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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Akkad”

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Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024

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1

Jones, Christopher W. "The Literary-Historical Memory of Sargon of Akkad in Assyria as the Background for Nimrod in Genesis 10:8–12". Journal of Biblical Literature 141, nr 4 (15.12.2022): 595–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.15699/jbl.1414.2022.1.

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Abstract The figure of Nimrod in Gen 10:8–12 remains enigmatic: while the passage clearly depicts a Mesopotamian figure, no consensus has been reached on attempts to identify Nimrod with any historical or mythological character. I argue that the passage dates from the mid-seventh century and should be understood in light of the literary-historical memory of Sargon of Akkad and the Akkad dynasty then circulating in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. With royal support, Assyrian court scholars used omens, chronicles, epics, and geographic lists to present the Neo-Assyrian Empire of the seventh century as the heir to the legacy of Sargon’s empire a millennium and a half earlier, a process that culminated in the refounding of the city of Akkad by Esarhaddon in 674 BCE. The identification of Assyria with Sargon of Akkad served as an ideological justification for imperialism, and the Nimrod pericope should be understood as a response to and a critique of Assyrian imperial ideology.

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2

Muhajirin, A. Muhammad. "Konflik Sosial Dalam Film Ar-Risalah Karya Mustapha ‘Akkad". MOTEKAR: Jurnal Multidisiplin Teknologi dan Arsitektur 2, nr 1 (1.05.2024): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.57235/motekar.v2i1.2088.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dan penyebab terjadinya konflik sosial dalam film Ar-risalah karya Mustapha ‘Akkad. Untuk mencapai tujuan itu, penelitian ini menggunakan teori sosiologi sastra, dengan teori konflik sosial Soerjono Soekanto sebagai pisau analisis untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dan penyebab terjadinya konflik sosial dalam film Ar-risalah karya Mustapha ‘Akkad. Sebuah karya sastra membentuk suatu realitas sosial yang di dalam realitas sosial tersebut tidaklah dapat dipisahkan dari tragedi konflik. Begitupun dengan realitas sosial yang ada dalam film Ar-risalah karya Mustapha Akkad. Oleh karena itu, uraian ini merupakan alasan mengapa penulis mengambil judul konflik sosial dalam film ar risalah karya Mustapha Akkad. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, maka hasil dari penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa konflik sosial yang terjadi dalam film Ar-risalah terjadi dalam empat bentuk konflik sosial, yaitu: (1) konflik individu. (2) Konflik rasial. (3) Konflik antar kelas sosial. (4) Konflik politik. Sementara sebab-sebab terjadinya konflik sosial dalam film Ar-risalah terbagi menjadi tiga sebab, yaitu: (1) Perbedaan antara individu-individu dan antara kelompok-kelompok. (2) Perbedaan budaya. (3) Perbedaan kepentingan.

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3

Lambert, W. G. "Narām-Sîn of Ešnunna or Akkad?" Journal of the American Oriental Society 106, nr 4 (październik 1986): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603538.

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Mocholí Martínez, Mª Elvira. "Yildiz, Efrem, Bravo, Nuria [2017]. El Icono: Historia, simbología y técnica". IMAGO. Revista de Emblemática y Cultura Visual, nr 9 (31.01.2018): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/imago.9.10918.

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5

Bonch-Osmolovskaya, Tatiana. "Quantitative patterns in the poetic structure of The Temple Hymns by Enkheduanna". Orientalistica 4, nr 4 (29.11.2021): 1063–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7043-2021-4-4-1063-1083.

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The Temple Hymns by Enheduanna, high priestess of Sumer Moon god Nanna in Ur and daughter of king Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279 BCE), consist of 42 hymns that praise the significant temples of the Mesopotamian cities and their deities. By their writing the goal of uniting the Sumer-Akkad pantheon was set as a part of the wider political task of uniting the Sumerian and Akkadian peoples set by Sargon of Akkad. Numerical patterns in the structure of the hymns are studied in the present paper, with special attention to the number of the lines in each hymns as stated in the colophons. It is demonstrated that the sum of the lines of all hymns is an exact multiple of 100 whereas the sums of the number of lines in both first and second halves of the hymns and several of their subsets make exact multiples of 50 and 10 respectively. A hypothesis is proposed for the deliberate choice of these exact numbers by the author of the hymns and their considerable achievement in the poetic structure of the hymns, as well as achieving the set goal, among other means, by the means of quantitative poetic structure of the hymns.

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6

Hidayat, Rian Rahmat, i Irham Zaki. "Kesesuaian Operasional Produk Asuransi Syariah dengan Fatwa DSN MUI No:21/DSN-MUI/X/2001 (Studi Kasus AJB Bumiputera 1912 Cabang Surabaya)". Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 2, nr 1 (1.12.2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol2iss20151pp1-16.

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Sharia insurance in Indonesia has experienced a fairly rapid development since the promulgation of MUI fatwa number:21/DSN-MUI/X/2001 about sharia insurance. However, that is still questionable is does the sharia insurance company really run the product operational based on MUI fatwa.This study aims to determine whether product operational of sharia insurance of AJB Bumiputera1912 is in conformity with the sharia rules to follow six indicator akkad, premi, claims, investment, reinsurance, and management of the fund from MUI fatwa or not.The research method is used is a case study with a qualitative descriptive approach. The data used in this study is that the data derived from primary data obtained from fieldwork and secondary data derived from the literature and a wide range of written document. This study using data derived from the management of sharia insurance AJB Bumiputera 1912 in the branch of Surabaya and sharia insurance participants of AJB Bumiputera 1912.The results of this research is operational products of sharia insurance of AJB Bumiputera 1912 were in accordance with Indonesian Ulama Council fatwa DSN Number:21/DSNMUI/X/2001. The suitability reflected from the existence of akkad tabarru’ and akkad tijarah as investment funds (mudharabah), management of premium funds based on sharia, claims fund based on first contract, investment made in accordance with the mandate of participants, then reinsurance process done only to sharia-based reinsurance company.

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7

Rosul, Moh Sahumi, i Khafid Roziki. "TAGHYIRĀT AL-AUZAN AL-ARUDIYAH FI ṢYI’IR ‘ALA SAHIL AL-BAHR LANĀ GARĀBAH: DIRĀSAH TAHLILIYAH ARUDIYAH". 3rd Annual International Conferences on Language, Literature, and Media 4 (21.09.2022): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/aicollim.v4i1.1958.

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The changes of wazan in a verse is normal so that poets can choose the correct sentence and does not harm the beauty in poetry associated with wazan. Prosody is still used until today, although many modern poets do not use it to write poetry, but rather use free poets unconstrained in wazan. Abbas Mahmoud al-Akkad is a modern Egyptian poet best known for a form of classical poetry that still follows formulas in prosody. The objectives of this research are: 1) to know the bahr used in the poetry of Abbas Mahmoud Al-Akkad; 2) To know the wazan changes that occur in his poem. The researcher used the qualitative descriptive approach by taking the subject of the research, the poetry of Abbas Mahmoud Al-Akkad, entitled "On the sea coast, we have a strangeness" in Al-Akkad's Diwan. The researcher obtained the data by downloading, reading and recording, and then verifying the validity of the data through a deep understanding. Data analysis was performed using the Miles and Huberman method through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of this research are; 1) that the wazan used in his poetry is the wazan of speed in all the verses; 2) Umm al-Zahhaf, which is mentioned in his poetry, is the scavenger of folding and al-Khuban, and in it is the reason for the fall, endowment and slack. The researcher also found some changes in wazan that are inconsistent with slips and ills, and the researcher concluded that these are errors in modern poetry.

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8

VIVIANI, Maria Teresa. "The Role of Alcoholic Beverages in Sumer and Akkad". ARAM Periodical 17 (5.06.2005): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/aram.17.0.583319.

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9

Qurbanova, Rahilə. "ŞUMER-AKKAD VƏ MİSİR MİFLƏRİNDƏ KOSMOQONİK VƏ ANTROPOQONİK TƏMAYÜLLƏR". ANCIENT LAND 6, nr 6 (czerwiec 2024): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2706-6185/36/47-50.

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10

BERRAG, Nassima, i Rima BERAGRAG. "ABU NAWAS AL-HASSAN BIN HANI, BETWEEN AL-AKKAD AND AL-NUWEHI, AN APPROACH TO THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL METHOD". International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 03, nr 05 (1.10.2021): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.5-3.30.

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Modern Arab theory is based on the evocation of contextual occidental approaches that are out of text. Here, signs of critical modernity began in the reading of traditional Arabic texts, and one of the most important texts around which the readings revolved was the text of Abu Nawas, symbol of textual modernity for Arabs, as demonstrated by Adonis. This research paper seeks to find the balance between the two Arab readings that invoked the psychological approach to enlighten the text of Abu Nawas, the reading of Abbas Mahmoud Al-Akkad marked "Abu Nawas Al-Hassan Bin Hani", which is famous for studying biography and genius in which the personality key was followed as a tool from which it can penetrate into its depth and thought, and the study of Muhammad Al-Nohi’s “The Psychology of Abu Nawas”, which is a unique modern critic in his critical view, began to define literature as «the supreme fruit of the experiences of human life», his study preceded Akkad’s study by nine months, and both were in the same year 1953, This justifies the legitimacy of the balance between them on the one hand, and calls for an examination of the effects of comparison within the Arab critical theory, which has been influenced by Western theories, and which are given by the Freudian incubator. The comparison that the intervention intends to make is descriptive speech (meta critical). As for the problem posed by the research paper, consists in: What are the paradoxes that a single psychological approach poses to the multiplicity of readers and to the unity of the method? Al-Akkad relied on the dictum of narcissism to decompose Abu Nawas’s personality, and psychologists took this word (narcissism) to denote the associated bodily discomfort and sexual lust, and to signify a person’s infatuation with his body and desire for sexual lust, he feels like an image of himself, which completes his composition and all the imperfections he feels, according to Shawqi Deif. Based on the complex of narcissism, Al-Akkad explained the manifestations of the complex in what was called Autoimmune and self-envy, while Al-Noaihi went to the complex of Oedipus and inferred it with textual evidence under the name: the sexual replacement of a mother with wine and the sublimation expressed in the poetic work. We note here that the Arab critical theory stopped with these two writers, and that it did not use the developments of the psychological structural approach as presented by Jacque Lacan, his works not yet being translated into Arabic ‎. Keywords: Abu Nawas, Al-Akkad, Al-Noaihi, Psychological Method, Critical Theory

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11

Braemer, Frank. "Harvey Weiss (éd.), Seven Generations Since the Fall of Akkad". Syria, nr 91 (1.06.2014): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/syria.2332.

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Herles, Michael. "Weiss, Harvey (Hg.): Seven Generations Since the Fall of Akkad. 2012." Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 113, nr 2 (5.06.2018): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/olzg-2018-0037.

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13

Yuniati, Asmi, Sayyidatul Fadhillah i Muhammad Nafi Annury. "Directive Speech Acts in The Movie “The Message” By Moustapha Akkad". Vision: Journal for Language and Foreign Language Learning 7, nr 2 (31.10.2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/vjv7i22803.

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This study is aimed to explain the classifications and to explain the contribution of directive speech acts analysis in the "The Message" by Moustapha Akkad to EFL learner in understanding the expression of giving the command. This study used descriptive qualitative which the writer interprets of utterances that contain the types of directive speech acts in this movie and the contribution of this research in EFL Classroom. The result of the study showed that 213 utterances of the directive of speech acts were successfully identified. There are command (182 data or 85.44 %), order (2 data or 0.94 %), request (10 data or 4.70 %), and suggestion (19 data or 8.92 %). So it can be concluded that the dominant directive is a command because this movie contained many commands of the Prophet Muhammad and his friends in the battle of Badr and Uhud. This result of this research is suggested for students. Teacher as a facilitator can use this movie as learning media. By watching this movie, the student can observe the expression of giving a command. Expression of giving command was found in basic competence (3.4 and 4.4).

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14

Levin, Yigal. "NIMROD THE MIGHTY, KING OF KISH, KING OF SUMER AND AKKAD". Vetus Testamentum 52, nr 3 (2002): 350–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853302760197494.

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AbstractThe intent of this paper is to examine the story of Nimrod in Genesis x 8-12, offering fresh insight on both the historical background and the literary development of the passage. The article deals first with the passage's literal meaning, syntax and the extant text. The geographic context of the passage is shown to be distinctly Mesopotamian-Nimrod being the "builder" of Babylon, Erech, Accad and other southern Mesopotamian cities and then moving north to Assyria. After surveying previous attempts to identify an "historical" Nimrod, the author then suggests that the biblical figure is modeled after the combined traditions about Sargon of Akkad and his grandson, Naram-Sin. Nimrod is the son of "Cush"; Sargon began his royal career at Kish right after the flood. The Sargon-Naram-Sin traditions reached the Levant during the second millennium BCE, being combined by time and distance into a composite personality. The tradition reached its final form during the reign of Sargon II of Assyria, who added such themes as hunting to the story. The later editors of the Book of Genesis dropped much of the story and the Nimrod tradition was thus lost to later generations, save five remaining verses in the tenth chapter of Genesis.

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15

A. Al-Mutawalli, Nawala. "An Introduction to the Foreign Trade of Mesopotamia In the Light of Cuneiform Documentation of the Third and Second Millennium BC." Al-Adab Journal 1, nr 120 (20.12.2018): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i120.305.

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Ancient Iraq is very well known as an agricultural economic country, especially, the middle and the southern parts of Mesopotamia, which was called “the Land of Sumer and Akkad “, it's a very rich agricultural country. Sumer's economy was based on agriculture, fishing, and cattle and sheep breeding. Lived on the products of the fertile, irrigated soil, and this situation was clearly reflected in the cuneiform texts unearthed from many sites from the third and second millennium BC. And due to the young geological composition of Mesopotamia, the alluvial plain of ancient Sumer lacked so much important raw materials, these of materials were needed by the craftsmen of Sumer and Akkad for the industry, works of art and daily life. These raw material were, deferent kinds of stone, timber, and metal, therefore, the need for these materials led to exchange what the people had from the agricultural production and industrial goods and material produced by the workshops of temple or palace, such as: animal hides, leather manufactures, wool, oil, cereals, dates, textile, wild and domesticated animals,…etc., also what not existing in the country ([i]) Leemans, W.F., "The Importance of Trade", Iraq-39, (1977), p. 4. Al-Hashimi, Rihdah Jawad, "Obsidian Stone and the Origin of Trade" Sumer-28, (1972), p. 203ff.

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García, Moises. "Úlimas tendencias de la metodología de la contabilidad". Lúmina, nr 02 (19.12.2005): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30554/lumina.02.1117.1998.

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Efectivamente las primeras manifestaciones del lenguaje escrito son cuentas que los escribas de los templos de summer y akkad confecionaron hace mas de cinco mil años y no para mayor gloria de sus dioses si no con el mismo propósito pragmático con que hoy se elabora todo tipo de información contable, el control de excedentes económicos acumulados, excedentes económicos que fueron efecto y causa de la que gordon childe denomina la revolución urbana dentro de las etapas de la historia humana.

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Kraus, Nicholas. "The Weapon of Blood: Politics and Intrigue at the Decline of Akkad". Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 108, nr 1 (16.07.2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/za-2018-0001.

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Abstract By the end of the reign of Šar-kali-šarrī, the hegemony that Akkad held over southern Mesopotamia was weakening. The governors of Sumer began to assert their independence and break free from Akkad’s control, and the Gutium presence posed a significant threat to Akkad’s power. The present article includes a copy, edition, and commentary of an unpublished Sargonic letter, specifically concerned with the political machinations occurring during this period of upheaval in the Late Akkadian period. Of particular interest are references to the governors of Umma and Adab, the ensi-ship of Gutium, and military action at Uruk. Additionally, the events detailed in this new letter closely parallel another letter from Girsu, suggesting that the two letters are synchronous correspondence. The new letter furthers our understanding of the intrigue amongst the political elite and the events leading to the end of Akkadian supremacy in Sumer.

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von Dassow, Eva. "Temporality and Periodization in Ancient Near Eastern History". Social Science History 36, nr 1 (2012): 113–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200010397.

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In this article I consider the issues of temporality and periodization in the ancient Near East under three rubrics: how modern scholars have periodized ancient Near Eastern history, how societies of the ancient Near East periodized their own history, and, more broadly, how they conceptualized the temporal dimensions of their world and mapped themselves onto time. In each case I illustrate the issue with a selection of examples, which in no way represent comprehensive coverage. Under the last rubric, I focus on Sumer and Akkad.

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Silva Domínguez, David. "El mundo de los muertos en Sumer y Akkad durante los milenios III-II a.C.: estado de la cuestión". Salduie, nr 20 (31.12.2020): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_salduie/sald.2020206759.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la concepción y caracterización del mundo de los muertos en Sumer y Akkad, durante el III y II milenio a. C. Se estudiarán en profundidad las diferentes versiones del mundo de los muertos y sus particularidades, con el fin de comprender cuáles fueron las diversas visiones escatológicas que produjeron esas culturas mesopotámicas: su ubicación y geografía, las vías de acceso, las divinidades que lo presiden, su estructura política, su sociedad, y las relaciones entre los vivos y los muertos.

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Silva Domínguez, David. "El mundo de los muertos en Sumer y Akkad durante los milenios III-II a.C.: estado de la cuestión". Salduie, nr 20 (31.12.2020): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_salduiesald.2020206759.

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El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la concepción y caracterización del mundo de los muertos en Sumer y Akkad, durante el III y II milenio a. C. Se estudiarán en profundidad las diferentes versiones del mundo de los muertos y sus particularidades, con el fin de comprender cuáles fueron las diversas visiones escatológicas que produjeron esas culturas mesopotámicas: su ubicación y geografía, las vías de acceso, las divinidades que lo presiden, su estructura política, su sociedad, y las relaciones entre los vivos y los muertos.

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Benjamin, Don C. "The Impact of Sargon & Enheduanna on Land Rights in Deuteronomy". Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 49, nr 1 (21.01.2019): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146107918818040.

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Hormuzd Rassam (1826-1910) and Austen Henry Layard (1817–1894) recovered the Birth Stories of Sargon copied or composed under Sargon II (722–705 BCE). Existing studies of their intriguing parallels with the Birth Stories of Moses (Exod 1:22–2:10) emphasize shared motifs—unwanted pregnancy, secret birth. abandoned newborn, adoption by an outsider, river ordeal and protection by a divine patron. Here I am proposing that the Birth Stories of Moses parallel the Birth Stories of Sargon to compare the way Sargon and the woman Enheduanna distribute land use rights in Akkad with the way Moses and the women in Deuteronomy distribute land rights in ancient Israel.

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Torres, Elena. "Algunas consideraciones sobre los últimos reyes de Akkad y el período de gobierno Guti". ISIMU 22 (11.12.2019): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.15366/isimu2019.22.017.

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McMahon, Augusta. "Metallgefäße im Iraq I (von den Anfängen bis zur Akkad-Zeit). Michael Müller-Karpe". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 57, nr 2 (kwiecień 1998): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/468632.

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Luehrs, Robert. "Woolf, Napoleon's Integration of Europe". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 17, nr 2 (1.09.1992): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.17.2.73-74.

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Stuart J. Woolf, who has previously written on fascism and on the social and economic history of early modern Europe, here offers a volume for those already familiar with the basic political and military story of the Napoleonic epoch. This work addresses the perplexing situation that has faced every conqueror since Sargon of Akkad first extended his dominion over the peoples of Mesopotamia: Once the battles are over, how are the myriad cultures, heritages, and institutions of the subdued to be united under some semblance of coherent administration? The transformation of coercion into legitimacy is ever the key to successful and stable empire; it is also Woolf's concern with respect to Napoleon's hegemony in Europe.

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Shin, Gyu-Seob. "The Origins of the Sumerian and Akkad Peoples and Stray Thoughts on Orient Elam's Civilization". Institute of Middle Eastern Affairs 20, nr 3 (31.12.2021): 113–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52891/jmea.2021.20.3.113.

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Shokshok, Sara Mostafa, i Rohmani Nur Indah. "FIGURE OF SPEECH REPRESENTING RELIGIOUS EDUCATION VALUES IN MOUSTAFA AKKAD’S THE MESSAGE". LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 16, nr 1 (18.02.2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v16i1.568.

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Figure of speech used in literary writing touches feelings, emotions based on an image of things seen, and actions experienced. When it applies to the language in a movie, it may furnish new effects or fresh insights into an idea or a subject. This study explored the figure of speech representing religious education values in Moustafa Akkad's The Message movie. As qualitative descriptive research, the source of data was the script of the movie analyzed from the sociolinguistic point of view. The result shows that the film used the figurative language to express religious education values through irony, simile, personification, paradox, hyperbole, oxymoron, metaphor, repetitive, metonymy, antithesis, onomatopoeia, and symbol. Also, Moustafa Akkad presented several religious values applicable to teaching English for Islamic Studies.

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Pałuchowski, Adam. "Why did the Athenians Fail so Miserably where the Romans Succeeded so Brilliantly?" Res Historica 56 (21.12.2023): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.56.23-44.

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The study is comparative and focuses, essentially, on classical antiquity, it means both its major centers that are, on the one hand, Athens, the city-reason of chaotic imperialism, and, on the other hand, Rome, the city-world of pragmatic and fully assumed imperialism. First of all, but still, from a comparative perspective, it begins with Near Eastern much older imperialist background, such as the micro-empire set up by Sargon of Akkad or the Assyrian empire during the reign of Shalmaneser III. However, the main aim is to answer the question about why Athenian imperialism fell, despite the obviousness of the lost Peloponnesian War and in contrast to the dazzling success of Roman imperialism. Narrative as well as epigraphic sources are comparatively analysed and one takes advantage of the network theory.

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Chang, Dongshin. "Multi/Inter-cultural Collective: The MT Space’s The Last Fifteen Seconds". Canadian Theatre Review 139 (lipiec 2009): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.139.008.

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The Last Fifteen Seconds by the MT (Multicultural Theatre) Space, which premiered in October 2008 as a “collective creation-in-progress” (Poster),1 imagines and dramatizes the possible dialogues and confrontations between Moustapha Akkad (1930–2005), a Syrian-American film-maker, and Rawad Jassem Mohammed Abed (1982–2005), a suicide bomber, as they meet at and revisit each other’s lives after their fatal encounter in November 2005. In its process of creation and stage presentation, The Last Fifteen Seconds continues the collective working method and movement-based style that have characterized the works of MT Space under the leadership of its artistic director Majdi Bou-Matar. Its scenes are episodic and non-linear in structure, often presented as filmic montages, with flashbacks, slow motions and close-ups that appear to have taken inspiration from and paid tribute to Akkad’s career.

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Abay, Eşref, Bülent Demir i Veli Sevin. "The Relief of Harput". Altorientalische Forschungen 48, nr 1 (8.06.2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aofo-2021-0001.

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Abstract In the spring of 2016 a unique stone slab carved in relief was accidentally discovered on Kurey Tepesi near Harput/Elazığ in eastern Turkey. The relief depicts the capture of a heavily fortified city in horizontally arranged registers. At first sight it comes to recognition that the Harput Relief stands in the tradition of Mesopotamian victory steles, starting with the Eannatum Stele (Stele of Vultures) in Early Dynastic Sumer (c. 2900–2350 BC) and continuing with the kings of Akkad (c. 2350–2150 BC). From a stylistic and iconographic point of view, the relief seems closer to the victory stele of Daduša of Ešnunna and the Mardin Stele of the early Old Babylonian period (c. 2000–1600 BC). The subsequently excavated archaeological context, a heavily burned architectural layer, contained Middle Bronze Age I pottery typical of the Elazığ-Malatya region, corroborating a date in the early second millennium BC.

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Dahiru Sani, Amirul Mukminin i Aisyatul Hanun. "AL-‘ATHIFAH WA DAURUHA AL-FANNI FI ITSARATI AL-MAMDUHIN". Lahjah Arabiyah: Jurnal Bahasa Arab dan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 4, nr 1 (23.02.2023): 58–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/lahjah.v4i1.58-80.

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The art of praise is considered one of the most famous arts of Arabic poetry, through which many poets have entered since the inception of the Arab dibba. Rather, it has become one of the main purposes in Arabic poetry. It is a wide arena in which poets use their charming words and meanings to attract the attention of those praised by sultans, princes, rulers, and others. So that by praising them with the most beloved qualities and good morals, as stated by Professor Abbas Mahmoud Al-Akkad, “The praiser does not satisfy his prince unless he describes his person and elaborates on describing him with the most beloved qualities to him, as a child does when he praises you and extends his hand to the sugar in your hand, and he does not hide from you that he says the good word to take after it the sweet sugar.

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Pelzel, Suzanne. "Die Bankettszene: Entwicklung eines überzeitlichen Bildmotivs in Mesopotamien von der frühdynastischen bis zur Akkad-Zeit. Gudrun Selz". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 46, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/373221.

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Chao, Xueting. "Royal Titles in Ur III Mesopotamia and China in the Shang Dynasty". DABIR 9, nr 1 (30.11.2022): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29497833-00901008.

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This article examines historical transformations of the royal titles employed by kings of Ur III Mesopotamia and the Shang dynasty China. More specifically, it attends to the diverse ways in which royal titles were produced during the development of kingship and early state formation. The article engages mainly with royal titulary in the Ur III dynasty – “mighty man/king, king of Ur, king of Sumer and Akkad/king of the four quarters,” as well as “god of his land” after the self-deification of the king – and three separate royal titles of the Shang dynasty: “king” (王), “I, the one man” (余一人) and “common ruler of all under heaven” (天下共主). Using comparative approach, the article argues that the royal titulary of Ur III reflects particular historical circumstances and the traits of the king, while royal titles in Shang highlight the supremacy, uniqueness as well as loneliness of kingship.

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Stein, Diana L., i Gudrun Selz. "Die Bankettszene: Entwicklung eines "überzeitlischen" Bildmotivs in Mesopotamien von der früdynastischen bis zur Akkad-Zeit, Teil I-II". Journal of the American Oriental Society 107, nr 4 (październik 1987): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/603337.

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Dew, Spencer. "American War: A Novel. Fiction. By Omar El Akkad. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017. Pp. 333. $26.95." Religious Studies Review 43, nr 3 (wrzesień 2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rsr.13096.

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Iqra Ashraf, Attiya Khanum i Sohail Akhtar. "An Analytical Study of the Mesopotamian Civilization". PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 3, nr 1 (29.06.2022): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.112.

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One of the most ancient myths is that the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the abomination of civilization and nature, numerous wars, the number of love stories and legends that carry the world which is the holiest sea are among the places where it is located. Like the other contemporary civilizations i.e. Egypt in west and Indus in east the Mesopotamian civilization is also considered one of the important ancient civilizations of the world Tigris and Euphrates. The civilization remained as center of socio-political activities. Egypt is a safe haven for little to no war?The Egyptians deny that, contrary to a lush interest, the attack will take center stage. Different ethnic groups often experience key combat battles. Thousands of years ago, the two rivers opened to show that people who are interested in the history of fertility are a sign of life on the other side of the rivers. There are two different seas of origin, the center of which is the genus Alma, Assyria, Babylon, Samir, Akkad, and other notable tribes of Egypt. Tigris and Euphrates

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Kraus, N. L. "WHEN THE KING CAME DOWN TO SUMER: THE ROYAL SOJOURN OF SAR-KALI-SARRĒ AND THE COURT OF AKKAD". Iraq 81 (4.10.2019): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2019.10.

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At some point early on during his reign, Sar-kali-sarrē, made a journey to Sumer. The occasion was so momentous that an entire year was named in commemoration of the excursion. This paper investigates the evidence for that royal visitation, with special attention given to the administrative documents that record the king's sojourn at Girsu. The investigation also considers the rationale for the king's decision to make an expedition to Sumer and asserts that Sar-kali-sarrē may have undertaken the journey in order to begin his building works at the Ekur in Nippur. In addition, the paper identifies some of the highest officials of the Akkadian court who traveled with the king. These individuals are significant because they are usually conspicuous in administrative documents, and as such their presence can establish prosopographic synchronisms between Sargonic archives.

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مؤنس عوض, محمد. "رؤية عباس محمود العقاد (1889-1964م) لصلاح الدين الأيوبي (1138-1193م) Abbas Mahmoud al Akkad and his vision towards Salaheldin". مجلة بحوث الشرق الأوسط 6, nr 61 (4.03.2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mercj.2021.153524.

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Markina, Ekaterina. "Akkadian Sources of Sargon’s (Old Akkad) Dynasty. III. Inscription of Manishtushu. Introduction, Translation from Akkadian and Notes by E.V. Markina". Vestnik drevnei istorii 78, nr 4 (2018): 1081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s032103910006173-3.

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Elihami, Elihami. "Configuring the Politics of the Development of the Religious Courts". Al-Mirah: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 1, nr 1 (30.06.2019): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33487/al-mirah.v1i1.100.

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The Message (Arabic: الرسالة, Ar-Risālah; also known as Mohammad, Messenger of God) is a 1976 epic historical drama film directed by Moustapha Akkad. This film tells the life and journey of Prophet Muhammad S.A.W. Released in Arabic (1976) and English (1977), The Message is useful as an introduction to the early history of Islam, from various disciplines that discuss issues of public interest, go beyond documentation and analysis, and take the quality of human life in religion and society as a criterion for their recommendations. The approach chosen in this article is to focus on one particular aspect, namely the focus on the political configuration of Islam in Indonesia. Religion is one field that produces relations with holy or divine reality. While religion cannot survive without a form of power, the form given to political play in power establishes a sign of religious identity. Today, critical studies of religious differences have gained the urgency of politics which is very powerful in influencing civilization. Religion can act as a cause, but also as a problem solver. To form multidisciplinary thinking it is necessary to study religious differences in the actual corridors.

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Kesecker, Nshan Thomas. "Lugalzagesi: the first emperor of Mesopotamia?" ARAMAZD: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 12, nr 1 (1.01.2018): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/ajnes.v12i1.893.

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In the middle of the 24th century BC, Sargon of Akkad defeated King Lugalzagesi of Uruk (c. 2350) and established Sargonic rule over Mesopotamia. His successors, Rimush, Manishtusu and Naramsin would expand and consolidate Sargon’s gains, until the crumbling of the state under Sharkalisharri. The deeds of the Sargonic Dynasty were acknowledged to the point that Sargon and Naramsin were immortalised in the historical literary tradition of Mesopotamia (and Anatolia) for millennia. However, several questions regarding the political history of Early Dynastic (c. 2900-2350) and Sargonic (c. 2350-2250) Mesopotamia remain. Were the Akkadian kings the first to envision a Mesopotamian Empire? This study seeks to analyze the political and ideological origins of empire-building in Mesopotamia, focusing on the late ED III period and the Sargonic transition. The contributions of Lugalzagesi in the development of a Mesopotamian ‘World Empire’ have been overlooked in many accounts of the political development of the region. By analyzing the political history, historical memory, and royal ideology of Lugalzagesi and his contemporaries, it can be observed that the first empire of the historical period in Mesopotamia was the state of Lugalzagesi.

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van Dijk-Coombes, Renate Marian. "Revisiting the ‘kriegerischer Gott’ of the Akkadian Period". Religions 14, nr 9 (21.09.2023): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14091215.

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Boehmer’s Die Entwicklung der Glyptik während der Akkad-Zeit (1965), although nearly 60 years old, is still the major work on the cylinder seals of the Akkadian Period (2334–2150 BCE). It examines different themes and motifs depicted on the cylinder seals during this period. One of the figures which Boehmer discusses is the ‘kriegerischer Gott’, or martial god. Boehmer records this ‘kriegerischer Gott’ as being depicted on only eight cylinder seals. Despite this limited number of examples, the figure exhibits a unique iconography, which suggests a unique, specific personage. Furthermore, he is depicted on the seal of the scribe Adda (BM 89115), one of the most well-known seals from Mesopotamia, in which he is depicted alongside Utu/Šamaš, Inana/Ištar, Enki/Ea and Isiumud/Usmu. Because the ‘kriegerischer Gott’ is depicted together with these great deities of the Akkadian pantheon, each with their own unique iconography, it suggests that he may likewise be a figure of some importance. Boehmer devotes only one page to his discussion on the ‘kriegerischer Gott’. A more detailed investigation into Boehmer’s ‘kriegerischer Gott’ is, therefore, required. This contribution will, therefore, re-examine this figure by analysing his iconography, the unique attributes which he has, the scenes in which he is depicted, and the figures with which he is associated. The possible identity of the ‘kriegerischer Gott’ will also be addressed.

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Keetman, Jan. "Bilingualismus in Sumer zum gebrauch des Akkadischen und Sumerischen in der Verwaltungspraxis des Reiches von Akkad unter Narām-Sujēn und Šar-Kali-Šarrī". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale 108, nr 1 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/assy.108.0001.

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Maiocchi, Massimo. "Seven Generations Since the Fall of Akkad. Edited by Harvey Weiss. Studia Chaburensia Vol. 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012. Pp. viii + 299. €64 (paperback)." Journal of Near Eastern Studies 73, nr 1 (kwiecień 2014): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674811.

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Haji, Golan. "To Aras Bengo / To My Youngest Sister / To Raed Naqshabandi / To Akkad Nizam Ad-Din / To Mohammed Samy Al-Kayyal / To Ruwa Riché". Poem 5, nr 1 (2.01.2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20519842.2017.1271156.

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Kathpalia, Rohit, Swarnendu Mandal i S. N. Sankhwar. "Re: Prevention of Stone Migration with the Accordion During Endoscopic Ureteral Lithotripsy(From: Pagnani CJ, El Akkad M, Bagley DH. J Endourol 2012;26:484–488)". Journal of Endourology 27, nr 2 (luty 2013): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.2012.0277.

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Uspenskaya, N. A., i E. V. Iakovenko. "Modern Egyptian novel: development trends". Linguistics & Polyglot Studies 8, nr 4 (31.12.2022): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2022-4-33-204-218.

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The purpose of the work is to consider two trends in the development of the Egyptian novel on the examples of the works by Tawfiq al-Hakim, Yahya Haqqi, Naguib Mahfouz, Abd ar-Rahman ash-Sharkawi on the one hand, and Ibrahim Abd al-Qadir al-Mazini, and Abbas al-Akkad, on the other hand; to trace their development and manifestation in the works by famous contemporary Egyptian authors, winners of the Man Booker Prize − Bahaa Taher and Yusuf Zeidan. It is necessary to point out the main features laid down by the founders of the novel genre, are awareness of national tasks, ideas of national unity, subordination of personal interests to public ones, attention to social problems, and high spiritual content. These features were equally inherent in such works as Return of the Spirit, A Bird from the East, The Lamp of Umm Hashim, Earth and many novels by Naguib Mahfouz. The democratism of these novels, their high moral potential, focus on national themes, and patriotism are noted. On the other hand, the works Ibrahim the Writer and Sarah are considered, where the philosophy of egoism, the opposition of the individual to public interests, the ideas of free love and ‘liberation of the flesh’ are cultivated. Novels that demonstrate these two different tendencies have one thing in common − the influence of an external model, as, for example, in the novel The Writer Ibrahim of M. Artsybashev’s novel Sanin. The continuation of these two directions of the Egyptian novel is demonstrated by the example of the works Love in Exile and The Nabatean.

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Ivanov, Konstantin V. "Existential therapy of the Sumerian-Akkadian civilization: what the ancestral experience teaches". Bioethics 16, nr 1 (20.05.2022): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2070-1586-2023-16-1-6-11.

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Therapy of existential distress of incurable patients is no less important task of palliative medicine than, in fact, relief ofphysical pain. At the same time, the unreliability of the means used in this field, noted by experts, forces us to pay attention to their al-ternative in the form of psychedelics-entheogens, whose therapeutic potential, judging by the content of world mythology, was well known to our distant ancestors. The research of this storehouse of information about the historical experience of mankind could explain a lot about the "historical amnesia" of society in relation to these substances, and perhaps change something in the current campaign for the benefit of the dying. Aim: to investigate the reason for the prohibition of the archaic practice of using entheogens and to find out the source of modern thanatophobia on the model of the first high civilization of Sumer and Akkad in human history.Methods: Analysis of literary sources, the historical method, a systematic approach.Results: The role of the use of entheogens in the therapy of thanatophobia is determined. The destructive influence on the produc-tion sphereof the archaic tradition of free access to these substances within the cult, which threatened the very existence of civilization, is proved.Conclusion: The proposed brief analysis of the well-known plot of Mesopotamian mythology "The Flight of Etana" allows us to see in it literary and artistic evidence of the effectiveness of the archaic tradition of using entheogens as a means of thanatophobia ther-apy. At the same time, the contradictory nature of the influence of this practice on the spiritual, psychological and socio-economic foundations of the Sumerian-Akkadian civilization is revealed, the reason for the objective-historical ban on the use of entheogens is explained, with an illustration of the existential consequences of this event for the population of the Mesopotamia.

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Foster, Benjamin R. "Mario Liverani (ed.): Akkad, the first world empire: structure, ideology, traditions. (History of the Ancient Near East. Studies, V.) xiv, 182 pp., 6 plates. Padova: Sargon srl, 1993." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 58, nr 2 (czerwiec 1995): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0001082x.

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Sazonov, Vladimir. "Mõningad märkused nelja ilmakaare kuninga ja jumal-kuninga kontseptsiooni kohta Sumeris ja Akkadis 3. at eKr". Mäetagused 78 (grudzień 2020): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7592/mt2020.78.sazonov.

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This article is dedicated to the issues related to the King of the Four Corners and the God-King in ancient Sumer and Akkad in the 3rd millennium BCE. The author shows that the title King of the Four Corners has always deified the ruler, but the ruler who used the title King of the Universe never claimed divinity. What conclusions can we draw? Except in two cases – the case of Erri-dupizir and the case of Utu-ḫeĝal – all kings who used the title king of the four corners were deified. Erri-dupizir was a foreigner, more a warlord or tribal chief of the Gutians than a king, but he tried to legitimate his power by using Akkadian-Sumerian formulas, among them royal titles. Utu-ḫeĝal freed Sumer from the Gutians’ yoke and re-introduced old Sumero-Akkadian ideological elements, among them the king of the four corners, because he wanted to be as powerful and strong as the Akkadian king Narām-Su’en, who was an example for Utu-ḫeĝal. We do not have any proof regarding the deification of Utu-ḫeĝal, as he ruled only 6–7 years, and we have only a few texts from the time of his reign. More interesting is the fact that none of the Sumerian or Akkadian kings who used the title king of the universe in the 3rd millennium and even in the early 2nd millennium BCE (Isin-Larsa period) were deified (at least we do not have a firm proof). How to explain this phenomenon? Firstly, I think the title king of the four corners had a slightly different meaning than king of the universe; however, both are universalistic titles. The title king of the four corners was probably seen as a wider and more important universalistic title in the sense not only of universal rule, but also of ruling the divine universe and divine spheres (heaven, sun, stars, etc.). It seems that it included some kind of divine aspect, while at least the Sumerian version of the title lugal an-ubda-limmuba means “king of the heaven’s four corners”. The title king of the four corners was related to the universe order, to the sun and the cosmos, and to cosmic divine powers, and they were connected to the universal order. We can see that sometimes the title king of the four corners was used to refer to gods in Ancient Mesopotamia – for example in the case of the god Tišpak in Ešnunna – but never king of the universe. Secondly, early dynastic rulers (e.g. Lagash or Uruk), who never used universalistic titles for themselves, addressed universalistic expressions and epithets to the main gods – e.g., Enlil, Ningirsu, etc. For example, Lugal-kiğine-dudu of Uruk claimed: “Enlil, king of all lands, for Lugal-kiğine-dudu – when the god Enlil truly summoned him, and (Enlil) combined (both) lordship and kingship for him”. Thirdly, ruling over all the lands from east to west or over the corners of the universe – these epithets may be used for gods. LUGAL KIŠ (later Akkadian šar kiššati(m)) in its early original meaning was seen only as “ruler over Kiš (or ruler over (the northern part of) Sumer)”; it was an important though more regional and geographic title. Fourthly, only much later did it acquire the meaning king of the universe but I am not sure about that meaning at all. In that case, king of the four corners had a different meaning; the title designated not only ruling over the world but it probably included some kind of divine aspect as well (Michalowski 2010). In that case the title šar kibrāt arbaˀi(m) – king of the four corners could be seen as more universal than LUGAL KIŠ (šar kiššati(m)). There still remain several questions which need to be solved: * Was LUGAL KIŠ in its Akkadian form šar kiššati(m) a universalistic title at all? * Or was LUGAL KIŠ a hegemonic title showing certain hegemonic rule or lordship over (all) Sumer (and Akkad?) but not including the whole world (here: Mesopotamia)? * Could it be for this reason that the king who used the title king of the four corners had to be deified but the king who was LUGAL KIŠ had not?

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Iyer, Jayashree, Adam Akkad, Nanyun Tang, Sen Peng, Michael Berens, Frederic Zenhausern i Jian Gu. "Abstract 195: A focused ultrasound blood brain barrier disruption model to test the influence of tight junction genes to treat brain tumors". Cancer Research 82, nr 12_Supplement (15.06.2022): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-195.

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Abstract A major hindrance to advances in the care of patients with malignant gliomas is the presence of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB) that greatly restricts drug access from the plasma to the tumor cells. Bubble-assisted Focused Ultrasound (BAFUS) has proven effective in opening the BBB for treatment of glial tumors in adults and pediatric cases. BAFUS has been previously shown to disrupt noninvasively, selectively, and transiently the BBB in small animals in vivo. However, there is a lack of an in vitro preclinical model suitable for testing the genetic determinants of endothelial cell tight junction integrity and vulnerability to the physical disruption. Our BBB organ-on-chip platform will enable precision medicine of brain cancers through identifying patient-specific parameters by which to open the BBB allowing use of drugs and drug combinations otherwise unsuitable. We intend to sequence these in vitro models to verify that the genotype (alleles/SNPs) of tight junction proteins contribute to BBB structure and integrity. To initiate this effort, we report the development of an ultrasound transparent organ-on-chip model populated by iPSC-derived endothelial cells (iPSC-EC) co-cultured with astrocytes. Western blot, immunocytochemistry, permeability, and transelectrical endothelial resistance (TEER) studies all convey expression of key EC proteins and marked barrier integrity. Further benchmarking of device-ultrasound interactions, successful iPSC differentiation, tight junction formation, and fabrication of nanobubbles and their assistance in ultrasound BBB disruption will be presented. Efforts are underway to analyze nine characteristic BBB tight junction genes from WGS data to determine associations between iPSC-EC genotype and phenotype. Citation Format: Jayashree Iyer, Adam Akkad, Nanyun Tang, Sen Peng, Michael Berens, Frederic Zenhausern, Jian Gu. A focused ultrasound blood brain barrier disruption model to test the influence of tight junction genes to treat brain tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 195.

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