Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Agronomie – Diagnostic”

L'activité de l'agronome s'ancre dans la parcelle cultivée. La parcelle expérimentale lui sert à connaître les processus biophysiques de production agricole ; la parcelle paysanne le confronte à la gestion de cette production. Pour identifier les déterminants de cette gestion, l'agronome doit élargir son champ d'analyse et changer d'échelle d'observation. Le diagnostic agronomique relie alors ces déterminants aux modalités de conduite des cultures et à leurs conséquences biophysiques. L'agronome peut aussi proposer d'améliorer les performances du processus de production en jouant sur des leviers biophysiques, techniques ou organisationnels. La conception d'outils d'aide à la décision relève de ces propositions et s'alimente des connaissances issues du diagnostic. Cette démarche de recherche-action est illustrée dans la vallée du Sénégal et concerne le développement de la riziculture irriguée dans des aménagements hydro-agricoles. Le diagnostic de la situation articule plusieurs échelles : parcelle, exploitation, périmètre irriguée, filière rizicole. La proposition qui est faite pour améliorer les performances de cette riziculture concerne l'organisation des producteurs au sein d'un aménagement. Mais d'autres propositions pourraient être faites à une échelle plus vaste pour réduire les dysfonctionnements de la filière entière. Restant dans le domaine de l'irrigation, le projet de recherche concerne la représentation de la demande agricole en eau. Un cadre de modélisation s'appuyant sur un concept simple d'activité de production associée à un espace géographique est proposé. Ce cadre est utilisé pour construire avec les acteurs une représentation des activités agricoles à l'échelle régionale. La spatialisation des résultats de ces activités et leur superposition avec d'autres cartes constituent ensuite des bases de réflexion sur les interrelations entre usages et ressources. Car c'est l'évolution de ces interrelations qui est au cœur de l'anthropisation des milieux, de sa maîtrise et de son caractère durable.

An early diagnosis of melanoma is essential to reduce mortality of patients. The diagnosis is also fundamental to predict the outcome of patients and to select the most adapted treatment. Current diagnostic assessments are obtained after visual inspection of the histological section of the primary tumor. The pathologist has first to determine the malignant nature of the lesion and then to assess the potential of the lesion to form metastases. Depending on several characteristics of the primary tumor (mainly tumor thickness, ulceration and mitotic rate), the sentinel node is surgically removed and the detection of tumor cells is based on its histopathological examination. These assessments are time consuming, to some degree subjective and are particularly challenging. Among melanoma patients that are not subject to sentinel node surgery, 6.5 % will develop metastases while 20 % of patients that undergo sentinel node surgery will effectively present metastases. The search for biomarkers that can identify malignant cells, evaluate potential of invasion or help selecting a treatment is still on.

In this thesis we used a new and promising technique of imaging based on infrared spectroscopy to study melanoma primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. Infrared spectroscopy brings information on the biochemical composition of the main components of the cells. When combined with a microscope and with multivariate statistical analyses, images that are generated allow the identification of melanoma cells and stromal cells in the biopsy. We also focused on the immune infiltration as it was shown to carry an important prognosis value for melanoma patients.

The first part of the thesis was a prerequisite for the rest of the study. It addresses the effects of the process of fixation that tissues obtained by surgical resection undergo for their long term preservation. In chapter III, we showed that Formalin-Fixation and Paraffin-Embedding (FFPE) procedure induces small but significant modifications in the infrared spectra of cells but these are very similar for different cell lines. In turn, it preserves the potential to identify closely-related cell lines by infrared spectroscopy.

We thus pursued our study on primary melanomas. In chapter IV, we first developed an automatic tool capable of identifying melanoma cells and the main cells of the tumor microenvironment in tissue sections. Importantly, we built a second model that brings information on the presence of metastases on the basis of the spectral signature of the primary tumor.

The next chapter is dedicated to the prediction of the response of melanoma to dacarbazine, the first-line chemotherapy to treat stage IV patients. Infrared spectra of the primary tumor were shown to contain information capable of predicting whether dacarbazine will be a useful treatment.

In the last two chapters, we focused on lymphocytes. In chapter VI, we first demonstrated that helper and cytotoxic T cells purified from peripheral blood can be identified on the basis of their infrared signature. Then, in chapter VII we investigated metastatic lymph nodes. We created different statistical models using infrared spectra that first identified the melanoma cells invading the lymph nodes and secondly, the different subpopulations of lymphocytes (B and T cells).

In conclusion, we developed an automatic and reliable tool of imaging to help pathologists in the anatomopathological assessment of primary lesions and lymph nodes./Le mélanome est la forme de cancer cutané la plus mortelle, provoquant environ 80% des décès dus à un cancer de la peau. Lorsque le mélanome est localisé, la chirurgie est le principal traitement et est suffisante pour 80% des patients. A l’opposé, lorsque le mélanome primaire a formé des métastases, le cancer devient beaucoup plus difficile à traiter et la survie de ces patients diminue drastiquement. Seuls 10% des patients vont vivre 5 ans lorsqu’ils développent des métastases à distance. C’est pourquoi un diagnostic précoce est essentiel pour diminuer la mortalité causée par le mélanome. L’étape du diagnostic est également très importante pour donner un pronostic et pour planifier les traitements. Le diagnostic actuel du mélanome est basé sur l’analyse en microscopie optique de sections de la tumeur primaire. Sur base de la morphologie cellulaire et de l’architecture du tissu, cette étape permet premièrement d’identifier le caractère cancéreux de la lésion et deuxièmement d’évaluer son potentiel métastatique. Une analyse du ganglion sentinelle permet également de détecter la présence de métastases. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons d’utiliser une nouvelle technique d’imagerie basée sur la spectroscopie infrarouge qui apporte une information complète et unique sur la biochimie de la cellule et des tissus. Les résultats présentés ici indiquent que lorsque les spectres infrarouges sont combinés à des analyses statistiques multivariées, des images sont reconstituées et révèlent les structures et les composants cellulaires majeurs présents dans les coupes de mélanomes. Une étude préliminaire a d’abord pu démontrer que la fixation au formol subies par les biopsies pour les conserver n’entrave pas l’étude de celles-ci par spectroscopie infrarouge. Nous nous sommes alors intéressés aux tumeurs primaires de mélanome et avons développé un modèle statistique, à partir des spectres infrarouges, identifiant automatiquement les cellules de mélanome dans le tissu ainsi que les autres cellules du microenvironnement de la tumeur. Dans ce chapitre, nous avons également créé un autre modèle statistique capable de prédire le potentiel métastatique de la tumeur primaire en se basant sur sa signature spectrale. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence une signature spectrale corrélée à la réponse à la dacarbazine chez des patients traités pour leurs métastases. Nous avons également montré que des sous-populations de lymphocytes purifiées d’échantillons sanguins pouvaient être identifiées sur base de leur spectre. Cette capacité de la spectroscopie infrarouge à distinguer les différents types de lymphocytes a ensuite été démontrée pour les lymphocytes infiltrant les métastases. Finalement, nous avons mis en évidence l’utilité de cette technique d’imagerie pour la détection de métastases ganglionnaires.

Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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As the most prevalent cause of dementia worldwide, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a global issue of public health. By current criteria, diagnosis of this neurodegenerative disorder requires both clinical confirmation of dementia and post-mortem detection of the so-called neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain. Yet the main proteinaceous component of these plaques, the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) is now widely believed to initiate a cascade of events that ultimately leads to Alzheimer’s disease. Besides, extensive evidence supports a pathogenic role of soluble oligomers formed upon Abeta aggregation in the onset of the disease, which, unlike Abeta fibrils, present distinct neurotoxic properties and correlate well with disease progression. Their detrimental effects have been suggested to appear decades before the first signs of cognitive impairment, making them biomarkers of choice in the study of the pathology.

Given that present guidelines for AD diagnosis are increasingly considered as ill-defined, reliable and early-stage detection methods taking into account the presence of toxic Abeta species are highly awaited by the medical community. In this regard, this thesis work describes the development of a sensing device aiming at the specific detection of the amyloid beta peptide in solution via recognition by antibodies grafted at the surface of functionalized germanium crystals. This new type of BIA-ATR (Biospecific Interaction Analysis - Attenuated Total Reflection) biosensor resorts on ATR-FTIR (Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, which is extremely sensitive to the secondary structure of proteins. The ATR mode uses germanium as optical transduction element combined to the evanescent wave principle to allow selective online monitoring of peptide-antibody binding events.

In the first part of this work, evaluation of the photochemistry on germanium optical elements have been the subject of intense research focus. Our investigations led to the elaboration of a quality control of functionalization efficiency based on infrared spectroscopy. We also set up in the lab an original ELISA method for selecting antibodies in terms of their true affinity for the Abeta peptide.

Thereafter binding experiments were carried out on the BIA-ATR sensor using different antibodies and Abeta isoforms, leading to the establishing of a standardized protocol for the detection of molecules of interest. Our results showed that Abeta detected on the biosensor corresponded precisely to antibody-bound peptide, whereas Abeta assemblies, and especially Abeta 1-42 oligomeric conformations, could be discriminated with respect to their spectral signature. This point, which was later confirmed by unsupervised statistical analysis, could be considered as particularly interesting and innovative, since to our knowledge, such conformation-sensitivity has never been observed with existing AD diagnostic methods. Moreover, effective recycling of the functionalized crystals has been demonstrated, which confers thereby a second major advantage to the biosensor.

In parallel to these experiments, a structural characterization study of Abeta species was undertaken in order to generate a database of IR spectra, as reference for future comparative analysis of physiological fluids on the biosensor. ATR-FTIR measurements revealed a strong dependency on the ratio between oligomers and fibrils within a mixture and their relative ratio in antiparallel and parallel beta-sheet content. Interestingly, separation trials of oligomeric entities demonstrated a specific effect of Cu2+ ions on Abeta aggregation. Stabilization of small oligomeric aggregates at equimolar Cu2+:Abeta ratios, which had never been clearly evidenced so far, could help to unravel some aspects of the complex role of copper in AD development.

These investigations illustrate the applicability of the so-called BIA-ATR methodology to online detection of different forms of the Abeta peptide in solution and the potential of this new sensor technology to fulfill current pitfalls in providing a reliable and comprehensive approach of AD diagnosis.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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Résumé

Les recherches menées dans cette thèse ont porté sur la réactualisation des données sur la flore et la végétation de deux grandes zones agro-écologiques du Sénégal (les Niayes et le Bassin arachidier) en utilisant l’approche terroir pour mieux envisager la gestion conservatoire des ressources ligneuses. Dans les zones de savanes et de végétations sub-guinéennes respectivement du Bassin arachidier et des Niayes au Sénégal, 288 relevés ont été réalisés par stratification basée sur les villages ou groupes ethniques (Peul, Sérer et Wolof), les systèmes d’utilisation des terres et la topographie dans 6 terroirs villageois et 25 dans les sites de référence. Dans ces terroirs, la connaissance, la priorisation à la conservation des espèces, leur utilisations, comme préalables à la gestion durable de la biodiversité des agrosystèmes, ont aussi été abordées sur 124 espèces ligneuses par enquête ethnobotanique auprès de 216 répondants équitablement répartis entre les ethnies, âges et genres. Ces informants ont aussi évalué la dynamique des formations végétales suivant leur position sur la toposéquence. Les informations sur la dynamique d’occupation des terres ont été obtenues par la cartographie multi-date à partir de photo-aériennes (1954, 1989) et d’image Google earth 2006. Une expérimentation factorielle à trois facteurs (espèces, hauteur et diamètre de coupe) avec 15 répétitions, a été conduite dans le Bassin arachidier sur la régénération des souches des deux principales Combretaceae de la zone (Combretum glutinosum et Guiera senegalensis). Les données obtenues ont été soumises à des analyses multi et uni-variées.

Les résultats phytosociologiques ont montré l’individualisation de onze groupements (G) dont d’une part, deux de savane (G4 et G8), un de forêts secondaires (G10) et deux autres issus des végétations semi-aquatiques (G1 et G5) qui sont les plus proches des situations naturelles, et d’autre part deux de milieux perturbés (G6 et G7) et quatre de milieux cultivés et post-culturaux (G2, G3, G9 et G11). Les premiers groupements sont progressivement envahis par les espèces des milieux perturbés, et les seconds par les espèces rudérales et nitrophiles. La position synsystématique de ces groupements a été donnée. 336 espèces ont été recensées :260 dans les Niayes et 176 dans le Bassin arachidier. La richesse des critères de naturalités des terroirs peuls n’est pas toujours supérieure à celle des autres terroirs dans les deux zones.

Les résultats d’enquête montrent une subdivision des espèces en quatre classes de priorité à la sauvegarde. Les plus prioritaires sont à usages multiples. En outre, les résultats ethnobotaniques montrent clairement que les villages des Niayes sont globalement séparés de ceux du Bassin arachidier mais aussi que les villages homologues sont différents. L’évaluation ethnobotanique de la diversité végétale est plus importante dans la zone du Bassin arachidier comparée aux Niayes. Elle augmente avec la densité dans les Niayes comme dans le Bassin arachidier excepté dans le terroir wolof de ce dernier. Les villages du Bassin arachidier ne présentent aucune restriction dans le choix des espèces destinées à satisfaire leurs différents besoins. Ce manque de sélectivité y est total et renseigne sur le niveau de rareté des ressources ligneuses.

Les résultats cartographiques montrent que les zones des Niayes et du Bassin arachidier connaissent une transformation importante du paysage essentiellement due au processus de création ou d’agrégation des champs en vigueur partout. Cela s’est fait au détriment des formations végétales :suppression des savanes arborées dans les deux zones, suppression et agrégation des savanes arbustives dans les Niayes, fragmentation et dissection dans le Bassin arachidier.

Dans le régime de taillis à courte rotation du Bassin arachidier, il serait plus indiqué de pratiquer une coupe sélective suivant les classes de diamètre et les espèces afin de concilier productivité et durabilité en favorisant le développement des rejets proventifs.

Une extension de l’approche terroir dans les autres zones éco-géographiques du pays devrait être testée pour vérifier les tendances obtenues dans ce travail et recenser et suivre les groupements végétaux, les intégrer dans la classification moderne afin de faciliter le suivi de leur évolution spatio-temporelle. Elle permettrait sans doute l’évaluation de la variabilité locale de l’importance des espèces.

Abstract

Researches carried out in this thesis about updating flora and vegetation data from two major agroecological regions of Senegal (Niayes and Peanut Basin) used village-scale based methodology in order to better consider ligneous resources conservation. In savannas and sub-guinean vegetations of respectively Peanut Basin and Niayes, 288 records were realized upon stratification method based on ethnic groups (Wolof, Peul and Sérer), land use systems and topography in 6 villages and 25 records in the reference sites. In these villages, knowledge, priorisation and uses, prior to sustainable agrobiodiversity management, were also addressed on 124 ligneous species by ethnobotanic survey with 216 respondants equally distributed to ethnic groups, ages and gender. Respondants also addressed vegetation dynamics a long topographic position. Informations on land occupation trends were gained by air-photography cartography and Google earth 2006 image. Factorial experimentation on 3 factors (species, high and diameter of sprouting) with 15 repetitions was implemented on stump regeneration dynamics of the 2 principal Combretaceae in the Peanut Basin region (Combretum glutinosum and Guiera senegalensis). Multivariate and univariate analysis were performed on the data.

Phytosociological results showed discrimination of 11 vegetation groups (G). Two of them (G4 and G8) are savannas samples, one secondary forest (G10), two from semi-aquatic vegetation (G1 and G5); in the other hand, two groups of disturbed situations (G6 and G7) and four cultivated and postcultural groups were found (G2, G3, G9 and G11). The first groups were progressively invaded by cultural and poscultural species and the second groups by ruderary and adventitious species. Systematic position of these groups was indicated. 336 species were recorded: 260 in the Niayes and 176 in the Peanut Basin). Richness in wilderness criterion was not always superior in peul villages.

Ethnobotanical results showed subdivision of species diversity in 4 classes of conservation priority. Most conservation priority species were multipurpose trees. A clear separation between Niayes villages and Peanut basin ones, and also between counterparts’ villages was found. Ethnobotanical valuation of species was higher in the Peanut Basin area. It grows with human density a part from wolof village of the Peanut basin. Villages of the Groundnut Basin showed no selectivity in the choice of species to meet their different needs. This lack of selectivity is complete and translates woody resources scarcity.

Cartographic results show an important landscape transformation in Niayes and Peanut basin areas due to fields creation or aggregation processes running everywhere. This occurred against vegetation formations :attrition of woody savanna in the two zones, attrition and aggregation of shrubby savanna in Niayes area, fragmentation and dissection in Peanut basin.

In short term cutting system of the Peanut Basin, it should be better to practise a selective logging method according to species and diameter classes in order to reconcile productivity and sustainability by ensuring stumps’ low-stem resprouting.

An extension of terroir approach methodology in other local eco-geographical zones of Senegal should be tested in order to complete the identification and monitoring of the dynamics of plant communities, their integration into modern classification to facilitate the monitoring of their spatio-temporal evolution. It should allow the assessment of species local importance variability.

Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
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L'agriculture itinérante sur brulis (ai) est un mode de culture pratique sans intrant. Après deux ou trois cycles de cultures, la dégradation de la fertilité des sols contraint les agriculteurs à déplacer leurs cultures et le terrain est laisse en jachère. La jachère permet de reconstituer une biomasse, qui libèrera lors de la période de production suivante, après brulis, des éléments minéraux nécessaires à la croissance et au développement des cultures. Cette étude consistait, à fournir des éléments d'appui à la décision, dans le but d'une fixation à terme de ces systèmes traditionnels. Elle a nécessité que l'on présente une analyse de la gestion des systèmes d'q. I. , composante importante de la reproductibilité de la fertilité, et condition de la fixation. Dans un premier temps, la gestion spatiale de ces systèmes et leurs capacités à faire face aux contraintes agro-écologiques et socio-économiques du milieu, pour se reproduire, ont été étudiées. Cette étude a été effectuée à l'échelle du système agraire et plus précisément a l'échelle des systèmes de production qui correspondent au niveau des choix et décisions des agriculteurs. Dans un deuxième temps, l'évolution des composantes de la fertilité, susceptible d'influencer le rendement de manioc, a été analysée - le manioc constituant la principale culture de l'ouest Guyane -. Trois niveaux ont été considères : le système de culture qui permet de comprendre les modes de conduite et d'association des cultures, mais surtout la parcelle cultivée et la placette d'expérimentation, lieu de mesures et de suivi. Dans la première étape de ce travail, une capacité d'équilibration des abattis est établie à partir du modelé de Piaget. Cette typologie permet d'identifier 5 types fonctionnels d'abattis dans la région et 2 modes d'évolution. Dans la deuxième étape, lors d'un premier cycle d'abattis, après foret secondaire, l'évolution des stocks de carbone, d'azote et des bases échangeables montre qu'il n'y a pas de dégradation en relation avec la matière organique du sol. En revanche, on assiste à une diminution des bases échangeables suite à la mise en culture et en particulier du potassium. La comparaison de cette diminution avec les besoins de la culture, a permis d'identifier le potassium, comme facteur limitant la production
Shifting cultivation on brulis (ai) is a convenient method of cultivation without inputs. After two or three crop cycles, the degradation of soil fertility forces farmers to move their crops and the land is left fallow. Fallowing can be used to reconstitute a biomass, which will release during the next production period, after burning, the mineral elements necessary for the growth and development of crops. The purpose of this study was to provide support for the decision, with a view to eventually establishing these traditional systems. It required an analysis of the management of Qi systems, an important component of reproducibility of fertility, and the condition of fixation. At first, the spatial management of these systems and their capacity to cope with the agro-ecological and socio-economic constraints of the environment, to reproduce, were studied. This study was carried out at the scale of the agrarian system and more precisely at the level of the production systems which correspond to the level of the choices and decisions of the farmers. In a second step, the evolution of the components of fertility, likely to influence the yield of cassava, was analyzed - the cassava constituting the main crop of West Guiana. Three levels were considered: the cropping system that allows to understand the modes of behavior and association of crops, but especially the cultivated plot and the experimental plot, place of measurement and monitoring. In the first stage of this work, a balancing capacity of the giblets is established from the Piaget model. This typology makes it possible to identify 5 functional types of giblets in the region and 2 modes of evolution. In the second stage, during a first cycle of giblets, after secondary forest, the evolution of stocks of carbon, nitrogen and exchangeable bases shows that there is no degradation in relation to the material organic soil. On the other hand, there is a decrease in exchangeable bases following the cultivation and in particular potassium. Comparing this decrease with the needs of the crop, it was possible to identify potassium as a factor limiting production

La cacaoculture est aujourd'hui considérée comme un des principaux facteurs de déforestation en milieu tropical. Dans de nombreux pays, elle repose en effet sur un modèle technique peu durable de monoculture intensive impliquant le déplacement des zones de production. Souvent délaissés par la recherche en raison de leurs faibles rendements en cacao marchand, les systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyer apparaissent aujourd'hui comme une alternative crédible pour faire face aux nouveaux enjeux de la cacaoculture mondiale. Au Centre-Sud du Cameroun, la cacaoculture repose en grande partie sur des cacaoyères agroforestières anciennes, ce qui pose l'hypothèse qu'un modèle de cacaoculture durable basé sur des systèmes de culture agroforestiers est possible. Notre objectif est de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ces systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyer, à travers leurs caractéristiques, leurs évolutions et leurs déterminants, ainsi que les conditions de leur production en cacao marchand sur le long terme. Notre démarche articule à la fois une évaluation des systèmes agroforestiers complexes à l'échelle de la parcelle et une analyse compréhensive des pratiques techniques sur le temps long. La thèse repose sur un dispositif de recherche mis en place dans la région du Centre, dans trois zones de culture différenciables par leurs conditions pédo-climatiques (Bokito, Zima et Ngomedzap). Une enquête d'agriculteurs a été réalisée à grande échelle (1 171 exploitations regroupant 1 638 cacaoyères), complétée par des observations spécifiques réalisées dans un réseau de 61 cacaoyères exploitées par 40 agriculteurs. Résultats. (1) Nos résultats d'enquête, complétés par des observations spécifiques, ont confirmé la durabilité des systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyer aux plans agro-écologique et socio-économique. (2) Dans la zone de transition forêt-savane, considérée comme sub-optimale pour la cacaoculture, nous avons montré que le modèle technique adopté par les agriculteurs leur permet d'installer sur savane des cacaoyères viables sur le long terme. (3) Une méthode participative de quantification de la valeur d'usage des espèces par les agriculteurs, appliquée sur le réseau d'observation, a confirmé la multifonctionnalité des systèmes agroforestiers et mesuré la place qu'y occupe la composante cacaoyère. (4) L'évaluation des peuplements cacaoyers, réalisée en adaptant la méthode de diagnostic agronomique régional aux systèmes complexes, a permis d'identifier les facteurs limitant le rendement en cacao marchand. Celui-ci s'avère étroitement lié à la structure des peuplements cacaoyers et à celle des peuplements associés. (5) Enfin, l'analyse compréhensive des pratiques des agriculteurs sur le long terme, en lien avec l'évolution technique des peuplements cacaoyers a confirmé la flexibilité des systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyer. Cette flexibilité peut être traduite par des trajectoires d'évolution des pratiques et des trajectoires de structures spécifiques. Ce travail fournit une nouvelle base méthodologique pour l'analyse et l'évaluation des systèmes agroforestiers complexes. L'ensemble des résultats et des connaissances produites dans ce travail permet de formuler des propositions pour la mise au point d'un nouveau modèle technique en cacaoculture
Cocoa cultivation is generally considered as one of the main deforestation factors in the Tropics. Indeed, in many countries it is based on a low-sustainability technical model of intensive monocrops with shifting production zones. Cocoa agroforests, which are often neglected by research due to their low fermented dried cocoa yields, now appear to be a credible alternative for taking up the new challenges facing world cocoa production. In Centre-South Cameroon, cocoa cultivation is largely based on old cocoa agroforests, which suggests that a sustainable cocoa growing model based on agroforestry systems is possible. Our aim was to more effectively understand how these cocoa agroforests function, through their characteristics, their evolution and their determinants, along with the conditions for their long-term fermented dried cocoa production. Our approach consisted of an evaluation of cocoa agroforests on a plot scale and a comprehensive analysis of technical practices over the long term. The thesis is based on an experimental design set up in the Centre region, in three growing zones that could be differentiated through their pedo climatic conditions (Bokito, Zima and Ngomedzap). A large-scale survey was undertaken (1,171 farms grouping 1,638 cocoa plantations) completed by specific observations collected in a network of 61 cocoa agroforests managed by 40 farmers. Results. (1) Our survey results, completed by specific observations, confirmed the sustainability of the cocoa agroforestry systems from an agro ecological and socio-economic viewpoint. (2) In the forest-savannah transition zone, which is considered sub-optimum for cocoa cultivation, we confirmed that the technical model adopted by the farmers enabled them to set up cocoa agroforests on savannah that were viable over the long term. (3) In the network, a participatory method applied to quantify the use value given to the species by the farmers confirmed the multi-functionality of cocoa agroforests and measured the place occupied in it by cocoa. (4) The evaluation of the cocoa tree stands, achieved by adapting the regional agronomic diagnosis method to complex systems, revealed the factors limiting cocoa yield. It was proved that cocoa yield is closely linked to the structure of the cocoa tree stand and that of the intercropped stands. (5) Lastly, a comprehensive analysis of farmer practices over the long term, in association with the evolution of the technical management of the cocoa tree stands, confirmed the flexibility of cocoa agroforestry systems. This flexibility was reflected in the evolution pathways for specific practices and structures. This work provides a new methodological basis to assess the performance of complex agroforestry systems. All the results and knowledge produced by this work make it possible to draw up proposals for developing a new technical model for cocoa growing

La région de Hounde au Burkina Faso est en pleine mutation en raison de l'intensification des systèmes de production agricole et de l'installation de populations venant des zones défavorisées au nord du pays. Face à ces transformations, les méthodes de conservation du milieu naturel traditionnellement utilisées sont peu à peu dépassées. Plusieurs techniques de diagnostic ont été utilisées afin de mettre en évidence l'évolution des paysages agricoles et le niveau de fertilité des sols. Dans une soixantaine de situations culturales, réparties dans deux villages de cette région, l'analyse des indicateurs de fertilité a montré que les seuils définis dans des dispositifs en milieux contrôlés ne sont pas encore atteints. La production agricole dans les systèmes de culture actuels assure aux populations autosuffisance alimentaire et revenus monétaires. L’avenir de cette région ne peut toutefois reposer sur ce constat optimiste et les dangers d'une dégradation physique et chimique des sols cultivés ressortent de cette étude

La culture bananière dédiée à l'export est industrielle et implantée sur de grandes surfaces monovariétales. Cette culture est intensive en intrants, en main d'oeuvre et est soumise à des contraintes environnementales et sociétales qui imposent une amélioration des pratiques agricoles. L’Agriculture de Précision (AP) est une approche technique qui est apparue sur les grandes cultures pour optimiser leur rendement, la qualité des récoltes et pour diminuer leur impact environnemental. Cette approche s'appuie sur les données spatialisées des exploitations pour réaliser un état des lieux de la production. Son objectif est de mettre en évidence les conditions variables de croissance et d'identifier celles qui sont contrôlables afin d'optimiser les procédés de production en fonction du potentiel local dans l'exploitation. La culture bananière présente des particularités par rapport aux grandes cultures qui n’ont pas été étudiées et qui remettent en cause l’utilisation directe des méthodes d’analyse des données des exploitants. Notamment, les bananiers sont asynchrones, leur cycle de développement n'est pas saisonnier et n'est pas synchronisé par le mode de culture. En conséquence, les parcelles sont constituées de bananiers à différents stades phénologiques. Ainsi, contrairement aux grandes cultures qui sont, elles, synchrones, les observations que l'on peut faire sur une bananeraie à un moment donné ne dépendent pas seulement des conditions de croissance mais aussi du stade phénologique variable des plants. L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer de nouvelles méthodes pour valoriser les données produites en bananeraies afin de faciliter le diagnostic agronomique dans une démarche d’AP. Les données sur lesquelles nous avons travaillées sont issues d'observations classiquement réalisées dans les bananeraies pour gérer les récoltes. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés à la télédétection et nous avons proposé des méthodes d’analyse qui permettent d'étudier la variabilité spatiale en diminuant le biais lié à l'asynchronisme.Le premier travail de la thèse a été de proposer des méthodes de caractérisation de l’asynchronisme des parcelles. Pour cela nous avons définis plusieurs indicateurs : la durée du cycle de développement des bananiers ; l’hétérogénéité des conditions de croissance ; le stade phénologique moyen d’une parcelle et enfin la variabilité des stades présents dans une parcelle. Ces méthodes ont été appliquées sur les données de floraisons d’une plantation industrielle au Cameroun. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence un effet de l’environnement et des pratiques des producteurs sur l’asynchronisme. Un deuxième pan du travail de thèse a été de proposer un modèle qui permet d’identifier la variabilité liée à l’environnement à partir de données de production. Le but était de générer des cartes interprétables agronomiquement sans biais lié à l’asynchronisme. Le modèle que nous avons proposé a été appliqué sur un indicateur particulier : le temps entre la floraison des plants et le moment de leur maturité. On suppose que cette méthode est suffisamment générale pour être appliquée à d’autres propriétés comme le poids des régimes à la récolte.Enfin, le dernier sujet étudié a été l’intérêt de la télédétection dans les bananeraies malgré la diversité des stades phénologiques. Nous avons quantifié l'importance de différentes sources de variabilité sur la teneur en chlorophylle des feuilles de bananier mesurée à partir d'un capteur piéton et nous avons construit un indice qui permet de prédire cette teneur par drone. Des cartes de variabilités de la chlorophylle intra-parcellaire ont été produites par ce moyen mais l’interprétation agronomique doit être faite avec précaution car les stades phénologiques ne sont pas connus et leurs effets ne peuvent être corrigés. Les conditions permettant d’interpréter ces cartes sont discutées
Exported bananas are produced on industrial plantations covering large areas and relying most of the times on clones of the Cavendish cultivars. This crop is input and labour intensive and is subject to environmental and societal constraints that impose an improvement in agricultural practices. Precision Agriculture (PA) is a methodological approach that has emerged on arable crops to optimize their yield, quality and reduce their environmental impact. This approach uses geo-referenced producer’s data and studies their spatial variability to increase the farming performance by adjusting the management by area. Its objective is to highlight the variable growth conditions and identify those that are manageable in order to optimize production processes according to the specific potential of the sites on the farm. Unlike arable crops, bananas exhibit unique characteristics that must be taken into account when studying production and yields. In particular, banana plants are asynchronous, their development cycle is not seasonal and is not synchronized by the cropping system. As a result, the fields are made up of banana plants at different phenological stages. Thus, unlike arable crops which are synchronous, the observations that can be made on a banana plantation at a given time depend not only on growing conditions but also on the variable phenological stages of the plants. The objective of this doctoral thesis was to propose new methods for using data produced in banana plantations in order to facilitate agronomic diagnosis in a PA approach. The data used are mainly those recorded to manage the harvests. These are observations classically recorded in banana plantations. We also studied remote sensing data and proposed analytical methods to study spatial variability by reducing the bias due to the asynchronism of banana plants.The first thesis work consisted in proposing methods to characterize the asynchronism of the fields. For this purpose, we defined several indicators: the average duration of the banana plant development cycle; the heterogeneity of growing conditions; and finally the average phenological stage of a field and the within field variability of the stages. These methods were applied to flowering data from an industrial plantation in Cameroon. An effect of the environment and producers' practices on asynchronism was highlighted. A second part of the thesis work consisted in proposing a model that identifies variability related to the environment and producers' choices using production data. The purpose of this method was to generate maps that could be interpreted agronomically, without the asynchronism bias. The model we proposed was applied to a particular property: the time between flowering and commercial maturity. It is assumed that this method is general enough to be applied to other agronomic properties such as the weight of bunches at harvest.Finally, the last subject we studied was the relevancy of remote sensing in banana plantations despite the diversity of phenological stages. We assessed the importance of different sources of variability on the chlorophyll content of banana leaves measured from a pedestrian sensor and constructed an index to predict this content by drone. Maps of within field variability of chlorophyll content have been produced by this method, but agronomic interpretation must be done with caution because the phenological stages are not known and their effects cannot be corrected. The conditions for interpreting these maps are discussed

Les diagnostics régionaux des causes des pertes de productivité des cultures restent un préalable indispensable pour réduire ces pertes. Les méthodes disponibles ne permettent cependant pas d'évaluer l'impact sur le rendement des différentes contraintes repérées, mais seulement leur fréquence d'occurrence dans un réseau de parcelles de producteurs. En outre, le suivi d'un tel réseau au cours d'un petit nombre d'années n'est pas suffisant pour tenir compte de l'influence de la variabilité inter-annuelle du climat dans la manifestation de ces contraintes.
Cette thèse développe une méthode nouvelle et la met à l'épreuve dans une étude de cas. Fondée sur une enquête de terrain et sur la construction puis l'exploitation d'un modèle « ad hoc » de simulation de culture, cette méthode facilite la détection des contraintes et les hiérarchise de manière plus objective que dans les méthodes antérieures, mais ne supprime pas toute subjectivité au diagnostic réalisé. Elle permet de replacer, pour une série de saisons agricoles représentatives du climat local, un diagnostic élaboré pour les quelques années de l'enquête.
Dans l'étude de cas, sur maïs chez les petits producteurs des Cerrados brésiliens, la modélisation a consisté à adapter le modèle STICS pour améliorer son module de bilan hydrique pour le contexte tropical et introduire les effets de la toxicité aluminique, de l'excès d'eau et de la compétition entre culture et adventices pour la lumière, l'eau et l'azote. Le diagnostic local a montré que l'essentiel des pertes de productivité étaient dues à de mauvaises mises en culture, dues aux carences de la gestion des tracteurs et semoirs par les associations de producteurs.

Les diagnostics regionaux des causes des pertes de productivite des cultures restent un prealable indispensable pour reduire ces pertes. Les methodes disponibles ne permettent cependant pas d'evaluer l'impact sur le rendement des differentes contraintes reperees, mais seulement leur frequence d'occurrence dans un reseau de parcelles de producteurs. En outre, le suivi d'un tel reseau au cours d'un petit nombre d'annees n'est pas suffisant pour tenir compte de l'influence de la variabilite inter-annuelle du climat dans la manifestation de ces contraintes. Cette these developpe une methode nouvelle et la met a l'epreuve dans une etude de cas. Fondee sur une enquete de terrain et sur la construction puis l'exploitation d'un modele ad hoc de simulation de culture, cette methode facilite la detection des contraintes et les hierarchise de maniere plus objective que dans les methodes anterieures, mais ne supprime pas toute subjectivite au diagnostic realise. Elle permet de replacer, pour une serie de saisons agricoles representatives du climat local, un diagnostic elabore pour les quelques annees de l'enquete. Dans l'etude de cas, sur mais chez les petits producteurs des cerrados bresiliens, la modelisation a consiste a adapter le modele stics pour ameliorer son module de bilan hydrique pour le contexte tropical et introduire les effets de la toxicite aluminique, de l'exces d'eau et de la competition entre culture et adventices pour la lumiere, l'eau et l'azote. Le diagnostic local a montre que l'essentiel des pertes de productivite etaient dues a de mauvaises mises en culture, dues aux carences de la gestion des tracteurs et semoirs par les associations de producteurs.

ALBUQUERQUE, Gustavo Henrique da Silva. Produção e nutrição do Mamoeiro "Caliman 01" em função da adubação com NPK. 2010. 57 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em agronomia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2010.
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Due to social and economic importance that the papaya crop has for the Chapada Apodi and lack of research on fertilization in the region, especially with hybrids. This research aimed to study the effect of different NPK on yield components and nutrient content of papaya hybrid 'Caliman 01', took place this experiment in the area of WG FRUTICULTURA company, located in the municipality of Baraúna, State of Rio Grande Norte. The seedlings were transplanted in November 2008, spaced 4.0 x 2.0 m. The plots consisted of six plants, considering how useful plot the four central plants. Five levels of nitrogen (94, 590, 837, 1088 and 1575 kg N ha -1) as urea, five levels of phosphorus (10, 72, 96, 133 and 195 kg P2O5 ha -1) in the form of monoammonium phosphate and five levels of potassium (75, 527, 752, 978 and 1429 kg K2O ha -1) in the form of potassium chloride, combined according to experimental matrix Pan Puebla II and distributed in randomized block design with five replications. The levels of NK were divided into thirty applications, the first being held in December 2008 and repeated fortnightly, and P were distributed in two applications in foundation next to the plants, the first application 75 days after transplanting (DAT) and the second application 150 DAT. At 110 DAT were collected from the petiole and blade of plants, to analyze the levels of NPK. During eight months held collections of fruits, determining the number and weight of them for treatment. NPK doses provided the best results of yield components of papaya were 1088, 72 and 527 kg ha -1, respectively. Increments in doses of N increased linearly the number of fruits, plant production and productivity, while P and K decreased, quadratic and linear respectively. The average levels of N and K in limbo were 269% and 4.5% higher than the petiole, while the P levels in limbo were 62.5% lower than the petiole. The combination of N, P2O5 and K2O of 590-72-75 kg ha -1 in papaya gave the best results with a higher rate of return.
Devido à importância social e econômica que a cultura do mamoeiro tem para a Chapada do Apodi e a falta de pesquisas com adubação na região, principalmente com as cultivares híbridas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo de estudar o efeito das diferentes doses de NPK nos componentes de produção e nos teores de nutrientes do mamoeiro híbrido „Caliman 01‟, realizou-se este experimento na área da empresa WG FRUTICULTURA, situada no município de Baraúna, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. As mudas foram transplantadas em novembro de 2008, no espaçamento 4,0 x 2,0 m. As parcelas foram constituídas de seis plantas, considerando como parcela útil as quatro plantas centrais. Cinco doses de nitrogênio (94, 590, 837, 1088 e 1575 kg de N ha-1) na forma de uréia, cinco doses de fósforo (10, 72, 96, 133 e 195 kg de P2O5 ha-1) na forma de fosfato monoamônico e cinco doses potássio (75, 527, 752, 978 e 1429 kg de K2O ha-1) na forma de cloreto de potássio, foram combinadas conforme a matriz experimental Pan Puebla II e distribuídas no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As doses de NK foram divididas em trinta aplicações, sendo a primeira realizada em dezembro de 2008 e repetida quinzenalmente; as de P foram distribuídas em duas aplicações em fundação ao lado das plantas, a primeira aplicação aos 75 dias após transplantio (DAT) e a segunda aplicação aos 150 DAT. Aos 110 DAT foram coletados o pecíolo e o limbo das plantas, para a análise dos teores de NPK. Durante oito meses realizou-se a coleta dos frutos, determinando o número e peso dos mesmos por tratamentos. As doses NPK que proporcionaram os melhores resultados dos componentes de produção estudados do mamoeiro foram de 1088, 72 e 527 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Incrementos nas doses de N aumentaram linearmente o número de frutos, a produção por planta e a produtividade, enquanto, as de P e K reduziram, de forma quadrática e linear, respectivamente. Os teores médios de N e K no limbo foram 269% e 4,5% superiores aos do pecíolo, enquanto os teores de P no limbo foram 62,5% inferiores aos do pecíolo. A combinação de N, P2O5 e K2O de 590-72-75 kg ha-1 no mamoeiro proporcionou o melhor resultado econômico com maior taxa de retorno.

Dans les périmètres irrigués de l'Office du Niger (Mali), le contexte est caractérisé par une tendance à l'alcalinisation des sols et des performances variables de la riziculture irriguée, en relation avec l'efficience de la fertilisation azotée. L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les interactions entre les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol in situ et les modalités d'application des techniques culturales telles que la fertilisation azotée, le repiquage et la gestion de l'eau, et leur influence sur l'alimentation azotée, la croissance et le rendement du riz. L'objectif finalisé est d'identifier les pratiques culturales sur lesquelles on pourrait agir pour améliorer l'efficience des apports d'azote et le rendement dans ce contexte spécifique de sols alcalins. La démarche combine un diagnostic agronomique pour identifier les situations que l'on rencontre dans les parcelles des agriculteurs puis une analyse expérimentale au laboratoire et au champ pour analyser l'influence des principaux facteurs identifiés.
Le diagnostic agronomique effectué dans les parcelles de dix paysans de la zone a permis de classer les parcelles suivies en trois groupes en fonction de la nature des sols et de la maîtrise de la lame d'eau en riziculture irriguée. Si la nature alcaline du sol ou la mauvaise maîtrise de la lame d'eau déterminent les rendements mesurés, il reste néanmoins une forte variabilité à l'intérieur d'un même groupe en fonction des pratiques culturales. Le respect du calendrier de fertilisation azotée ou l'age des plants au repiquage apparaissent comme variables et susceptibles d'expliquer cette variabilité.
Les résultats obtenus au laboratoire en réacteur fermé et en pot de culture ont permis de mettre en évidence l'effet déterminant de la nature plus ou moins alcaline du sol et de la présence d'une lame d'eau sur la dynamique de l'azote suite à un apport d'urée. La volatilisation d'ammoniac est plus importante sur sol alcalin et en présence d'une lame d'eau. Ces pertes ne dépassent cependant pas 20% de l'azote apporté, et les pertes d'azote par dénitrification apparaissent potentiellement plus importantes en l'absence d'une lame d'eau et sur sol peu alcalin. Ces observations résultent probablement d'une activité plus importante de la microflore sur sol non alcalin et de conditions favorables à la nitrification en l'absence d'une lame d'eau. La croissance du riz en pot est très fortement affectée sur sol alcalin mais aussi dans une moindre mesure sur sol non alcalin en l'absence de lame d'eau, en relation avec la disponibilité de l'azote et le pH in situ.
Les résultats obtenus dans les expérimentations au champ confirment l'effet déterminant de la fertilisation azotée, du type de sol, de la gestion de lame d'eau et de leurs interactions sur l'efficience de la fertilisation azotée et le rendement du riz. Le coefficient apparent d'utilisation de l'azote est plus élevé et favorise le développement végétatif sur sols alcalins, témoignant de moindres pertes d'azote dans la mesure où la lame d'eau est maîtrisée. Par la suite, la mise en place des organes reproducteurs et la production de grain sont affectées sur les sols alcalins, indépendamment de la nutrition azotée. Un assec de courte durée lors des apports d'engrais ne montre pas d'effet significatif sur l'efficience de l'azote et le rendement. Contraitrement à l'hypothèse de départ, le repiquage de plants âgés ne montre pas d'effet négatif sur la production ; si le tallage est affecté il semble que les plants soient en mesure de mieux s'adapter ensuite aux conditions défavorables du milieu.
Les voies d'amélioration doivent donc être recherchées par une diminution des pertes d'azote lors des apports d'engrais, principalement sur les sols non alcalins, et une minimisation des effets défavorables des pH alcalins sur la production de grain. C'est paradoxalement sur sol non alcalin que l'intérêt d'un assec de courte durée lors des apports d'engrais est le plus discutable dans la mesure où les pertes sont principalement liées à un processus de nitrification et dénitrification. Il semblerait alors préférable d'associer l'apport d'engrais azoté au maintien de conditions fortement réductrices. Sur sols alcalins, une diminution du pH in situ dans le sol et la lame d'eau devra être recherchée. Un pilotage raisonné des opérations culturales en fonction d'une connaissance du pH et du potentiel d'oxydoréduction serait une solution idéale. Une analyse et une modélisation plus approfondies du fonctionnement du système sol-eau-plante en conditions alcalines semblent nécessaires pour accompagner l'amélioration de la gestion des sols alcalins de l'Office du Niger.

Dans le sud du Cameroun, les palmeraies « villageoises » contribuent au développement rural et à la satisfaction des besoins nationaux en corps gras pour l’alimentation humaine et la savonnerie. Entre 1978 à 1991, 13 000 ha de palmeraies villageoises sélectionnées sont implantés avec l’appui technique et financier d’un projet. Puis le verger villageois sélectionné a triplé pour couvrir actuellement environ 40 000 ha. Ces plantations villageoises réalisées sans encadrement ni soutien financier présentent une grande variabilité de pratiques. Ceci soulève deux questions : celle de la valeur agronomique du verger villageois et celle de l’adaptation du conseil technique normatif. Ce travail repose sur une double approche agronomique. La première se fonde sur un diagnostic agronomique régional qui identifie les facteurs limitant les rendements et les pratiques dont ils découlent, afin de retracer des trajectoires de parcelles. La seconde approche est fondée sur une analyse compréhensive de la constitution de la sole, en retraçant l'historique des conditions d'installation de chacune des parcelles et en resituant les exploitations dans leur bassin d’approvisionnement. Un nouveau facteur limitant spécifique des palmeraies villageoises est révélé : la nutrition azotée en phase adulte. L’analyse spatiale et temporelle de la constitution des soles permet d’expliquer la variabilité des pratiques et d’établir des liens entre les conditions d’implantation, de conduite juvénile et des caractéristiques de parcelles adultes. Le contenu du conseil technique est revisité pour l’adapter aux nouvelles situations de parcelles, d’exploitation et d’environnement filière
In southern Cameroon, oil palm "smallholdings" contribute to rural development and meeting national oil and fat requirements for human consumption and soapmaking. From 1978 to 1991, 13,000 ha of selected oil palm smallholdings were set up with technical and financial support from a project. Selected oil palm smallholdings then trebled and now occupy around 40,000 ha. The latter plantations, set up without supervision or financial backing, display widely varying practices, raising two questions: the agronomic value of smallholdings and adaptation of standard technical advice. This work took a dual agronomic approach. Firstly a regional agronomic diagnosis to identify yield-limiting factors and practices from which they arose, in order to trace plot evolution patterns. Secondly a comprehensive analysis of field make-up, tracing back planting conditions in each plot and repositioning farms in their supply region. A new limiting factor specific to oil palm smallholdings was found: nitrogen nutrition in mature palms. A spatial and temporal analysis of field make-up helped to explain the variability in practices, enabling links to be made between planting conditions, juvenile palm management and mature plot characteristics. Technical advice was revised to adapt it to the new situations in plots, on farms and in the supply chain environment

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The metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte is characterized by the cultivation of tuberous vegetables, herbs and fruits, and is considered one of the green belts of the state of Minas Gerais in production and marketing. Thus, in order to make a diagnosis under the current situation of producers in this region, analyzing aspects of production, marketing and grower characteristics, we applied a questionnaire in order to meet a growing demand for information that develop in the area. The interviews were made "in situ", and the producers were identified through visits and productive areas by telephone. The data were treated in a quantitative manner and made available through charts and tables. After the analysis of responses identified that in metropolitan vegetable growers have age varied with the degree of elementary education, besides having the lettuce as the main vegetable. Producers sell in their own metropolitan area directly to the final consumer. Thus, the study contributed to broaden the understanding of how is the production, the marketing of vegetables produced and the process of decision making. For future studies, it is suggested to expand this universe, comparing the results between different regions of the state of Minas Gerais.
A região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte caracteriza-se pelo cultivo de hortaliças tuberosas, herbáceas e frutos, sendo considerada um dos cinturões verdes do estado de Minas Gerais em produção e comercialização. Assim, com o objetivo de realizar um diagnóstico sobre a situação atual dos produtores dessa região, analisando aspectos de produção, comercialização e características dos produtores, aplicou-se um questionário com vistas a atender uma demanda crescente de informações desenvolvidas na área. As entrevistas foram feitas "in loco" e os produtores foram identificados por meio de visitas nas áreas produtivas e por contato telefônico. Os dados foram tratados de forma quantitativa e disponibilizados por meio de gráficos e tabelas. Após a análise das respostas, identificou-se que os produtores de hortaliças da região metropolitana possuem idade variada, com grau de escolaridade fundamental, e produzem a alface como principal hortaliça. Os produtores vendem suas hortaliças na própria região metropolitana, diretamente ao consumidor final. Desse modo, o estudo contribuiu para ampliar a compreensão de como é feita a produção, a comercialização das hortaliças produzidas e o seu processo de tomada de decisão. Para estudos futuros, sugere-se expandir esse universo, comparando os resultados entre diferentes regiões do estado ampliando o conhecimento acerca do processo de tomada de decisão dos produtores rurais de hortaliças.

La nature alcaline des sols, la mauvaise maîtrise de l'eau ou le respect du calendrier cultural ont été abordés comme facteurs explicatifs de la variabilité des rendements et de l'efficience de la fertilisation azotée en riziculture irriguée à l'Office du Niger (Mali). Un diagnostic agronomique conduit en parcelles paysannes n'a pas permis de mettre en évidence l'influence de ces différents facteurs malgré une forte variabilité des propriétés des sols et des itinéraires techniques, notamment l'age des plants au repiquage. Ces résultats semblent indiquer l'existence d'interactions entre ces différents facteurs qui ont ensuite été étudiés en milieu contrôlé. L'influence de la gestion de la lame d'eau sur la dynamique de l'azote suite à un apport d'urée a été analysée au laboratoire sur deux types de sol alcalin et non alcalin. La volatilisation d'ammoniac est plus importante sur sol alcalin et en présence d'une lame d'eau. Ces pertes ne dépassent cependant pas 20% de l'azote apporté, et les pertes d'azote par nitrification et dénitrification apparaissent potentiellement plus importantes en l'absence d'une lame d'eau et sur sol peu alcalin. La croissance du riz en pot est très fortement affectée sur sol alcalin mais aussi dans une moindre mesure sur sol non alcalin en l'absence de lame d'eau en relation avec l'augmentation du pH in situ résultant de l'hydrolyse de l'urée. Les influences de différentes modalités de gestion de la lame d'eau, de fertilisation azotée et d'âges des plants au repiquage ont enfin été étudiées dans le cadre de deux dispositifs expérimentaux conduits au champ sur deux situations contrastées de sol alcalin et non alcalin. Les résultats montrent que la matière sèche produite est étroitement corrélée à la nutrition azotée. Sur sol alcalin, les rendements sont déterminés par deux processus antagonistes liés à une réduction des pertes d'azote et de meilleures conditions d'alimentation azotée de la culture, et une réduction de la production de grains. Sur sols non alcalins, le rendement est principalement lié à l'alimentation azotée. Si le repiquage de plants âgés pénalise le tallage, les rendements obtenus sont comparables et indiquent une meilleure tolérance de ces plants aux conditions défavorables du milieu. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à différentes améliorations des modes de conduite de la riziculture appliquée à la nature des sols cultivés, et offrent de nouvelles perspectives de modélisation plus approfondies du fonctionnement du système de culture dans ces conditions spécifiques de sol alcalin
The irrigated perimeters of the "Office du Niger" (Mali), is characterized by a tendency of soils toward alkalization and the variable yield performances of irrigated rice, as influenced by nitrogen fertilization. The objective of this study is to analyze the interactions between the in situ physicallchemical properties of soil and the modes of application of cultural practices such as nitrogen fertilization, rice transplanting and water management, and their influence on the nitrogen use efficiency by the riœ plant, rice growth and yield. The operational objective is to identify the rice growing practices that can improve the nitrogen use efficiency in the specific context of alkaline soils. The method combines an agronomic diagnosis in other to identify factors that influence the actual situation of farmer plots and laboratory and field experiments to analyse the identified factors. The agronomic diagnosis done in the field of ten peasants permitted to dassify the plots in three groups according to the nature of soils and the floodwater management. If the alkali nature of. Soil and/or the bad floodwater management practices determined the measured outputs, great yield variability within the same group remained nevertheless influenced by cultural practices. The respect of nitrogen fertilization plan and/or the age of the transplanted rice plants appear to be factors that can explain this variability. The results of laboratory and pot experiments permitted to determine the effects of soit alkalinity and floodwater level on the nitrogen dynamics following urea topdressing. The volatilization process of ammonia is more important on alkali soit and in presence of a floodwater. This process concems only 20% of the applied nitrogen, while denitrification appears potentially more important in the absence of a floodwater and on a less or non alkali soil. These observations are probably the results of favourable conditions for nitrification in the absence of floodwater and a more microflore activity on non alkaline soi!. Without flooding, rice growth in pot is more affected on alkaline than non alkaline soU, depending on the availability of nitrogen and the in situ soit pH. The results of field experiments confirmed the important effect of nitrogen application, soit type, water management and their interactions on N use efficiency and rice yield. The nitrogen use efficiency rate was much higher and resulted in more vegetative growth on alkaline soil, showing less nitrogen losses since irrigation water was weil managed. Independently of N nutrition, rice reproductive organs and grain production are affected on alkaline soils. Short draining periods during fertilizer applications does not show significant effects on N use efficiency and yield. Ln contrast to the working hypothesis, transplanting of old rice plants does not show negative effect on rice production; even though tillering is affected, plants seem to adjust the unfavourable conditions of their new environ ment. Yield improvement strategies must be sought through nitrogen management practices (reduction in N losses du ring applications) in non alkaline soils, and reduction in the effects of unfavourable pH on grain production in alkaline soils. Ln non alkaline soil, the benefit of short drainage during the period of fertilizer application is question able since N loses are mainly related to nitrification and denitrification processes. It seems then preferable to take into account the high reducing conditions when applying N fertilizer. On alkaline soUs, lowering the in situ pH and maintaining flood water at optimal level should be preferred. Cultural practices based on knowledge of soit pH and redox potential would be an ideal solution. A deeper analysis and modelling of soil~water-plant system seem necessary to improve management of the alkali soils of the "Office du Niger"

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Devido à importÃncia social e econÃmica que a cultura do mamoeiro tem para a Chapada do Apodi e a falta de pesquisas com adubaÃÃo na regiÃo, principalmente com as cultivares hÃbridas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo de estudar o efeito das diferentes doses de NPK nos componentes de produÃÃo e nos teores de nutrientes do mamoeiro hÃbrido âCaliman 01‟, realizou-se este experimento na Ãrea da empresa WG FRUTICULTURA, situada no municÃpio de BaraÃna, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. As mudas foram transplantadas em novembro de 2008, no espaÃamento 4,0 x 2,0 m. As parcelas foram constituÃdas de seis plantas, considerando como parcela Ãtil as quatro plantas centrais. Cinco doses de nitrogÃnio (94, 590, 837, 1088 e 1575 kg de N ha-1) na forma de urÃia, cinco doses de fÃsforo (10, 72, 96, 133 e 195 kg de P2O5 ha-1) na forma de fosfato monoamÃnico e cinco doses potÃssio (75, 527, 752, 978 e 1429 kg de K2O ha-1) na forma de cloreto de potÃssio, foram combinadas conforme a matriz experimental Pan Puebla II e distribuÃdas no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetiÃÃes. As doses de NK foram divididas em trinta aplicaÃÃes, sendo a primeira realizada em dezembro de 2008 e repetida quinzenalmente; as de P foram distribuÃdas em duas aplicaÃÃes em fundaÃÃo ao lado das plantas, a primeira aplicaÃÃo aos 75 dias apÃs transplantio (DAT) e a segunda aplicaÃÃo aos 150 DAT. Aos 110 DAT foram coletados o pecÃolo e o limbo das plantas, para a anÃlise dos teores de NPK. Durante oito meses realizou-se a coleta dos frutos, determinando o nÃmero e peso dos mesmos por tratamentos. As doses NPK que proporcionaram os melhores resultados dos componentes de produÃÃo estudados do mamoeiro foram de 1088, 72 e 527 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Incrementos nas doses de N aumentaram linearmente o nÃmero de frutos, a produÃÃo por planta e a produtividade, enquanto, as de P e K reduziram, de forma quadrÃtica e linear, respectivamente. Os teores mÃdios de N e K no limbo foram 269% e 4,5% superiores aos do pecÃolo, enquanto os teores de P no limbo foram 62,5% inferiores aos do pecÃolo. A combinaÃÃo de N, P2O5 e K2O de 590-72-75 kg ha-1 no mamoeiro proporcionou o melhor resultado econÃmico com maior taxa de retorno.
Due to social and economic importance that the papaya crop has for the Chapada Apodi and lack of research on fertilization in the region, especially with hybrids. This research aimed to study the effect of different NPK on yield components and nutrient content of papaya hybrid 'Caliman 01', took place this experiment in the area of WG FRUTICULTURA company, located in the municipality of BaraÃna, State of Rio Grande Norte. The seedlings were transplanted in November 2008, spaced 4.0 x 2.0 m. The plots consisted of six plants, considering how useful plot the four central plants. Five levels of nitrogen (94, 590, 837, 1088 and 1575 kg N ha -1) as urea, five levels of phosphorus (10, 72, 96, 133 and 195 kg P2O5 ha -1) in the form of monoammonium phosphate and five levels of potassium (75, 527, 752, 978 and 1429 kg K2O ha -1) in the form of potassium chloride, combined according to experimental matrix Pan Puebla II and distributed in randomized block design with five replications. The levels of NK were divided into thirty applications, the first being held in December 2008 and repeated fortnightly, and P were distributed in two applications in foundation next to the plants, the first application 75 days after transplanting (DAT) and the second application 150 DAT. At 110 DAT were collected from the petiole and blade of plants, to analyze the levels of NPK. During eight months held collections of fruits, determining the number and weight of them for treatment. NPK doses provided the best results of yield components of papaya were 1088, 72 and 527 kg ha -1, respectively. Increments in doses of N increased linearly the number of fruits, plant production and productivity, while P and K decreased, quadratic and linear respectively. The average levels of N and K in limbo were 269% and 4.5% higher than the petiole, while the P levels in limbo were 62.5% lower than the petiole. The combination of N, P2O5 and K2O of 590-72-75 kg ha -1 in papaya gave the best results with a higher rate of return.

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Phytoplasmas are wall-less prokaryotes associated with diseases in numerous plant species worldwide. In nature they are transmitted by phloem-sucking insects. Since phytoplasmas cannot be cultured in vitro, molecular techniques are needed for their diagnosis and characterization. In Brazil, chayote witches broom is a disease associated with ChWBIII phytoplasma, which can reduce the quality of chayote fruits. ChWBIII has other natural plant hosts, in the family Cucurbitaceae, and bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is the major alternative host. The present work aimed at (a) determine the transmissibility of ChWBIII to periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) through experimental methods; (b) study the symptomatology exhibited by C. roseus infected with ChWBIII phytoplasma; (c) evaluate two different strategies of plant tissue dehydration, to detect phytoplasma in naturally diseased plants of chayote, bitter melon and periwinkle; (d) study the putative presence and transmission of ChWBIII phytoplasma to seeds of M. charantia; and (e) verify phytoplasma variability in corn, passionfruit, poinsetia and C. roseus. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of ChWBIII through dodder and grafting was verified by the symptomatology developed in C. roseus, and by PCR with universal primer pairs specific to phytoplasmas 16S rDNA. Afterwards, the identity of ChWBIII in donor plants of bitter melon, in dodder and in C. roseus was confirmed by sequences analyses. Samples from diseased plants of bitter melon, periwinkle and chayote, that were submitted to desiccation with silica gel showed phytoplasmal 16S rDNA that was amplified with P1/P7 in PCR and reamplified in nested PCR with F2n/R2 yielding products of approximately 1.2 kb. Molecular assays demonstrated the presence of ChWBIII phytoplasma in seeds of symptomatic fruits of M. charantia, collected from plants with witches broom symptoms. The use of primers specific to 16SrIII group confirmed the identification of the phytoplasma associated with seeds as belonging to this group, what was further confirmed through sequencing. Sequences analyses revealed that the phytoplasma associated with bitter melon seeds is ChWBIII. The presence of phytoplasmas in symptomatic plants of corn, passionfruit, poinsetia and C. roseus was detected by PCR and nested PCR with universal primer pairs. Phytoplasmas isolated from passionfruit, poinsetia and C. roseus were classified as belonging to 16SrIII group, according to nested PCR with primers specific to this group. Analysis of the sequences of the phytoplasmas from passion fruit and C. roseus confirmed the identity of these organisms, revealing 99% homology with ChWBIII. The results determined are the following: (a) the transmissibility of ChWBIII to the experimental host C. roseus by inverse transmission through dodder, as well as by graft transmission; (b) the symptomatology exhibited by C. roseus infected with ChWBIII phytoplasma; (c) the viability of preserved tissue from chayote, bitter melon and periwinkle to detect phytoplasma, indicating the possible use of this kind of sample, for other botanical species infected with phytoplasmas; (d) the presence of phytoplasma in seeds of symptomatic fruits, from plants of bitter melon infected with ChWBIII, what suggests the putative transmission of the phytoplasma from the mother plants to the seeds; (e) the diversity of phytoplasma host plants, that was verified in corn, passionfruit, poinsetia and C. roseus. The results obtained in the present study lead to a better epidemiolgical understanding of the diseases caused by phytoplasmas, and may help to search for insect vectors and alternate plant hosts, enabling the design of effective disease management strategies.
Fitoplasmas s?o procariotos sem parede celular associados com in?meras enfermidades de esp?cies de plantas no mundo. Esses pat?genos na natureza s?o transmitidos por insetos que se alimentam do floema das plantas. Como os fitoplasmas n?o podem ser cultivados in vitro empregam-se t?cnicas moleculares para sua diganose e caracteriza??o No Brasil, o superbrotamento do chuchuzeiro ? uma doen?a associada ao fitoplasma ChWBIII, que pode causar redu??o da qualidade de frutos de chuchu. O ChWBIII tem outras esp?cies hospedeiras naturais, da fam?lia Cucurbitaceae, sendo a principal dessas, mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano (Momordica charantia). O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (a) determinar a transmissibilidade do ChWBIII por m?todos experimentais para vinca (Catharanthus roseus); (b) estudar a sintomatologia exibida por C. roseus infectado com o fitoplasma ChWBIII; (c) avaliar duas diferentes estrat?gias de desidrata??o de tecido vegetal para a detec??o de fitoplasmas de plantas naturalmente doentes de chuchuzeiro, mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano e vinca; (d) estudar a poss?vel presen?a e a transmiss?o do fitoplasma ChWBIII ?s sementes de M. charantia; e, (e) verificar a variabilidade de fitoplasmas em milho, maracuj?, poins?tia e C. roseus. A patogenicidade e a transmissibilidade do ChWBIII, mediante Cuscuta e enxertia, foi verificada pela sintomatologia em C. roseus e por PCR usando primers universais espec?ficos para o 16S rDNA de fitoplasmas. Posteriomente, a identidade do ChWBIII em plantas doadoras de mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano, em Cuscuta e em C. roseus foi confirmada por an?lise de seq??ncias. Amostras de plantas doentes de mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano, vinca e chuchuzeiro submetidas ? desseca??o com s?lica gel, continham 16S rDNA de fitoplasma, o qual foi amplificado por PCR com primersP1/P7 e reamplificado em nested PCR com os primers F2n/R2, fornecendo produtos de aproximadamente 1.2 kb. Testes moleculares demonstraram a presen?a do fitoplasma ChWBIII em sementes de M. charantia de frutos sintom?ticos, obtidos de plantas com superbrotamento do mel?o-de-S?o- Caetano . O emprego de primers espec?ficos ao grupo 16SrIII confirmou a identifica??o do fitoplasma associado ? sementes como pertencente a esse grupo, o que foi corroborado atrav?s do seq?enciamento. A an?lise das seq??ncias revelou que o fitoplasma associado a sementes de mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano ? o ChWBIII. A presen?a de fitoplasmas em plantas sintom?ticas de milho, maracuj?, poins?tia e C. roseus foi detectada atrav?s de PCR e nested PCR com iniciadores universais. Os fitoplasmas isolados de maracuj?, poins?tia e C. roseus foram inseridos no grupo 16SrIII, de acordo com nested PCR com primers espec?ficos a esse grupo. An?lise das seq??ncias dos fitoplasmas de maracuj? e de C. roseus confrrmou a identidade dos mesmos, revelando 99% de homologia com o ChWBIII. Com a presente pesquisa determinou-se: (a) a transmissibilidade de ChWBIII mediante a transmiss?o inversa por Cuscuta para a hospedeira experimental C. roseus e, tamb?m mediante a indexa??o biol?gica; (b) a sintomatologia exibida por C. roseus infectado com o fitoplasma ChWBIII; (c) a viabilidade do uso de tecidos preservados de chuchuzeiro, mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano e vinca, para a detec??o de fitoplasmas, indicando a possibilidade de uso desse tipo de amostras para outras esp?cies bot?nicas afetadas por fitoplasmoses; (d) a presen?a de fitoplasmas nas sementes de frutos sintom?ticos provenientes de plantas de mel?o-de-S?o-Caetano infectadas com o ChWBIII, o que sugere a poss?vel transmiss?o do fitoplasma da planta m?e para as sementes; (e) a diversidade de plantas hospedeiras de fitoplasmas no Brasil, que foi verificada em milho, maracuj?, poins?tia e C. roseus. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo possibilitam o maior entendimento epidemiol?gico das enfermidades incitadas por fitoplasmas e podem auxiliar na descoberta de insetos vetores e de plantas hospedeiras alternativas, favorecendo o estabelecimento de estrat?gias de controle dessas doen?as.

Le travail présenté s'inscrit dans une double préoccupation de protection intégrée des cultures et de sécurité sanitaire. L'objectif est d'étudier comment les pratiques culturales dans les champs de blé influent sur le développement de la fusariose de l'épi et la production de mycotoxines fusariennes. Les procédures d'échantillonnage pour le dosage des toxines ont d'abord été évaluées. Puis, nous avons analysé les corrélations éventuelles entre pratiques culturales, symptômes de fusariose sur l'épi, contamination en mycotoxines des grains, et infection de la parcelle par telle ou telle combinaison des différentes espèces (ou souches) de pathogènes. Deux dispositifs ont été suivis: un réseau comparant 30 parcelles cultivées en agriculture biologique dans des milieux différents, pendant deux ans, et un essai comparant différents systèmes de culture (biologique, conventionnel, intégré, et sans travail du sol avec couverture permanente) dans un même lieu, pendant quatre ans. Pour que les prélèvements au champ permettent de caractériser de façon fiable le niveau de contamination de la parcelle, nous avons établi quelques règles concernant la procédure de prélèvement: prélever une quantité suffisante d'épis (au moins 1 kg de grains), bien répartis dans la parcelle (quadriller la parcelle, par 10 botillons par exemple), broyer les grains pour homogénéiser au mieux l'échantillon sur lequel les toxines seront analysées. Avant même le broyage, une séparation soigneuse des grains et des organes végétatifs est essentielle pour que le niveau de contamination en toxines des premiers ne soit pas surévalué à cause de la présence de résidus des seconds, beaucoup plus fortement contaminés en termes de µg de toxine par kg de matière végétale. Aucune relation stable entre les symptômes visibles sur les épis et la contamination des grains par les mycotoxines n'a été observée dans nos conditions expérimentales, où les niveaux d'attaque et de contamination de nos parcelles sont restés en moyenne relativement modérés. Il ne semble donc pas possible d'établir un modèle prédisant la teneur en mycotoxines à la récolte à partir des symptômes observés auparavant sur les épis. Aucune des hypothèses simples de la littérature concernant un effet des pratiques culturales sur la fusariose de l'épi n'a été vraiment validée. En revanche, une corrélation positive a été observée entre un paramètre nutritionnel du blé, le rapport des quantités d'azote sur celles de fructose dans les épis à la floraison, et le taux d'infection des grains par les agents du complexe fusarien ou les symptômes visibles de la fusariose (intensité ou gravité). En ce qui concerne la production de mycotoxines fusariennes (et non plus les symptômes visibles de la maladie), nous avons trouvé qu'elle était corrélée à la présence de résidus de la culture précédente -pour autant que cette culture précédente soit sensible elle-même à la fusariose-, et à des valeurs faibles du rapport du taux d'azote sur celui de potassium dans les épis à la floraison. F. culmorum semble être une espèce très importante tant pour la production de déoxynivalénol que de nivalénol; sa plus forte présence dans les systèmes sans travail du sol pourrait expliquer les plus forts taux de contamination dans ce système. Cependant, la production de mycotoxines semble en partie résulter d'interactions complexes, de compétition ou de synergie, entre les différentes espèces de Fusarium productrices de toxines, ou entre elles et les espèces non productrices de toxines (faisant ou non partie du complexe fusarien); ces interactions probables contribuent à minimiser l'effet d'éventuels traitements fongicides de cultures. Ce travail suggère l'intérêt d'un travail à l'interface de l'agronomie et de la pathologie, à l'échelle du champ comme à l'échelle de la souche de pathogène, et appelle des études complémentaires à l'interface de ces champs d'activité.

Dans l'optique d'une agriculture plus durable, l'agriculture biologique offre l'opportunité d'une production agricole plus respectueuse de l'environnement. Néanmoins, en agriculture biologique, les niveaux de production sont inférieurs à ceux de l'agriculture conventionnelle. Le rendement et la teneur en protéines du blé biologique sont très variables et limités par de nombreux facteurs. Les faibles teneurs en protéines posent des difficultés de commercialisation car elles sont généralement inférieures au seuil de 10,5% que les organismes de collecte exigent pour les débouchés de panification. Afin d'améliorer les performances du blé biologique, dans un premier temps, les facteurs limitants et les pratiques agricoles expliquant ces performances ont été identifiés et hiérarchisés à l'aide d'un diagnostic agronomique réalisé en région Rhône-Alpes. Ce diagnostic a été réalisé à l'aide d'une méthode statistique innovante de mélange de modèles. Puis, des modèles permettant de prédire la distribution du rendement et de la densité d'une population d'adventices tardive à partir d'une densité précoce dans des parcelles de blé biologique, ont été mis au point à l'aide de la méthode de régression quantile. Ils permettent d'aider au raisonnement des pratiques de désherbage et de fertilisation. Enfin, une analyse des pratiques des agriculteurs a permis de prendre en compte la manière dont les agriculteurs prélèvent des informations sur leurs parcelles pour déclencher leurs pratiques. Des propositions sont ensuite discutées pour valoriser les résultats de ce travail dans la construction d'un outil d'aide à la décision destiné à raisonner les pratiques de désherbage et de fertilisation.

Dans l’optique d’une agriculture plus durable, l’agriculture biologique offre l’opportunité d’une production agricole plus respectueuse de l’environnement. Néanmoins, en agriculture biologique, les niveaux de production sont inférieurs à ceux de l’agriculture conventionnelle. Le rendement et la teneur en protéines du blé biologique sont très variables et limités par de nombreux facteurs. Les faibles teneurs en protéines posent des difficultés de commercialisation car elles sont généralement inférieures au seuil de 10,5% que les organismes de collecte exigent pour les débouchés de panification. Afin d’améliorer les performances du blé biologique, dans un premier temps, les facteurs limitants et les pratiques agricoles expliquant ces performances ont été identifiés et hiérarchisés à l’aide d’un diagnostic agronomique réalisé en région Rhône-Alpes. Ce diagnostic a été réalisé à l’aide d’une méthode statistique innovante de mélange de modèles. Puis, des modèles permettant de prédire la distribution du rendement et de la densité d’une population d’adventices tardive à partir d’une densité précoce dans des parcelles de blé biologique, ont été mis au point à l’aide de la méthode de régression quantile. Ils permettent d’aider au raisonnement des pratiques de désherbage et de fertilisation. Enfin, une analyse des pratiques des agriculteurs a permis de prendre en compte la manière dont les agriculteurs prélèvent des informations sur leurs parcelles pour déclencher leurs pratiques. Des propositions sont ensuite discutées pour valoriser les résultats de ce travail dans la construction d’un outil d’aide à la décision destiné à raisonner les pratiques de désherbage et de fertilisation.

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With the advent of Diagnose and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) by Beaufils (1973), researchers were setting to this system of nutritional diagnosis in order to increase their efficiency. However, evolution has brought a number of possibilities for calculation of DRIS‟ norms and functions, that need to be tested to determine the best combination of methodology. The aim of this work was to study the ways of calculating DRIS‟ norms and functions, in order to obtain the best combination of methodology for the system that seeks greater efficiency in the nutritional diagnosis of cotton crop. The work was conducted an grower´s fields of cotton from 2004 - 2005 crop season, at the South region from Mato Grosso. The database consisted of 108 samples of whole leaf and the yield of seed cotton in the plots of grower´s fields with an average of 100 ha. The F value norms and Jones‟ functions (1981) was the best combination of methodologies, obtaining the best efficiency in nutritional diagnosis. All the methodologies combination were able to diagnose the nutrition state of the cotton crop. Both the norms developed by logarithm function and the choice of relations by F value, may be recommended for assessing the nutritional status of the cotton crop in the south region from state of Mato Grosso, both being effective to diagnose the nutritional status. The two criteria (F value and logarithm function) were effective to diagnose deficiencies and is not diagnostic deficiencies at random, but by the ableness of the method that has been tested by chi-square. The agreement between the methodologies to assess nutritional status was between 92.59 to 100%, except for S which had 74.07% agreement.
Após a criação do sistema integrado de diagnose e recomendação (DRIS) por Beaufils (1973), pesquisadores foram ajustando esse sistema de diagnose nutricional com a finalidade de torná-lo mais eficaz. No entanto, a evolução trouxe uma série de alternativas para o cálculo das normas e funções DRIS que precisam ser testadas para definir a melhor combinação de métodos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as formas de cálculo das normas e funções DRIS, com a finalidade de obter a melhor combinação de métodos de cálculo do sistema que proporcione maior eficácia na diagnose nutricional do algodoeiro. O trabalho foi realizado em lavouras comerciais de algodão, no ano agrícola de 2004/2005, na região Sul do Mato Grosso. A base de dados foi composta por 108 amostras de folha completa e pela produtividade de algodão em caroço em área de lavouras comerciais com média de 100 ha. As normas, valor F e as funções de cálculo de Jones (1981) foi à melhor combinação de métodos, obtendo a melhor eficácia na diagnose nutricional. Todas as combinações de métodos foram capazes de diagnosticar o estado nutricional da cultura. Tanto as normas desenvolvidas por LN e a escolha das relações pelo valor F, podem ser recomendadas para a avaliação do estado nutricional da cultura do algodoeiro para a região Sul do Mato Grosso, sendo ambas eficaz para diagnosticar o estado nutricional. Os dois critérios (LN e valor F) foram eficazes para diagnosticar deficiências, não sendo as deficiências diagnosticas ao acaso, e sim pela capacidade do método que foi testado pelo teste do qui-quadrado. A concordância entre os métodos, na avaliação do estado nutricional esteve entre 92,59 a 100%, com exceção ao S que teve 74,07% de concordância.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro vinhedos familiares localizados no Município de Pelotas, no Território Zona Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo do presente estudo foi construir um diagnóstico, a partir da análise de indicadores da qualidade do solo, da folha e da fruta em propriedades agrícolas familiares produtoras de uva cultivar bordô. Este diagnóstico baseou-se em uma pesquisa descritiva a qual contribuirá para o estabelecimento de um modelo para posterior estudo sobre a dinâmica dos indicadores físicos, químicos e (micro)biológicos no sistema solo-planta-fruto em agroecossistemas com produção de uva. Os indicadores utilizados foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, microporosidade, macroporosidade, diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados, pH, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca de cátions, macronutrientes (K, P, Ca, Mg, Al), micronutrientes (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu e B), relação de ácaros/colêmbolos, Índice de Shannon, número de minhocas, respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo, análises foliares de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) e análises físico-químicas da fruta (°Brix, acidez, ratio, pH, antocianinas, atividade antioxidante e fenóis totais), os quais foram mensurados através de análises laboratoriais. Com a interpretação dos dados foi possível verificar que os solos avaliados apresentam condições físicas adequadas. Com relação aos indicadores químicos, os solos avaliados apresentam adequada fertilidade, e com relação às condições biológicas (meso e macrofauna), estão abaixo dos índices considerados como ideais. Levando-se em consideração a análise foliar podemos inferir que os vinhedos apresentam estado nutricional adequado. Os indicadores físico-químicos da uva estão dentro dos parâmetros esperados para a cultivar avaliada.
This study was conducted in four family vineyards located in the municipality of Pelotas, in the South Territory of the Rio Grande do Sul state. The aim of this study was to construct a diagnosis based on the analysis of soil quality indicators, leaf and fruit on family farms grape producers. This diagnosis was based on a descriptive research which will contribute to the establishment of a model for further study on the dynamics of physical, chemical and (micro) biological indicators in the soil-plant-fruit system. The indicators used were: bulk density, total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, mean weight diameter of aggregates, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, macronutrients (K, P, Ca, Mg, Al), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B) ratio of mites/springtails, Shannon Index, number of earthworms, soil basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, leaf analysis macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and physical-chemical analysis of fruit (°Brix, acidity, ratio, pH, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds), which were measured by laboratory analysis. With the data interpretation was possible to verify that the soil physical indicators present adequate physical conditions. With respect to chemical indicators the vineyards evaluated have adequate soil fertility, but regarding the biological conditions (meso and macrofauna) the results were below the considered ideal. Taking into account the foliar analysis, the vineyards present adequate nutritional status. Lastly, the fruit physical and chemical indicators present expected parameters for this cultivar.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de présenter une méthode de caractérisation des prairies qui permet ensuite un diagnostic utilisable pour le conseil agricole. Nous pratiquons une approche descendante, de l'exploitation vers la parcelle, pour identifier les fonctions parcellaires et les critères fourragers caractérisant l'aptitude des végétations à ces fonctions (production, valeur nutritive, appétibilité,. . . ). Ensuite, une étude du fonctionnement des prairies met en évidence les facteurs de variation des critères d'aptitude: états de végétation, conditions de milieu physique et pratiques agricoles. Nous montrons, en particulier, l'influence de la structure et de la morphologie de la végétation: mode d'agrégation des individus, taux de tiges, sénescence,. . . Ces états ont une forte variabilité intraspécifique et limitent la pertinence d'un diagnostic floristique. Il y a par contre, pour ces mêmes états, une convergence entre espèces, de même stratégie adaptative, lorsqu'elles vivent dans des conditions similaires. Morphologie et structure ont donc une valeur indicatrice des conditions de milieu et des pratiques. Sur cette base, nous avons réalisé une typologie des prairies de fauche des Alpes du Nord, selon leurs aptitudes aux différentes fonctions régionales. Une connaissance globale des types permet d'évaluer leurs possibilités d'utilisation et de proposer des solutions assurant une meilleure adaptation aux fonctions. La conception de ce modèle tient compte des conditions de travail des agents du développement, dans une situation de dialogue avec des agriculteurs ayant aussi un savoir technique

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Considered the most destructive disease of rice (Oryza sativa), the blast caused by the fungus M. oryzae is of concern worldwide. Because the pathogen staying power in the soil and crop residues for long and indeterminate periods is essential monitoring before the pathogen's entry into new areas, due to the commitment of nearby plantations. The seeds are considered the main ways of spread of disease due to storage, transportation and introduction into harmless areas. The methodology currently recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture for fungi monitoring seed is the "Blotter test", however, the morphological characterization can often be uncertain due to the rapid growth of fungal invasion and the similarity between structures of some pathogens. Morphologically M. oryzae can be indistinguishable from some species, such as the causal agent of rice blast wheat and other grasses therefore the most adequate way for safe diagnosis is the molecular detection. In seeds percentage infestation is often low, which is nevertheless important because the seed of transmission capacity for the seedling, however small conidia concentrations may be insufficient for the molecular detection by techniques potentially used as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Technically a methodology for molecular amplification isothermal LAMP (Loop- Mediated Isothermal Amplification) simpler recently been developed, which allows to safely identify the target, due to the projection of specific primers based on exclusive regions of the genome of the organism. The technique has advantages as high sensitivity due to the recognition by the initiators of six regions of the target, in addition to specificity, speed and security in the diagnosis. It is important to consider the cost reduction compared with PCR, due to use of constant temperature and straightforward interpretation of results using turbidity generated in positive samples or color change if the addition of dyes, eliminating the use of devices, specialized professionals in handling high standard laboratories. The interpretation the results with the naked eye makes the seed control in environments such as laboratories, warehouses, cooperatives with minimal structure, reflecting positively on the proper targeting of lots, either for planting, consumption or disposal. Therefore, the aim of this study was to survey the main potentially destructive pathogenic fungi found in seeds, and develop a rapid detection kit by LAMP methodology for M. oryzae.
Considerada a doença mais destrutiva do arroz (Oryza sativa), a Brusone, causada pelo fungo Magnaporthe. oryzae é motivo de preocupação no mundo todo. Devido a capacidade de permanência do patógeno no solo e em restos culturais por longos e indeterminados períodos é essencial o monitoramento perante a entrada do patógeno em novas áreas, em razão do comprometimento dos próximos plantios. As sementes são consideradas as principais formas de disseminação da doença devido à capacidade de armazenamento, transporte e introdução em áreas indenes. A metodologia atualmente recomendada pelo Ministério da Agricultura para monitoramento de fungos em sementes é o “Blotter test”, entretanto, a caracterização morfológicapode muitas vezes ser incerta devido à invasão de fungos de crescimento rápido e a semelhança entre estruturas de alguns patógenos. Morfologicamente M. oryzae pode ser indistinguível de algumas espécies, como é o caso do agente causal da brusone de diversas gramíneas, portanto, a maneira mais adequada para diagnose segura é a detecção molecular. Em sementes, a porcentagem de infestação muitas vezes é baixa, o que não deixa de ser importante devido a capacidade de transmissibilidade da semente para a plântula, no entanto as pequenas concentrações de conídios podem ser insuficientes para a detecção molecular, por meio de técnicas potencialmente utilizadas como a PCR (Reação Polimerase em Cadeia). Tecnicamente mais simples, recentemente foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de amplificação molecular isotérmica LAMP (Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification), que permite identificar de forma segura o alvo, em decorrência da projeção de iniciadores específicos, baseados em regiões exclusivas do genoma do organismo. A técnica apresenta vantagens como, alta sensibilidade devido ao reconhecimento pelos iniciadores de seis regiões do alvo, além da especificidade, agilidade e segurança no diagnostico. È importante considerar a redução de custos em comparação com a PCR, devido ao uso de temperaturas constantes, e interpretação direta dos resultados por meio da turbidez gerada em amostras positivas, ou mudança de coloração no caso da adição de corantes, dispensando o uso de aparelhos, profissionais especializados e manuseio em laboratórios de alto padrão. A intepretação dos resultados a olhos nus facilita o controle de sementes em ambientes como laboratórios, armazéns, cooperativas com estrutura mínima, refletindo positivamente sobre o direcionamento adequado de lotes, seja para o plantio, consumo ou descarte. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o levantamento dos principais fungos patogênicos potencialmente destrutivos encontrados em sementes, e desenvolver um kit de detecção rápida por meio da metodologia LAMP para M. oryzae.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The eucalyptus plantations in Brazil cover 4.3 Mha of which 22% is in the state of Sao Paulo. Several studies conclude that there is close and positive correlation between nutrient content and eucalyptus growth rate, and nutrient contents in the leaves reflect the flow of water and nutrients in the soil and correlate with productivity. Thus, the nutritional diagnosis based on tissue analysis can be used as a complementary tool to soil analysis to support crop nutritional management. Among the existing methods of plant nutrient diagnosis, that proposed by Kenworthy (KW) evaluates the balance of nutrients, considering each nutrient individually and the variability of nutrient content in the reference population. On the other hand, the Integrated Diagnosis and Recommendation (DRIS), proposed by Beaufils, evaluates the nutrient equilibrium through the ratio between nutrients. For both it is necessary to construct a set of nutrient standards. The objectives of this work were 1) to obtain standards for KW and DRIS methods, applicable to the diagnosis of nutritional status, based on foliar analysis of young eucalyptus plantations in the state of São Paulo, Brazil; 2) to evaluate the degree of universality of the norms or standards and diagnosis; 3) to evaluate the influence of excluding one or more nutrients showing high contents and high variability in their contents on the diagnosis and on the equilibrium of other nutrients; 4) to develop an alternative method with high biologic meaning, for the definition of sufficiency ranges for the KW and DRIS indexes; 5) to contribute to the improvement of the software NUTREELYPTUS, for leaf nutrient diagnosis. We used database from 1,150 plots of young eucalyptus plantations from which leaves were collected for analysis. The available information included N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, and B contents and tree stem height. This stratification was performed by determining the reference population, for which height was greater than average height. We calculated specific (by age and region of cultivation, genetic material, previous crop and textural class) and general (by forest company and for the state of São Paulo) sets of standards. Specific standards were compared with those taken as general standards for each situation by the t test for means and F test for variances. Then, using NUTREELYPTUS, parameterized with these standards (specific and general) and ranges of sufficiency, we obtained the diagnosis of the nutritional status of plantations showing low productivity considering the balance sheet (KW indexes) and equilibrium (DRIS indexes and Potential Response to Fertilization - PRA classes), which were compared, at plot level, based on the frequency of concordant diagnostics (FDC). We used the methods of the Boundary Region (BR) and Mathematics Relative Chance (ChMR) to obtain reference values with greater biological significance. Relevant sets of specific standards were obtained for the diagnosis of nutritional status of young eucalyptus plantations in São Paulo State. The degree of universality of KW and DRIS norms varies with the parameter used (mean, variance, or both together) and, independently of the parameter, is smaller than that of diagnostics made using these standards. For a given company, the high values of FDC allow general standards to be used. Excluding Fe and Mn, nutrients for which the average overall contents were elevated and the variability highest, increases the sensitivity of the diagnostic of nutritional equilibrium, but do not change the degree of universality of the diagnoses made. The KW and DRIS indexes obtained by BF and ChMR can be utilized to obtain the limits of sufficiency ranges with greater biological meaning, seeking the interpretation of foliar analyses. The use of these new limits of sufficiency ranges has little effect on the FDC obtained with specific or general standards. For assessing the nutritional status of young eucalyptus plantations it is recommended to use the limits of sufficiency ranges of KW and DRIS obtained by ChMR method, as proposed in this research. Further studies are needed in order to correlate the nutritional status of young eucalyptus plantations to yield at the harvest age.
Os plantios com eucalipto no país ocupam 4,3 megahectares, dos quais 22 % encontram-se no estado de São Paulo. Diversos trabalhos concluem que há correlação positiva e estreita entre acúmulo de nutrientes e taxa de crescimento do eucalipto, e que os teores de nutrientes nas folhas refletem os fluxos de água e nutrientes no sistema e se correlacionam com a produtividade. Assim, a diagnose nutricional com base em análise de tecido pode ser utilizada como ferramenta complementar à análise de solo para subsidiar o manejo nutricional das culturas. Dos métodos de diagnose existentes, o proposto por Kenworthy (KW) avalia o balanço, considerando os nutrientes de forma individual além de incorporar a variabilidade do teor na população de referência. Já o Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS), proposto por Beaufils, avalia o equilíbrio nutricional por meio de relações entre os nutrientes. Para ambos há necessidade de se dispor de valores de referência, ou seja, de normas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) obter normas para os métodos KW e DRIS, aplicáveis à diagnose do estado nutricional, com base em análise foliar, de plantios jovens de eucalipto no Estado de São Paulo; 2) avaliar o grau de universalidade das normas e dos diagnósticos; 3) avaliar a influência da exclusão de nutrientes cujas normas apresentam altos teores e variabilidade sobre a diagnose, quanto ao equilíbrio, dos demais nutrientes; 4) desenvolver método alternativo, com enfoque mais biológico, para a definição das faixas de suficiência para KW e DRIS; 5) contribuir para a parametrização e aprimoramento do aplicativo computacional NUTREELYPTUS. Foi utilizado banco de dados de análises foliares de 1.150 talhões de plantios jovens de eucalipto, em áreas de duas empresas, contendo informações referentes aos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn e B e produtividade. Foi realizada a estratificação deste, determinando a população de referência, cuja altura era maior que a altura média. Foram calculados conjuntos de normas específicas (por época e região de plantio, material genético, cultura antecessora e classe textural), e gerais (por Empresa e para o estado de São Paulo). As normas específicas foram comparadas com as normas tidas como gerais para cada situação, mediante o teste t para as médias e o teste F para as variâncias. A seguir, com o auxílio do NUTREELYPTUS, parametrizado com essas normas (específicas e gerais) e faixas de suficiência, foram obtidos os diagnósticos do estado nutricional de plantios de baixa produtividade quanto ao balanço (índices KW) e equilíbrio (índices DRIS e classes de Potencial de Resposta à Adubação - PRA), que foram comparados, em nível de talhão, pela Frequência de Diagnósticos Concordantes (FDC). Foram utilizados os métodos da Região de Fronteira (RF) e da Chance Matemática Relativa (ChMR) para a obtenção de limites das faixas de suficiência com maior significado biológico. Foram obtidos conjuntos de normas específicas e normas gerais úteis à diagnose do estado nutricional de plantios jovens de eucalipto no estado de São Paulo. O grau de universalidade das normas KW e DRIS varia conforme o parâmetro usado (média, variância ou ambas conjuntamente) e independente do parâmetro é menor do que o dos diagnósticos produzidos com o uso destas normas. Numa mesma empresa, os altos valores de FDC permitem que normas gerais sejam utilizadas. A exclusão de Fe e Mn, nutrientes cujas médias em geral apresentaram-se elevadas e com as maiores variabilidades, aumenta a sensibilidade dos diagnósticos quanto ao equilíbrio nutricional, mas não altera de modo relevante o grau de universalidade dos diagnósticos produzidos. Os métodos RF e ChMR podem ser utilizados visando à obtenção dos limites das faixas de suficiência com maior significado biológico, visando à interpretação de índices KW e DRIS. A utilização desses novos limites de faixas de suficiência pouco alterou a FDC obtidos com normas específicas ou gerais. Para a avaliação do estado nutricional de plantios jovens de eucalipto recomenda-se a utilização dos limites das faixas de suficiência KW e DRIS como proposto neste trabalho pelo método ChMR. São necessários estudos adicionais de modo a correlacionar o estado nutricional de plantios jovens de eucalipto com a produtividade na idade de corte.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
O tabaco é uma cultura de grande importância econômica no Brasil, sendo esse o segundo produtor mundial. O estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o maior produtor Brasileiro. O município de Pelotas mesmo não caracterizando se como um grande produtor de tabaco, cultura representa uma fonte geradora de renda muito importante. Entretanto, o cultivo de tabaco ocasiona diversos problemas relacionados ao mau uso do solo, haja visto, que o referido cultivo é muito intenso, o que causa muitos desgastes ao solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi, portanto, construir um diagnóstico da qualidade do solo em áreas submetidas ao cultivo do tabaco, com no mínimo 15 anos de produção contínua, localizadas no município de Pelotas, RS. Para se construir este diagnóstico foram avaliadas, além das áreas com tabaco, áreas adjacentes com vegetação nativa. Para mensurar a qualidade do solo foram selecionados uma cesta de indicadores, contemplando a propriedades físicas, químicas, biológicas e microbiológicas do solo. As quais foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, microporosidade, macroporosidade, resistência a penetração, diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados, pH, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca de cátions, teor de Al e Na, macronutrientes (K, P, Ca, Mg), micronutrientes (Mn, Zn, Cu), relação de ácaros e colêmbolos (mesofauna), minhocas (macrofauna), carbono da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal e quociente metabólico. Os resultados químicos mostram alterações significativas quando comparadas às vegetações nativas, principalmente pela perda de matéria orgânica e menor capacidade de troca de cátions da área cultivada com tabaco. Já os físicos apresentam valores estatisticamente inferiores aos da vegetação nativa, principalmente em relação aos valores de diâmetro médio ponderado. Os indicadores biológicos mostram valores abaixo do recomendado. Por sua vez, os indicadores microbiológicos apresentam valores inferiores para o carbono da biomassa microbiana nas áreas cultivadas. Neste sentido, concluiu se que a produção intensiva de tabaco ocasiona perdas na qualidade do solo como um todo.
Tobacco is a crop of great economic importance in Brazil being this the second largest producer in the world. Rio Grande do Sul is the largest Brazilian producer. The municipality of Pelotas, even though it is not characterized as a major tobacco producer, this crop represents to the municipality a very important source of income. However, the cultivation of tobacco causes several problems related to the soil, since it has been intensively cultivated, which causes many wear to the soil. The objective of this work was, therefore, to construct a soil quality diagnosis in areas submitted to tobacco cultivation, with at least 15 years of continuous production, located in the city of Pelotas, RS. In order to construct this diagnosis, in addition to the areas with tobacco, adjacent areas with native vegetation were evaluated. In order to measure soil quality, a minimum data set of indicators was selected, considering the physical, chemical, biological and microbiological attributes of the soil. Soil density, total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, penetration resistance, weighted average diameter of the aggregates, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, ontent of Al and Na, macronutrients (K, P, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Cu), mite and collophy (mesofauna) relationship, earthworms (macrofauna), microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and metabolic quotient. The chemical results showed significant changes when compared to the native vegetation, mainly due to the loss of organic matter and lower cation exchange capacity of the cultivated area with tobacco. On the other hand, the physical indicators presented statistically lower values, mainly to the weighted average diameter and the biological indicators presented values below the recommended one, but without statistical differences between the areas. In turn, the microbiological indicators presented lower values for microbial biomass carbon in the cultivated areas and there was no significant difference in relation to the basal respiration evaluated in the areas. In this sense, it was concluded that the intensive production of tobacco caused losses in the quality of the soil as a whole.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The present work was carried out in orchard in Viçosa, MG, Brazil, in the year of 2003/04, with objective to determine the seasonal variation of foliar nutrients content in yellow passion fruit and to give subsidies to the leaf sampling for nutritional diagnose. Leaf samples had been collected with and without petioles in the basal, medium and apical positions of the branches during twelve months. The samples had been collected in a experiment located Sitio Mamão, in Viçosa-MG, and analyzed in the Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition of Plants of the Department of Plant Science of the Federal University of Viçosa. The plants had been lead in a 1,8 m height one wire espalier, spaced of 2,5 x 2,8m. Foliar contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn were determined. A variation index was calculated by the quotient between mean squares of the month/position in the branch and month/type of leaf by the respective minor mean square, according to methodology described by Amaral et al., (2002). The lesser variations in foliar nutrients contents had been observed from April and June. The lesser indices of variation had been observed in leaves without petiole collected in the medium position of the branches. Based on the results the collection of leaf samples without petioles in the medium position of the branches sends from April to June is recommended for diagnose of the nutritional state of the yellow passion fruit.
O presente trabalho foi realizado no campo, em Viçosa, MG, no ano de 2003/04, com objetivo de determinar a variação estacional dos teores foliares de nutrientes em maracujazeiro amarelo e dar subsídios à amostragem de folhas com vistas à diagnose nutricional. Foram coletadas amostras de folhas com e sem pecíolos nas posições basal, mediana e apical dos ramos durante doze meses. As amostras foram coletadas em experimento localizado no Sítio Mamão, em Viçosa-MG, e analisadas no Laboratório de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas do Departamento de Fitotecnica da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. As plantas foram conduzidas em espaldeira com um fio de arame localizado a 1,8 m de altura, em espaçamento de 2,5 x 2,8m. Foram determinados teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn e Zn. Foi calculado um índice de variação, pelo quociente entre quadrados médios dos desdobramentos mês/posição no ramo e mês/tipo de folha pelo menor quadrado médio, em cada caso, segundo metodologia descrita por AMARAL et al., (2002). As menores variações nos teores foliares de nutrientes foram observadas no período compreendido entre os meses de abril e junho. Os menores índices de variação foram observados em folhas sem pecíolo em folhas coletadas na posição mediana dos ramos. Em função dos resultados observados recomenda-se a coleta de amostras sem pecíolo na posição mediana dos ramos, durante os meses de abril a junho para diagnose do estado nutricional do maracujazeiro.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The nutritional diagnosis from samples of plant tissues of commercial crops, together with soil analysis, has provided more efficient fertilization schedules as well as higher yields. Crop advisers generally make their decisions as to crops fertilization based on critical levels and nutrient levels norms the database itself. The aim of this work was to obtain technical norms from the Kenworth Balanced Indexes (BK) as well as from its modification (KBIIV) which uses the index of variation (IV) instead of the coefficient of variation for each nutrient, and to the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS). BK and BK-IV focus on the nutritional balance aspect, which is the analysis of each isolated nutrient, while DRIS focuses on nutrient balance in relation to the whole nutrient status. The study also had the objective of diagnosing the nutritional status of some soybean crops and identifying which were the more problematic nutrients either by deficiency or excess, as well as those which were more balanced and evaluate the variability over time of the BK, BK-IV and DRIS norms and its implication on the diagnoses. Based on the leaf samples levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B from 790 soybean crops from Campo Novo dos Parecis, state of Mato Grosso, from five years, and on the crops yields the norms of the diagnosis methods KBI, KBI-IV and DRIS were obtained. The crops which composed the high yielding subpopulations for each year, and from which the norms were generated, were those which produced yields equal or superior to the average plus 1/3 the standard deviation, encompassing 33.5 % of the crops in the first year, 41.4 % in the second year, 37.2 % in the third year, 38.9 % in the fourth year and 42.8 % in the fifth year. Nitrogen was the most frequently balanced nutrient throughout the five years evaluated for soybean crops, and the most limiting nutrients were Mg, S, K, Mn, Cu and Zn. The Frequency of Agreeing Diagnoses of around 80.0 % between BK and BK-IV showed high redundancy between them, what did not happen when their diagnoses were compared to the DRIS diagnoses, with average agreements lower than 50.0 %. The diagnoses obtained from the norms originated from databases of previous years agreed little with diagnoses obtained from the norms of the year considered.
A diagnose nutricional de lavouras comerciais, a partir da amostragem dos tecidos vegetais, de maneira complementar às análises de solo, tem proporcionado mais eficientes recomendações de uso de fertilizantes e, consequentemente, maiores incrementos nas produtividades ao longo dos anos. Usualmente os técnicos que prestam assistência especializada em nutrição e fetilização às lavouras utilizam, nos métodos de diagnose, níveis críticos e normas dos teores de nutrientes gerados a partir da própria base de dados. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho obter as normas dos métodos Índices Balanceados de Kenworth (BK), bem como para sua variante (BK-IV), apresentada neste, que utiliza o índice de variação (IV) em substituição ao coeficiente de variação para cada nutriente e, para o Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS). O BK e BK-IV enfocando o aspecto do balanço nutricional, que é a análise do nutriente isoladamente, e o DRIS, que enfoca o equilíbrio do nutriente em relação ao contexto nutricional como um todo. Além deste, os outros objetivos foram diagnosticar as lavouras identificando quais foram os nutrientes mais problemáticos por deficiência ou por excesso, bem como os mais balanceados e equilibrados, e estudar a variabilidade das normas BK, BK-IV e DRIS ao longo dos anos, e a implicação disto nos diagnósticos. Com base aos teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn e B obtidos de amostras foliares em 790 lavouras comerciais de soja cultivadas no município matogrossensse de Campo Novo dos Parecis, distribuídas ao longo de cinco anos agrícolas, com suas respectivas produtividades alcançadas, obteve-se as normas dos métodos de diagnose IBK, IBK-IV e DRIS. As lavouras que compuseram as subpopulações de altas produtividades dentro dos respectivos anos agrícolas, a partir das quais as normas foram geradas, foram aquelas que obtiveram produtividades iguais ou superiores à média somada a 1/3 do desvio padrão, o que abrangeu 33,5 % das lavouras no primeiro ano agrícola, 41,4 % no segundo ano agrícola, 37,2 % no terceiro ano agrícola, 38,9 % no quarto ano agrícola e 42,8 % no quinto ano agrícola. O N foi o nutriente mais frequentemente equilibrado e balanceado nas lavouras de soja ao longo dos cinco anos, e os mais limitantes às maiores produtividades foram o Mg, S, K, Mn, Cu e Zn. A Frequência de Diagnósticos Concordantes em torno de 80,0 % entre os métodos BK e BK-IV demonstraram alta redundância entre eles, o que não ocorreu quando os diagnósticos dos mesmos foram contrastados com os diagnósticos DRIS, que em média as concordâncias foram inferios a 50,0 %. Os diagnósticos obtidos a partir das normas originadas do acúmulo de dados antes dos anos agrícolas pouco concordaram com os diagnósticos obtidos com as normas do próprio ano agrícola.

Parmi les outils d'aide à l'évaluation expérimentale des innovations variétales mis au point par les techniciens et les chercheurs, un grand nombre n'est pas adopté dans le monde agricole, malgré leur intérêt théorique. Parti de I'hypothèse que ce manque d'appropriation résulte, au moins en partie, d'un manque d'adéquation entre les outils et les besoins réels des acteurs, le travail réalisé associe une analyse de la diversité des usages de l'expérimentation pour l'évaluation variétale et un travail de conception d'un outil d'interprétation des résultats d'essais variétaux. L'ensemble des recherches est conduit sur le cas du blé tendre d'hiver.
Dans un premier temps, des entretiens ont été effectués auprès d'une vingtaine d'acteurs impliqués dans la sélection, le développement des variétés, la multiplication, la distribution et la transformation des produits céréaliers. Ils mettent en évidence une grande diversité d'usages de I'expérimentation variétale. Quatre objectifs sous-tendent ces usages: (1) trier les génotypes, (2) les positionner géographiquement ou sur le marché, (3) acquérir une connaissance sur les génotypes, (4) et communiquer sur eux. Chaque objectif se distingue des autres par un petit nombre de critères de jugement des génotypes. Nous proposons une typologie des usages en 10 types, basée sur ces objectifs et critères, et sur les caractéristiques des réseaux expérimentaux (nombre d'essais et de génotypes, part du partenariat...). Dans chaque type, des différences peuvent être reliées à des logiques internes aux entreprises. Les entretiens mettent également en évidence un hiatus entre les informations recherchées et les informations que les acteurs tirent effectivement des expérimentations. Ce hiatus s'explique par des contraintes organisationnelles dans la mise en oeuvre des réseaux expérimentaux et par des difficultés lors du traitement des données (manque de temps disponible pour traiter les résultats; compétence requise pour I'usage d'outils d'analyse de I'interaction génotype-milieu...). Le besoin qui s'exprime le plus fortement est celui de mieux extraire I'information contenue dans les réseaux expérimentaux. Pour chacun des 10 usages, nous discutons de I'intérêt de 5 types d'outils susceptibles d'améliorer le recueil ou le traitement des données.
Afin de répondre aux souhaits de différents acteurs de valoriser l'information multilocale et d'optimiser les réseaux, un outil d'aide à I'analyse permettant d'interpréter les variations de performances des génotypes à l'échelle d'un réseau est proposé dans un second temps. Cet outil repose sur I'association d'un diagnostic agronomique, basé sur une régression linéaire multiple appliquée à des génotypes révélateurs, et d'une analyse de I'interaction par régression factorielle, appliquée à tous les génotypes. Cette association a pour but d'apporter une validation agronomique des variables explicatives de I'interaction. Selon le génotype révélateur, le diagnostic permet d'expliquer de 70 à 99% des variations de rendement pour des réseaux de 10 à 35 milieux. Chaque site expérimental est ainsi caractérisé par la nature et la contribution des facteurs limitants aux pertes de rendement. Dans I'analyse de I'interaction, les paramètres génotypiques de la régression factorielle permettent d'interpréter les variations de comportement des génotypes en terme de tolérance aux facteurs limitants. Les notes de tolérance apparaissent bien corrélées aux notes déduites des observations pour les facteurs limitants visibles comme les maladies (nous avons obtenu une corrélation de 0.9 pour la rouille brune). Cette méthode permet donc d'évaluer aussi la tolérance des génotypes aux facteurs limitants dont I'effet n'est pas facilement observable (stress hydrique, carences en azote...). En réponse aux besoins exprimés par les acteurs, et pour prendre en compte la diversité des usages de I'expérimentation variétale, nous discutons de la façon de simplifier et d'améliorer la méthode pour analyser les résultats d'essais, et nous évoquons les ajustements des pratiques actuelles d'évaluation qui pourraient être liées à I'adoption de cet outil.

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Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
The grapevine (Vitis spp.) being vegetatively propagated facilitates the spread of viruses. In general, viruses are able to induce disorders in plant cells including photosynthesis and metabolic changes, causing alterations in grape quality. The purpose of Chapter I was to identify and molecularly characterize the viruses present in vector mealybugs in two establised vineyards (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), one of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera), cultivated since 1995, and the of cv. Isabel (V. labrusca), cultivated since 1971. Plants were checked serologically for six viruses detected. Fragments that comprise complete or partial viral genes were amplified by RT-PCR using 17 pairs of specific primers for detection of the following viruses: Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine virus B (GVB), Grapevine virus D (GVD), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Grapevine chrome mosaic virus (GCMV), Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (RSPaV) and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1-4 (GLRaV-1 to - 4). Degenerate primers were used for detection of Closterovirus, Trichovirus and Vitivirus genera and Betaflexiviridae family. For each primer pair at least one amplicon was cloned and sequenced, identifying seven isolates of RSPaV, three isolates of GLRaV-2 and two isolates of GLRaV-3. The obtained sequences (submitted to GenBank) showed identities higher than 90% with the homologous viral isolates from the GenBank. GVA, GVB and GLRaV-3 were detected in three of five samples of mealybugs collected in Caxias do Sul (RS) and Petrolina (PE) vineyards. High genetic variability of RSPaV and unavailability of commercial antiserum have impaired the detection of this virus in grapevines. In Chapter II the objective was to produce polyclonal antiserum against the recombinant coat protein (CP) of RSPaV. The complete CP gene of this virus was amplified, cloned, sequenced and subcloned into expression vector pRSET-B, and the recombinant plasmid was used for expression in Escherichia coli cells (strain BL21:DE3). The yield of RSPaV CP, expressed per ml of culture, was 17.35 μg for rabbit immunization 2.55 mg were used. The antiserum showed a concentration of 1939 mg IgG/ml which was able to recognize the recombinant protein in Western blot and detect RSPaV in grapevine infected tissues using the indirect ELISA technique. In Chapter III physiological alterations of plant and enological quality changes of the grapes from infected grapevines GLRaV-2 and RSPaV infected were studied. For these evaluations the photosynthetic potential, total chlorophyll (a and b), total soluble sugars and starch were determined in leaves. Healthy or asymptomatic leaves showed favourable values for almost all characteristics. The saturation photosynthesis was 2.9 (C. Franc) and 2.25 (C. Sauvignon) times higher in healthy than in infected grapevines. Considering the grape quality significant differences between grapes from infected and non-infected grapevine were also observed in five from six characteristics studied. Healthy grapes showed 17.88 (cv. C. Franc) and 16.10 (cv. C. Sauvignon) oBrix values while infected showed 15.35 and 13.38, respectively. Therefore, these viruses can damage the productivity and quality production of these grape cultivars.
A videira (Vitis spp.), por ser propagada vegetativamente, facilita a disseminação dos vírus. O objetivo do Capítulo I foi identificar e caracterizar molecularmente os vírus presentes em dois vinhedos antigos: um da cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) (Vitis vinifera) de 1995 e outro da cv. Isabel (V. labrusca) de 1971 além de detectar sorologicamente tais isolados. Foram amplificados, por RT-PCR, fragmentos que compreendem genes virais completos ou parciais, utilizando-se 17 pares de oligonucleotídeos específicos para a detecção dos seguintes vírus: rapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine virus B (GVB), Grapevine virus D (GVD), Grapevine leck virus (GFkV), Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Grapevine chrome mosaic virus (GCMV), Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (RSPaV), Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 a 4 (GLRaV-1 a -4), além de oligonucleotídeos degenerados para a família Betaflexiviridae e os gêneros Closterovirus, Trichovirus e Vitivirus. Pelo menos um fragmento amplificado, para cada par de oligonucleotídeos, foi clonado e sequenciado, identificando-se sete isolados de RSPaV, três de GLRaV-2 e dois de GLRaV-3. As sequências obtidas e depositadas no GenBank apresentaram identidades superiores a 90% com os respectivos isolados virais do GenBank. Também GVA, GVB e GLRaV-3 foram detectados via RT-PCR, em três de cinco amostras de cochonilhas coletadas em vinhedos de Caxias do Sul (RS) e Petrolina (PE). A variabilidade genética do RSPaV e a indisponibilidade de antisoro comercial têm dificultado a detecção deste vírus em videiras. No Capítulo II o objetivo foi produzir anti-soro policlonal utilizando a proteína capsidial (CP) recombinante do RSPaV. O gene completo da CP deste vírus foi previamente amplificado, clonado e sequenciado e, posteriormente subclonado em vetor de expressão pRSET-B, sendo o plasmídeo recombinante utilizado para a expressão em Escherichia coli BL21:DE3. O rendimento foi de 17,35 μg de CP do RSPaV expressa por ml de cultura, sendo utilizados 2,55 mg para a imunização do coelho. O anti-soro produzido apresentou uma concentração de 1939 mg de IgG/ml, foi capaz de reconhecer a proteína recombinante em Western blot e detectar o RSPaV em tecidos infectados de videira em ELISA indireto. De forma geral, os vírus são capazes de induzir desordens na célula vegetal que incluem alterações fotossintéticas e metabólicas, refletindo na qualidade da uva. No Capítulo III estudaram-se as alterações fisiológicas e da qualidade enológica da uva produzida em videiras infectadas com os vírus GLRaV-2 e RSPaV. Foram determinados nas folhas: potencial fotossintético, clorofilas total (a e b), açúcares solúveis totais e amido. Quanto às variáveis de qualidade da uva, foram observadas diferenças significativas, em favor das uvas de plantas sadias, em 5 das 6 variáveis. Uvas sadias apresentaram 2,53 (C. Franc, CF) e 2,72 (CS) °Brix a mais do que as infectadas. Para as variáveis relacionadas às alterações fisiológicas foram observadas diferenças significativas, em favor das folhas sadias ou assintomáticas, para quase todas variáveis analisadas, sendo a fotossíntese de saturação 2,9 (CF) e 2,25 (CS) vezes superior em plantas sadias. Estes vírus podem comprometer a produtividade e a qualidade da produção destas cultivares.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The objective of the study was to identify and describe the visual symptoms in seedlings of tomato processing, stemming from lack of macro and micronutrients and determine biometric attributes that stage. For this, using two hybrid (N901 and H9553) conducted an experiment in a agricultural greenhouse, in randomized complete block and in factorial arrangement with four replications. The treatments are composed of fourteen nutrient solutions as follows : full/control and the solutions with omitting isolated nutrients (-N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, -Cu, -Fe, -Mn, -Mo, -Zn) and only deionized water. Held sowing in trays with substrates for later transplanting for phenolic foam. Daily treatments to be applied and/or deionized water solutions. For 30 days of experiment was realized the analysis and records the evolution of nutritional deficiency symptoms. The results showed that the omission of isolated nutrient committed to quality seedlings, leading to morphological changes. The first symptoms developed on seedlings grown under omission, N and deionized water, Fe and Ca, respectively. The dry mass decreased in all treatments, except in the absence of B, with the following order of reduction: deionized water = N > Ca > K = P = S = Fe > Mg = Mn = Mo > Complete = Cu = Zn > B. These results are different from those found in the literature of adult plants. There was not interaction between the solutions and the hybrids, however the H9553 was more sensitive to nutritional deficiencies.
O objetivo do estudo foi identificar e descrever os sintomas visuais em mudas de tomate para processamento industrial, decorrentes da carência de macro e micronutrientes e determinar atributos biométricos nessa fase. Para isso, utilizando dois híbridos (N901 e H9553) foi conduzido um experimento em estufa agrícola, em blocos casualizados e arranjo fatorial com quatro repetições e quatorze soluções nutritivas configurando os tratamentos: completa/controle e as soluções com omissão isolada dos nutrientes (-N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, -Cu, -Fe, -Mn, -Mo, -Zn) e somente água deionizada. Realizou-se o semeio em bandejas com substratos para posterior transplantio para espuma fenólica. Diariamente aplicavam-se soluções tratamentos e/ou água deionizada. Durante 30 dias foram realizadas analises descritivas e registros da evolução dos sintomas de deficiência nutricional. Os resultados mostraram que a omissão isolada dos nutrientes comprometeu a qualidade das mudas, levando a alterações morfológicas. Os primeiros sintomas se manifestaram em plântulas cultivadas com omissão de N e água deionizada, Fe e Ca, nessa ordem. A fitomassa seca mostrou uma redução em todos os tratamentos, exceto sob ausência de B, apresentando a seguinte ordem de redução: água deionizada=N > Ca > P = K = S = Fe > Mg = Mn = Mo > Completa = Cu = Zn > B. Estes resultados diferem dos encontrados na literatura para plantas adultas. Não houve interação entre soluções e híbridos, porem o H9553, mostrou-se mais sensível às deficiências nutricionais.

Nous abordons une description ecologique et une interpretation phytosociologique des paturages de la vallee du chazelet. Une comparaison bibliographique avec diverses monographies placees dans les alpes internes francaises nous permet de placer notre territoire dans un contexte biogeographique plus general. En relation avec l'activite agricole (fauchage et paturage), nous determinons les potentialites fourrageres des pelouses selon leur appartenance phytosociologique. Une cartographie illustre ce point en vue d'une gestion rentable mais preservatrice des alpages. Enfin, l'utilisation simultanee de deux modes d'echantillonage de la vegetation nous a permis de realiser une comparaison methodologique pour l'estimation des qualites pastorales d'une pelouse

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Nematodes cause losses in plants throughout the world that can be translated into many economic losses. The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) are the most common and destructive pathogens within this group. In order to get an efficient method of nematode management, it is need to identify species and quantify accurately and reliably. The aim of this research was to optimize an assay based on real-time PCR to detect and quantify M. incognita. For this purpose the effectiveness of different DNA methods of extraction were compared through the values of Ct intervals. The DNA extraction was made from 100 individual nematodes by the methods: CTAB, Phenol: Chloroform and commercial kit (PureLink® Genomic ADN Kit, Invitrogen). In the comparative analysis using the three methods the CTAB method and commercial kit obtained similar Ct values. The CTAB was the best method of extraction with less variation among the replications and showed higher linearity of the standard curve in comparison with the other methods tested. It was possible to quantify nematodes in the samples based on the intervals of the Ct values established from different numbers of nematodes (1, 10, 25, 100, 250, 500 and 750). This study demonstrated that qPCR technique is a sensitive and reliable alternative for the quantification of M. incognita that may help laboratories of diagnose and field survey. Twenty-six populations of the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) from five locations of the state of Bahia, five from the state of Mato Grosso, four from the state of Goiás and one from the state of Minas Gerais, were characterized based on morphology of perineal cut, biochemical analysis through esterase profile and molecular analysis with specific primers. Identification of nematodes in the samples using the analysis of perineal cut, esterase profile and molecular analysis was possible, but with some variations in the perineal patterns and some atypical profiles of esterase. In the analyses of esterase profiles were found 69.23% of M. javanica with esterase profiles J3 and J2, and 30.77% of M. incognita with esterase profile I1. There was a higher occurrence of M. javanica in the areas cultivated with soybeans. Molecular analysis showed to be practical and accurate.
Nematoides causam perdas em plantas em todo o mundo, as quais podem ser traduzidas em muitos prejuízos econômicos. Os nematoides das galhas (Meloidogyne spp.) são os mais comuns e destrutivos dentro deste grupo de patógenos. Para conseguir implantar um método eficiente de manejo de fitonematoides há uma necessidade de identificação das espécies e quantificação precisa e confiável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a otimização de um ensaio baseado em PCR em tempo real para detectar e quantificar M. incognita. Para isto diferentes métodos de extração de DNA e sua eficiência foram comparados. A extração de DNA foi feita a partir de 100 nematoides pelos métodos do CTAB, Fenol: Clorofórmio e KIT comercial (PureLink® Genomic DNA Kits, Invitrogen). Na análise comparativa destes três métodos de extração de DNA observou-se que o método CTAB e o utilizando o Kit comercial obtiveram igual eficiência, dados pelos valores próximos Ct (cycle threshold). O melhor método de extração foi considerado o CTAB, apresentando menor variação entre as diferentes amostras biológicas utilizadas como repetições e demonstrando maior linearidade na curva-padrão em comparação com os demais métodos testados. Foi possível estabelecer um parâmetro para a quantificação de nematoides nas amostras baseado em faixas de valores de Ct, estabelecidas a partir de diferentes números de indivíduos (1, 10, 25, 100, 250, 500 e 750). Este estudo demonstrou que a técnica de qPCR é uma alternativa sensível e confiável para a quantificação de M. incognita, para auxiliar laboratórios de diagnóstico e o monitoramento no campo desses nematoides. Vinte e seis populações do nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne spp.), provenientes de cinco municípios do Estado da Bahia, cinco municípios do Estado do Mato Grosso, quatro municípios do Estado de Goiás e um município do Estado de Minas Gerais, foram caracterizados com base em: morfologia do corte perineal, análise bioquímica por meio de perfil de esterase e análise molecular com iniciadores específicos. Baseado nestes parâmetros foi possível a identificação das amostras, porém foram encontradas algumas variações nos padrões perineais e perfis atípicos nos perfis de esterase. Nas análises dos perfis de esterase foram encontradas 69,23% de M. javanica com perfis de esterase J3 e J2, e 30,77% de M. incognita com perfil de esterase I1. Verificou-se a maior ocorrência de M. javanica, nas áreas coletadas cultivadas com soja. A análise molecular se mostrou prática e precisa.

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Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infect many plants, including crops of great economic importance as soybeans (Glycine max) and oilseed rape (Brassica sp.), responsible for great losses. The plant disease control is the most important practical objective of plant pathology, but the correct and rapid diagnosis are essential to define strategies for the diseases management. Molecular techniques are able to amplify specific fragments from small amounts of genetic material and powerful tools widely used in various areas, including the phytopathological diagnosis. Several techniques have been studied and designed for the amplification of nucleic acids, including the LAMP (Loop-mediated isothermal amplification), which has high specificity, sensitivity and is fast. The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a specific molecular test for S. sclerotiorum by LAMP, as well as its validation to oilseed pare and soybean seeds samples. A set of six primers was designed and evaluated for S. sclerotiorum sensitivity and specificity detection. The composition of the LAMP reaction was enhanced for real-time (SS-qLAMP) and direct analysis (SS-cLAMP). The DNA from 57 isolates of S. sclerotiorum, DNA from several other plant pathogens and DNA from different cultures was tested. The DNA of all isolates of S. sclerotiorum were detected but no the other DNA samples. When testing the limit of detection of reactions, a single copy detections was suggested. By SS-qLAMP two curves were generated which can be used to estimate the amount of mycelium and DNA of S. sclerotiorum present in the samples analyzed. Bothe developed tests (SS-qLAMP and SS-cLAMP) can be applied to several purposes, such as detection of the pathogen in plant, spore traps, soil and seeds samples. Using seed samples with different contamination level, the test was optimized for canola and soybean seeds, SS-qLAMP(Canola) and SS-qLAMP(Soybean), respectively, detecting the presence of the pathogen in samples up to 0.13% and 0.03% naturally contaminated for canola and soybean, respectively, and was able to detect contamination in samples not contaminated according incubation-based methods. The time require for the test was 4h and 30 minutes and 2 hours and 50 minutes for canola and soybeans, respectively, with no needs of large space for samples incubation, specialized analysts and able to analyzed many samples simultaneously. The proposed method SS-qLAMP was well-validated according the ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) rules to oilseed-rape and soybean seed samples. x
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum é um fungo que pode atacar diversas espécies vegetais, incluído culturas de grande importância econômica como soja (Glycine max) e canola (Brassica sp.), causando grandes prejuízos para as mesmas. O controle de doenças de plantas é o mais importante objetivo prático da Fitopatologia, mas, a correta e rápida diagnose da doença são pré-requisitos indispensáveis para definir as medidas para o manejo das mesmas. Técnicas moleculares capazes de amplificar fragmentos específicos a partir de pequenas quantidades de material genético são poderosas ferramentas amplamente utilizadas em diversas áreas, incluindo o diagnóstico fitopatológico. Diversas técnicas têm sido estudadas e criadas para a amplificação de ácidos nucleicos, entre elas a LAMP (Amplificação isotérmica mediada por “loops”), que apresenta alta especificidade, sensibilidade e é rápida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e otimizar um teste molecular específico para S. sclerotiorum a base de LAMP, com obtenção de resultados em tempo real e quantitativos (qLAMP) e análise visual direta de resultados (cLAMP), assim como a validação do mesmo para ser utilizado na análise de amostras de sementes de canola e soja. Um conjunto de seis primers foi desenhado e avaliado quanto a sensibilidade e especificidade de detecção de S. sclerotiorum. A composição da reação de LAMP foi otimizada quanto a concentração de diversos componentes tanto para a análise em tempo real como direta, compondo, respectivamente as reações de SS-qLAMP e SS-cLAMP, conforme necessário. Testou-se o DNA de 57 isolados de S. sclerotiorum, o DNA de diversos outros fitopatógenos e o DNA de diversas culturas. O DNA de todos os isolados de S. sclerotiorum foram detectados mas não o de outros fitopatógenos e de plantas. Ao testar o limite de detecção das reações, não houve um limite de detecção, sugerindo que a presença de qualquer molécula de DNA alvo seria detectada. Pelo método quantitativo foi possível gerar duas curvas pelas quais pode-se estimar a quantidade de micélio e de DNA de S. sclerotiorum presente na amostra analisada. Desenvolveu-se um teste específico para S. sclerotiorum a base de LAMP, denominada SS-LAMP que pode ser aplicado em diversos casos, como a detecção do patógeno em amostras de plantas, armadilhas de esporos, de solo e sementes. Otimizou-se o teste SS-LAMP para sementes de canola e soja, SS-qLAMP(Canola) e SS-qLAMP(Soja), respectivamente, detectando-se a presença do patógeno em amostras com até 0,13% e 0,03% de contaminação natural, para canola e soja, respectivamente, além da detecção em amostras que os métodos tradicionais não detectaram. O tempo total do método foi de 4h e 30 minutos para canola e 2h e 50 minutos para soja, sem a necessidade de amplo espaço para incubação das amostras, pessoal especializado para análise e com a possibilidade de diversas amostras serem analisadas concomitantemente. Assim validou-se o método proposto SS-qLAMP(Soja) segundo as regras da ISTA (International Seed Testing Association – Associação Internacional de Análise de Sementes).

Second-generation biofuels could provide renewable energy while reducing the globaleconomy dependence on oil and mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gasemission balances, as well as their energy and environmental balances, are discussed,especially when they are produced from agricultural feedstock. The use of agriculturalfeedstock for energy purposes also raises the issue of competition with food production. Inthis context, this work contributes to the assessment of the sustainability of Miscanthus xgiganteus, a perennial C4 crop candidate to the production of second-generation ethanol. Theobjectives of this work are (i) to achieve a multicriteria evaluation of cropping systems basedon M. Giganteus using data collected in farmers’ fields and (ii) to compare these croppingsystems with cropping systems including other resources Agricultural candidates for biofuelproduction. The main contributions of this work are (i) the study of the variability of yieldsand winter nitrate losses in a network of commercial fields located in Burgundy (France), (ii)the characterization by modeling of M. giganteus long-term yield evolution and (iii) theintegration of these findings in a process of cropping systems design and assessment aimingat comparing M. giganteus with other feedstock candidate to the production of bioethanol.The study of M. giganteus in farmers’ fields shows that the high variability of yields andnitrate losses is linked to (i) crop age, (ii) soil type and (iii) the type of field (i.e. culturalhistory, size, shape, and environment). Contrasting yield scenarios, built by combining datacollected in commercial fields with a long-term yield evolution model, show that thesensitivity of assessment results regarding yields depends on the assessment field. Theinsertion of M. giganteus in a cropping system can significantly improve the greenhouse gasemission balance as well as the environmental balance, compared with a cropping systembased on a short cropping sequence. Economic results depend strongly on M. giganteus yield.Other agricultural feedstocks are also interesting, especially on soils where the yield potentialof M. giganteus is low: this is particularly the case of alfalfa stems, which can be used forsecond-generation ethanol production
Second-generation biofuels could provide renewable energy while reducing the globaleconomy dependence on oil and mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gasemission balances, as well as their energy and environmental balances, are discussed,especially when they are produced from agricultural feedstock. The use of agriculturalfeedstock for energy purposes also raises the issue of competition with food production. Inthis context, this work contributes to the assessment of the sustainability of Miscanthus xgiganteus, a perennial C4 crop candidate to the production of second-generation ethanol. Theobjectives of this work are (i) to achieve a multicriteria evaluation of cropping systems basedon M. Giganteus using data collected in farmers’ fields and (ii) to compare these croppingsystems with cropping systems including other resources Agricultural candidates for biofuelproduction. The main contributions of this work are (i) the study of the variability of yieldsand winter nitrate losses in a network of commercial fields located in Burgundy (France), (ii)the characterization by modeling of M. giganteus long-term yield evolution and (iii) theintegration of these findings in a process of cropping systems design and assessment aimingat comparing M. giganteus with other feedstock candidate to the production of bioethanol.The study of M. giganteus in farmers’ fields shows that the high variability of yields andnitrate losses is linked to (i) crop age, (ii) soil type and (iii) the type of field (i.e. culturalhistory, size, shape, and environment). Contrasting yield scenarios, built by combining datacollected in commercial fields with a long-term yield evolution model, show that thesensitivity of assessment results regarding yields depends on the assessment field. Theinsertion of M. giganteus in a cropping system can significantly improve the greenhouse gasemission balance as well as the environmental balance, compared with a cropping systembased on a short cropping sequence. Economic results depend strongly on M. giganteus yield.Other agricultural feedstocks are also interesting, especially on soils where the yield potentialof M. giganteus is low: this is particularly the case of alfalfa stems, which can be used forsecond-generation ethanol production

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The aim of this study was to establish norms of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) in the culture of banana (Musa sp) for the subgroup Cavendish. We used 107 leaf samples from plants on farms in the towns of Andirá and Rancho Alegre, both located in Northern Paraná State, cultivars Nanicão and Grande Naine , with and without irrigation, aged 2 to 10 years. Chemical analysis determined the content of leaf 11 nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. DRIS norms have been established for less than average productivity of 75 t ha-1, where it was found differences between the patterns of levels of nutrients and DRIS norms developed in this study. It was recommended the need for reprogramming of the quantities of fertilizer to be used according to the results obtained for the N, Ca, Mg, S, Fe and Zn contents presenting below the pre-established standards tracks.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estabelecer normas do Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) na cultura da banana (Musa sp) para o sub grupo Cavendish. Foram utilizadas 107 amostras foliares de plantas em lavouras situadas nos municípios de Andirá e Rancho Alegre, ambos localizados na Região Norte do Estado do Paraná, cultivares Nanicão e Grande Naine , com e sem irrigação, idade variando entre 2 a 10 anos. As análises químicas foliares determinaram os teores de 11 nutrientes: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Normas DRIS foram estabelecidas para produtividade média igual ou superior a 75 t ha-1, onde constatou-se divergências entre os teores padrões dos nutrientes e os teores das normas DRIS estabelecidas neste estudo. Recomendou-se a necessidade de reprogramação das quantidades a serem utilizadas de fertilizantes de acordo com os resultados obtidos, para N, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, e Zn que apresentaram índices abaixo das faixas padrões pré estabelecidas.

A identificação de constituições genéticas de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) tolerantes à deficiência hídrica (DH) é de grande importância para os programas de melhoramento genético. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar genótipos de feijão em resposta à DH no estádio reprodutivo por meio de análises fisiológicas, agronômicas e moleculares. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, utilizando 10 cultivares: ANFC 9, ANFP 110, BRS Esplendor, BRSMG Realce, IPR Siriri, IPR Tangará, IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Uirapuru, IAC Imperador e IAC Milênio em duas condições de irrigação: plantas irrigadas durante todo o ciclo, e plantas submetidas a supressão de irrigação no estádio reprodutivo (R7), até o solo atingir 16% da capacidade de campo, quando a irrigação foi reestabelecida. Nos últimos quatro dias de estresse foram analisadas as trocas gasosas. No último dia de estresse foi analisado percentual de estômatos fechados na face abaxial das folhas durante o dia, e coletadas plantas para as seguintes análises: massa fresca e massa seca das folhas, hastes e legumes, e conteúdo de prolina em folhas e raízes. Na maturidade fisiológica foi realizada a colheita e avaliados os componentes do rendimento e estimada a produtividade de grãos. Adicionalmente, visando identificar polimorfismo sequencias gênicas a promotoras relacionadas com a tolerância à DH, foram testados sete pares de primers no grupo de genótipos estudado. O índice de suscetibilidade à seca (ISS) variou de 0,65 a 1,10 no grupo de genótipos, sendo os menores valores observados para IAC Imperador (0,65) e BRS Esplendor (0,87) indicando a capacidade destes dois genótipos em manter a produtividade de grãos na condição de estresse. Todos os genótipos avaliados apresentaram redução nos componentes do rendimento quando estressados pela DH. IAC Imperador (43,4%) e BRS Esplendor (60,6%) apresentaram as menores reduções na produtividade e mantiveram cerca de 50% dos estômatos fechados em todos os horários analisados no último dia de DH. IAC Imperador apresentou maior eficiência no uso da água e taxa de assimilação de CO2 na DH. IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tangará e IAC Imperador apresentaram as maiores concentrações de prolina nas raízes. Na condição de DH, houve forte correlação positiva significativa entre percentual de estômatos fechados com número de grãos por legume (0,696) e massa fresca da folha (0,731), sendo o percentual máximo de estômatos fechados 73,71% em DH. O caractere acúmulo de prolina na raiz foi o que mais contribuiu para a divergência entre os genótipos na DH, porém, nem sempre os genótipos que mais acumularam prolina foram os mais tolerantes. Os polimorfismos no DNA de sequências codificadoras e promotoras dos fatores de transcrição estudados neste experimento não discriminaram os genótipos tolerantes dos sensíveis à DH.
The identification of genotypes for drought tolerance has a great importance in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to characterize genotypes of beans in response to drought tolerance in different reproductive stages through physiologic, agronomic and molecular analysis. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, using a randomized block design with four replicates; 10 cultivars: ANFC 9, ANFP 110, BRS Esplendor, BRSMG Realce, IPR Siriri, IPR Tangará, IPR Tuiuiu, IPR Uirapuru, IAC Imperador and IAC Milênio under two conditions of irrigation: plants irrigated during their entire life cycle, and plants under irrigation suppression in the reproductive stage (R7) until 16% of field capacity, when the irrigation was restored. In the last four days of stress, the gas exchanges were analyzed, and in the last day of stress was analyzed the percentage of closed stomata in the abaxial surface of the leaves, collected in different times of the day (9h, 12h, 15h and 18h). Additionally, plant samples were collected for the following analysis: fresh and dry mass of leaves, stems and legumes, and proline content in leaves and roots. The plants were harvested at the physiological maturity and the yield components and grain yield were determined. In addition, in order to identify polymorphisms in the sequences of promoters and genes related to drought, seven pairs of primers were tested on the group of genotypes. The drought susceptibility indexes (ISS) ranged from 0.65 to 1.10 in the group of genotypes, which the lowest values observed were for IAC Imperador (0.65) and BRS Esplendor (0.87), indicating the ability of these two genotypes to maintain grain yield under water stress condition. All genotypes showed reduction in yield components under water stress. IAC Imperador (43.4%) and BRS Esplendor (60.6%) had the lowest reductions in productivity and kept about 50% of the stomata closed during all the different times evaluated at last day of irrigation suppression. IAC Imperador showed greater water use efficiency and CO2 assimilation rate under drought stress. IPR Tuiuiú, IPR Tangará and IAC Imperador had the highest proline concentrations in the roots. Under water stress condition, there was a strong positive correlation (0.696) between the percentage of stomata closed with the number of grains per plant (0.696) and the fresh mass of leaves (0.731), the maximum percentage of stomata closed 73.71% in water stress. The accumulation of proline in the root was the character that most contributed to the divergence between the genotypes under water deficit, but not always the genotypes that have accumulated more proline were the most tolerant. The polymorphisms in DNA of coding and promoting sequences of transcription factors studied in this experiment did not discriminate tolerant genotypes from the sensitive ones to water stress.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The importance of soil organic matter in pedology and especially soil classification studies can be substantiated by the use of attributes such as organic carbon content, degree of organic matter decomposition from the fibers content. Recent studies in Brazil with humic substances report establishment of standards that could be used to differentiate soil horizons (diagnostic attributes), soil horizon classification and the relationship with properties that connote soil fertility. This study had as objectives: to characterize humic substances and humic acids of different diagnostic soil horizons of Brazilian soils; b) to propose the utilization of attributes related to humic substances in the characterization of the lower hierarchical levels (family and series) of the Brazilian System of Soil Classification (SiBCS). The soil material utilized material from 169 diagnostic horizons or epipedons, identified as: 13 O histic, 30 H histic, 42 A mollic, 39 A umbric, and 45 B spodic horizons. In these horizons there were evaluated the chemical properties: TOC, pH, H+, SB (sum of bases), CEC and V% (base saturation); physical properties: sand, silt and clay contents; quantitative fractionating of humic substances: fulvic acid fraction (C-FAF), humic acid fraction (C-HAF) and humin (C-HUM), C-HAF/C-FAF, C-AE/C-HUM, and C-AE/COT ratio (C-AE = C-FAF + C-HAF), and the %FAF, %HAF, %HUM and %AE. In the purified humic acid (HA) spectroscopic analyses were performed on visible and infrared regions, elemental composition and termogravimetric analyses; in addition to that the alkaline extract (AE) was analyzed by spectroscopy on visible region. The quantitative fractionating of humic substances showed differential distribution between the types of diagnostic soils horizons, highlighting the O and H histic horizons, where the predominance of humin showed average around 53% and 39%, respectively, and followed by humic acids. Also, for the H histic horizon there were high values of the C-HAF/C-FAF ratio (average of 5.6). On the mollic epipedon it was observed predominance of humin with average around 71%, and low values of C-AE/C-HUM ratio (average of 0.2), and on the umbric epipedon humin predominance averaging 47%, followed by humic acids. On the spodic horizon there was predominance of fulvic and humic acids with average around 30% and 44%, respectively. On this horizon, the values of the C-HAF/C-FAF ratio were high, with average around 9.9 (most of them higher than 1.0), and the C-AE/C-HUM ratio averaged 16.5 (majority higher than 2.0). The evaluation of variables related to visible and infrared spectroscopic, elemental composition and termogravimetric of HA, and visible region for AE, showed similar characteristics and absence of a pattern independent ly of soils genesis. According to the distribution of humic substances the following differential characteristics were proposed to the SiBCS: Stable Organic Matter (surface mineral horizons) C-AE/C-HUM = 0.5, Iluvial Organic Matter (subsurface mineral horizons) - C-AE/C-HUM = 2.0, and Leaching Potential (system or soil) - C-HAF/C-FAF and C-AE/C-HUM = 1.0. Also, the establishment of classes according to humic substances was efficient to identify distinct groups based on their chemical properties. This result validates the proposal of using these variables to classify these horizons on the family and series levels, and contribute to structure the SiBCS in the lower hierarchical levels (5th and 6th).
A import?ncia da mat?ria org?nica do solo nos estudos de pedologia e em especial na classifica??o de solos pode ser constatada pela utiliza??o de atributos como os teores de carbono org?nico e grau de decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica a partir do teor de fibras. Alguns trabalhos desenvolvidos recentemente no Brasil com subst?ncias h?micas em solos buscaram estabelecer padr?es que poderiam ser utilizados na separa??o de horizontes (atributo diagn?stico), classifica??o dos horizontes ou mesmo rela??es com propriedades ed?ficas que conotam fertilidade dos solos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: caracterizar diferentes horizontes diagn?sticos de solos por meio das subst?ncias h?micas e dos ?cidos h?micos; e propor o uso de atributos relacionados ?s subst?ncias h?micas na categoriza??o dos n?veis hier?rquicos inferiores (fam?lia e s?rie) do SiBCS. Foram utilizados materiais de solo de 169 horizontes diagn?sticos, sendo: 13 O h?stico, 30 H h?stico, 42 chernoz?mico, 39 A h?mico, 45 B esp?dico. Foram avaliadas as propriedades qu?micas: COT, pH, SB, H+, Al3+, CTC e V%; propriedades f?sicas: areia, silte e argila; fracionamento quantitativo das subst?ncias h?micas: fra??o ?cidos f?lvicos (C-FAF), fra??o ?cidos h?micos (C-FAH) e fra??o humina (C-HUM), rela??es C-FAH/C-FAF, C-EA/C-HUM e C-EA/COT (C-EA = C-FAF + C-FAH) e a %FAF, %FAH, %HUM, % EA. Em ?cidos h?micos (AH) purificados foram realizadas an?lises espectrosc?picas na regi?o do vis?vel e infravermelho, composi??o elementar e termogravim?trica; al?m de, no extrato alcalino (EA) an?lise espectrosc?pica na regi?o do vis?vel. O fracionamento quantitativo das subst?ncias h?micas apresentou distribui??es diferenciadas entre os tipos de horizontes diagn?sticos de solos, destacando-se no O h?stico e H h?stico o predom?nio da humina com m?dia de 53% e 39%, respectivamente, seguido dos ?cidos h?micos e ainda para o ?ltimo, altos valores da rela??o C-FAH/C-FAF (m?dia de 5,6). No A chernoz?mico observou-se o predom?nio absoluto da humina com m?dia de 71% e baixos valores da rela??o C-EA/C-HUM (m?dia de 0,2) enquanto no A h?mico houve predom?nio da humina (m?dia de 47%), seguida dos ?cidos h?micos. No B esp?dico o predom?nio dos ?cidos f?lvicos e h?micos com m?dia de 30% e 44%, respectivamente, e altos valores da rela??o C-FAH/C-FAF com m?dia de 9,9 (maioria superiores 1,0) e C-EA/C-HUM com m?dia de 16,5 (maioria superiores 2,0). Pela avalia??o das vari?veis relacionadas ? espectroscopia do vis?vel e infravermelho, composi??o elementar e termogravimetria dos AH, e na regi?o do vis?vel para o EA, observou-se caracter?sticas semelhantes e aus?ncia de padr?o diferencial independente da g?nese dos solos. Com base na distribui??o das subst?ncias h?micas foram feitas as seguintes propostas de caracter?sticas diferenciais no SiBCS: Mat?ria Org?nica Est?vel (horizontes minerais superficiais) - C-EA/C-HUM = 0,5, Mat?ria Org?nica Iluvial (horizontes minerais subsuperficiais) - C-EA/C-HUM = 2,0 e, Potencial de Lixivia??o (sistema ou solo) - C-FAH/C-FAF e C-EA/C-HUM = 1,0. O estabelecimento de classes com os valores das subst?ncias h?micas tamb?m foi eficiente para individualizar grupos pela compara??o das propriedades qu?micas, o que valida a proposta de utiliza??o dessas vari?veis para a classifica??o desses horizontes nos n?veis de fam?lia ou s?rie e podem contribuir para a estrutura??o do SiBCS nos n?veis hier?rquicos inferiores (5? e 6?).

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The foliar anthracnose of rubber tree causes necrotic lesions and wrinkling of the leaflets, which can lead to premature defoliation, reducing leaf area. Since the first reports of occurrence of anthracnose, several species of Colletotrichum have been listed as its purported causal agent. However, in Brazil, no study has been conducted for this purpose. For this reason, the objectives of the present study were: to generate information about the identity of the causal agent of foliar anthracnose of rubber tree by morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses; and to develop procedures for the molecular diagnosis of Colletotrichum spp. associated with the disease. Isolates belonging to three complexes of Colletotrichum species were found: C. acutatum complex; C. gloeosporioides complex; and C. boninense complex. Primers were designed based on the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) region which allowed the amplification of specific bands for Colletotrichum associated with each of the three species complexes.
Os sintomas da antracnose foliar da seringueira são tipicamente lesões necróticas que podem causar o enrugamento dos folíolos e, em etapas avançadas, a desfolha prematura, reduzindo a área foliar. Desde o relato inicial da doença, várias espécies de Colletotrichum são mencionadas como sendo o agente etiológico. No Brasil, até o momento, nenhum estudo foi realizado com o propósito de identificar as espécies associadas à antracnose foliar da seringueira. Por essa razão, estabeleceu-se como objetivo gerar informações acerca da natureza do agente etiológico da antracnose da seringueira, mediante caracterização morfológica e análises filogenéticas moleculares. Outro objetivo foi desenvolver procedimento para o diagnóstico molecular de Colletotrichum spp. associadas à seringueira. Isolados de Colletotrichum spp. foram obtidos de folhas de seringueira, diferentes regiões genômicas foram sequenciadas e as principais características morfológicas de relevância taxonômica foram estudadas. Isolados pertencentes a três complexos de espécies de Colletotrichum foram identificados: complexo C. acutatum; complexo C. gloeosporioides; e complexo C. boninense. Primers desenhados com base na região que codifica para a gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH) permitiram a amplificação de bandas específicas para os isolados de Colletotrichum associados a cada um dos três complexos de espécies mencionados.

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The Brazilian agribusiness sector has been demanding more agile and efficient policies and public services in order to increase its competitiveness in a globalized economy. Confronted by this challenge, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Foodsupply - MAPA has been trying to innovate and continually improve the quality of its processes and services in order to respond to the growing demands of the productive sector and of the Brazilian society. In the laboratory field, MAPA has been demanding that its official and approved laboratories implement quality management systems in conformity with the General requirements for the Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO). In this process, method validation is a key technical requirement since it can directly affect the quality of the analytical results. The lack of guidelines which indicate the main parameters to be checked in the validation of plant diagnostic methods by real-time PCR (qPCR) and the lack of consensus in the scientific literature have been compromising proper validations of this kind of method. The qPCR is a molecular biology technique which has been extensively used in the detection and identification of plant pathogens due to its rapidity, selectivity, sensibility, broad dynamic range and automation capabilities. However, some factors may impact the quality of qPCR results, such as: DNA quality, PCR inhibitors, primer and probe quality, etc. Thus, some countries and trade blocs have been regulating the implementation of the ISO/IEC 17025 standard and the validation of molecular diagnostic methods for the detection and identification of plant pathogens. The main parameters to be checked in the validation of PCR methods are: sensibility, selectivity, specificity, repeatability and reproducibility.
O setor agropecuário brasileiro vem exigindo políticas e serviços públicos cada vez mais ágeis e eficazes a fim de aumentar sua competitividade em uma economia globalizada. Diante desse desafio, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento - MAPA vem buscando inovar e aprimorar continuamente a qualidade dos seus processos e serviços a fim de atender satisfatoriamente as crescentes demandas do setor produtivo e da sociedade brasileira. Dentro da área laboratorial do MAPA, o aprimoramento dos processos e serviços prestados foi acelerado com a exigência da implantação de sistemas de gestão da qualidade competência de laboratórios de ensaio e calibra credenciados, bem como a acreditação dos mesmos junto ao INMETRO. Nesse processo, a validação de métodos de ensaio é um requisito técnico importante uma vez que pode afetar diretamente a qualidade dos resultados. A falta de diretrizes que indiquem os principais fatores a serem verificados nas validações de métodos de diagnóstico fitossanitário por PCR em tempo-real (qPCR) juntamente com a falta de padronização das publicações científicas que tratam do tema vêm dificultando a validação adequada desse tipo de método. A qPCR é uma técnica de biologia molecular que vem sendo largamente utilizada na detecção e identificação de diversos fitopatógenos por sua rapidez, seletividade, sensibilidade, ampla faixa dinâmica de quantificação e possibilidade de automação das análises. No entanto, alguns fatores podem impactar negativamente a qualidade dos ensaios, tais como: a qualidade do DNA extraído, a presença de inibidores de PCR nas amostras, a qualidade dos iniciadores e sondas utilizados, dentre outros. Por esse motivo, alguns países e blocos econômicos têm regulado a implantação da norma ISO/IEC 17025 e a validação de métodos de detecção e identificação de fitopatógenos por técnicas moleculares. Dentre os principais parâmetros a serem observados nas validações deviii métodos de PCR destacam-se: repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade. sensibilidade, seletividade, especificidade,repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade.

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Brazil has an area of 715,580 thousand hectares of citrus fruits (Orange and Lemon), resulting in a production in the year 2015 of 17,926,518.00 million tons, of which 47,391 thousand ha are of Lemon and ‘Tahiti’ Lime (IBGE, 2017), which demonstrates the importance of the activity for the country. In the state of Paraná, the Lemon / ‘Tahiti’ Lime area occupies an area of 1034 hectares, resulting in a production of 30,141 tons, generating a Gross Production Value (VBP) of R$ 50,637,384.00 million (1,8% of state fruit production), showing the importance of the crop to the state. The work was carried out between February 2015 and July 2016 (2014/2015, 2015/2016), in rural properties located in the municipalities of Santa Fé, Ângulo, Iguaraçu, Nova Esperança and Altônia, both in the state of Paraná . It was obtained the establishment of the DRIS norms for the nutritional diagnosis of Tahiti Lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) for the State of Paraná, using as standard the productivity of 32.5 t ha-1 (2014/2015 and 2015/2016 crops). It was observed in the data of the samples of the selected cut point (above 32.5 t ha-1) that in the agricultural year 2014/2015 the major deficiency was nutrient B (40%), followed by Mg (26%). As for nutrient contents, nutrients S (25%), Ca (20%) and K (18%) were observed. Already, in the results with the data of the agricultural year 2015/2016, deficiency of P (21%) was verified, followed by the nutrients B and Fe (20% both). In relation to the contents of excessive nutrients, one can observe K (21%), followed by nutrients N (16%) and Mn (14%). It is possible to define a criterion for choosing which matrix generated by the DRIS system to use at the field level, since the higher the productivity, the lower the IBN was obtained by calculating and analyzing the correlation (r) between the Nutritional Balance Index IBN) and DRIS matrices for the different productive levels. it was obtained the establishment of the DRIS standards for Tahiti Lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) for the state of Paraná, using as standard, productivity above 32.5 t ha-1.
O Brasil possuí uma área de 715.580 mil hectares de frutas cítricas (Laranja e Limão), resultando em uma produção no ano de 2015 de 17.926.518,00 milhões de toneladas, sendo que desse montante 47.391 mil ha são de Limão e Lima Ácida (IBGE, 2017), o que demonstra a importância da atividade para o país. No Paraná, o Limão/Lima Ácida Tahiti ocupa uma área de 1034 hectares, resultando em uma produção de 30.141 toneladas, gerando um Valor Bruto de Produção (VBP) de R$ 50.637.384,00 milhões (1,8% da produção da fruticultura estadual), mostrando a importância da cultura para o estado. O trabalho foi realizado entre os meses de Fevereiro de 2015 à Julho de 2016 (safras 2014/2015, 2015/2016), em propriedades rurais situadas nos municípios de Santa Fé, Ângulo, Iguaraçu, Nova Esperança e Altônia, ambos no estado do Paraná. Obteve-se o estabelecimento das normas DRIS para a diagnose nutricional da Lima Ácida Tahiti (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) para o Estado do Paraná, utilizando como padrão a produtividade de 32,5 t ha-1 (safras 2014/2015 e 2015/2016). Observou-se nos dados das amostras do ponto de corte escolhido (acima de 32,5 t ha-1) que, no ano agrícola 2014/2015 a deficiência maior foi do nutriente B (40%), seguido do Mg (26%). Quanto aos teores dos nutrientes excessivos, verificou-se nos nutrientes S (25%), seguidos do Ca (20%) e K (18%). Já, nos resultados com os dados do ano agrícola 2015/2016, verificou-se deficiência de P (21%), seguido dos nutrientes B e Fe (20% ambos). Em relação aos teores de nutrientes excessivos, pode-se observar o K (21%), seguido dos nutrientes N (16%) e Mn (14%). Pode-se definir um critério para escolha de qual matriz gerada pelo sistema DRIS utilizar à nível de campo, haja vista que quanto maior a produtividade menor foi o IBN, através do cálculo e análise da correlação (r) entre o Índice de Balanço Nutricional (IBN) e matrizes DRIS para os diferentes níveis produtivos. obteve-se o estabelecimento das normas DRIS para a Lima Ácida Tahiti (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) para o estado do Paraná, utilizando como padrão, a produtividade acima de 32,5 t ha-1.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. It is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of histology, therapeutic response and patient outcomes. Early and accurate detection of breast cancer is crucial as the patient prognosis varies greatly depending on the diagnosis of the disease. Nonetheless current breast cancer classification methods fail to precisely sub-classify the disease, resulting in potential inadequate therapeutic management of patients and subsequent poor clinical outcomes. Substantial effort is therefore put in cancer research to develop methods and find new biomarkers efficiently identifying and characterizing breast tumor cells. Moreover it is now well-recognized that the intensive cross-talk between cancer cells and their microenvironment (including non-tumor cells) highly influences cancer progression. Recently, a growing body of clinical evidence reported the prognostic and predictive value associated with the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the microenvironment of breast tumors. Although the evaluation of TILs would be of great value for the management of patients and the development of new immunotherapies, it is currently not assessed in routine practice. Furthermore Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging has shown its usefulness to study a panel of human cancers. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy coupled to microscopy provides images composed of multiple spectra reflecting the biochemical composition and subtle modifications within biological samples. IR imaging therefore provides useful information to improve breast cancer identification and characterization. The ultimate aim of this thesis is to improve breast cancer diagnosis using FTIR imaging to better identify and characterize cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment of breast cancers. In a first step we carried out a feasibility study aiming at evaluating the impact of the sample fixation process on IR spectra. While spectra were undeniably influenced by this biochemical alteration, our results indicated that closely-related cell types were influenced similarly and could still be discriminated on the basis of their spectral features. We then demonstrated the capability of IR imaging to discriminate a tumor from a normal tissue environment based on the spectral features of tumor cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix. A particular focus was placed on the identification of lymphocyte spectral signatures of cells isolated from blood or present within secondary lymphoid organs such as tonsils. Our results revealed that IR imaging was sensitive enough to discriminate lymphocyte subpopulations and to identify a particular spectral signature that we assigned to lymphocyte activation. Finally we highlighted the potential value of IR imaging as complementary tool to identify and characterize TILs in breast tumor samples. Altogether, our results suggest that IR imaging provides interesting and reliable information to improve breast cancer characterization and to assess the immune microenvironment of breast tumors.

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Le cancer du sein est le carcinome le plus fréquent chez la femme. C’est une maladie très hétérogène du point de vue histologique, de la réponse thérapeutique et de l’évolution clinique. Une détection rapide et précise de la maladie est cruciale, un diagnostic du cancer du sein dès les premiers stades de la maladie permet une meilleure prise en charge du patient et est directement associé à un meilleur pronostic. Néanmoins la classification actuelle des cancers du sein ne permet souvent pas de caractériser la maladie de manière précise, ce qui donne lieu à la mise en place de traitements moins ciblés et une évolution clinique peu favorable. Pour remédier à cela, des efforts conséquents sont réalisés en recherche, dans le but de mettre au point des méthodes capables d’identifier et de caractériser les cellules tumorales. De plus il est actuellement reconnu que le micro-environnement tumoral (composé des cellules non-tumorales) influence fortement la progression du cancer. Récemment de nombreuses études ont montré que la présence de lymphocytes au niveau des tumeurs mammaires (TILs) était corrélée à un meilleur facteur pronostic et prédictif. Bien que l’évaluation des TILs soit de grande importance dans le cadre des immunothérapies, cet élément n’est actuellement pas pris en compte dans les analyses de routine. Par ailleurs, l’imagerie infrarouge par transformée de Fourier (FTIR) a démontré son utilité dans l’étude de plusieurs cancers humains. La spectroscopie infrarouge (IR) couplée à la microscopie fourni des images composées de multiples spectres qui reflètent la composition biochimique et les modifications dans les échantillons biologiques. De ce fait l’imagerie infrarouge procure des informations utiles pour améliorer l’identification et la caractérisation du cancer du sein. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’améliorer le diagnostic du cancer du sein par imagerie FTIR pour mieux identifier et caractériser les cellules cancéreuses et le micro-environnement tumoral des tumeurs mammaires. Dans un premier temps nous avons effectué une étude de faisabilité afin d’évaluer l’impact du protocole de fixation des tissus sur les spectres IR. Bien que les spectres soient indéniablement influencés par cette altération biochimique, nos résultats indiquent que des types cellulaires proches sont influencés de manière similaire et peuvent donc être discriminés sur base de leurs caractéristiques spectrales. Nous avons ensuite démontré la capacité de l’imagerie IR de distinguer un environnement tumoral d’un environnement normal sur base des particularités spectrales des cellules tumorales et de la matrice extracellulaire. Une attention particulière a ensuite été portée afin d’identifier des signatures spectrales de cellules immunitaires du sang et au sein d’organes lymphoïdes secondaires, tels que les amygdales. Nos résultats ont révélé que l’imagerie IR permet d'identifier une signature spectrale particulière, que nous avons associée à une stimulation lymphocytaire. Finalement nous avons mis en évidence l’utilité de l’imagerie IR en tant qu’outil complémentaire pour identifier et caractériser les TILs dans les échantillons tumoraux mammaires. De manière générale, nos résultats suggèrent que l’imagerie IR fournit des informations intéressantes et fiables pour améliorer la caractérisation et l’évaluation du micro-environnement immunitaire dans les tumeurs mammaires.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans le sud du Cameroun, les palmeraies « villageoises » contribuent au développement rural et à la satisfaction des besoins nationaux en corps gras pour l'alimentation humaine et la savonnerie. Entre 1978 à 1991, 13 000 ha de palmeraies villageoises sélectionnées sont implantés avec l'appui technique et financier d'un projet. Puis le verger villageois sélectionné a triplé pour couvrir actuellement environ 40 000 ha. Ces plantations villageoises réalisées sans encadrement ni soutien financier présentent une grande variabilité de pratiques. Ceci soulève deux questions : celle de la valeur agronomique du verger villageois et celle de l'adaptation du conseil technique normatif. Ce travail repose sur une double approche agronomique. La première se fonde sur un diagnostic agronomique régional qui identifie les facteurs limitant les rendements et les pratiques dont ils découlent, afin de retracer des trajectoires de parcelles. La seconde approche est fondée sur une analyse compréhensive de la constitution de la sole, en retraçant l'historique des conditions d'installation de chacune des parcelles et en resituant les exploitations dans leur bassin d'approvisionnement. Un nouveau facteur limitant spécifique des palmeraies villageoises est révélé : la nutrition azotée en phase adulte. L'analyse spatiale et temporelle de la constitution des soles permet d'expliquer la variabilité des pratiques et d'établir des liens entre les conditions d'implantation, de conduite juvénile et des caractéristiques de parcelles adultes. Le contenu du conseil technique est revisité pour l'adapter aux nouvelles situations de parcelles, d'exploitation et d'environnement filière.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-16T16:12:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Tese - Marcos Antônio Machado Mesquita - 2013 (1).pdf: 15369606 bytes, checksum: 7d6b418613f8058d3668c7b49eadf4c5 (MD5) Tese - Marcos Antônio Machado Mesquita - 2013 (2).pdf: 15434160 bytes, checksum: 666dbd494ad63068371855127245bdfa (MD5) Tese - Marcos Antônio Machado Mesquita - 2013 (3).pdf: 17619968 bytes, checksum: 0da1b7499b495578032aacf8d2b5648a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30
The cultivation of irrigated common bean is an important economic activity for the city of Cristalina, Goias. The proper management of manure promotes the production of safer, contributing to the economic and environmental sustainability. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was developed to provide a diagnosis of the nutritional status of cultivated plants, helping the decision on fertilizer recommendation for crops, being based on the balance of essential nutrients to plants. However, this study aimed to establish reference standards DRIS and assess the nutritional status of irrigated common bean grown in the municipality of Cristalina, GO. In this, there were 86 samples of soil samples, 86 samples from leaf samples and 82 samples of common bean yield in 2009/2010. With the data organized into a database. The database was analyzed from two aspects known as the traditional methods of Critical Levels and Concentration Ranges, and also by the method of DRIS. The attributes B, S, MO and T were considered insufficient, while nutrients Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, K and P were considered excessive in the soil. Fe, Zn and Mo were the nutrients in the leaves with smaller amplitudes located within the range considered appropriate, nutrients S, Ca and Cu were considered insufficient, and the P, N, and K have been considered excessive in the plant, comparing the criteria established. The DRIS method was more sensitive to diagnose nutritional problems, especially for micronutrients
O cultivo do feijoeiro comum irrigado representa uma importante atividade econômica para o município de Cristalina em Goiás. O manejo adequado da adubação propicia a produção de alimentos mais seguros, contribuindo com a sustentabilidade econômica e ambiental. O Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS) foi desenvolvido para fornecer um diagnóstico do estado nutricional de plantas cultivadas, auxiliando na decisão sobre a recomendação de adubação para culturas agrícolas, sendo baseado no balanço dos nutrientes essenciais aos vegetais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estabelecer as normas de referência DRIS e avaliar o estado nutricional do feijoeiro comum irrigado cultivado no município de Cristalina, GO. Foram realizadas 86 coletas de amostras de solo, 86 coletas de amostras de folhas e 82 amostras de produtividade do feijoeiro comum na safra 2009/2010. Com os dados obtidos organizou-se um banco de dados. O banco de dados foi analisado sob duas vertentes, o método tradicional conhecido como métodos dos Níveis Críticos ou Faixas de Concentração, e também, pela metodologia do DRIS. Os atributos B, S, MO e T foram considerados deficientes, enquanto que os nutrientes Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, K e P foram considerados excessivos no solo. O Fe, Zn e Mo foram os nutrientes nas folhas com menores amplitudes, situadas nas faixas consideradas adequadas; os nutrientes S, Ca e Cu foram considerados deficientes, e o P, N, e K foram considerados excessivos na planta, comparando aos critérios estabelecidos. O método DRIS apresentou maior sensibilidade para diagnosticar problemas nutricionais, especialmente, para micronutrientes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vanessa D Dias.pdf: 1360523 bytes, checksum: 2c315f161f69d4ede2c7375a35216403 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-02
The sugarcane production areas are increasing in Brazil due to increased ethanol consumption by flex fuel cars. The planted area is growing, but productivity has been declining in recent years, and factors such as incidence of diseases in the crop may be contributing to this situation. Among the diseases, bacteria such as scald of the leaves and ratoon stunting disease, are of great importance to the crop because they can reduce productivity by up to 30% and the symptoms are not always displayed in the field, thus requiring advanced techniques to detect such bacterial diseases. Among the most used techniques for diagnosis serological tests are quite common, which has as main advantage the capacity of quantitative detection of the presence of bacteria in the culms. However, this detection is only possible if the bacterial title is relatively high. The PCR technique method is more sensitive for detecting low levels of bacteria in stems, but the DNA extractions should be performed in order to purify the DNA to reduce the presence of inhibitory substances in the extract. Thus in this study five different methods of DNA extraction of Xanthomonas albilineans and Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli were tested and performed in three steps: pure bacteria, bacteria inoculated directly in the extract from five different varieties of sugarcane, and extract from a stem knowingly infected with these bacteria. The results indicate that the amplifications occur more frequently when the products and repeatability of the extractions are diluted by 10-4 in the Leaf Scald. Without this diluition steps, the amplification does not occur, even with the method of DNA extraction considered as a standard. Thus, it is concluded that the detection does not happen if the DNA extraction product is not diluted at least 1000 times, which should prevent the action of inhibitory factors that can hinder the PCR reactions. As for the ratoon stunting disease additional studies are needed to enable its detection by PCR.
O cultivo de cana-de-açúcar está em expansão no Brasil, devido ao crescente consumo de etanol por carros bicombustíveis. A área plantada está em crescimento, mas a produtividade nos últimos anos vem decrescendo, e fatores como incidência de doenças podem estar contribuindo para tal situação. Dentre as doenças, as bacterianas, como o Raquitismo das Soqueiras e a Escaldadura das Folhas, possuem grande importância para a cultura, pois podem reduzir a produtividade em até 30% e nem sempre os sintomas são visualizados em campo, necessitando assim de técnicas avançadas de detecção. Dentre as técnicas para diagnose, a mais utilizada por laboratórios são os testes sorológicos, que tem como vantagem detectar quantitativamente a presença das bactérias nos colmos mas, no entanto, possui a desvantagem de detectar somente quando a população bacteriana está relativamente alta. A técnica de PCR é mais sensível, detectando níveis baixos da população dessa bactéria nos colmos, e as etapas de extrações de DNA devem purificar o DNA para a redução da presença de substâncias inibidoras presentes no extrato. Assim, neste trabalho foram testadas cinco diferentes metodologias de extração de DNA para Xanthomonas albilineans e Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli realizadas em três fontes: bactérias puras, bactérias adicionadas diretamente no caldo de cinco diferentes variedades de cana-de-açúcar, e caldo de colmos infectados com as bacterioses. Os resultados demonstram que as amplificações acontecem com maior freqüência e repetibilidade quando os produtos das extrações são diluídos em uma proporção de 10-4 para Escaldadura das folhas. Sem diluições as amplificações não ocorrem, mesmo com o método de extração de DNA com elevado grau de pureza, tal como CTAB. Assim, conclui-se que a detecção não ocorre se o produto das extrações de DNA não for diluído ao menos 1000 vezes, provavelmente reduzindo-se desta forma, o nível de inibidores presentes, proporcionando resultados positivos na técnica de amplificação via PCR. Para Raquitismo das soqueiras não conseguimos detectar Leifonia xyli subsp. xyli através de métodos rápidos de extração de DNA.

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O planejamento estratégico continua sendo importante nas organizações. A base do Planejamento Estratégico é o diagnóstico estratégico. O objetivo do estudo foi realizar o diagnóstico estratégico de marketing na unidade de produção e beneficiamento de sementes em uma empresa, com foco na competitividade. Seguindo o que propõe os princípios da Administração Estratégica, utilizou-se três metodologias de análise: o modelo de Porter, a análise SWOT (em Inglês) ou FOFA e a análise da concorrência. O modelo de Porter identifica cinco forças no ambiente de uma organização que influenciam a concorrência (Rivalidade entre concorrentes, Ameaças de novos entrantes, Poder de barganha dos fornecedores, Ameaças de produtos substitutos e Poder de barganha dos Clientes) e a análise FOFA que considera a influência dos ambientes interno e externo sobre a competitividade da empresa. No ambiente interno foram analisados os pontos fortes e fracos. Já no ambiente externo procurou-se identificar as oportunidades e ameaças. A análise da concorrência foi feita com os principais concorrentes diretos da empresa. Os resultados obtidos servirão de suporte para a realização do Planejamento Estratégico de Marketing.
The strategic planning, continues being important in the organizations. The base of the Strategic Planning is the strategic diagnosis. The objective of the present study was to accomplish the strategic diagnosis of marketing in a seed company, with focus in the competitiveness. It was used three analysis methodologies: the model of Porter, the analysis SWOT and the analysis of the competition. The model of Porter identifies five forces in the environment of an organization that its influence by competition (Rivality among competitors, Threats of new incomings, Suppliers bargain, Substitutes products , Customers treats and power) and the SWOT analysis that considers the internals and external influences about the company competitiveness. In the internal atmosphere the strong and weak points were analyzed. The analysis of the competition was made with the direct competitive principal of the company. The obtained results will serve as support for the accomplishment of the Marketing Strategic Planning.