Rozprawy doktorskie: „Air traffic controllers”

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Svensson, Åsa. "Air traffic controllers' work-pattern during air traffic control tower simulations : A eye-tracking study of air traffic controllers' eye-movements during arrivals". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119359.

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The aviation industry evolves all the time in every possible sphere with new the technology that is advancing and the increasing amount of traffic on the airports. The air traffic control services has come a long way with automated systems and more advanced technology and the work of the air traffic controller (ATCO) has become more efficient to meet the higher demands for more traffic. But along with highly automated systems and work efficiency there can be a lack of safety instead if there is too much to do for the controller. A new concept in the aviation industry is developing; multiple remote towers, which means that one ATCO can be several miles away from the airports and handle two or more airports at the same time from the same work station. The air traffic controllers has to monitor the aircrafts, direct the traffic, make decisions and make sure that the pilots follows the instructions. At the same time the ATCO need to monitor the systems as well, making sure that everything is working as it is supposed to. To be able to maintain a safe environment for the controllers and the aircrafts, on and surrounding the runways, the controllers need to have situation awareness and the system they are working within need to be resilient to be able to cope with the different kind of situations that might occur. This study has focused on the role of the ATCO in air traffic control towers and by eye-tracking mapped what the controllers are looking at while handling arrivals in two different air traffic control towers. An episode analysis was made on several episodes that took place during different kinds of conditions in the two different air traffic control tower simulators, one single tower simulator and one multiple remote tower simulator. Patterns in the controllers’ way of handling arrivals were identified and the results from the controllers’ eye-movements shows that the ATCOs have a habitual behaviour pattern and that for almost every arrival they will act in the same way. The ATCO in the single tower simulator used the air radar several times during the episodes while in the multiple remote tower simulator the ATCOs almost never looked at the air radar. The radio was used more by the controllers in the multiple remote tower than in the single tower and it is discussed if this is something that can take too much time from an ATCO in a multiple remote tower. The results also highlights the importance of the strip-table, a tool used by the controllers during every step of the arrival process. The conclusions are that the system (controllers and non-human agents) has situation awareness and that the air traffic controllers have a clear frame of the situation. The results from this study can be seen as a guideline and a start for further research in this field and for the development of multiple remote towers. Further research should investigate in the controllers’ ability of reframing in situations of runway incursions and other unexpected events and the usage of the radio in multiple remote towers.

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袁國麟 i Kwok-lun Johnny Yuen. "Cognition in the air: exploring and modeling expertise in air traffic control". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31228069.

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Fischer, Terence J. "Evaluation of blunder detection by air traffic controllers using two different display types". Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11242009-020100/.

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Zohrevandi, Elmira. "Effects of Complexity Factors on Controllers Workload in Stockholm Terminal Area". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131154.

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Through a history of more than 50 years, the results of mathematical models have shown that controller workload is being driven by the complexity involved in the airspace environment. Part of this complexity is prompted by the dynamical behavior of traffic patterns. From the results of models describing controllers workload, it is observed that predictability decreases the complexity. Therefore, the general idea behind this topic is to analyze how a specific notion of predictability influences the controllers workload. This specific notion in this research is a type of automation that aircraft benefit from. In a more specific sense, the goal of this research was to analyze how the controllers handle the air traffic in different complex situations when exposed to different automation levels. The following dilemmas are focused through this work: - Information visualization of controllers interaction with radar screen - Quantification of dynamics of air traffic patterns - Modeling and quantification of controllers workload First, in order to have a grasp of the controllers interaction with the air traffic patterns, the controllers activities on the radar screen have been visualized in chapter 2. The visualization results for different automated conditions have been analyzed. Based on such analysis the criteria for problem space has been addressed and the main research question is identified. Next in chapter 3, the airspace complexity caused by air traffic flow has been studied and a set of known complexity factors are quantified using a novel calculation approach. With a logistics perspective toward airspace complexity, to calculate each complexity factor, a mathematical formulation has been used and the effects of each corresponding factor on controllers workload are addressed. Then in chapter 4, a novel approach toward modeling controllers workload is presented. After implementing the model on 18 different scenarios, a model for controllers workload has been developed in which around 60 percent of the en-route air traffic complexity values and around 80 percent of terminal air traffic complexity values could be well-matched with the workload values. From statistical point of view, the results are very much acceptable for experiments in which human factors are involved. Cognitive load has not been considered in the workload model which is the focus of a future work. Later on in chapter 5, the results for each complexity factor as well as workload models are analyzed and discussed for each sector separately. Based on the airspace complexity results, areas where traffic situation had become complex were identified and the controllers response to different situations are discussed. For each complexity factor as well as workload, the results for three different scenarios featuring different automation levels for two en-route and terminal sectors are compared. At last in chapter 6, the main ideas are discussed, thesis conclusions are presented and possible future work is suggested.

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Fraser, Marisa. "Factors affecting the career advancement of female air traffic controllers in the South African air traffic control industry". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28556.

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Research shows that although the representation of women in the workforce has increased over the past couple of decades, there are many industries that still remain male dominated. In addition, it is generally known that such male-dominated industries have minimal female representation at their managerial levels. One such male-dominated industry in South Africa is the air traffic control (ATC) industry. Women represent about 30 percent of the industry, which suggest their status in the industry is still quite low. The purpose of this study was to examine male and female air traffic controllers’ perceptions of factors that facilitate and constrain women’s career advancement, and to determine whether there were any significant differences in their opinions. The study also identified what male and female air traffic controllers (ATCOs) think the industry can do to help prepare women for leadership positions in the industry, and how to eliminate barriers that may exist to women’s career advancement. Data for this study were collected through an online questionnaire adapted from Zhong’s (2006) study on a convenience sample (N = 147) of male and female ATCOs in South Africa. The data analysis was executed by using factor analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Content analysis was used to analyse the two open-ended questions. The findings from the ANOVA suggest that there were four significant gender differences in perceptions of the Personal effort/External support, Attitude/Internal character, Equity, and Family issues. There also were significant differences in opinion on External support/Personal effort, Attitude/Internal character, Equity and Family issues, depending on the number of children the respondents had, and significant differences of marital status on the External support/Personal effort and Family issues. Finally, significant differences were found in the years’ experience variable for Attitude/Internal character. In response to the open-ended questions, most of the respondents suggested that the ATC industry should offer training programmes to improve awareness of possible barriers within the industry, as well as to offer advice on how to overcome them and improve their leadership skills. This could be done by creating programmes on the knowledge and skills needed to advance one’s career or by providing mentors or role models. Future research could compare the perceptions of employees from different race groups and their perceptions of women’s career advancement in male-dominated industries. It is also recommended that researchers conduct in-depth qualitative interviews together with the current questionnaire to evaluate perceptions of the career advancement of women more critically.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Human Resource Management
unrestricted

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Mowery, Samuel P. "Enhancing the situational awareness of airfield local controllers". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FMowery.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Russell B. Shilling, Gregory K. Mislick. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-68). Also available online.

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Голубцова, Тетяна Володимирівна, i Tetiana Volodymyrivna Holubtsova. "Comparative analysis of air traffic controllers workload with expert judgment methods". Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/45660.

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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат 2019-2020р.р. навчальному році ". Керівник проекту: к.т.н., доц. Алексєєв Олег Миколайович
Nowadays the Artificial Intelligence methods are used in all sphere of life. It supports a human in all the activities that are potentially important when the question is about safety. Aviation is one of the prospective branches of science development, that gives a possibility of fast and economically efficient transportation. However, the most important thing in aviation always remains safety. To provide safety in this case is not only to reach final point of destination, but to make that without disproportionate costs of human lives. For the safety needs were taken in consideration developed such important things like team work, skills formation and risk assessment. Also was significantly developed technical base- new systems that help a human operator to prevent collision risks. But to obtain a strong Safety Management System, a big amount of factors from different sights should be taken into account. It mean, that the complex environment research of the aviation enterprises conditions should be provided. And a lot of internal and external factors were analyzed and classified to see the significance of a factor on aviation. Aviation safety management should form and provide the safety flight goals rationally, without waste of resources, whether it be labor resources or material. Every factor that can affect the aviation can affect all the Decision Making process. The Artificial intelligence is a fast spreading in transportations technologies. The AI has a strong potential to be used in aviation, in particular-in ATM, when decisionmaking in uncertainty should be provided and the precision with limited information is necessary to be obtained. The AI system is able to forecast the ATCO actions with the accuracy of 70% ,using the data about previous flights.
У наш час методи штучного інтелекту використовуються у всіх сферах життя. Це підтримує людину у всіх видах діяльності, які потенційно важливі при вирішенні питання стосується безпеки. Авіація є однією з перспективних галузей розвитку науки, що дає можливість швидкого та економічно ефективного транспортування. Однак найбільше Важливою справою в авіації завжди залишається безпека. Забезпечити безпеку в цьому випадку є не тільки досягти кінцевої точки призначення, але й зробити це без непропорційності витрати на життя людей. Для потреб безпеки були враховані розроблені такі важливі речі як робота в команді, формування навичок та оцінка ризиків. Також було суттєво розроблена технічна база - нові системи, які допомагають оператору-людині запобігати ризики зіткнення. Але для того, щоб отримати потужну систему управління безпекою, значну кількість слід брати до уваги фактори з різних поглядів. Це означає, що комплекс слід забезпечити екологічне дослідження умов авіаційних підприємств. І багато внутрішніх та зовнішніх факторів були проаналізовані та класифіковані, щоб побачити значення фактору на авіацію. Управління авіаційної безпеки повинно формувати та забезпечувати цілі польоту безпеки раціонально, без витрат ресурсів, будь то трудові ресурси чи матеріали. Кожен фактор, який може вплинути на авіацію, може вплинути на весь процес прийняття рішень. Штучний інтелект швидко поширюється в технологіях перевезень. ШІ має значний потенціал для використання в авіації, зокрема в банкоматі, коли слід забезпечувати прийняття рішень у невизначеності та точність з обмеженою інформацією необхідно отримати. Система AI здатна прогнозувати дії ATCO за допомогою точність 70%, використовуючи дані про попередні рейси.

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Maldonado, Michelle M. 1977. "Legal aspects of safety management systems and human factors in air traffic control". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115993.

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The job of an air traffic controller is stressful by nature. Conditions like aircraft congestion in the skies, an outdated air traffic system and understaffing at control centers can add to the daily stresses of controllers and often cause fatigue. These conditions describe the current status of Air Traffic Services (ATS) in the United States. If left unaddressed, they could compromise safety, the primary objective of air traffic control. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the regulatory framework surrounding ATS specifically in the area of Safety Management Systems (SMS) and Human Factors and determine the course of action to be taken to improve safety in air traffic control.
This thesis begins with a description of what air traffic controllers do and the issues that ATS face in the U.S. It then examines the regulatory framework of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the U.S. regarding ATS, specifically SMS and Human Factors. A comparison is made between the privatized air traffic system of Canada and the government owned air traffic system of the U.S. and how privatization makes a difference economically, politically and legally when implementing standards and regulations and enforcing them. Finally, suggestions are made in order to improve the legal framework of air traffic services in the U.S.

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Portillo, Yolanda. "Pre-tactical trajectory compatibility determination to reduce air traffic controllers' tactical workload". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7908.

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The current Air Traffic Management (ATM) system, based on principles established more than 50 years ago, is starting to show clear signs of saturation. This fact. joined to increasingly environmental awareness, leads to a paradigm shift from the current sector-based ATM system, to a future trajectory-based ATM system. Within this research, factors and processes affecting trajectory-based operations are analysed, and the main factors hindering an accurate trajectory definition identified, in order to establish the criteria under which two aircraft trajectories could be declared as compatible in a pre-tactical management stage. Trajectory compatibility determination will endeavour to reduce the real-time Air Traffic Controller‟s (ATCO‟s) workload in the tactical stage, currently identified as one of the main bottlenecks in the existing ATM system. The obtained results are based on a trade-off between the system capacity, understood as the number of ATCO tactical interventions, versus the system predictability, as the number of misdetections or probability of conflict to be assumed in a pre-tactical timeframe. A criterion to identify when two trajectories are compatible is presented, firstly considering the movement as horizontal only, then including the vertical components when one or both aircraft are climbing or descending. The research initial results were presented in a Paper in the first SESAR Innovation Days which took place at Toulouse from the 29th of November 2011 to the 1st of December 2011 (Paper included as Annex V).

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Brink, Estelle. "The relationship between occupational stress, emotional intelligence and coping strategies in air traffic controllers". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2661.

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Thesis (MComm (Industrial Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between Emotional Intelligence, Stress and Coping Strategies in the occupation of air traffic control. The focus was to determine whether the Emotional Intelligence of an Air Traffic Controller might have an effect on the recognition and management of stressful situations, and influence the way they select coping strategies. Due to a lack of research on air traffic control in South Africa, focus are not only on the stress levels of Air Traffic Controllers, but also how their Emotional Intelligence could assist in the recognition and management of the stress they experience, and ultimately then contribute to select appropriate Coping Strategies. A literature study discussed the role of Air Traffic Controllers, and factors that contribute to them experiencing stress. The constructs of Stress, Emotional Intelligence and Coping were elaborated on in detail. The constructs were defined as follows: Stress, as any demand eliciting a negative emotional state, that exceeds an individual’s resources to cope; Emotional Intelligence, as the process of emotional information processing consisting of the dimensions of Self Awareness, Self Regulation, Motivation, Empathy and Social Skills (Rahim & Minors, 2003); and Coping as the efforts to manage environmental and internal demands and conflicts which tax or exceed a person’s resources (Lazarus & Launier, 1978).

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Hope, Ryan M. "The predictive utility of the Model of Multiple Identity Tracking in air traffic control performance /". Online version of thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10642.

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Djokic, Jelena. "Investigation into Air Traffic Complexity as a Driver of a Controller‘s Workload". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-208110.

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The thesis describes an investigation into Air Traffic Control (ATC) complexity as a contributory factor in changes of controllers' workload. It is considered that ATC complexity, together with equipment interface and procedural demands comprise the task demands imposed on the en-route controller to perform certain activities, which mediated by performance shaping factors create workload. The data used to study this relationship came from ATC real-time simulations completed at EUROCONTROL CRDS in Budapest: recorded flown trajectories, communication performed by the controller (whether with other controllers or with the pilots), data entries related to flight data management, and instantaneous self-assessment ratings of workload provided by the controllers were used. The ATC complexity factors that have been consistently found to be important in the previous studies (related to aircraft density, flight attributes of each individual aircraft, aircraft conflicts and traffic disorder) and for which detailed calculation formula have been reported were selected for further analysis. Since the established set of factors resulted from multiple researches conducted in this field, it was assumed that some of these factors are correlated with one another, overlapping and possibly measuring similar concepts. Therefore, a reduction of the initial set of factors was performed by combining information contained within these factors into a smaller number of new artificial variables and by deleting statistically redundant portions of these factors prior to conducting further analysis. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which is the statistical method applied to achieve required reduction, resulted in the overall set of 6 complexity components, whose interpretations are driven by the factors that showed the strongest correlation with that component. In order to establish a link between ATC complexity and a controller's subjective workload, multiple regression analysis was performed, using the complexity components identified in the PCA as predictors of the workload ratings. In addition, some measures of controller’s activity (data entries made by the controllers related to flight data management, cumulative duration of radio calls, i.e. frequency occupancy time, and average duration of single calls) were added to the analysis to test whether information about the controller’s activity could be also useful for predicting workload, once the effect of complexity had been considered, and to verify whether the effect of complexity on workload could be mediated by the effect of complexity on the controller’s activity. The analysis revealed that both ATC complexity and the activities that the controller performs to deal with a demand imposed on him/her give a unique contribution to the prediction of workload ratings and therefore the workload of the controller is determined by both ATC complexity and controller’s activities. In addition, it was assumed that the workload is differently impacted by individual components of complexity, and further statistical analyses were performed to test this assumption. Understanding these differences could in fact facilitate comparison of the complexity levels of a single sector under different conditions, but also comparison of complexity levels of different sectors under same conditions. Firstly the changes in the workload and activities of the controllers under different conditions were investigated using analysis of variance. Subsequently, in order to be able to map these changes on the complexity components, it was necessary also to investigate into the changes that the complexity components undergo when observed under different conditions. The results revealed different behaviour of single complexity components when mapped on the changes recorded in the activities of the controller and workload, demonstrating that changes in controller’s activities and perceived workload are driven by different complexity components in different sectors and under different operational conditions. Shedding light on these contributors to the workload experienced by a controller can greatly facilitate the introduction of any change envisaged for the airspace under consideration. Namely, in the current structure, whenever new procedures or new working methods are subject to possible deployment, the identified complexity components could support the estimation of the impact that those changes would impose on the workload of the controller and further on decision making processes. Additionally, the complexity components are also applicable in the validation of the new concepts and new technologies to be introduced in the system when designing simulation scenarios against which new concepts would be assessed. As also demonstrated by the analysis, the comparison of different sectors, or even different sector designs within the same airspace, could be compared and contribute to the improvement of airspace design
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Komplexität der Flugverkehrskontrolle (Air Traffic Control, ATC) als einen wesentlichen Einflussfaktor auf die Arbeitsbelastung des Radarlotsen. Die zentrale Annahme ist dabei, dass die Komplexität der ATC zusammen mit den Anforderungen aus den betrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen (technische Systemschnittstellen und Prozeduren) den Lotsen zu bestimmten Abläufen zwingen, welche die Arbeitsbelastung signifikant beeinflussen. Für die durchgeführten Untersuchungen standen Daten von ATC-Echtzeitsimulationen von EUROCONTROL CRDS Budapest zur Verfügung, die folgende Informationen umfassen: abgeflogene Flugtrajektorien, Kommunikationsprotokolle der Lotsen (untereinander oder zwischen Lotse und Pilot), Daten aus dem flight-data Management und Daten aus der regelmäßigen Selbstbewertung der Lotsen bezüglich ihrer aktuell gefühlten Arbeitsbelastung. Die bereits in früheren Studien identifizierten Komplexitätsvariablen (insbesondere die lokale Flugzeugdichte, spezifische Flugzeugeigenschaften, Konfliktsituationen zwischen Flugzeugen und die Verkehrslage betreffend) sowie hierzu erarbeitete mathematische Vorschriften bilden die Grundlage für die weiterführenden, detaillierten Untersuchungen. Aufgrund der Vielzahl an Komplexitätsvariablen aus diversen wissenschaftlichen Quellen war davon auszugehen, dass Korrelationen unter den Variablen vorliegen. Aus diesem Grund wurden zunächst statistisch redundante Informationen der ursprünglich vorliegenden Variablen reduziert, sodass als Ergebnis neue voneinander unabhängige Faktoren klassifiziert werden konnten. Die hierfür verwendete Hauptkomponentenanalyse (Principal Component Analysis - PCA) führte zu sechs statistisch signifikanten Komplexitätsfaktoren, die anhand der höchsten Korrelation zur zugeordneten Komponente interpretiert wurden. Um die Verbindung zwischen der ATC Komplexität und der subjektiv empfundenen Arbeitsbelastung herzustellen, wurde eine multiple Regressionsanalyse zwischen den Komplexitätsfaktoren und den abgeleiteten Arbeitsbelastungszuständen durchgeführt. Zusätzlich lagen für die Analyse der Arbeitsbelastung auch Daten über die Arbeitsaufgaben des Lotsen vor (bspw. Dateneinträge des Lotsen, Gesamtlänge der Funkanweisungen, durchschnittliche Länge der Funkanweisungen), um zu untersuchen, inwieweit sich aus den aktuell durchgeführten Arbeitsaufgaben bei gegebener Verkehrsnachfrage eine verlässliche Vorhersage über die Arbeitsbelastung ableiten lässt. Die Analyse zur Vorhersage der Arbeitsbelastung konnte zeigen, dass sowohl die ATC Komplexität als auch die aktuellen Arbeitsaufgaben einen individuellen und signifikanten Einfluss haben. Weiterhin wurde unterstellt, dass die spezifischen Komplexitätsfaktoren einen unterschiedlichen Effekt auf die Arbeitsbelastung ausüben. Die Überprüfung dieser Annahme war ebenfalls Bestandteil der umfangreichen statistischen Untersuchungen. Tatsächlich könnte ein fundamentales Verständnis der Komplexitätsgrade den Vergleich einzelner Luftraumsektoren unter verschiedenen operativen Randbedingungen, als auch den Vergleich unterschiedlicher Luftraumsektoren mit vergleichbaren operativen Randbedingungen wesentlich erleichtern. Zuerst wurden die Veränderungen der Arbeitsbelastung und -die Tätigkeiten der Lotsen unter Verwendung einer Varianzanalyse untersucht. Um eine valide Zuordnung zu den Komplexitätsfaktoren sicherzustellen, war es ebenfalls notwendig, die Veränderungen dieser Faktoren und Tätigkeiten unter wechselnden Randbedingungen zu analysieren. Die Analysen zeigen hierbei unterschiedliche Resultate bezüglich der jeweiligen Komplexitätsfaktoren. So beeinflussen die verschiedenen Komplexitätsfaktoren die Handlungsabläufe der Lotsen und die wahrgenommene Arbeitsbelastung, jedoch in Abhängigkeit von den ausgewählten Sektoren und den betrieblichen Randbedingungen. Unter Berücksichtigung dieser erarbeiteten Abhängigkeiten der Arbeitsbelastung des Lotsen können nun die Auswirkungen von Veränderungen im Luftraum zuverlässig bestimmt werden. Gerade in Bezug auf Veränderungen der gegenwärtigen Luftraumstruktur oder die Einführung neuer Prozeduren oder Arbeitsabläufe können die entwickelten Komplexitätsfaktoren bereits frühzeitig Aufschluss darüber geben, welche Konsequenzen solche Veränderungen auf die Arbeitsbelastung der Lotsen nach sich ziehen können und Entscheidungsprozesse unterstützen. Weiterhin sind die entwickelten Komplexitätsfaktoren als Grundlage für die Validierung neuer Konzepte und Technologien, gegebenenfalls unter Verwendung von entwickelten Simulationsszenarien, nutzbar. Darüber hinaus können die Komplexitätsfaktoren für die Gegenüberstellung von verschiedenen Luftraumsektoren genutzt werden und zur Abwägung bzw. Optimierung von Entwürfen eines Luftraumdesigns dienen

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Mahoney, Jane S. "The Effects of Air Traffic Controllers' Cognitive Style, Learning Strategies and Performance within a Multimedia Training Environment". NSUWorks, 1999. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/694.

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The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship of air traffic controllers' cognitive styles, learning strategies, and performance within a multimedia learning environment. The treatment software employed a revised human computer interface (RCI) that had recently been introduced to Air Traffic Control management training. This HCI offered users expanded options for controlling course sequence and content. Subjects for this study included 30 Air Traffic Control Specialist (ATCS) supervisors stationed at Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regional Air Route Control Centers in Jacksonville and Miami, Florida. Subjects completed a pre-test, a treatment module on labor relations, and tests for immediate recall and retention. Tracking code recorded subjects' navigation. Specifically, this research examined the relationship between subjects' cognitive styles (i.e. field dependence), levels of deviation from provided course sequence and content, and performance on immediate recall and retention measures. The ATCS cognitive screen protocol produces a homogeneous population of controllers exhibiting a unique suite of cognitive skills. These skills are deemed essential to the traffic control function. Subjects from the research sample fell within the field independent range of cognitive style (mean 13 .83, SD 3.65). Pearson Product-Moment correlation indicated a significant, moderately low relationship between cognitive style and immediate recall measure (r =. 37, CL =. 05) and a significant, moderately low correlation between cognitive style and retention (r =. 38, CL =. 05).

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Lind-Hård, Viktor. "What meets the eye : Naturalistic observations of air traffic controllers eye-movements during arrivals using eye-tracking". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-159934.

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How do air traffic controllers, or ATCos, distribute visual attention and can it vary between controllers? In this study, using primarily eye-tracking data and a couple of on-site interviews, these questions are explored. Two ATCos, with the most similar landings, had their eye-movements recorded with Tobii pro glasses 2 and further analysed by categorizing every fixation into different areas of interest during four landings. Two more ATCos were interviewed briefly during an observational visit to the control tower. The results showed that the ATCos distributed their attention fairly equally between the outside of the control tower and the inside. When attending to something outside the runway was the focus and when attention was inside the control tower the radar was usually the focus. The ATCos differed in their attention distribution by the presumably more experienced ATCo distributing their attention more outside the control tower than the presumably less experienced ATCo. A large number of fixations were not categorized bringing the method of dividing the ATCos eye-tracking view into areas of interest into question.

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Bonifácio, Elida Maria Rodrigues. "Criteria for evaluation of textbooks designed for english language teaching to brazilian air traffic controllers: a checklist proposal". Universidade de Taubaté, 2015. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=792.

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Considering the need to improve the level of proficiency of air traffic controllers (ATCO) in the English language, in order to avoid incidents and accidents due to lack of proficiency, many language courses started offering English classes to those professionals. According to ICAO (2010), all ATCO must be approved in a specific proficiency exam, so that they can control international traffic. Nevertheless, the number of published textbooks in aviation English field is still low; therefore, choosing the most appropriate textbook becomes difficult due to the few options. The general objective of this paper is to contribute with researches in the field of textbook evaluation and Englisht learning and teaching. The specific objectives are: to set criteria in order to create a checklist to evaluate textbooks used in English language courses to air traffic controllers, based on criteria already found in the literature about textbook evaluation, adapting those criteria to what ICAO requirements and to the Proficiency Exam tasks; and to evaluate the book Aviation English using the checklist. The checklist criteria were created in the light of the Document 9835 (ICAO 2010), as well as in the light of the theories of language, Widdowson (1978), and others; the theory of English as a lingua franca of aviation, Oliveira E. (2007), Hülmbauer et al (2008), and others; the principles of language teaching and learning, Larsen-Freeman (2000), Brown (2007), and others; the tenets of English for Specific Purposes, Hutchinson and Waters (1987), Dudley-Evans and St. John (1998), and others; and the conception of materials development, Cunninsworth (1995), Tomlinson (1998; 2003), Mc Grath (2002), Dias (2007), and others. The checklist has as main categories the theoretical principles (language role and language teaching and learning), graphical features, lexical, grammatical and functional competences described in the Document 9835, support materials and English proficiency test preparation and it was subdivided into 117 items. The material evaluated by the means of the checklist fulfilled 71,8% of the checklist items in a positive way; on the other hand, 20,5% of the items were not identified in the material, and 7,7% of the items were partially identified in the textbook. Using the checklist to evaluate materials will enable professionals engaged in English teaching to air traffic controllers to choose the most appropriate textbook according to their audience, as well as to identify gaps in the book, in order to adapt the material, since there is no such thing as perfect material.
Considerando a necessidade de aumentar o nível de proficiência em língua inglesa de controladores de tráfego aéreo (ATCO), a fim de prevenir incidentes e acidentes, cujas causas também estejam relacionadas à falta de proficiência na língua, vários cursos de idiomas começaram a oferecer aulas de inglês para esses profissionais. Segundo OACI (2010), os ATCO devem ser aprovados em exame de proficiência específico, para operarem em órgãos que controlam o tráfego aéreo internacional. No entanto, o número de livros didáticos (LD) de inglês aeronáutico continua modesto e, com isso, a escolha do mais adequado torna-se difícil, devido às poucas opções. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é contribuir com pesquisas na área de avaliação de material didático e de ensino-aprendizagem de inglês. Os objetivos específicos são: estabelecer critérios para a elaboração de uma checklist para avaliação de livro didático utilizado na formação de língua inglesa de ATCO, a partir de critérios existentes na literatura sobre avaliação de LD, adequando-os aos requisitos estabelecidos pela OACI (Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional) e às atividades aplicadas no Exame de Proficiência a que são submetidos os controladores de tráfego aéreo no Brasil; e aplicar a checklist elaborada na avaliação do livro didático Aviation English. A Checklist ATCO será elaborada à luz do Documento 9835, de OACI (2010); das teorias de linguagem Widdowson (1978) e outros; da língua inglesa como língua franca da aviação, de Oliveira E. (2007), Hülmbauer et al (2008) e outros; dos princípios de ensino-aprendizagem de línguas, de Larsen-Freeman (2000), Brown (2007) e outros; do ensino de inglês para propósito específico, de Hutchinson e Waters (1987), Dudley-Evans e St. John (1998) e outros; e de avaliação de livro didático, de Cunningsworth (1995), Tomlinson (1998; 2003), Mc Grath (2002), Dias (2007) e outros. A checklist tem como principais indicadores os princípios norteadores (linguagem e princípios de ensino-aprendizagem), os aspectos gráficos, as competências lexicais, gramaticais e funcionais descritas no Documento 9835, os materiais de apoio e a familiarização com as atividades aplicadas no exame de proficiência aplicado no Brasil, totalizando 117 itens. A partir da aplicação da Checklist ATCO na avaliação do material, foi possível verificar que 71,8% dos itens estão presentes no livro avaliado; 20,5% não estão presentes no material; e 7,7% estão parcialmente presentes. A avaliação de LD utilizando a checklist proposta facilita a identificação de lacunas e fornece informações ao professor que avalia, a fim de que ele planeje as adaptações de atividades, já que o material perfeito será difícil de encontrar.

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Battiste, Henri. "A Comparison of Graphics-Based versus Text-Based Online Probe Methods for Predicting Performance of Air Traffic Controllers". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10752482.

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The present study compared the validity of a new graphic probe presentation technique for the Situation Awareness Present Method (SPAM) with the established traditional text-based probe presentation method. Three primary research questions were to be answered: 1) Which method of assessing situation awareness will best predict air traffic controller (ATCo) performance? 2) Will the method of probe administration, graphics-based vs. text-based, affect the time to respond to the question?, and 3) Will the method of administration, graphics-based vs. text-based, affect the accuracy of probe responses? Participants performed a simulated air traffic control task using a Multi Aircraft Control System (MACS), which is a simulated mid-fidelity ATCo environment. SPAM probe questions were presented on an adjacent computer. Two manipulations were used during the course of this study: 1) the amount of aircraft in the sector at a given time (traffic density), and 2) the probe presentation technique (Graphic vs. Text-based), with the traditional SPAM dependent variables of probe accuracy, subjective workload, workload latency, and probe question latency. First, the findings of the present study show the shorter response time of text-based probes. Second, the findings of the present study show text-based probes to generate more accurate participant responses. Lastly, the findings of the present study suggest both text-based and graphic probes predict aspects of ATCo performance. However, only specific text-based probe questions predict Losses of Separation, the primary measurement of ATCo safety. While significant findings were discovered during the course of the present experiment, further research is needed to determine the validity and reliability of the present findings.

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Pierson, Emma. "TRAINING OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS IN WEATHER-RELATED DECISION-MAKING USING SCENARIO-BASED METHODS AND PROBABILISTIC HAZARD INFORMATION". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1561153166794587.

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Signal, T. Leigh. "Scheduled napping on the night shift : consequences for the performance and neurophysiological alertness of air traffic controllers : a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Otago, Dunedin New Zealand". Massey University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/233.

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Rapid technological change and increasing traffic volumes worldwide are adding to the safety challenges for air traffic control. The night shift has traditionally been a period of low workload and work practices have evolved to reflect this. Thus, despite the exemplary safety record, there is a need to consider further systemic defences for maintaining performance and safety on the night shift. One possible strategy is the provision of a scheduled nap at work. In order to investigate the consequences of a scheduled nap on the night shift, 28 operational air traffic controllers were monitored across four roster cycles. Each roster cycle included one of two night shifts. Air traffic controllers were given a nap opportunity on one night shift of each type, and did not nap on the other. Information on the timing, quantity, and quality of sleep during the work week and days off was collected using actigraphy, and supported with logbook data. Sleep during the nap was measured using polysomnography, and the EEG and EOG were further utilised to determine neurophysiological alertness over the latter part of the night shift. Reaction time performance was measured three times across the night shift (beginning, middle, and end) with the psychomotor vigilance test.Actigraphy data indicated that the backward, rapidly-rotating work schedule of air traffic controllers resulted in a progressive loss of sleep across the work week. The reduction in sleep lead to an increasing cumulative sleep debt that was at a maximum prior to the night shift. This sleep debt was not related to reaction time performance at the end of the night shift, but was found to influence neurophysiological alertness.It was determined that the large majority of air traffic controllers were able to sleep during the scheduled 40 minute nap opportunity. However, the latency to sleep onset was long, the sleep short, and of relatively poor quality. Circadian and homeostatic factors increased the likelihood of entry into, and waking from, slow wave sleep (SWS). They were also found to influence reaction time performance and neurophysiological alertness. More variable performance and lowered alertness were seen at the end of the later starting (and finishing) night shift, possibly due to the combined influence of circadian and time-on-task factors. Homeostatic variables had less influence on performance at the end of the night shift, but greater acute sleep loss and higher cumulative sleep debts were related to increased neurophysiological sleepiness.performance and greater neurophysiological alertness in a dose-dependent manner, with even small amounts of stage 1 sleep effecting a performance improvement. Performance improvement was consistent across a range of reaction time measures and consistent improvements were also evident in the neurophysiological data, with the occurrence of SEMs declining, and lower spectral power evident in all frequency bands and single frequencies.These findings clearly demonstrate that a minimal quantity of sleep benefits the performance and alertness of air traffic controllers despite the "noise" of a field setting, thus providing a link between laboratory studies of napping and the actual work environment. The findings also fully support management endorsing a 40 minute napping opportunity for air traffic controllers working the night shift.The short nap sleep had no measurable effect on sleep subsequent to the night shift. However, the amount of sleep obtained in the nap was related to improved reaction time.

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Nylin, Magnus. "When Colours Matter : A Case Study of Perceived Usability and Perceived Easiness of Adaptation among Air Traffic Controllers Being Presented to a New Colour Scheme in their ATM System". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-139154.

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Colours play an important role in our everyday life. Yet, it is something that we might not pay too much attention to, it is just there, even if we may have our favourite colours and likewise. However, sometimes the colours have a very specific meaning and is a medium of communication. One example of this is air traffic control systems as the one used in Sweden, Denmark, Austria, Ireland, and Croatia. However, despite using the same system, all but Denmark and Sweden use different colour schemes in the human computer interface of the radar screens. A decision was taken within the common organisation, COOPANS, to change this and harmonize the colour scheme, but how will that be received by the users, the air traffic controllers? This thesis aimed at investigating how usable the controllers in the different countries, except Croatia, found the new colour scheme and how easy they thought it would be to adapt to. The question was how this was affected by the fact they are using different colour schemes today? Data was collected with questionnaires during simulations in high fidelity simulator platforms at the air traffic control centres in Malmö, Copenhagen, Vienna, and Shannon. It was found that there were some differences between the sites which could not be explained by the controlled for factors, age, gender, and experience. Among the differences found, one was that the perceived usability differed between controllers in Malmö and Copenhagen respectively. Hence, since they are using the same colours today, the differences seem to be a result of expectations and opinions about the current colour schemes rather than exactly which colour scheme that are currently used. There was also a trend that the opinions from the first impression seemed to be reinforced within the group during the simulation. The major differences however were found to be on individual level.

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Oliveira, Eduardo Silverio de. "Da torre de babel à torre de controle: desmistificando a linguagem dos céus. Um estudo descritivo da língua franca utilizada na comunicação piloto-controlador". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-05102007-111948/.

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A língua franca utilizada na comunicação piloto-controlador ainda é pouco conhecida no meio acadêmico. Poucos estudos têm sido dedicados ao seu contexto de uso e ao mapeamento de suas características lingüísticas principais. Esta pesquisa acadêmica apresenta um estudo mais acurado da atividade de controlador de tráfego aéreo, no que se refere ao uso dessa linguagem de especialidade, além de desenvolver um estudo descritivo da língua franca utilizada na comunicação piloto-controlador para a identificação de suas características lingüísticas principais, com o recorte para a produção de material didático. Por meio da utilização do método do Professor André Camlong, a ferramenta computacional denominada STABLEX, fazemos uma análise descritiva, objetiva e indutiva de um corpus lingüístico, constituído dessa linguagem de especialidade. O que se pretende é oferecer subsídios aos professores de língua estrangeira para a produção do seu próprio material didático para o ensino dessa linguagem. É fato que, em determinados contextos de ensino, a necessidade de aprendizagem dos alunos é tão específica, que os materiais prontos para consumo, disponibilizados nas prateleiras das livrarias ou pelas editoras, não são suficientes, cabendo ao professor a tarefa de elaborá-los. No entanto, essa tarefa não tem se mostrado amistosa, já que o professor não dispõe de \"guias de orientação\", cientificamente justificáveis, para fazê-la. Assim sendo, o processo de elaboração torna-se intuitivo e empírico e, na grande maioria das vezes, restringese à adoção de fórmulas já consagradas de apresentação dos conteúdos. Acreditamos ser fundamental o correto entendimento das reais necessidades lingüísticas de um determinado público-alvo, para que haja mais condições de se estabelecerem processos mais ricos e eficientes de ensino e aprendizagem de qualquer língua estrangeira.
The lingua franca used in the communication between pilots and controllers is still not well known in the academic community. Few studies about its use and mapping of its main linguistic characteristics have been made. This theoretical research introduces an accurate study on the language used in the activity of air traffic controllers and develops a descriptive study of the lingua franca used in the communication between pilots and controllers, in order to identify its main linguistic characteristics towards material production. By using the method developed by Professor André Camlong and the computational tool STABLEX, an objective descriptive and inductive analysis of a linguistic corpus constituted by the language used in the ATC specialty has been conducted. The aim of this work is to provide language teachers with subsides for ATC material production hence helping teachers to elaborate materials that meet the very specific needs of their students based on the real needs of the stakeholders so as they can establish a more fruitful and efficient language teaching and learning process.

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Garrad, Mark, i n/a. "Computer Aided Text Analysis in Personnel Selection". Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040408.093133.

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This program of research was aimed at investigating a novel application of computer aided text analysis (CATA). To date, CATA has been used in a wide variety of disciplines, including Psychology, but never in the area of personnel selection. Traditional personnel selection techniques have met with limited success in the prediction of costly training failures for some occupational groups such as pilot and air traffic controller. Accordingly, the overall purpose of this thesis was to assess the validity of linguistic style to select personnel. Several studies were used to examine the structure of language in a personnel selection setting; the relationship between linguistic style and the individual differences dimensions of ability, personality and vocational interests; the validity of linguistic style as a personnel selection tool and the differences in linguistic style across occupational groups. The participants for the studies contained in this thesis consisted of a group of 810 Royal Australian Air Force Pilot, Air Traffic Control and Air Defence Officer trainees. The results partially supported two of the eight hypotheses; the other six hypotheses were supported. The structure of the linguistic style measure was found to be different in this study compared with the structure found in previous research. Linguistic style was found to be unrelated to ability or vocational interests, although some overlap was found between linguistic style and the measure of personality. In terms of personnel selection validity, linguistic style was found to relate to the outcome of training for the occupations of Pilot, Air Traffic Control and Air Defence Officer. Linguistic style also demonstrated incremental validity beyond traditional ability and selection interview measures. The findings are discussed in light of the Five Factor Theory of Personality, and motivational theory and a modified spreading activation network model of semantic memory and knowledge. A general conclusion is drawn that the analysis of linguistic style is a promising new tool in the area of personnel selection.

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Garrad, Mark. "Computer Aided Text Analysis in Personnel Selection". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367424.

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This program of research was aimed at investigating a novel application of computer aided text analysis (CATA). To date, CATA has been used in a wide variety of disciplines, including Psychology, but never in the area of personnel selection. Traditional personnel selection techniques have met with limited success in the prediction of costly training failures for some occupational groups such as pilot and air traffic controller. Accordingly, the overall purpose of this thesis was to assess the validity of linguistic style to select personnel. Several studies were used to examine the structure of language in a personnel selection setting; the relationship between linguistic style and the individual differences dimensions of ability, personality and vocational interests; the validity of linguistic style as a personnel selection tool and the differences in linguistic style across occupational groups. The participants for the studies contained in this thesis consisted of a group of 810 Royal Australian Air Force Pilot, Air Traffic Control and Air Defence Officer trainees. The results partially supported two of the eight hypotheses; the other six hypotheses were supported. The structure of the linguistic style measure was found to be different in this study compared with the structure found in previous research. Linguistic style was found to be unrelated to ability or vocational interests, although some overlap was found between linguistic style and the measure of personality. In terms of personnel selection validity, linguistic style was found to relate to the outcome of training for the occupations of Pilot, Air Traffic Control and Air Defence Officer. Linguistic style also demonstrated incremental validity beyond traditional ability and selection interview measures. The findings are discussed in light of the Five Factor Theory of Personality, and motivational theory and a modified spreading activation network model of semantic memory and knowledge. A general conclusion is drawn that the analysis of linguistic style is a promising new tool in the area of personnel selection.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology (Health)
Full Text

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Verniano, Katia Esper Izar. "Efeito de áudio em 3D na compreensibilidade de uma entre duas mensagens simultâneas em língua estrangeira: aplicação em grupos de controladores de tráfego aéreo experientes e novatos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47135/tde-04122009-110454/.

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Esse estudo teve o objetivo de verificar se a apresentação DICÓTICA (ou espacializada, sistema de áudio em 3D) de duas frases simultâneas facilitaria a compreensão da frase alvo em relação à apresentação diótica (não espacializada). Participaram dessa pesquisa controladores de tráfego aéreo (CsVoo), divididos em dois grupos de acordo com sua experiência profissional (novatos e experientes). Todos os participantes tinham o Português Brasileiro como língua-mãe, mas as duas frases apresentadas a eles pelo protocolo experimental (uma alvo, outra mascaradora) eram em inglês. A espacialização das mensagens beneficiou o reconhecimento da mensagem alvo pelos voluntários. Não houve diferenças significativas entre voluntários com diferentes níveis de conhecimento em inglês, experiência profissional ou sexo.
This study aimed to verify whether the dichotic or spatialized (3D audio system) presentation of two simultaneous sentences in English facilitate the identification of a target information comparing to dihotic (nonspatialized) presentation. The subjects in this study were air traffic controllers having as L1 (mother tongue) Brazilian Portuguese, and were divided into two groups (novice and experienced), according to their period of experience on the job. The spatialization of messages improved recognition of the target message by the volunteers. There were no significant differences between volunteers with different levels of knowledge in English, professional experience or gender.

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Newman, Mark. "Expertise and the air traffic controller". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400448.

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Thompson, D. J. "Behavioural markers of air traffic controller development". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1421081/.

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A key challenge when introducing new systems and technologies into Air Traffic control (ATC) is to understand levels of emerging controller proficiency ahead of scheduled implementation. Behavioural markers have been used in several complex industries to assess levels of non-technical skill; however these measures invariably focus upon the desired behaviours attained by the end of training. This research has explored how an Air Traffic Controller’s (ATCO’s) overt non-technical behaviour changes in presence and prevalence as they progress their expertise during training. Through document review, expert engagement, and most extensively direct observation of ATCOs during and after training, a number of non-technical behaviours indicative of varying proficiency have been identified. These markers were placed within a simple three-level learning and development framework. Five categories emerged across the behaviours identified; i) input and interaction with the Human Machine Interface (HMI), ii) interaction with others, iii) physical posture and body Language, iv) attitude and mood; v) communications and verbal commentary. An observation sheet containing the markers was iteratively developed, tested, and refined in various ATC environments. Both expert ATCOs undergoing system transition training, and ab-initio trainee controllers undertaking aerodrome training were followed through longitudinal study. A capped frequency count was used to record the precise presence of individual markers. Several dual-observations were also undertaken to determine inter-rater reliability and construct validity. In total, the performance of the individual markers has been evaluated across 129 real-world observations. 30 markers demonstrate reliable correlations for changing prevalence against total system exposure time and provide an original means of tracking and monitoring subtle changes in the behaviour of ATCOs, as their levels of proficiency in the task matures with new ATC systems.

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Reynolds, Hayley J. Davison (Hayley Jaye Davison). "Modeling the air traffic controller's cognitive projection process". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35589.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-123).
Cognitive projection enables the operator of a supervisory control system, such as air traffic control, to use predicted future behavior of the system to make decisions about if and how to control the system. New procedures and technologies being implemented in the air traffic control system innately affect the information used for projection and the type of projection required from the controller. Because cognitive projection is not well-understood, launching these projection-impacting technologies and procedures could result in the reluctance of the air traffic controllers to accept these advancements or limit the system performance. A Projection Process Model and a Projection Error Concept were proposed to describe the controller's projection process and the contextual system influences on the projection process. The two primary influences on the projection process were information/display system and task-based projection requirements. A mismatch between the information/display system states and the task-based projection requirements was described through a cognitive transform concept. The projection process itself is composed of the state mental model and the time into the future over which the projection is made.
(cont.) Hypotheses based on the assumptions of the Projection Process Model and Projection Error Concept were probed through an experiment using an ATC task paradigm. Results were consistent with the proposed models. They suggested that the controllers were able to incorporate higher-level dynamics into the state mental models used for projection and that the quality of the state mental model used was marginally influenced by the error tolerance required in the task. The application of the Projection Process Model and Projection Error Concept was then illustrated through the analysis of the impact on projection from two ATC domain examples of technology and procedure implementation. The Constant Descent Approach Procedure in the TRACON impacted the intent, projection timespan, and abstractions used in the mental model of the controllers. The Oceanic ATC surveillance, communication and workstation improvements resulted in an impact on the states to be projected, intent, projection timespan, and human/automation projection responsibility. Suggestions for improved transition for the projection process were then provided based on the analysis.
by Hayley J. Davison Reynolds.
Ph.D.

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Mirchi, Tannaz. "Air traffic controller trust in automation in NextGen". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1597782.

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NextGen introduces new automated tools to help air traffic controllers (ATCos) manage the projected increase in air traffic over the next decades. The purpose of the current study was to assess the role of trust in automation for NextGen tools. Differences in sensitivity between three subjective trust in automation scales and the relationship of these trust metrics to ATCo trust behaviors were considered. Trust behaviors were measured using a behavioral measure of trust, the number of near-miss aircraft moved. Additionally, the relationship between trust levels and situation awareness was also investigated. Results indicated that the Modified Human-Automation Trust Scale (M-HAT) may be the most sensitive to changes in trust over the course of the internship, although there was no differences in trust behavior between low or high-trusting individuals. Trust questionnaires pertaining to an overall automated system (M-HAT) may able to detect changes in trust over time compared to a more specific trust scale. The results also suggest it may be more valuable to specifically train controllers to trust automation than provide general training.

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Rassokha, Ihor. "Decision-making process during simulator training of air traffic controller". Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/41881.

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Робота публікується згідно наказу ректора від 21.01.2020 р. №008/од "Про перевірку кваліфікаційних робіт на академічний плагіат 2019-2020р.р. навчальному році" . Керівник проекту: доцент, Луппо Олександр Євгенович
It is very important to provide safe, ordinary and expedite air traffic. The amount of people, who use air transport, is growing from day to day. That is why, it is very necessary to handle with capacity that is arisen. Today it’s very important to increase capacity and decrease workload of Air Traffic Controllers. The main indicator in reaching this aim is decision making time. Decreasing it we will really reach safe, ordinary and expedite air traffic. Goal of the work – analyzing and investigation of current Air Traffic Control decision making time in Ukraine. For achieving of this goal the following tasks have been established: • to analyse and investigate present decision making process • to analyse and investigate current decision making time among ATC-students; • to evaluate all received results. Generally, decreasing of ATC decision making time at Ukraine would bring a lot of advantages and benefits for our country.

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Vela, Adan Ernesto. "Understanding conflict-resolution taskload: implementing advisory conflict-detection and resolution algorithms in an airspace". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42920.

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From 2010 to 2030, the number of instrument flight rules aircraft operations handled by Federal Aviation Administration en route traffic centers is predicted to increase from approximately 39 million flights to 64 million flights. The projected growth in air transportation demand is likely to result in traffic levels that exceed the abilities of the unaided air traffic controller in managing, separating, and providing services to aircraft. Consequently, the Federal Aviation Administration, and other air navigation service providers around the world, are making several efforts to improve the capacity and throughput of existing airspaces. Ultimately, the stated goal of the Federal Aviation Administration is to triple the available capacity of the National Airspace System by 2025. In an effort to satisfy air traffic demand through the increase of airspace capacity, air navigation service providers are considering the inclusion of advisory conflict-detection and resolution systems. In a human-in-the-loop framework, advisory conflict-detection and resolution decision-support tools identify potential conflicts and propose resolution commands for the air traffic controller to verify and issue to aircraft. A number of researchers and air navigation service providers hypothesize that the inclusion of combined conflict-detection and resolution tools into air traffic control systems will reduce or transform controller workload and enable the required increases in airspace capacity. In an effort to understand the potential workload implications of introducing advisory conflict-detection and resolution tools, this thesis provides a detailed study of the conflict event process and the implementation of conflict-detection and resolution algorithms. Specifically, the research presented here examines a metric of controller taskload: how many resolution commands an air traffic controller issues under the guidance of a conflict-detection and resolution decision-support tool. The goal of the research is to understand how the formulation, capabilities, and implementation of conflict-detection and resolution tools affect the controller taskload (system demands) associated with the conflict-resolution process, and implicitly the controller workload (physical and psychological demands). Furthermore this thesis seeks to establish best practices for the design of future conflict-detection and resolution systems. To generalize conclusions on the conflict-resolution taskload and best design practices of conflict-detection and resolution systems, this thesis focuses on abstracting and parameterizing the behaviors and capabilities of the advisory tools. Ideally, this abstraction of advisory decision-support tools serves as an alternative to exhaustively designing tools, implementing them in high-fidelity simulations, and analyzing their conflict-resolution taskload. Such an approach of simulating specific conflict-detection and resolution systems limits the type of conclusions that can be drawn concerning the design of more generic algorithms. In the process of understanding conflict-detection and resolution systems, evidence in the thesis reveals that the most effective approach to reducing conflict-resolution taskload is to improve conflict-detection systems. Furthermore, studies in the this thesis indicate that there is significant flexibility in the design of conflict-resolution algorithms.

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Mogford, Richard H. (Richard Hugh) Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "The characteristics and importance of the air traffic controller's mental model". Ottawa, 1990.

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Brown, Glenn, i n/a. "Remote Intelligent Air Traffic Control Systems for Non-Controlled Airports". Griffith University. School of Engineering, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040225.084516.

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Non-controlled airports are literally that - uncontrolled. Safe separation is achieved by pilot vigilance. The consensus of reports on incidences at noncontrolled airports generally conclude that pilots cannot rely entirely on vision to avoid collision and attempts should be made to obtain all available traffic information to enable a directed traffic search. Ideally, a system is required which has the ability to provide advice to all parties to ensure separation minima is maintained. Provision of a such a system would remove a measure of pressure from the pilot to allow that person to devote their attention to their prime responsibility of flying the aircraft. To this end, research on use of intelligent remote advisory systems for non-controlled airports was undertaken with emphasis on those systems which could minimize human resources and associated recurring costs, to provide a measure of repeatability and to provide an acceptable level of safety. A rule based system was developed and evaluated. The evaluation showed that use of a rule based system as the basis of an intelligent remote air traffic control system for non-controlled airports is a viable proposition. In test scenarios, collision hazards were identified and evasion tactics generated. For a full operational system, the application of the rules and definition of the aircraft circuit area may need refining; however, the results are certainly encouraging.

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32

Brown, Glenn. "Remote Intelligent Air Traffic Control Systems for Non-Controlled Airports". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367276.

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Non-controlled airports are literally that - uncontrolled. Safe separation is achieved by pilot vigilance. The consensus of reports on incidences at noncontrolled airports generally conclude that pilots cannot rely entirely on vision to avoid collision and attempts should be made to obtain all available traffic information to enable a directed traffic search. Ideally, a system is required which has the ability to provide advice to all parties to ensure separation minima is maintained. Provision of a such a system would remove a measure of pressure from the pilot to allow that person to devote their attention to their prime responsibility of flying the aircraft To this end, research on use of intelligent remote advisory systems for non-controlled airports was undertaken with emphasis on those systems which could minimize human resources and associated recurring costs, to provide a measure of repeatability and to provide an acceptable level of safety. A rule based system was developed and evaluated. The evaluation showed that use of a rule based system as the basis of an intelligent remote air traffic control system for non-controlled airports is a viable proposition. In test scenarios, collision hazards were identified and evasion tactics generated. For a full operational system, the application of the rules and definition of the aircraft circuit area may need refining; however, the results are certainly encouraging.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology
Full Text

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33

Morales, Gregory A. "Effects of communication and control latency on air traffic controller acceptance of unmanned aircraft operations". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1585957.

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Integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System will require UAS to meet the standards expected of conventional manned aircraft, including interactions with air traffic controllers (ATCo). To study the effect UAS delays have on ATCo acceptance of UAS operations eight ATCos managed traffic scenarios with conventional manned aircraft and one UAS. To mimic the potential latencies of UAS operations 1.5 or 5 second delays were added to the UAS pilot's verbal and execution initiation responses. Delays were either constant or variable within each scenario. While ATCos were tolerant of UAS delays, the duration and consistency of verbal and execution delays did affect communications and ATCos' experiences managing traffic. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.

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Fox, Karen D. "Prediction of Air Traffic Controller Trainee Selection and Training Success Using Cognitive Ability and Biodata". Thesis, Walden University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3614818.

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The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has experienced decreased return on investment caused by hiring too many air traffic controller specialists (ATCSs) who performed poorly in field training, thus failing to become certified professional controllers (CPCs). Based on Schmidt and Hunter's theory of job performance and biodata theory, this quantitative, archival study examined whether factors of cognitive ability and biodata could predict job performance status of 2 generations of ATCSs, poststrike (PS) and next generation (NG) controllers. For each generation of controllers, binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine if any of the independent variables—transmuted composite (TMC) score for PS controllers, Air Traffic and Selection and Training (AT-SAT) test score for NG controllers, average of high school arithmetic/math letter grade, overall high school average letter grade, self-estimation of time to become fully effective in the ATCS role, self-estimation of percentile ranking in the FAA program relative to the class, size of neighborhood raised, or socioeconomic status—are significant predictors of job performance status for controllers as measured by whether they pass the field OJT (i.e., certified or still in training, or failed certification or left training). The regression results for the PS and NG controllers were found to be statistically significant (χ² (23) = 68.377, p < .001) and (χ² (17) = 99.496, p < .001), respectively. Findings that overall high school grade point average and socioeconomic status significantly predicted ATCS job performance for both PS and NG controllers could influence the FAA's use of revised biodata to better predict ATCS job performance. Further research should include studies of socioeconomic status, gender, and race to address new evidence that the AT-SAT has adverse impact.

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35

Arnsdorff, G. Blake. "The effect of part-task and whole-task training on air traffic controller communication complexity". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10096076.

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Due to high implementation costs of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) in the near-term, Air Traffic Controllers (ATCos) will have to manage mixed equipped airspace. Previous studies have evaluated different methods for training ATCos to use current-day tools and NextGen tools. More specifically, recent studies investigated how ATCo performance, workload, and situation awareness were affected by part-task and whole-task training. The current study builds on this research by examining ATCos' communication complexity as a function of these training types. Communication complexity is related to the number of commands ATCos incorporate in a single transmission, and it has been cited as a major contributor to incidents in aviation. The main finding of this investigation indicated that the largest differences in communication complexity between training groups occurred during the 100% NextGen equipped scenarios, with the whole-task group transmitting more complex communications than the part-task group.

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Fox, Karen D. "Prediction of Air Traffic Controller Trainee Selection and Training Success Using Cognitive Ability and Biodata". ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1120.

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The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has experienced decreased return on investment caused by hiring too many air traffic controller specialists (ATCSs) who performed poorly in field training, thus failing to become certified professional controllers (CPCs). Based on Schmidt and Hunter's theory of job performance and biodata theory, this quantitative, archival study examined whether factors of cognitive ability and biodata could predict job performance status of 2 generations of ATCSs, poststrike (PS) and next generation (NG) controllers. For each generation of controllers, binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine if any of the independent variables---transmuted composite (TMC) score for PS controllers, Air Traffic and Selection and Training (AT-SAT) test score for NG controllers, average of high school arithmetic/math letter grade, overall high school average letter grade, self-estimation of time to become fully effective in the ATCS role, self-estimation of percentile ranking in the FAA program relative to the class, size of neighborhood raised, or socioeconomic status---are significant predictors of job performance status for controllers as measured by whether they pass the field OJT (i.e., certified or still in training, or failed certification or left training). The regression results for the PS and NG controllers were found to be statistically significant (chi2 (23) = 68.377, p < .001) and (chi 2 (17) = 99.496, p < .001), respectively. Findings that overall high school grade point average and socioeconomic status significantly predicted ATCS job performance for both PS and NG controllers could influence the FAA's use of revised biodata to better predict ATCS job performance. Further research should include studies of socioeconomic status, gender, and race to address new evidence that the AT-SAT has adverse impact.

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37

De, Freitas Martinez Andres, i Nurdin Mohamed. "Managing Validation in a Safety Critical System Regarding Automation of Air Traffic Control". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246073.

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The aviation industry is under increasing pressure to reduce cost and manage the increased number of passengers. One area under pressure is the Air Traffic Control. The Air Traffic Control will in a foreseeable future manage the introduction of drones also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by integrating them into civil airspace with manned aircraft. Drones are lacking consensus from authorities with regards to standards due to their rapid expansion. Given their size, shape and speed, they can also pose threats to manned aircrafts and there is a need to address them in an Air Traffic Management system interoperating with manned aircrafts. The purpose in this study is to identify what considerations to make when automating complex system elements with respect to safety. Safety involves all the different stakeholders in the air transportation system, which is a Safety critical System. Furthermore, the aim is also to identify areas in which European Operational Concept Validation Methodology (E-OCVM) can be complemented with. Standard E-OCVM is missing specific assessment criteria with regards to safety and how it can interact with other standards. The approach is thereby to use various standards with focus on Systems Engineering to complement E-OCVM since it is lacking with regards to how it is used to validate Air Traffic Control systems. To capture the complexity of automating elements of an industry involving many stakeholders, a qualitative analysis was conducted in this project, using a System Engineering approach with four standards A-SLP, A-RLP, A-DAS and A-SAS. A-SLP and A-RLP are two general standards while A-DAS and A-SAS are focusing on the contexts of aircrafts and software development. Empirical data was gathered by semi-structured interviews of seven experts within the relevant areas in the field. From the review of the four standards, it was found that they can for instance complement E-OCVM in how software errors can lead to a failure condition among other ways. The main identified considerations faced with an integration of drones into civil airspace, is to manage the human interaction with the introduced Air Traffic Management systems. More specifically, the human element must be involved from the training phase in the development of systems in a Safety Critical System to minimize risk. Furthermore, redundancies that are built into the system has to, not only be able to put the system into a safe state, but also be carefully analyzed in how they interact with other systems to avoid misjudgement for the Air Traffic Controllers. Lastly, to obtain specific details on how interoperability could occur using standards, the standards used in this study refer to usage of other documents and standards. Standards specifically tailored for the operational context of drones would facilitate further testing and implementation of their integration into civil airspace. Given that different standards were used to complement the EOCVM standard, a set of unified standards are required that are proportional with the type of drones, the type of operations and in the environment that they are operating in. This will be needed to fulfill the European vision of safe integration of drones and needs thereby to be carried out in a global manner, thus also share experience with other actors to advance the new technology adaptation.

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Majumdar, Arnab. "A framework for modelling the capacity of Europe's airspace using a model of air traffic controller workload". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.483524.

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Abel, Brandon R. (Brandon Ross). "The causes and consequences of divergence between the air traffic controller state awareness and actual system state". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115647.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "February 2018."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 177-195).
Divergence is an inconsistency between the human's system state awareness and the actual system state. This research investigated divergence potential in air traffic controllers and identified controller divergence causes and consequences. Based on this investigation, approaches to minimize controller divergence and its consequences were identified for current air traffic control systems and future systems where unmanned aircraft will be integrated. Prior studies identified pilot divergence as a factor in several recent aircraft accidents and could be a factor for controllers. The future addition of unmanned aircraft in national airspace is a significant change which will affect the pilot and controller relationship and presents an opportunity to consider divergence before procedures are developed. To understand how to minimize divergence and its consequences, this research developed a divergence cause and consequence framework and a cognitive process framework. The cause and consequence framework was developed using established risk analysis methods. The cognitive process framework was developed using established cognitive process and human error approaches. This research refined these frameworks and demonstrated their utility in an investigation of historical air traffic control accidents. They were then used to identify divergence vulnerabilities in a future unmanned aircraft-integrated national airspace. Air traffic control cases were analyzed between 2011 and 2015 using the framework to understand causes and consequences of controller divergence. Twenty-seven (sixty-four percent) of these cases contained controller divergence contributing to the hazardous consequence. Although divergence causes and states varied, the most common event sequence included a diverged controller inducing an aircraft-to-aircraft conflict. These cases provided insight for system mitigations to reduce divergence causes and the consequentiality should it occur. The potential emergence of controller divergence with the integration of unmanned aircraft in national airspace was then investigated. Field studies of controllers experienced managing unmanned aircraft identified important differences between manned and unmanned aircraft. The framework was then used to analyze these potential divergence vulnerabilities. Observables, specifically intent, appear more challenging to perceive yet crucial for controller projection of unmanned aircraft position due to their lack of onboard human perception, lost link, and automated operations. Hazardous consequences may be more likely due to the inability for unmanned aircraft to provide mitigations.
Material is based upon work supported under Air Force Contract FA8721-05-C-0002 and/or FA8702-15-D-0001
by Brandon R. Abel.
Ph. D.

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Wigetman, Robert. "Vers la conception du système Sieel : un tuteur intelligent pour le contrôle aérien". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30258.

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Nous decrivons dans cette these les travaux de conception et de developpement d'un tuteur intelligent pour le controle aerien. Celui-ci comprend trois modules: un simulateur de trafic aerien et son interface homme machine, un systeme expert de controle aerien, et un systeme expert pedagogue. Nos travaux sont centres sur ce dernier module qui a ete concu de facon a etre aussi independant que possible du domaine du controle aerien, et ainsi de pouvoir s'appliquer a d'autres domaines du meme type. Pour ce faire, nous avons caracterise le travail du controleur par des strategies de planification d'actions qu'il doit mettre en uvre pour resoudre des problemes a la fois complexes et dynamiques auxquels il est confronte. A partir de cette caracterisation, nous avons concu une structure, en forme de graphe, pour rendre explicite les relations entre les connaissances utilisees. Ce graphe de connaissances est la fondation sur laquelle est bati notre systeme. Apres une introduction au domaine du controle aerien, nous presentons des generalites sur les tuteurs intelligents et decrivons quelques uns de ces systemes. Puis, nous presentons l'ensemble du systeme sieel de l'ecole nationale de l'aviation civile. Vient par la suite la description de nos travaux dans le detail: tout d'abord, l'analyse de la semantique des communications entre l'eleve et les agents simules a eu pour resultat l'implantation d'une grammaire de cas. Ensuite, la structuration des connaissances enseignees a permis l'elaboration d'un modele d'eleve a couverture partielle. Enfin, notre tuteur utilise ces elements pour comparer les actions de l'eleve avec les plans hypothetiques produits par un systeme expert du domaine afin d'evaluer son niveau d'expertise et de pouvoir determiner des interventions de guidage a mettre en uvre

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MacDonald, Bruce A. (Bruce Alexander). "A generalized model for the prediction of controller intervention rates in the en route air traffic control system". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38335.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1987.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY.
Bibliography: leaves 247-250.
by Bruce A. MacDonald.
Ph.D.

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Cho, HongSeok. "Understanding the impact of potential best-equipped, best-served policies on the en-route air traffic controller performance and workload". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71460.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-81).
New capabilities of Air Traffic Control (ATC) under development in Next Generation Air Transportation system (NextGen) will increase the system capacity to accommodate the expected growth in the air traffic. One of the key enablers of the NextGen capabilities is advanced onboard equipage of the aircraft. During the transition to NextGen, aircraft with different equipage levels will coexist in the same airspace: mixed-equipage. To reduce the mixed-equipage period, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) proposed "best-equipped, best-served policy" as a governing principle for accelerating NextGen equipage, offering incentives to the early adopters of NextGen avionics. However, the policy may introduce new tasks to the air traffic controllers, increasing the cognitive workload and decreasing the controller performance. The policy may be implemented at the strategic or the tactical level. This thesis identified two representative tactical level policies that may increase the difficulty and workload of the en-route air traffic controllers: best-equipped, first-served (BEFS) policy and best-equipped, exclusively served (BEES) policy. To investigate the impact of the potential tactical best-equipped, best-served policies on en-route controller performance and workload, a human-in-the-loop simulation was developed to compare the impacts of the two identified potential policies and the current first-come, first-served policy. The two potential tactical best-equipped, best-served policies provided marginal operational incentives to the NextGen equipage aircraft; however, the policies significantly increased the controller errors and reduced the total system efficiency with considerable delays to the less equipped aircraft compared to the current policy. In addition, higher subjective workload rating with the potential policies, especially during heavy traffic loads, indicated an increase in the controller workload and a reduction of the controller capacity. The analysis suggests that caution needs to be exercised when considering implementation of best-equipped best-served policy at the tactical level. Therefore, a strategic level implantation of the best-equipped, best-served policy is recommended; however, this study did not address impact of the strategic level implementation of the policy.
by HongSeok Cho.
S.M.

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43

Lindahl, Lukas. "Representing Three-Dimensional Airspace on a Two-Dimensional screen : Visualizing altitude information on a radar screen for a decreased cognitive load". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233179.

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This study was conducted at the Swedish Defense research agency as an attempt to understand affordances and limitations in visualizing altitude information for fighter controllers. The fighter controllers are subject to large quantities of numerical information from multiple sources simultaneously. Their duties are highly stressful and require large mental workload and situational awareness. Today, a large portion of information is represented visually, except for altitude. The altitude of a jet is represented only numerically on the screen, next to the icon representing an airplane. This thesis attempts to aid the users in their tasks, by determining if interactive visual information could benefit the current system. This study resulted in one prototype, where height was represented in three different ways, one using color coordination, one using different sizes and one mimicked the current numerical representation. These variations were evaluated in a user study, consisting of semi structured interviews along with benchmark tests. None of the suggested visual cues could be demonstrated as more efficient than the current representation, but a majority of participants preferred the version using varying sizes as this was considered more intuitive and held less limitations than the other version. Future research is encouraged as to successfully determine if altitude information can be visually represented for a decreased mental workload.
Denna studie genomfördes vid Totalförsvarets Forskningsinstitut som ett försök att utreda möjligheter och svårigheter med att visuellt presentera information om altitud för flygstridsledare. Flygstridsledare utsätts för stora mängder numerisk information, från ett flertal olika källor simultant. Derad uppgifter utförs under hög stress och kräver stor mental belastning samt situationsmedvetenhet. Idag representeras en stor mängd information visuellt, på flygstridsledarens radarskärm, med undantaget för höjden. Ett objekts altitud på skärmen representeras alltid numeriskt, bredvid ikonen för flygplan. Detta arbete har gjorts i avsikt att hjälpa flygstridsledaren i dennes uppgifter, genom att utreda om interaktiv visuell information kan vara av nytta för deras nuvarande system. Denna studie resulterade i en prototyp, i vilken höjd representerades på tre olika sätt. Genom färg med varierande opacitet, genom olika storlekar på objekten, samt den nuvarande numeriska metoden. Dessa versioner utvärderades i en användarstudie, bestående av semistrukturerade intervjuer samt benchmark test. Ingen av de föreslagna visualiseringarna kunde påvisas mer effektiv än det nuvarande systemet, men en majoritet av deltagarna föredrog versionen med varierande storlekar, eftersom detta ansågs mer intuitivt samt hade färre begränsningar. Vidare studier uppmanas för att med framgång avgöra om altituden kan representeras visuellt, för en minskad mental belastning.

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Кодола, Раїса Миколаївна, Галина Олександрівна Максимович, Raisa Kodola i Halyna Maksymovych. "Специфіка професійно-мовленнєвої діяльності фахівців у сфері авіаційної безпеки". Thesis, ВДА, 2019, 2019. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/39301.

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На сьогоднішній день англійська мова зачіпає багато професійних сфер діяльності. Авіаційна сфера не стала винятком. Міжнародна організація цивільної авіації (ІКАО) рекомендує пілотам і диспетчерам УВС здійснювати всі переговори між собою англійською мовою, оскільки історично склалося так, що англійська мова є міжнародною мовою. На новому етапі розвитку авіації обов'язковою умовою здійснення безпеки польотів є високі, конкретизовані вимоги до рівня мовної підготовки на основі обов'язкового тестування і сертифікації.
To date, the English language affects many professional fields of business. The aerospace sector was no exception. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) recommends that pilots and ATC controllers conduct all negotiations in their own language in English, since historically English is an international language. At the new stage in the development of aviation, the mandatory condition for the safety of flights is the high, specific requirements for the level of language training on the basis of mandatory testing and certification.
На сегодняшний день английский язык затрагивает многие профессиональные сфер деятельности. Авиационная сфера не стала исключением. Международная организация гражданской авиации (ИКАО) рекомендует пилотам и диспетчерам УВД осуществлять все переговоры между собой на английском языке, поскольку исторически сложилось так, что английский язык является международным языком. На новом этапе развития авиации обязательным условием осуществления безопасности полетов являются высокие, конкретизированы требования к уровню языковой подготовки на основе обязательного тестирования и сертификации.

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Djokic, Jelena [Verfasser], Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Fricke i Leon [Gutachter] Urbas. "Investigation into Air Traffic Complexity as a Driver of a Controller‘s Workload / Jelena Djokic ; Gutachter: Hartmut Fricke, Leon Urbas ; Betreuer: Hartmut Fricke". Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1114067903/34.

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Djokic, Jelena [Verfasser], Hartmut Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Fricke i Leon [Gutachter] [Urbas. "Investigation into Air Traffic Complexity as a Driver of a Controller‘s Workload / Jelena Djokic ; Gutachter: Hartmut Fricke, Leon Urbas ; Betreuer: Hartmut Fricke". Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-208110.

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47

Sen, Debayan. "A bi-level system dynamics modeling framework to evaluate costs and benefits of implementing Controller Pilot Data Link Communications and Decision Support Tools in a non-integrated and integrated scenario". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41886.

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A modeling framework to evaluate the costs and benefits of implementation of Con-troller Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC), and Air Traffic Management (ATM) decision support tools is proposed in this paper. The benefit/cost evaluation is carried out for four key alternatives namely alternative A: Do nothing scenario (only voice channel), alternative B: Voice channel supplemented with CPDLC, alternative C: Alternative B with ATM tools in a non-integrated scenario and finally alternative D: Alternative B with ATM tools in an integrated scenario. It is a bi-level model that cap-tures the linkages between various technologies at a lower microscopic level using a daily microscopic model (DATSIM) and transfers the measures of effectives to a higher macroscopic level. DATSIM stands for Data Link and Air Traffic Technologies SIMulation and it simulates air traffic in the enroute sector and terminal airspace for a single day and captures the measures of effectiveness at a microscopic level and feeds its output to the macroscopic annual model which then runs over the entire life cycle of the system. Airspace dwell time benefit data from the microscopic model is regressed into three dimensional benefit surfaces as a function of the equipage level of aircraft and aircraft density and embedded into the macroscopic model. The main function of the annual model is to ascertain economic viability of any deployment schedule or alternative over the entire life cycle of the system. The life cycle cost model is com-posed of four modules namely: Operational benefits module, Safety benefit module,Technology cost module and Training cost module. Analysis using the model showed that an enroute sector gets congested at aircraft den-sities greater 630 per day. This is mainly because the controller workload gets satu-rated at that traffic volume per day. Benefits realized in alternatives B, C and D as compared to alternative A increased exponentially at traffic densities greater than 630 i.e. when controller workload for alternative A becomes saturated.
Master of Science

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48

Brunnett, Guido, Maximilian Eibl, Fred Hamker, Peter Ohler i Peter Protzel. "StayCentered - Methodenbasis eines Assistenzsystems für Centerlotsen (MACeLot): Schlussbericht". Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2020. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70798.

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Wir berichten über die Ergebnisse, die im Rahmen des BMBF-Projektes „StayCentered – Methodenbasis eines Assistenzsystems für Centerlotsen (MACeLot)“ erzielt wurden. Die Aufgabenstellung des Projektes bestand in der Entwicklung des notwendigen Methodenvorrates zur Realisierung eines emotionssensitiven Assistenzsystems, welches das Personal an einem kooperativen Arbeitsplatz situativ unterstützt. Darüber hinaus sollte das System für mögliche Supervisoren Informationen über den Zustand der Belastung der Teams liefern und Metadaten generieren, die Schwachstellen des Arbeitsplatzentwurfes deutlich machen. Die realisierten Konzepte und Verfahren wurden im Sinne eines Nachweises der prinzipiellen Funktionsfähigkeit (Proof-of-Concept) für den Arbeitsplatz von Centerlotsen prototypisch umgesetzt. Diese Umsetzung war notwendig, da das Zusammenspiel einzelner Verfahren (etwa bei der Sensorfusion) einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Funktionsfähigkeit des Gesamtsystems besitzt und daher anwendungsorientiert getestet werden sollte.
We report on the results obtained in the project „StayCentered“ funded by the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie. In this project the methodical framework of an emotion sensitive system to assist the work of air-traffic controlers and their supervisors has been developed.

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Fontanela, Eracilda. "Parâmetros físicos-hídricos de um latossolo sob diferentes sistemas de manejo e níveis de tráfego". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/5479.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Soil quality has been widely studied since the soil is recognized as a key resource in agricultural production. Thus, it is necessary to assess a range of indicators of soil quality, in order to monitor parameters that indicate quality or soil degradation in agricultural activities. The objective was to assess indicators of physical and hydrical soil quality, for different soil tillage, management and levels of traffic. The specific objectives were: to determine critical limits of soil density where mechanical penetration resistance and aeration porosity are restrictive to crop growth, using a methodology of the least limiting water range (LLWR); evaluate plant water available in different states of soil compaction with the period in which the soil moisture is below or above the physical conditions considered optimal, determined by the LLWR; evaluate soil compaction through the parameters of soil compressibility; and verify relationships between air permeability, continuity of soil pores and water retention curve. The experiment was established in 2001 in an Oxisol, in the experimental station of Embrapa Trigo in Passo Fundo-RS. The soil management under study were: chisel plowed six months ago, chisel plowed twelve months ago, chisel plowed eighteen months ago, continuous no-tillage for 13 years, and native forest; all with and without traffic. Soil sample were collected with preserved structure in each treatment, in both levels of traffic, in three soil layers (0.00-0.06, 0.10-0.15, and 0.20-0.25m). The soil samples were equilibrated at -0004, - 0006, -0008, -0.01, -0.03, -0.05, -0.07, -0.1, -0.5 and -1.5MPa and then used for determining soil bulk density, resistance to penetration, volumetric moisture, and air conductivity. The soil compression curve was obtained in the tension of 0.03MPa. Increased bulk density caused a reduction in the LLWR associated to the effects of soil resistance to penetration and aeration porosity that, respectively, determined the lower and upper limits of available water. The chisel plow treatment had lower physical restriction based on the resistance to penetration, with a value of critical soil density equal 1.60Mg m-3. The LLWR was more sensitive to changes in soil structure than the available water, reflecting better physical quality of the soil for the growth of crops. Air permeability showed high variability that can be observed by the change in bulk density and by the relationship with the matric potential and pore size distribution. The low values of pore continuity index indicate reduced pore space and low presence of large pores. The preconsolidation stress was not affected by the different soil managements. Susceptibility to soil compaction showed statistical interaction between the soil management and traffic in the two uppermost soil layers (0.00-0.06 and 0.10-0.15m). Therefore, the physical and hydrical indicators were influenced by changes in soil structure. Traffic on chisel plowed soil had greater influence on those indicators.
A qualidade do solo tem sido amplamente estudada por esta ser considerada um recurso fundamental na produção agrícola. Assim, torna-se necessário avaliar uma série de indicadores, entre eles os de qualidade do solo, a fim de monitorar parâmetros que indiquem a qualidade ou degradação do solo nas ações agrícolas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar indicadores físicohídricos de qualidade do solo, em diferentes preparos e sistemas de manejos do solo e dois níveis de tráfego. Os objetivos específicos foram: determinar limites críticos de densidade do solo onde a resistência mecânica à penetração e a porosidade de aeração são restritivos ao desenvolvimento das plantas, utilizando a metodologia do intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO); avaliar a água disponível às plantas nos diferentes estados de compactação do solo, com o período em que o solo apresenta umidade abaixo ou acima das condições físicas consideradas ótimas, determinadas pelo IHO; avaliar a compactação do solo através dos parâmetros de compressibilidade do solo; e verificar a relação entre permeabilidade ao ar, continuidade de poros e curva característica de água no solo. O experimento foi implantado no ano de 2001, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, na área experimental da Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo-RS. Os manejos do solo em estudo foram: escarificado há seis meses, escarificado há doze meses, escarificado há dezoito meses, plantio direto contínuo por 13 anos e mata nativa; todos com e sem tráfego. Foram coletadas amostras de solo, com estrutura preservada, em cada condição de manejo, nos dois níveis de tráfego em três camadas (0,00 a 0,06; 0,10 a 0,15 e 0,20 a 0,25 m). As amostras foram equilibradas nos potenciais matriciais de -0,004; -0,006; -0,008; -0,01; -0,03; - 0,05; -0,07; -0,1; -0,5 e -1,5 MPa e, após, utilizadas para a determinação da densidade do solo, resistência à penetração, umidade volumétrica e condutividade do solo ao ar. A curva de compressão do solo foi obtida na tensão de 0,03 MPa. O aumento da densidade do solo influenciou na redução do IHO associada aos efeitos da resistência do solo à penetração e da porosidade de aeração que determinaram, respectivamente, o limite inferior e o superior de água disponível. O manejo escarificado foi o que apresentou menor restrição física quanto à resistência à penetração com valor de densidade do solo crítica igual a 1,60 Mg m-3. O IHO foi mais sensível às variações da estrutura do solo do que à água disponível, refletindo melhor a qualidade física do solo para o crescimento das culturas. A permeabilidade do solo ao ar apresentou elevada variabilidade amostral, podendo ser observada pela variação da densidade do solo e com as relações com o potencial matricial e a distribuição do tamanho de poros. Os baixos valores do índice de continuidade de poros indicam redução do espaço poroso e baixa presença de poros maiores. A pressão de preconsolidação não apresentou diferença significativa para os diferentes manejos. A susceptibilidade à compactação apresentou interação entre os manejos do solo e trafegabilidade nas duas camadas mais superficiais do solo (0,00 a 0,06 e 0,10 a 0,15 m). Portanto, os indicadores físico-hídricos foram influenciados pelas modificações na estrutura do solo. O tráfego sobre solo escarificado teve maior influência nos atributos físicohídricos do solo.

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CHEN, YI-CHUN, i 陳宜君. "Work Stress of Military Air Traffic Controllers". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64900022328232249045.

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碩士
中華大學
科技管理學系
105
The rationale for this study was mainly the pressure of air traffic controllers in the Military, which was explored through in-depth interviews, and the reasons for their stress were evaluated using a thematic analysis. It was found from the interviews that, no matter how they became air traffic controllers, the support and affirmation of their family members were extremely important to them. This was also a strong back-up for these air traffic controllers, who needed to learn to self-adjust when faced with various forms of pressure. We also provided training advice for the participants in order to enhance flight safety. Our objective was to show the status of the current air traffic controllers in the military in terms of lack of staff, stress adjustment, teaching policy, etc. The aim was to provide a reference for military air traffic control units to identify problems and reduce the pressure caused by the lack of staff, which leads to a vicious cycle of lack of staff and pressure, and simultaneously enhance flight safety.

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