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Książki na temat „Air pollution”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 7 września 2024

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1

C, Stern Arthur, red. Air pollution. Wyd. 3. London: Academic Press, 1986.

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2

Brauer, Heinz, Jeffrey S. Gaffney, Ronald Harkov, M. A. K. Khalil, Frederick W. Lipfert, Nancy A. Marley, Eric W. Prestbo i Glenn E. Shaw. Air Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-46113-5.

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Tiwary, Abhishek, i Ian Williams. Air Pollution. Fourth edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2018. | Earlier editions written by Jeremy Colls.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429469985.

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Gries, C., Frederick W. Lipfert, Morton Lippmann i T. H. Nash. Air Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-47343-5.

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Dop, H., P. Fabian, H. Güsten, J. M. Hales i A. Wint. Air Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39222-4.

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Michaelis, Walfried. Air Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60456-0.

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7

Squillace, Mark. Air pollution. Wyd. 2. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Pub. Co., 1992.

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8

Hudak, Heather C. Air pollution. New York: AV2 by Weigl, 2013.

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9

1944-, Dop H. van, red. Air pollution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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10

Sechrist, Darren. Air pollution. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008.

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11

Squillace, Mark. Air pollution. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Pub. Co., 1988.

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12

1944-, Dop H. van, red. Air pollution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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13

Haerens, Margaret. Air pollution. Detroit: Greenhaven Press/Gale Cengage Learning, 2011.

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14

Lopez, Gary. Air pollution. Mankato, Minn: Creative Education, 1992.

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15

Colls, Jeremy. Air pollution. Wyd. 2. London: Spon Press, 2002.

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16

Gay, Kathlyn. Air pollution. New York: F. Watts, 1991.

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17

Stille, Darlene R. Air pollution. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1990.

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18

Squillace, Mark. Air pollution. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Pub. Co., 1988.

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19

International Conference on Air Pollution (1st 1993 Mexico City, Mexico). Air pollution. Redaktor Zannetti P. Southampton: Computational Mechanics Pub., 1993.

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20

Down, William H. Air Pollution. Cambridge: Hobsons Publishing, 1988.

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21

Donald, Rhonda Lucas. Air pollution. New York: Children's Press, 2001.

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22

Monfort, Charles Jr. Air pollution. New York: Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, 2008.

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23

Jeremy, Colls, red. Air pollution. Wyd. 2. New York: Spon Press, 2002.

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24

Peter, Pluschke, red. Air pollution. Berlin: Springer, 2004.

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25

Green, Jen. Air pollution. London: Wayland, 2007.

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26

Hudak, Heather C. Air pollution. New York: Weigl Publishers, 2007.

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27

F, Liu David H., i Lipták Béla G, red. Air pollution. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 2000.

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28

K, Srivastava A. Air pollution: Biopollutants in air. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp., 2008.

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29

Vasiliev, Daniel G. Air pollution emissions. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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30

Allegrini, Ivo, i Franco De Santis, red. Urban Air Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61120-9.

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31

Pluschke, Peter, i Hans Schleibinger, red. Indoor Air Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56065-5.

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32

Liptak, Bela G., i David H. F. Liu. Air Pollution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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33

Colls, Jeremy. Air Pollution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2002.

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34

Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Redaktorzy Patrick Davey i David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.

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Streszczenie:

Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.

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35

Samet, Jonathan M., i Aaron J. Cohen. Air Pollution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0017.

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A wide variety of manmade and naturally occurring air pollutants are known to cause cancer. Diverse exposures such as tobacco smoke, radionuclides (radon), chemicals (benzene, mustard gas, and volatile organic compounds), fibers (asbestos), and metals and metalloids (chromium, nickel, and arsenic) have long been classified as carcinogenic to humans. Historically, these classifications were based predominantly on high levels of exposure in occupational settings. Over the last thirty to forty years, scientific attention has focused on quantifying the adverse health effects of indoor and outdoor air pollutants at exposure levels several orders of magnitude lower than were studied initially. These include secondhand smoke, household exposure to radon, residential and environmental exposure to asbestos, soot from diesel-powered engines, ambient exposures to small particles (PM2.5), and indoor air pollution from the combustion of biomass and coal. This chapter provides an overview of recent epidemiologic studies of air pollutants and cancer.

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36

Colls, Jeremy. Air Pollution. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203871966.

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37

Bell. Air Pollution. Sweet & Maxwell Ltd, 1998.

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38

Air Pollution. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2009-0-02910-9.

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39

Air Pollution. Elsevier, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2009-0-02911-0.

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40

Tiwary, Abhishek, i Jeremy Colls. Air Pollution. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315272481.

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41

Riojas-Rodríguez, Horacio, Isabelle Romieu i Mauricio Hernández-Ávila. Air Pollution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0018.

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This chapter describes the adverse effects of both outdoor air pollution and indoor air pollution. Various ambient air pollutants are described as well as their adverse health effects, including acute and chronic respiratory disorders, cardiac disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer. A section deals with National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Environmental Protection Agency for particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, ozone, oxides of nitrogen, and carbon monoxide. Another section describes exposure assessment. The chapter also describes various measures to control hazardous air pollutants and prevent disorders related to air pollution. In addition, a section features indoor air pollution, including pollution due to burning of biomass for cooking and heat.

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42

Colls, Jeremy. Air Pollution. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203476024.

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43

Lavaroni, C. W. Air Pollution. Addison-Wesley Pub Co, 2000.

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44

Scorer, R. S. Air Pollution. Studio Fun International, 2013.

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45

Liptak, Bela G., i David H. F. Liu. Air Pollution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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46

Hudak, Heather C. Air Pollution. SmartBook Media, Inc., 2022.

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47

Villanyi, Vanda, red. Air Pollution. Sciyo, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/269.

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48

Liptak, Bela G., i David H. F. Liu. Air Pollution. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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49

Air Pollution. Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, 2022.

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50

Air Pollution. India: McGraw Hill Education, 2017.

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