters as alien workers displacing natives ones. To make More more acceptable, he was turned into a man of wit and of theatricality, his Catholicism parodied. Together, such varied responses suggest the rich complexity of a play which deserves to be better known.
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Roberts, William Clare. "Marx’s Social Republic: Political not Metaphysical". Historical Materialism 27, nr 2 (8.07.2019): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-00001870.
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Abstract When Marx dissected the capitalist economy and intervened in the international workers’ movement, he did so in the service of freeing people from alien, uncontrolled power. His political project was the realisation of what he called the social republic, and his theoretical project was to identify the forces that promote or retard this political project. In order to bring out the specificity and cogency of the social-republican Marx, this essay uproots the positive-freedom reading that has overgrown the edifice of his thought. Marx certainly hoped for ‘real freedom’, which is a sort of self-realisation. He also hoped for a sort of collective self-determination. And he thought that collective self-determination was a prerequisite for general self-realisation. But Marx also thought that generalised freedom from domination was a prerequisite for collective self-determination.
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Tabili, Laura. "The Construction of Racial Difference in Twentieth-Century Britain: The Special Restriction (Coloured Alien Seamen) Order, 1925". Journal of British Studies 33, nr 1 (styczeń 1994): 54–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386044.
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In the course of the past several decades, scholars have exposed Black people's long history of life and work in Britain, but their approaches to racial conflict have slighted the historical contingency of racial difference itself. Black workers have been presented as logical, visible scapegoats in an otherwise homogeneous working class, and interracial hostility as an ineluctable product of economic or sexual competition between two mutually exclusive and naturally antagonistic groups of working men. Scholars examining Black people's experience in Britain under the rubric “immigrants and minorities” have placed particular emphasis on racial conflicts, xenophobia, and prejudice, which they see as evidence of “traditions of intolerance” widespread in British society. Such interpretations leave unchallenged the assumption that racial or ethnic hostility is latent in social relations, resurfacing in any crisis. Whatever the intentions of their authors, such assumptions can all too easily be used to justify rather than to combat conflict and exclusion.Intolerance, bigotry, prejudice, moreover, are not explanations for racial or ethnic conflict: in themselves they require explanation. In focusing on “attitudes,” and behaviors, these works neglect to examine the structural underpinnings of popular racism and xenophobia—in particular the ways that Black and white working people were positioned in relation to each other within a system also riven by class, gender, skill, and other power dynamics. What many scholars have taken for granted, indeed, is the objective or fixed quality of racial difference itself and its inexorably divisive effects.
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Jin, Ruining, Xiao Wang i Lianghu Zhao. "A Case Study of Educational Equity in Saskatchewan Schools and Implications for Educational Development in China". Journal of Education and Culture Studies 7, nr 1 (20.01.2023): p14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v7n1p14.
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This paper probes the phenomenon of underperforming indigenous students in Canada through a case study in the school district of Saskatchewan. It is discerned that the disparity between indigenous students’ home culture and the mainstream classroom culture is the major obstacle between indigenous students and academic success. Such a disparity is caused by a couple of reasons. First of all, educators’ misconception, along with education decision-makers’ ineffectiveness, leads to adversity for indigenous students to face in the classroom; secondly, biased evaluation and misjudgments in the current education system also result in indigenous students’ underperformance. Lastly, educators’ low cultural proficiency towards indigenous culture culminates in indigenous students’ low classroom engagement. The results of the case study could be enlightening for Chinese education decision-makers, given that the Chinese booming economy has caused millions of internal migrant workers to work in an alien subculture, their children could face similar social and linguistic debacles as compared to indigenous students in Saskatchewan.
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Ziemeļniece, Aija, i Emīlija Vanaga. "Urban pressure around areas of natural heritage. Cenas tīrelis". Landscape architecture and art 23, nr 23 (31.12.2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2023.23.06.
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The study looks at the perimeter or ring encroachment of anthropogenic pressures around areas of natural substrate or marshland. The anthropogenic load, the intensity of which began with the invasion of the Soviet-era economic policy and the wave of migrants bringing large numbers of migrant workers to Latvia in the 1960s-80s, brought with it an alien understanding of living space, exaggerations of the scale of development, a distorted understanding of spatial harmony and equilibrium. Rapid settlement construction, the establishment of drainage networks, the pace of collectivisation and agro-technology, and logging began. These are things that today are being increasingly controlled in the spatial plans of municipalities. To maintain the sustainable development of the natural base, it is necessary to look for ways of bringing residential areas closer to it, without reducing the ecological status. The settlements of the 3 districts of the Tīrelis of Cena are examined in more detail, where the 19th–21st centuries are described. transformation processes.
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Chung, Roger Yat-Nork, i Jonathan Ka-Long Mak. "Physical and Mental Health of Live-In Female Migrant Domestic Workers: A Randomly Sampled Survey in Hong Kong". American Behavioral Scientist 64, nr 6 (18.03.2020): 802–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764220910215.
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There has been a rising trend of labor migration globally. Given their alien status within the legal framework of the host countries, migrant domestic workers (MDWs) are especially vulnerable to poor employment conditions that may affect their health status, yet there is still a lack of quantitative evidence in this population hitherto. Using randomly sampled data from a cross-sectional survey of 2,017 live-in female MDWs in Hong Kong, a setting with a high concentration of MDWs, this study examined the association of employment conditions with physical and mental health among the MDWs. We observed poorer physical and mental health status among the MDWs when compared with the general population in Hong Kong. Our findings suggest that employment conditions, including household size, working on the rest day, and housing type, and age were associated with physical health, while employment conditions, including not ever receiving wages on time, frequency of financial remittances, paying the employment agency, having a private room, fulfillment of work-related needs, physical abuse, and discrimination, and sociodemographic characteristics, including age and duration of migration, were associated with mental health. Social support in general did not confound these associations, but religious activities and daily contact with friends were also associated with mental health. Our findings have important implications in designing interventions and policies to improve the physical and mental well-being of this vulnerable migrant population.
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Lebedev, Ilja, Saidi Sait-Huseinovich Gaibov, Jekaterina Zakharchuk, Artiom Sominov, Julija Andrejeva, Brigita Miežienė i Natalja Fatkulina. "DYSLIPIDEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK AND STROKE IN MIDDLE TYUMEN OBLAST". Health Sciences 30, nr 2 (15.04.2020): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2020.048.
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This work provides data and analysis of lipidemic spectrum from 421 patients who had experienced transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke and either were residents of Khanty-Mansiysky District or were working via shifts in the region when lesion occurred. We evaluated numerous major lipid criteria, mainly cholesterol blood concentration and lipid spectrums. We also studied correlating data on cerebrovascular accidents prevalence comprised in studied region. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v13.0, significance level of p<0,05. Statistical analysis revealed lack of significant difference in average levels of cholesterol, high-density and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL respectively), triglycerides (Tr) between residents and shift-workers. Moreover, those levels of all studied parameters aside from HDL were significantly higher when compared to people from more southern parts on Tyumen region. Most deviant parameter was LDL at rate of 63,5% occurrence of deviation in studied group of patients. We found no links between either gender or age and revealed changes. Our research shows high incidence of dyslipidemia in studied population. During our study we revealed no significant difference in dyslipidemia between residents and shift-workers who were originally alien to Far North’s conditions. Further research of bigger scale is required to either confirm this data or reveal actual difference. Based on our analysis, we could recommend normalization of lipidemic levels in TIA-afflicted cohort of patients to decrease risk of ischemic stroke.
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Lee, S. S., W. W. Than, K. Tint, S. Saing, I. Animon i S. Sathyapala. "Strengthening capacity for forest protection in Myanmar". International Forestry Review 26, nr 1 (1.03.2024): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554824838457862.
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Pests and diseases have been reported by Myanmar foresters and plantation owners as significant challenges to the quality and quantity of wood supply from natural and planted forests. As part of a FAO project on strengthening local capacity in forest health, questionnaire surveys on pests and diseases and a needs assessment were conducted among companies/organizations involved in growing forests. Thirteen and 12 participants responded to the two surveys, respectively. Respondents grew 10 different tree species, namely Tectona grandis, Acacia mangium, Acacia hybrid, Eucalyptus spp., Gmelina arborea, Swietenia macrophylla, Paulownia kawakamii, Xylia xylocarpa, Bruguiera sexangula and Rhizophora apiculata. Growers recognized pests of teak but were less familiar with pests of the other tree species. Diseases were only reported from teak and A. mangium. Weeds were reported only from mature plantations. Workers were mostly educated only up to primary school level. None were trained in pest and disease management and most did not know about invasive alien species (IAS) and integrated pest and disease management (IPM). Based on the needs identified from the surveys, three workshops were conducted for over 100 local participants.
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Chong, Yimo. "16:20". Columbia Journal of Asia 1, nr 2 (9.12.2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cja.v1i2.10081.
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I saw the van full of construction workers on March 18th, 2022, at 16:20 when I passed them near the fourth ring of Beijing. Growing up, I’ve been told that young, adventurous peasants happily come to work in the cities to build a better life for themselves, and such is the foundation of Chinese Progress. Indeed, their labor gives rise to magnificent skyscrapers housing 21 million people, splendid wealth that puts China on par with the developed economies, and enviable healthcare, education, and transportation. And yet, for the five seconds we waited for the red lights to change, I saw exhausted, aging men, enmeshed in an invisible prison of intellectual boredom and physical drainage, who were, both legally through the hukou system and economically through neoliberalism, alien to all the riches they created.
The hukou system functions like domestic passports, where each person is a citizen of the place they are born in. One must have an employment or a hukou in the city to qualify for its public healthcare and education, which in most cities are immensely superior to those of the countryside. Often, the “peasant workers,” as they are derogatorily called, are independent contractors that the construction companies hire daily and whose healthcare premium to the government the employers pay nothing toward. The companies also make sure to shy away from paying any compensation for work hazards, and wages can be delayed for months or years. In addition, without a hukou in the city, the workers’ children are also disqualified from entering the public education system. They either stay behind in the countryside, see their parents once a year, or attend semilegal schools in the slums in the city’s periphery.
This work is the third in my series called “Progress,” which contains snapshots of my personal life, perhaps a glimpse, a momentary revelation, that give context and complexity to the well-acclaimed liberalization of Chinese economy.
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O’Brien, Ellen L. "“THE MOST BEAUTIFUL MURDER”: THE TRANSGRESSIVE AESTHETICS OF MURDER IN VICTORIAN STREET BALLADS". Victorian Literature and Culture 28, nr 1 (marzec 2000): 15–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150300281023.
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To say that this common [criminal] fate was described in the popular press and commented on simply as a piece of police news is, indeed, to fall short of the facts. To say that it was sung and balladed would be more correct; it was expressed in a form quite other than that of the modern press, in a language which one could certainly describe as that of fiction rather than reality, once we have discovered that there is such a thing as a reality of fiction.—Louis Chevalier, Laboring Classes and Dangerous ClassesSPEAKING OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE, Louis Chevalier traces the bourgeoisie’s elision of the working classes with the criminal classes, in which crime becomes either the representation of working class “failure” or “revenge” (396). Chevalier argues that working- class texts “recorded” their acquiescence to and acceptance of “a genuine fraternity of [criminal] fate” when they “described and celebrated [it] in verse” (397). Though a community of fate might inspire collective resistance, popular poetry and ballads, he confirms, reproduced metonymic connections between criminal and worker when “their pity went out to embrace dangerous classes and laboring classes alike. . . . One might almost say [they proclaimed these characteristics] in an identical poetic strain, so strongly was this community of feeling brought out in the relationship between the favorite subjects of working-class songs and the criminal themes of the street ballads, in almost the same words, meters, and tunes” (396) Acquiescence to or reiteration of worker/criminal equations established itself in workers’ views of themselves as “a different, alien and hostile society” (398) in literature that served as an “involuntary and ‘passive’ recording and communication of them” (395). Though I am investigating Victorian England, not nineteenth-century France, and though I regard the street ballads as popular texts which record resistance, not acquiescence, Chevalier’s work usefully articulates the predicament of class-based ideologies about worker and criminal which functioned similarly in Victorian England. More importantly, Chevalier acknowledges the complexity of street ballads as cultural texts..
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Durand, Jorge, i Douglas S. Massey. "Desenmascarando la migración irregular a Estados Unidos". Migración y Desarrollo 20, nr 38 (8.05.2022): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35533/myd.2038.jd.dsm.
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Mexicans have been migrating to the United States in large numbers since the early 20th century and over time the share classified as irregular has varied sharply depending on the social, economic, and political circumstances prevailing north of the Mexico-U.S. border. Here we unmask the reality that irregular migration is more of a socio-political construction than a well-defined legal category. Over time, the share of Mexicans classified as legal immigrants, temporary legal workers, or irregular migrants has varied widely. Since 2008, however, unauthorized migration from Mexico has waned and Central Americans have taken the place of Mexicans among those apprehended along the Mexico-U.S. border. Rather than being processed as asylum seekers, Central Americans being are criminalized as «illegal migrants» and sent into detention facilities to maintain the fiction of an ongoing «alien invasion» from south of the border. The repressive pressure directed disproportionately at Latin American immigrants can be expected to have far reaching consequences given that Latinos now constitute more than 18% of the U.S. population, 26% of all children aged five and under, and the vast majority of children living with parents in irregular status are native U.S. citizens.
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Abbasi, Vanessa, i Karolina Marzieh. "Law Part of the Framework for Accountability in Policy Interpretation and Practice". Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 5, nr 1 (28.01.2017): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v5i1.122.
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Law can increasingly be seen as part of the framework for accountability in policy interpretation and practice. This is reflected in important judgments in the UK and European context, where courts have been proactive in challenging restrictive interpretations by agencies of their legal duties, or even by parliament in law-making that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Without attention to the practice environment for legal and ethical practice, the role of law in welfare reform will be compromised, however robust the legal framework. Subsequently, empirical work has explored how social workers learn about the law, in both practice and academic environments, and how they use that learning. This paper considers the complex relationships between law, welfare policy and social work practice, to address the question of what role legal frameworks might play in achieving welfare policy and professional practice goals. These debates illustrate is the essentially contested nature of the relationship between law and practice and the delicate balance between law and ethics within a framework for professional accountability. It is hardly surprising, perhaps, that law is often seen by practitioners as alien and hostile territory.
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HUDSON, CHERYL. "The “Un-American” Experiment: Jane Addams's Lessons from Pullman". Journal of American Studies 47, nr 4 (4.09.2013): 903–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875813001370.
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The exceptional character of the United States' political culture has been and continues to be hotly contested. In the late nineteenth century, commentators framed radical ideologies as “un-American” and they subsequently entered the political lexicon as alien to American ideals and values. However, far less scholarly attention has been given to alternative definitions of “un-American” activity that emerged in the late nineteenth century. This article examines the charges made by contemporaries against the “un-American” town of Pullman and of George Pullman's patronage of his town and its workers. Through a close reading of Addams's critique of Pullman as “A Modern Lear” as well as other narratives and counternarratives contained within contemporary speeches, pamphlets, and newspaper and journal articles, this essay will demonstrate the flexible nature of the charge of “un-Americanism” in the crisis years of the 1890s. In that decade, the character of the modern nation was still highly contested and although the conservative, anti-union view won the immediate Pullman battle, it did not do so without a fight and it did not ultimately succeed in defining the character of the modern nation.
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Yanay, Uri. "Service Delivery By a Trade Union—Does It Pay?" Journal of Social Policy 19, nr 2 (kwiecień 1990): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400002002.
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ABSTRACTA changing socio-economic environment and competition have led trade unions to extend their role and become service providers. This paper examines some of the issues of service delivery which arise. Four central implications are discussed: the trade union's need (1) to adapt to the competitive service provider's market, (2) to enlarge its consumer body, (3) to become an employer of workers, and (4) to expand its interests with business establishments and authorities over non-union matters. The paper focuses on the General Federation of Labour in Israel (the Histadrut), and its comprehensive health insurance scheme (Kupat Holim). The scheme is provided to all union members and their families as part of union membership. Nonetheless, alternative service systems seem sufficiently attractive for many union members to consider ‘deserting’ their union. The union depends on its members—consumers—to secure its broad base, universalistic image, source of income and legitimacy. Trying to attract consumers causes the union to bend some of its principles. Ultimately, service provision forces the union to adopt characteristics alien to, and even contradicting, its traditional, militant role as an organiser of labour.