Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Agriculture-Farming, Production, Technology, Economics”

The evaluation of the viability of agriculture through the analysis of the R/C ratio is consideredinappropriate in the application of new technology. The analysis tool that is considered adequate is theincremental benefit-cost ratio (IBCR). The objective of the research was to determine the effect of theapplication of semi-organic agricultural technology on production and to research objective was todetermine the effect of semi-organic agricultural technology on production and achieve the researchobjectives, the research was carried out in 40 rice farming units in Pringgasela district, East LombokRegency. The survey was conducted in rice farms applying semi-organic agriculture technology andfarms applying non-organic agriculture technology during the planting season of 2022. In each group offarmers, there are 20 units of rice farming applied semi-organic technology, and 20 units applied semiorganic technology. Sampling used a quota sampling technique and data were analyzed using IBCR. Theresults showed that the application of semi-organic technology in rice farming had a negative impact onrice production and was not economical (not feasible) to be applied to rice farming in the tropics with anIBCR value of <1.00, due to the application of semi-organic agricultural technology to rice farmingnegative impact on rice production, as well as providing lower economic benefits compared to nonorganic farming technologies.

Interest on organic agriculture is growing gradually in Nepal and the development interventions are concentrated more on technology generation and extension. But analysis on its economic aspect is lacking far behind. In order to know the economic performance of organic farming in general and that of organic rice production in particular, a survey research was carried out in Chitwan in 2010. From the study, the average productivity of organic rice production was found 3.15 Mt/ha which is consistent higher than national average. Among the factor cost, labor cost was found to contribute highest in total cost of production while poultry manure cost, human labor cost and oil cake cast were found to be significant factors at (P value < 0.05) to contribute in total revenue. The B:C ratio of organic rice production was found to be 1.15. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:12, Jun.2011, Page 97-103 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v12i0.7569

Farming in city is the most significant practice of Urban Agriculture with important social and economic impact. It constructs a stable and sustainable eco-recycling system, utilizing daily waste for crops irrigation, livestock breeding and energy production. And these ecological technologies will be discussed about ecological characters, scientific principles and operation steps, to present the artificial agro-ecosystem efficiently in limited space.

The paper presents a short review of the different types of farming systems:Biofarming, Organic farming, Alternatíve farming, Biodynamic farming, Low input sustainable agriculture (LISA)Mid-tech farming, Sustainable agriculture, Soil conservation farming, No till farming, Environmentally sound, Environmentally friendly, Diversity farmingCrop production system, Integrated pest management (IPM), Integrated farming, High-tech farmingSite specific production (SSP), Site specific technology (SST), Spatial variable technology, Satellite farming.Precision farmingIt concludes that the various systems are applicable in different ratios and combinations depending on the natural and economic conditions.The author predicts an increase in precision technologies , the first step being the construction of yield maps compared with soil maps and their agronomic analysis. Based on this information, it will be necessary to elaborate the variable technology within the field, especially for plant density, fertilization and weed control.The changes in weed flora during the past fifty years based on 10.000 samples within the same fields using the weed cover method are presented.

Precision agriculture (PA) as an integrated information- and production-based farming system is designed to delivery high-end technology solutions to increase farm production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts on the ecosystems and the environment. PA technologies are technology innovations that incorporate recent advances in modern agriculture providing evidence for lower production costs, increased farming efficiency and reduced impacts. However, the adoption of the precision agriculture technologies has encountered difficulties such as additional application or management costs and investment on new equipment and trained employees. Some of these PA technologies were proven efficient, providing tangible benefits with lower costs and as a result they quickly gained scientific interest. To investigate further the economic, agronomic, and environmental benefits from the adoption of PA technologies a systematic review was conducted, based on the systematic search and evaluation of related eligible articles.

The development of ecologically safe rural production is currently one of the most promising areas of the agricultural sector. This necessitates the study of areas of greening of agricultural development, which aims to reduce the negative impact on the environment, improve the quality of agricultural products, compliance with environmental requirements in the process of its production. The article outlines the author’s concept of greening of agricultural production. It is substantiated that in order to ensure and develop the greening of agricultural production in Ukraine, there is an objective need to introduce digital technologies. This primarily applies to the transition of domestic farmers to precision of farming technology. The article is devoted to revealing the potential of precision farming technologies in crop production as a leading branch of agricultural production, the most important source of human food resources. The strategy of using precision farming technologies is aimed at maximally attracting and using various information to develop timely and effective agro-technological solutions, their optimization in relation to specific soil-climatic and economic conditions of agricultural enterprises, differentiated implementation of basic technological operations within the field to achieve maximum quantitative and qualitative indicators. The paper identifies the prerequisites that determine the choice of precision farming technologies, which are grouped into three groups: socio-economic, technical-technological, environmental. On the basis of the conducted analysis the estimation of application of digital technologies at the agricultural enterprises in the modern period is made. It is explained the need to increase the level of digitalization, which will provide an opportunity to use the latest advances in information technology. The examples of introduction of digital technologies in large domestic agricultural holdings are given. Economic calculations of the introduction of certain digital technologies into the production activities of the Uladovo-Lyulinetskaya Research and Selection Station have been carried out, which makes it possible to objectively assess the prospects for the practical use of precision farming technologies. The economic and ecological advantages of digital agriculture in the context of ensuring the greening of agricultural production are established. The factors that slow down the introduction of digital farming technologies in the activities of agricultural enterprises have been identified. Keywords: agriculture, agricultural production, crop production, digital technologies, digital agriculture, greening

India's economy heavily relies on agriculture, with the majority of the population depending on it for sustenance and livelihood. However, the rapid development of regions has resulted in severe issues affecting soil quality and cultivation practices. Additionally, factors such as natural disasters, climate change, and excessive use of chemicals have further deteriorated soil fertility. The scarcity of usable water for agriculture exacerbates the problem, leading to reduced food production and widespread hunger and malnutrition. Consequently, there is a critical need to embrace agricultural technologies that can conserve water, enhance food production, and ensure its availability. “Hydroponics” is one such methodology that can be adapted to counter all these problems. Hydroponic cultivation generally yields higher-quality produce with superior taste and nutritional value compared to traditional soil-based farming methods. Hydroponics offers numerous advantages compared to conventional soil-based crop cultivation. These benefits include shorter crop growing cycles, year-round production, reduced susceptibility to diseases and pests, and the elimination of labour-intensive intercultural tasks such as weeding, spraying, and watering. In the future, hydroponics has the potential to emerge as a prominent method for supplying food to the global population.

Innovation in agriculture ensures the wide-spread use of the latest, up-to-date technology. Such new technology is precision farming in crop production, which serves as a validation of the criteria of environmental and economic sustainability. The economic applicability of precision crop production depends on several factors.Among them the following aspects must be emphasized: the size of the farm, the characteristics of the production structure, the current input-output prices and their tendencies, the investment needed for transitioning to precision technology and its capital source, the level of professional knowledge and the managerial attitudes of the farm. I have examined the economic relations between potential savings in chemicals on EU level. It has been found that after switching to precision farming, the active ingredient use for fertilizers can be reduced by 340 thousand tons at the same expected yield level in an optimistic scenario in the EU-27, while the savings in pesticide use can be 30 thousand tons (calculating with the current dose-level). If approximately 30% of the crop producing and mixed farms over 16 ESU adopt this new technology, this will diminish environmental loads by up to 10-35%. The majority of farms characterized by greater output and size can be based on their own equipment but it might as well be presumed that smaller farms can turn to precision farming not based on their own investment. They can buy the technical service from providers, they can establish producer cooperation, for example in the frame of machinery rings. At a certain farm size and farming intensity precision crop production is a real, environmentally friendly farming strategy, with the help of which the farm can reach earnings that cover at least the economic conditions of simple reproduction.

Agriculture is on the verge of entering the Smart Farming era, in which farming operations will become digitalized and data-driven, allowing for better decision support, smart analytics, and forecasting. Farming is the most diverse economic sector and is critical to a country's overall economic development. The Internet of Things (IoT) can potentially optimize agriculture and farming sector activities by reducing manpower through technology. Forecasts are central to most agricultural and agricultural-related operations. Smart Agriculture Data Analytics (SADA) was developed to address this issue. SADA is an embedded system with two components: data analytics and the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT in SADA also assists farmers in collecting data and learning more about the appropriate soil PH scale, fertilizer dataset, air humidity, and temperature. A prototyping model is used in software development. The farmer can provide real-time feedback, request project changes, and update model specifications. SADA will help farmers understand the trend of analytics crop production, allowing them to increase yield

Agriculture is the backbone of food production in every nation and the central element in economic development. Rapid changes in information technology (IT) have promised substantial potential benefits in return, especially for developing countries. The success of IT applications in agriculture is widely reported in numerous previous studies. Regardless of its success, the transformation has brought many issues and challenges for farming businesses. Thus, this article aimed to review the major issues and challenges of IT usage and how technology resources can address the needs of demand for food production. The findings reveal three main themes of issues and challenges, which are infrastructure, people, and organisation. Due to these issues, there is a greater need for changes in IT resources in agriculture to meet the food demand for the rapid growth of the population by the year 2050. A systematic review using existing literature has been used in writing this article.

Agriculture is having an increasing impact on water resources in Spain, both from a quantitative (consumption) and qualitative (pollution) perspective. Therefore, the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) will have a great impact on this sector. In fact, new river management plans aim to reduce these pressures through the implementation of programmes of measures. These instruments will impose new requirements (costs) on farming systems and may promote the adoption of more efficient and sustainable production methods. Within this context this paper aims to analyse how this new water management plan is being developed. An economic analysis is carried out to select a programme of measures involving irrigated agriculture.

Green agricultural development is an inevitable trend of countries around the world, including Vietnam in order to achieve the goal of sustainable agricultural development. This article aims to assess the current situation and propose solutions to promote the application of science and technology by enterprises to green agricultural development in Vietnam. Research results showed that, in recent years, many businesses have applied farming techniques in greenhouses, net houses, economical irrigation, nutrient management and automatic lighting and production processes according to GAP standards that brings economic, social and environmental efficiency. However, the number of enterprises applying science and technology to agricultural production in general and green agriculture in particular is still limited due to policy barriers, difficult land access, capital scarcity and outdated synchronized infrastructure system. To promote the application of science and technology in agricultural production, the following solutions need to be implemented synchronously: completing the policies of land; agriculture and rural development; credit; well forecasting supply and demand of agricultural products; simplifying administrative procedures in land; completing infrastructure of agriculture and rural.

This research aims to identify the barriers to the spread of integrated paddy and beef cattle farming and the influence of these barriers on Indonesian farmers’ acceptance of integrated farming. Quantitative methods were used to examine the barriers to integrated agriculture acceptance. A direct survey was conducted in which questionnaires were distributed to respondents. In addition, a research framework for the acceptance of integrated agriculture was developed using the technology acceptance model (TAM). Several data analysis methods were employed, including descriptive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modelling (SEM). Data were obtained from 310 organic paddy farmers in Boyolali Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The data were analysed using LISREL 8.8 software to assess the influence of barriers on the acceptance of integrated farming. SEM yielded the following results: x2 degree 1.77, GFI 0.92, AGFI 0.90, CFI 0.94, and RMSEA 0.06. As a result, we concluded that the goodness-of-fit index met the recommended criteria and that the model corresponded to the data provided, which allowed us to continue with the hypothesis testing. The results of hypothesis testing showed that the factors that significantly influenced the acceptance of integrated farming were barriers in the areas of production, knowledge, government, and economics. The practical implication of the research results is that by reducing barriers to production, knowledge, government, and economics, the acceptance of paddy and beef cattle integration can be increased.

The present paper presents a non-technical overview of contemporary developments in food supply, as seen from the standpoint of economic adjustment. The historical concerns over availability and price of food have now passed in the UK, and agriculture is no longer dominantly driven by the supply-side forces of new farming technology and the stimulus of support policies. As a now demand-driven sector of the economy, it is the developing diversity of consumer food preferences that will increasingly determine the adjustment path of agricultural production. Those demands seek distinctive elements of food value, many of which are entirely created and delivered by industries beyond the farm gate. However, many of the quality characteristics of food that consumers increasingly seek are associated explicitly with what takes place on farms and how crop and livestock husbandry is conducted. In responding to these demand preferences many farmers will shift from being merely raw material producers to becoming genuine producers of food, or capturing more of the final value of the products consumed. As a result a dual structure within farming will develop, with a ‘quality agriculture’ becoming increasingly differentiated from a ‘commodity agriculture’ as two distinct strategies for farm business survival.

AbstractTechnological advances have contributed to impressive yield gains and have greatly altered US agriculture. Selective breeding and directed molecular techniques address biological shortcomings of plants and animals and overcome environmental limitations. Improvements in mechanization, particularly of power sources and harvest equipment, reduce labor requirements and increase productivity and worker safety. Conservation systems, often designed to overcome problems introduced from other technologies, reduce negative impacts on soil and water and improve the environmental sustainability of production systems. Advances in information systems, largely developed in other disciplines and adapted to agriculture, are only beginning to impact US production practices. This paper is the fourth in the series of manuscripts exploring drivers of US agricultural systems. While development of technology is still largely driven by a need to address a problem, adoption is closely linked with other drivers of agricultural systems, most notably social, political and economic. Here, we explore the processes of innovation and adoption of technologies and how they have shaped agriculture. Technologies have increased yield and net output, and have also resulted in decreased control by producers, increased intensification, specialization and complexity of production, greater dependence on non-renewable resources, increased production inputs and hence decreased return, and an enhanced reliance on future technology. Future technologies will need to address emerging issues in land use, decline in work force and societal support of farming, global competition, changing social values in both taste and convenience of food, and increasing concerns for food safety and the environment. The challenge for farmers and researchers is to address these issues and develop technologies that balance the needs of producers with the expectations of society and create economically and environmentally sustainable production systems.

Indian agriculture is a complex enterprise involving millions of small and marginal farmers. Agriculture in India is the most important sector for food security and socio-economic development. Agriculture accounted for about 18 per cent of the GDP and employed about 50% of the country’s population. As agriculture has become more complex, farmers’ access to reliable, timely, and relevant information has become increasingly important. Farmers require access to more varied, multisource and context-specific information, related not only to best practices and technologies for crop production and weather, but also to information about post-harvest aspects, including processing, marketing, storage, and handling. An effective agricultural knowledge management system with effective Information Technologycan trigger continuous innovations in overall development of agriculture. Information Technology can revolutionize Indian farming sector and can benefit all farmers, including small land holders, marginalized and poor farmers.This article attempts to express the current status ofthe infrastructure with respect to the use of information technology in agriculture and study the importance of knowledge management and information technology in agricultural infrastructure on agriculturesupply chain.

Data and information are both key players of the 21st century. Technology is rapidly changing, and the industrial revolution is represented in the field of agriculture as well. Precision farming helps farmers to maximise annual yields and use available data. Due to technological developments and data management, more and more information is available. Precision agriculture manages the variability in production agriculture in a more economic and environmentally efficient manner. It encompasses a suite of farm-level information technologies, monitors the major field crops and annual yields. Precision agriculture can survive only by using the data and information gained.

The Malaysian economy has experienced robust economic growth over the past few decades, averaging around 6 per cent a year since 2000. With competitive pressure for resources from non-agriculture sectors, there is likely to be an inadequate capacity to increase agricultural production. Attaining agriculture business performance continued relevance remains demanding in the Eleventh Malaysia Plan. Anchored in the supply chain management philosophy, this paper highlights cattle businesses and the interrelated elements of supply chain integration and a digital marketing perspective. The cattle meat industry in Malaysia is gradually transforming from unorganized backyard farming into organized farming. However, the supply chains are still characterized by inefficiencies, diseconomies of scale, lack of investments, and inadequate arrangement. Therefore, to improve the efficiency and economy of scale, added value chain is required. One form of value creation is technology adoption. The digital marketing part of technology currently leads to the adoption new business policies in agriculture production. Policies and procedures also need to be eased to facilitate investments to increase production. This paper concludes that, in many important ways, the Malaysian Government still sees food security as a public obligation, especially in the case of protein-based products, and is working attentively to increase food security for its citizens.

Agriculture is an ongoing changing field where farmers constantly change production technology by adopting different updated modern practices. The study explores the motivating factors influencing farmers to switch to synthetic pesticides dependent on farming from organic farming methods. The main factors are the lower price of organic vegetables, pesticide availability, social responsibility and economic considerations. The most challenging AEZ -13 coastal Satkhira has been taken for this study. The result shows that farmers who choose to switch give high importance to the production cost, price of organic vegetables, supply of bio-product, and availability of organic products than the moral, economic and social concerns. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 13(1): 25-30, June 2023

Decreasing availability of land for farming due to Urbanization and Industrialization has further complicated Wide spread difference between cost of Agricultural Production-Minimum Support Price (MSP). To resolve the issues of viability in terms of economic & financial return and to find out alternative methods have to be applied in farming sector.Use of innovative technology ,the less numners of persons have been employed which obtained better results,less area under innovative farming has resulted in higher yield..As per suitability non-traditional methods to be implemented at large scale by the assistance of Government mechanism for the betterment of society. Agriculture has to be climate smart, technology driven, profit generating and sustainable to meet the need of food security of the country

Abstract: Agriculture is the broadest economic sector and plays an important role in the overall economic development of nation. Technological advancements in the arena of agriculture will ascertain to increase competence of certain farming activities. Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought revolution to each and every field of common man’s life by making everything smart and intelligent. IoT refers to a network of things which make a self-configuring network. The development of Intelligent Smart Farming IoT based devices is day by day turning the face of agriculture production by not only enhancing it but also making it cost-effective. Here we are using Internet of things technologies in Mushroom farming Mushrooms are classified as vegetables in the food world but they are actually fungi. Although they are not vegetables. Mushrooms provide several important nutrients and they have a very important part in the food market. This project mainly focuses of the monitoring of the mushroom farms. The sensors are placed at specific regions of the farm. Which will monitor the status. The control unit is setup with some basic parameters such as temperature. Humidity and gas content that is required for the cultivation when the threshold varies the control unit will trigger the actuators. An intelligent app is designed to check the status of the farm by the user which will be connected with the control unit through server. The app will be a used by the cultivator. Where in the app the status of the farm will be displayed. Once the actuators are triggered the users will be notified with the help of app notification.

The main directions and tasks for the development and implementation of coordinate agriculture technologies are considered. A new technological map of winter wheat cultivation and harvesting with elements of coordinate agriculture is presented. The results of comparative analysis of indicators of economic assessment of technology with elements of coordinate agriculture and traditional technology are presented.

This study measured the economic impacts of climate change on crop and livestock farming in Africa based on a cross-sectional survey of over 8000 farming households from 11 countries in east, west, north and southern Africa. The response of net revenue from crop and livestock agriculture across various farm types and systems in Africa to changes in climate normals (i.e. mean rainfall and temperature) is analysed. The analyses controlled for effects of key socioeconomic, technology, soil and hydrological factors influencing agricultural production. Results show that net farm revenues are in general negatively affected by warmer and drier climates. The small-scale mixed crop and livestock system predominantly typical in Africa is the most tolerant whereas specialized crop production is the most vulnerable to warming and lower rainfall. These results have important policy implications, especially for the suitability of the increasing tendency toward large-scale mono-cropping strategies for agricultural development in Africa and other parts of the developing world in light of expected climate changes. Mixed crop and livestock farming and irrigation offered better adaptation options for farmers against further warming and drying predicted under various future climate scenarios.

Abstract Nowadays one can observe the penetration of digitalization into almost all spheres of life: political, social, economic, educational. Agriculture is not an exception. Russian government considers digital transformation in general and agriculture in particular to be one of the indispensable national goals. The ultimate goal of introducing digital changes is guaranteeing the RF entry into the top five largest economies in the world. Agriculture in RF has various branches where animal husbandry plays and important role in ensuring food security. Consequently, the issue of introducing digitalization into livestock farming as a less advanced industry is rather relevant. Digital data is becoming a key factor in the livestock industry. This data can be obtained from various devices, in particular from biometric sensors, big data and blockchain technology. Precision Livestock farming (PLF) technologies enable non-invasive sampling, helping farmers and researchers to obtain realistic indicators to solve welfare problems. The received and processed data allow obtaining information having new quality characteristics, searching for and finding patterns and models for agricultural successful modernization, minimizing risks of losses, forecasting using modern methods of big data processing, optimizing production costs. PLF technologies can also contribute to a reduction in resource use. They will definitely facilitate individualistic approach and a more proactive to animal health. Such an approach will ultimately reduce the need for medicines, especially the use of antibiotics. The use of innovative solutions was noted, in particular, the use of automated technologies, robotic systems, computerized programs, applications that contribute to the growth of productivity and the production of livestock products.

The economic growth in the agriculture sector contributes to the income of the Bangka Belitung Island Province. In the few decades, pepper production in Indonesia retains its position as one of the biggest producers in the world. However, pepper production in the province goes down. Consequently, the income of pepper farmers reduces. Understanding the farmers' demographic and their perception of the technology acceptance model will help policymakers provide the best empowerment program and agricultural support program to uplift their welfare. The study aims to understand the socio-economic profile and the perception of pepper farmers towards the technology acceptance model using information technology in pepper farming activity. The data collection process was conducted from August to November 2019. Structured questionnaires and face-to-face data collection methods were applied to earn the primary data from 100 pepper smallholders in Bangka Tengah and Bangka Selatan, Bangka Belitung Island Province. Descriptive analysis was used to identify the respondents' profiles and explain their skills and awareness to adopt information technology in their farming activity. The study revealed that most of the pepper farmers were in the average age of 45 years old, held elementary school level, received income of about 5.7 million, was experienced farmers with 20 years of pepper farming activity, and had about 2.1 – 5 ha of land area. The majority of the pepper smallholders offered low scores to the proportion of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. The results benefit the policymaker and farmer in providing a better farming activity and offering the best program to empower pepper farmers.

The massive use of chemicals in food production process has adversely affected the aspect of cost, ecology and health in particular. Landscape Integrated Pest Management (LIPM) Program is one of the technology applications targeted to minimize the chemicals. In Indonesia, there were only 6 regencies which applied LIPM, which included Banyumas regency. This study primarily aims at comparing production costs, productivity, revenue, profit and financial feasibility between LIPM and non-LIPM rice farms. The researchers collected primary and secondary data during the investigation. They purposively chose Pliken Village as the research object as it is the only village implementing LIPM. Meanwhile, sample was selected by random sampling methods involving LIPM and non- LIPM farmers with 30 respondents for each. Independent-samples T test was exerted to compare productivity, revenue, cost, profit and financial feasibility. The results indicate that productivity, revenue, profit and financial feasibility farming with LIPM were higher than the non-LIPM farming. Moreover, the production cost in the LIPM farming was lower than the production cost of the non-LIPM farming. The independent T-test pinpoints that the total revenue indicator and profit were significant. In other words, it may become reference to encourage farmers to apply Landscape Integrated Pest Management Program for sustainable agriculture

The article defines the role of organic agricultural production in the system of the agrarian complex. The impact of agriculture on ecology is characterized. It was determined that the greening of agriculture becomes a priority point in the system of modernization of environmental security. The authors present that the latest technologies make it possible to effectively cultivate agricultural land, and the main place among the innovations of agricultural production is occupied by agricultural works, which are provided by automated systems and unmanned equipment. The article highlights environmental problems arising as a result of human economic activity to ensure one’s own food security and presents alternative methods of farming. The crucial role of organic production is defined and the main methods of organic agriculture are presented. The authors researched the dynamics of the area of agricultural land used for organic production and operators of organic production. The main environmental criteria of organic agricultural production, projects and programs that provide assistance in the field of organic production, circulation and labeling of organic products are presented.

Precision farming technologies can help mitigate the environmental impact of agriculture by reducing the use of fertilizers and irrigation while reducing costs. Vegetable precision farming technology uses geographic positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GIS), artificial intelligence (IoT), robotics, sensor technology, data-based genome editing, etc. to improve the production and quality of vegetables. Digital genome sequencing, developed over the past decade, has greatly reduced the cost and time required to map the DNA of plants and other organisms. Digital genome sequencing methods generate vast amounts of genome sequence data, which in turn aid in plant breeding for specific field conditions or desired traits. This maintains excellent prospects for growing vegetables in the current farming scenario, when climate change is forcing a rethink of all agricultural practices. This article provides useful information about precision farming technologies for vegetable growers, enthusiasts, farmers and researchers. Economic factors are important drivers and barriers to technology adoption. The practical significance of new technologies provided through communication and education has additional potential in terms of their promotion.

Research background: Economic growth is unsustainable. However, a circular economy has the potential to lead to sustainable development, while decoupling economic growth from the negative consequences of resource depletion and environmental degradation. The EU's strategy of climate neutralization in 2050 developed, inter alia, into a European Green Deal action plan aiming at the efficient use of resources by moving to a cleaner, circular economy. More sustainable EU food system is a cornerstone of the European Green Deal. The European Commission's goal is 25% of agricultural land to be used for organic production in 2030. The question is if it is possible to reach the objective with the use of current incentives. What else may be done to encourage European farmers to convert to organic farming? Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to review the development of organic agriculture in Europe and the EU and to identify incentives for farmers to convert to organic farming. Methods: First of all, the methodological approach is to iteratively review the existing literature to frame the problem. Secondly, the data on organic agriculture in Europe is to be analyzed to answer the research questions. The analysis is based on international statistics, mainly collected by FiBL, IFOAM, EC Agri-food data portal and Eurostat..Fitting the trend functions to the actual data has been made in three scenarios (pessimistic, realistic and optimistic). These trend functions were used for the long-term forecasts of the share of organic farmland in the EU. Findings & value added: The long-run forecast might be treated as a goal, which can motivate to act more intensively to achieve the objective. The existing measures, including organic farming payments, are not sufficient to meet the goal of massive increase in the acreage under organic production. It is necessary to develop new incentives e.g. Green Public Procurement, innovative and effective media campaigns, development of a dynamic network of actors within the organic food supply chain with the use of blockchain technology.

Several technologies have been provided to farmers to increase production under the rainfed systems of Ethiopia. However, much attention has been focused on drought emergency relief and associated interventions. Conservation agriculture (CA), among others, has been recently encouraged as part of the sustainable intensification technology in the Ethiopian smallholder farming systems. However, CA research in Ethiopia has traditionally stayed for a long time on a station-based research approach over a controlled environment followed by demonstration plots conducted, in most cases, for a short period. Considering large natural agro-hydro-ecological diversifications and the socio-economic conditions of smallholder farmers, it is possible to envisage that various versions of CA may be adopted based on different climate and topographic settings. Hence it entails various forms of adoption research depending on the biophysical and socio-economic conditions. Therefore, adopting CA technology is not as simple as adopting the technology or its components, as adoption is not only based on benefits but is also a process of inculcating CA into the human and social elements (culture, gender, social, and beliefs), and integrating CA within the farming systems (e.g., crop type, rotations, and agronomic management), and production systems (e.g., irrigated, rainfed, and livestock). In this regard, a review of CA technology usage provides an important perspective to explore the findings and the functionality of current CA research systems regarding the nature of its development, promotion, and dissemination in Ethiopia. This manuscript explores how CA is viewed by local farmers and associated researchers using the results from station to farmer-designed on-farm studies in the Ethiopian highlands, including irrigated and rain-fed production systems. This review paper will be crucially important for researchers and policymakers to develop conservation agriculture as one strategic issue for future sustainable irrigation and natural resource conservation.

In this study, we leverage geographical coordinates and firm-level panel data to uncover variations in production across different locations. Our approach involves using a semiparametric proxy variable regression estimator, which allows us to define and estimate a customized production function for each firm and its corresponding location. By employing kernel methods, we estimate the nonparametric functions that determine the model’s parameters based on latitude and longitude. Furthermore, our model incorporates productivity components that consider various factors that influence production. Unlike spatially autoregressive-type production functions that assume a uniform technology across all locations, our approach estimates technology and productivity at both the firm and location levels, taking into account their specific characteristics. To handle endogenous regressors, we incorporate a proxy variable identification technique, distinguishing our method from geographically weighted semiparametric regressions. To investigate the heterogeneity in production technology and productivity among Norwegian grain farmers, we apply our model to a sample of farms using panel data spanning from 2001 to 2020. Through this analysis, we provide empirical evidence of regional variations in both technology and productivity among Norwegian grain farmers. Finally, we discuss the suitability of our approach for addressing the heterogeneity in this industry.

A correct selection of the machinery park is vital for correct functioning of a farm. It is significant in sustainable farming where, except for economic factors, application of a suitable technique and technology in order to lead an effective production is crucial. The paper presents a method of designing a set of machines for a farm. The method was implemented in the computer application. A suitably selected, optimised machinery park enables a sustainable agricultural production and achievement of the desired economic, production and environmental effects. The application was practically verified and is used in teaching and farming practice.

The presented article focuses on an analysis of the phenomena appearing in the implementation of the transition from classic conventional technology in the production of agricultural food products to an ecological manner of farming. The main objective is an empirical analysis of the determinants of the implementation of ecological production technology, whereby not only is their definition focused on, but also the quantification of the level of their effect. The primary methodological tool for achieving the objective is a binary choice model, which was estimated in three variants &ndash; probit model, logit model and linear probability model. These estimations are conducted on the basis of the unbalanced panel data from 531 agricultural businesses &ndash; legal entities obtained over the time period 2004&ndash;2008. Results of the analyses indicate that the transition to and implementation of the organic production technology is negatively affected primarily by the higher age of the farmers and the high productivity of labour. On the other hand, the subsidies for the support of organic agriculture, as well as a high return on cost can be considered as the factors which positively influence the implementation of the organic technology. Given this fact, it is possible, through agricultural policy, to effectively influence the number of organically managing farmers, as well as the acreage of the organically managed land. And from the achieved outputs, the type of farm is subsequently characterised where a transition to organic farming may most likely be expected.

The precise control of animals is the focus of a new strategy to enhance animal welfare in the poultry industry. We notice that good welfare circumstances significantly impact the health of the birds and the quality of the poultry products, which affects economic effectiveness in the production of poultry. An innovation that can aid farmers in more successfully controlling the environment and birds' health is using technology solutions in various animal production systems. Additionally, as public concern over chicken breeding and welfare increases, resolutions are being developed to improve control and monitoring in this area of animal agriculture. PLF (precision livestock farming) uses various techniques to gather real-time data about birds. By spotting diseases and stressful conditions in the early stages and enabling action to be taken swiftly enough to avoid the negative impacts, PLF can assist prevent reducing animal wellbeing. To enhance precision livestock farming, this review links the potential uses of the most recent technology to monitor laying hens and broilers

With rising population and purchasing power, demand for food and changing consumer preferences are building pressure on our resources. Vertical Farming, which means growing food in skyscrapers, might help to solve many of these problems. The purpose of this study was to construct a Vertical Farm and thereof investigate the economic feasibility of it. In a concurrent Engineering Study initiated by DLR Bremen, a farm, 37 floors high, was designed and simulated in Berlin to estimate the cost of production and market potential of this technology. It yields about 3,500 tons of fruits and vegetables and ca. 140 tons of tilapia fillets, 516 times more than expected from a footprint area of 0.25 ha due to stacking and multiple harvests. The investment costs add up to € 200 million, and it requires 80 million litres of water and 3.5 GWh of power per year. The produced food costs between € 3.50 and € 4.00 per kilogram. In view of its feasibility, we estimate a market for about 50 farms in the short term and almost 3000 farms in the long term. To tap the economic, environmental and social benefits of this technology, extensive research is required to optimise the production process.

The use of modern computer technology in animal husbandry without taking into account an experience can lead to unexpected results. From an economic point of view, the introduction and use of innovations in agriculture is not always justified, because of it is necessary to deal with the natural environment, and it is difficult to make predictions for obtaining particular results under such conditions. The article summarizes the experience of using modern computer technologies in dairy farming, considers approaches to improving the technology of milk production in cattle breeding, its innovative potential. Industrial-type enterprises must be modernized with the maximum use of existing facilities and technical equipment, with equipping them with advanced machines, automatic machines and equipment. The use of mechanization and automation should ensure reliable implementation and control of the processes of preparation, transportation and dosing of feed, removal and processing of manure and wastewater, and the creation of an optimal microclimate regardless of the season and climatic zone. The necessity of spreading a loose-line method of keeping cows, milking parlors and automated systems is substantiated. Cow milking should be considered a significant element in the mechanization of technological processes on a livestock farm, and therefore the most promising development of milking systems in automated and computerized installations such as Europarallel, Herringbone, and Carousel. The use of innovative digital developments such as the creation of large databases in dairy farming allows us to more accurately determine the possible results of investments and more efficiently integrate agriculture into society. The development of modern technologies contributes to a more complete realization of the genetic potential of animals and thereby increases the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding

The matter of the effectiveness of applying smart technologies in agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan will be of interest to the academic community, regardless of territorial affiliation. The relevance of the research is in the need to inform farmers on the efficiency of such technologies and how to use them. Economic valuation, cost-benefit analysis were used to compare traditional and digital agricultural technologies in grain production. Wealthy farmers from developed countries widely use digital technology, reducing operating costs for wage labour and productive resources. In this research, the authors attempted to prove the hypothesis of significant economic and environmental efficiency in the application of precision technologies. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the results of the application of precision farming tools from an economic standpoint, these results can contribute to the study of the efficiency of digital technologies at the global and local levels. This research displays that with application of modern digital technologies in production, under certain circumstances, a farm can increase wheat yield by at least 25-30%. Gross profit with traditional technologies in agriculture amounted to 31 US dollars per hectare, while application of digital technologies brought 54 US dollars per hectare.

Precision farming innovations are designed to improve the efficiency of agricultural activities via minimal initial input of material and human resources and avoiding harmful effects on the environment on one hand and automatizing the production on another hand, thus providing environmental, social and economic benefits. In the article, the tendencies in the adoption of precision agriculture technologies (PAT) in Ukraine were observed, with a specific focus on cooperatives as a valuable tool of social and solidarity economy helping to achieve progress in local rural development. On the example of cooperatives, applying a technology acceptance model (TAM) has identified how the adoption of new smart farming tools influence their behavior in implementing technological innovations. The results of the study will be of particular interest to representatives of other cooperatives and to agribusiness players engaged in agriculture or software development. In addition, the outputs will be useful for researchers in the field of the socio-economic development of territories and the impact of new technologies on it, as well as for local governments and higher-level government officials, which can contribute to the implementation of better rural development strategies.

The agriculture sector is playing an important role in India. Agriculture has always been the backbone of the Indian economy. The significance of agriculture in India arises from the fact that the development in agriculture is an essential condition for the development of the national economy. To achieve this, the Government has been launching a number of plans and programmes all through after independence. But, the first major success came out in the form of the green revolution in the mid sixities. Green revolution has already proved that the achievement of productivity is technically feasible. Therefore, the paper attempts to examine the performance of Indian agriculture and livelihood impact on agricultural development in India. The paper finds clearly that the adoption of new economic policy is the main factor, which determines the productivity of agriculture in the Indian economy. However, it has to be supported by other important agricultural inputs like production, investment etc. However, the new technology that was successfully implemented in the case of major food grains, basically rice and wheat; need to be extended to other food grains and also to the non-food grain crops. Similarly, there is a need to extend the new technology in agriculture to the dry land farming systems also. However, we should be very cautious in over using the ecologically incompatible inputs like chemical fertilizers and pesticides

Constraints on production economic research are examined in three dimensions: problem focus, methodology, and data availability. Data availability has played a large role in the choice of problem focus and explains some misdirected focus. A proprosal is made to address the data availability constraint. The greatest self-imposed constraints are methodological. Production economics has focused on flexible representations of technology at the expense of specificity in preferences. Yet some of the major problems faced by decision makers relate to long-term problems, e.g., the commodity boom and ensuing debt crisis of the 1970s and 1980s where standard short-term profit maximization models are unlikely to capture the essence of decision maker concerns.

The production of renewable energy fluctuates in terms of sun and wind and must be supplemented by storage in the system. On an individual basis, i.e., for centralized electricity production and predominantly self-consumption, the use of batteries is considered here. Possible future development scenarios were simulated based on current price relationships (status quo). In the status quo, a selling price for PV electricity of 13 Euro cents (ct)ct/kWh was assumed with a production cost of 11 ct/kWh. The selling price of wind power is 5 ct/kWh with a production cost of 3 ct/kWh. The cost of storing electricity in a battery increases the price by 33 ct/kWh. A price of 20 ct/kWh is assumed for electricity purchases by companies. In the status quo, the use of batteries is not economical given the assumed price relationships. Changing the framework conditions, such as those of the legislature in Germany with the nuclear power phase-out and in the EU with the coal exit and decarbonization, will lead to increased availability of (fluctuating) renewable electricity, especially during the day. The purchase of electricity at other times, when the supply is scarce, can lead to increased electricity prices, especially at night. Together with falling costs for storage, the use of batteries for centralized power generators could be very interesting in the future. The method used in this study is nonlinear optimization of the target function costs of electricity supply in the developed simulation model. The results can also be transferred to other countries, as the assumed trends apply worldwide.

The purpose of the work was to demonstrate the evolution of agricultural technologies, which leads to the orientation of agriculture towards the use of nature-like farming, using the example of the human civilization development. It was shown that in the XX century, the stage of development of soil cultivation technologies, associated with the transition from "gray" extensive technologies for managing natural resources, which were focused on momentary economic feasibility, to non-traditional farming technologies, began. It was demonstrated that a natural transition is currently taking place from the technology development strategy based on the principle of maximum entropy production by G. Ziegler, to the strategy of minimum entropy production by I. Prigozhin, which is based on the rationalization of the use of the planet's resources. It was confirmed that at the present stage humanity has approached the change of technologies from the extensive development and use of natural resources to rationalizing their use − "green farming", which is characterized by a more natural agricultural technology of soil cultivation; mulching its surface with plant residues which leads to a decrease in soil erosion and unproductive evaporation; minimizing soil compaction; reducing the need for irrigation; reducing the use of herbicides through the use of cover crops, etc.

Abstract: Overall the world, India is not only the largest producer of many crops like wheat, rice, pulses but also exporter of many crops. The Indian economy finds its roots in agriculture. In farming, crop cutting is an essential part of farming as well as a very time consuming process. Harvesting is an important part of the agriculture industry. Nowadays modern harvesting technology is increasing but its cost is very high and skilled laborers are required to operate the machines. To minimize the lengthy process of harvesting and reduce the cost of skilled laborers to operate machines. We have designed the “MULTICROP HARVESTING MACHINE” so it can eliminate skilled laborers as well as it saves the time of farmers so they can focus more on good crop production. This machine uses the solar panel to power the drive cutter from the wheels of the vehicle itself. This project targets the small field crop cutter machine for small height & small stream crops. This machine is economical and helps the farmers to achieve higher productivity. Keywords: Small Scale, Solar Panel, Wheels

Urban farming is one of the new cultivation methods in the urban area. It becomes one of Semarang City government’s efforts to fulfil urban society food needs. The background of the urban farming concept is the limitations of land in agriculture production by people living in the urban area. Urban farming in Semarang City consists of hydroponic and aquaponic. Hydroponic cultivation is easier to do because of the nutrients needed measurably derived from artificial nutrients (non-chemical). While in aquaponic have two elements, they are aquaculture and vegetables grown. Both of these urban farming concepts have the principle of planting media with no use of land and are appropriately implemented in urban areas. The purpose of this research is to know how urban farming management system in Semarang City. The research method used is quantitative descriptive and conducted in Semarang City. The primary data were collected by questionnaires and field observations, while the secondary data came from the literature study and previous research. From the result of this research recommend the application of urban farming technology that prioritizes environmental protection with social and economic aspects.

Agriculture is the mainstay of livelihood in arid region of Rajasthan and improvement in the agricultural productivity is one of the most important strategies to reduce poverty, ensuring food and livelihood security in the region. Moreover, the region is highly prone to recurrent drought owing to its harsh and frequent climatic aberrations which limit the scope of sustainable crop production and encourage the degradation of natural resources. Therefore, majority of farming community is engaged in subsistence farming due lack of adequate resources and because of poor and instable crop production, socio-economic status of the farmers is very poor. This has necessitated improvement in agricultural production by imposing improved production technologies. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) are the most important food grain crops grown during rainy season under conserved moisture or limited irrigation condition of the region, but average productivity of both the crops is very low. In addition to unfavourable climatic conditions, use of traditional practices is also important factor responsible for low yield. The present study was therefore conducted in five villages of three districts of arid region of Rajasthan during 2013-14 and 2014-15 to understand socio-economic profile of the farmers and also to study the effect of improved production technologies on the yield and economics of barley and chickpea. The results revealed that majority of the respondents (37.93%) had middle level of education and 55.17% of total respondents belong to medium farm size category. None of the respondents has used improved production technologies as per the recommendations for the cultivation of barley and chickpea crops, indicating 100% adoption gap. Further, all the respondents (100%) viewed low price of crop produce as major constraint followed by lack of marketing facility (96.55%), non-availability of improved seed (89.65%), high cost of cultivation (81.03%) and lack of effective extension agencies (81.03%). The grain yield of barley and chickpea showed remarkable improvement due to adoption of improved production technologies. Increase in the grain yield of barley and chickpea recorded as 19.37 to 24.83% and 28.63 to 38.07% respectively, over farmer’s practice. Increase in net return was obtained up to 43.78% due to improved production technologies of barley and 50.11% in chickpea. However, socio-economic status and livelihood of the farmers can be improved due to the adoption of improved production technologies of crops in arid region of Rajasthan.

Agriculture is the backbone of food production and a key component of a nation’s economic development. Rapid advancements in information technology (IT) have promised significant potential benefits, particularly for developing countries. Numerous prior studies have documented the success of IT applications in agriculture. However, regardless of its success, the transition has created many problems and challenges for farmers. Thus, this conceptual paper of a future study based on the review of literature explored information technology (IT) in agriculture, Resource Based-View (RBV) theory and Dynamic Capabilities (DC) perspectives. Despite the rapid growth of IT in agriculture, the usage and application of IT in this sector remain inadequate due to several issues in managing the area. Therefore, this conceptual paper suggests a model that could explain how the Information Systems (IS) resources of a local farming business in Malaysia are being managed to achieve agriculture productivity along with the perspective of DC. This paper then went on to examine the subject, concepts, and objectives for the upcoming study using a variety of works of literature from several disciplines. The findings of this prospective study may provide insight into how IT management in agriculture might be improved to fully utilise IT potential to boost agricultural productivity.

Large segments of the rural Timorese population survive on subsistence farming characterized by simple production methods and low output. Broad-based improvements in Timorese living standards require increased agricultural output. This article discusses what determines agricultural development in Timor-Leste and how such development can be achieved. The main causes of low agricultural output are found to be scarcity of land and capital, poor technology and education, and lack of government support, such as extension services and provision of infrastructure. We construct a model of an agricultural household to examine how increased market incentives will affect agricultural output and incomes. The effects of different price changes on household production, consumption, sales, income, and leisure are investigated. We find that the objective of increasing the living standard of Timorese farmers may in part be achieved via increased earning opportunities outside agriculture.

Actual importance of research theme: Combating hunger and providing the Earth’s population with sufficient amount of products is considered one of the strategic priorities of human civilization sustainable development by the UN up to 2030. The rapid growth of this planet’s human population in the 21st century, estimated at 7.6. billion people, leads to the global demand for production and foodstuff. Simultaneously, traditional strategies of extensive development conventional in the 20th century and “target” intensification of agriculture do not take expected positive effect nowadays. World economy requires for new strategies of agricultural production, as well as promoting ‘green revolution’ based on the ground of IT technology advances and “Industry 4.0.”. The generalization of world experience concerning development and implementing agricultural production strategies in the 21st century is of greater theoretical and practical importance for all countries which export agricultural production in mass scales, including Ukraine which focuses on the leadership in the world agricultural business. Thus, the urgency of the issue confirms the actual importance of this article. The problem statement. Foodstuff output in world economy is growing slowly and does not meet the increasing demand for food and agricultural products in industry in global scales. Under these conditions the manufacturers of agricultural products like farmers, agro-businesses and agro-holdings, as well as transnational corporation alter and modify agricultural strategies that were conventional in the 20th century. Among the new strategies transition to precision farming and innovational agriculture based on implementing IT technologies takes the leading role. The core and socio-economic consequences of such strategy implementation require further study. Analysis of latest studies and publication. The important contribution to the study of the core and dimensions of agricultural production strategies linked to innovation and investment development as well as to improvement property relations is made by such Ukrainian scholars as P. Makarenko, V. Pilyavskiy [1] and O. Shul’ga [2]. Foreign scientists like Smaller, C., andW. Speller, withH. Mirza, N. Bernasconi-Osterwalder, andG. Dixie [3] paid the specific attention to the study of strategic priorities concerning risks minimization and profit maximization by agro-businesses and TNC within the realization of agricultural contracts at world markets. Overseas researchers KeatingB., HerreroM., CarberryP. [4] emphasized on actual importance of compliance with strategy of foodstuff security in global environment in their studies. However, the issue of developing the strategy of precise agricultural production based on widespread use of innovation and IT technologies, research into socio-economic consequences accompanying their implementation in the 21st century remains poorly studied. Research challenge of general issue. The issue of studies the core and elements of agricultural production development process in world economy is highlighted in world economic literature pretty well. Nevertheless, the study of TNCs and agricultural businesses strategies and strategies concerning transition of TNCs to the development of precise agriculture is really meaningful. Besides, at present time the trends of direct foreign investments as for agricultural lands purchase and priorities analysis of their use by TNCs in developed and developing world countries are uncertain. Socio economic consequences of mass precise agriculture introduction for national economy in countries with agrarian specialization also require detailed researching. Problem statement, objective of research. The objective of research is to highlight the core and define the regularity of formation, as well as emphasize the basic expected socio-economic consequences of precise agriculture development strategy implementing on the grounds of generalization the world experience of agricultural TNC sactivity. To achieve the objective set the article aimed at solution the following tasks: to note the main ‘players’ at the world agricultural market and study the priorities of their economic activity; to study the core and the elements of ‘green revolution’ strategy, as well as strategy of transition to precise agricultural production based on implementing innovations and IT technologies; to define strategic goals of TNCs as for the use of acquiring land ( at the cost of direct foreign investments) on the grounds of generalization developed and developing countries experience; to point out the expected socio-economic consequences of mass implementation of precise agricultural production strategies by TNCs and national agro-businesses for the economy of the countries specialized in agriculture. Method and methodology of the study. While studying the world experience of implementation the precise agricultural production development strategies theoretical and empirical methods of scientific research were employed. Historical and logical methods, abstract and specific methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as causal (cause-and-effect) method were applied in the article to define strategic priorities of agricultural business and agricultural TNC specialization, to point out expected socio-economic consequences of mass transition to precise agricultural production in the countries with agrarian specialization. Synergetic approach, method of expert estimates and casual methods were applied to ground “green revolution” strategy, as well as strategy of TNCs as for transition to precise agriculture based on innovations and IT technologies. The results of study. Agricultural production is presented by farmers, households, state agricultural sector, national agro-businesses and agro-holdings, international TNCs. As a rule, farms are focused on domestic market; they specialize in production of minor parties of manual crop production and horticulture, grow vegetables, fruit and berries, as well as they are engaged in poultry farming, beekeeping, dairy production, stockbreeding in rather small scales. The farmers in developed world countries, particularly EU countries, concentrate on organic production which is of high demand among middle-class representatives. In EU countries farming is traditionally supported by the state, as it bears both economic and social valuable functions, i.e. assists in rural development and creates workplaces in countryside. The main stakeholders at the mass agricultural market in the world are considered large national and international agro-holdings an TNCs specialized in agricultural production and its industrial processing. TNCs shaped the closed loop – from selection to agricultural production, from its processing to its manufacturing. At the cost of large production scales, as well as capital concentration and centralization it is the agricultural TNCs which leads in production and export of foodstuffs at world markets. TNCs ‘ leadership at world agriculture markets is grounded on ‘green revolution’ strategy implementing, which consists of such elements as innovations, bio-selection to produce performance breed, intensive growth in crop productivity, including the one using GMO which makes cropping insensitive to water shortage, high temperatures and droughts. Agrarian TNCs in the 21st century actively implement the strategies of transition to precise agriculture based on the use of innovations and IT technologies. As the world experience confirms, strategies of transition to precise agriculture combine the following innovations: astronaut and aviation technologies, unmanned technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles; mass transition to the use of apparatus to analyze the ground online; spreading of “agro-scouting” innovation technologies as for field information gathering concerning the condition and development of agriculture; implementation intellectual system of managerial decision-making support; introduction of monitoring and control auto-system and implementation of IT-system as for account of agriculture process elements. The development of precise agriculture for national world economies which are agriculture-based offers a lot of benefits, such as: increase in labor productivity in agriculture; the decrease in employment that saves working capital of agro-businesses; industrialization and technical renovation of agrarian sector which promotes the market for IT products, precise machine building; increase in commerce and export potential of the country, mainly, in the sphere of monostructural crop production (grain, corn, soya, raps, oilseeds etc.). Such strategies also provide revitalization of direct foreign investment processes by TNCsconcerning purchasing farmland in the developing countries with their further listing as raw materials supplier for TNCs. The latter shape and control international links of production value added to all kinds of agricultural products. Among the risks which implementation of precise agriculture strategies bear for national developing country’s economy which are agriculture-based the following should be mentioned: risks concerning decrease in farms and decline in production of labor-intensive small-scale agriculture products (vegetables, fruit, honey etc.); risks of jobs recession and, respectively, the number of rural population and others. There are also other risks linked to these processes like risks of growing volumes of ready foodstuffs import, chronic scarcity of state budget and increase in internal debt, enhancing migration processes etc. In case of falling world prices for foodstuffs and worsening global conditions for agriculture products, including agrarian raw materials, in particular, due to another world economic crisis, the abandonment of occasional farmland purchased by TNCs in developing agrarian countries, their further freezing and ceasing the processing for better times should not be excluded. Under such circumstances the risks of famine for countries which could lose the managerial control over own land resources are also a threatening exercise as for implementing such TNC strategy. The field of results application. International economic relations and world economy, development of agriculture competitive strategies in world countries and agrarian TNCs in world economy. Conclusions. Farms, agro-businesses, agro-holdings and agrarian TNCs are the economic centres of mass agriculture production in all world countries. Farms are mainly specialized in labour-intensive small-scale agriculture production like horticulture, gardening, bee-keeping etc. Large agro-businesses and agrarian TNCs choose the strategy of specializing in mass monostructural agriculture production such as crop production (grain, corn, soya beans and industrial crops). In developed world countries TNCs apply the strategy of farmlands multi-purpose use, including the goals aimed at development and processing livestock and crop production; at development of renewable energy and bio-energy. In developed world countries TNCs focus on processing all kinds of agriculture products and foodstuffs production with high value added. Purchasing of farmlands by TNCs in developing countries, in particular, at the cost of direct foreign investment, provides for implementation the strategy of purchased lands engagement, mainly, to develop crop production as a raw basis for their further processing in the native countries for TNCs. The general world trend of agrarian TNCs development is use of innovation technologies, transition to precise agriculture based on IT technologies, aviation and astronautic technologies, unmanned aerial vehicles and other innovations which positively impact labor productivity and mass industrial production profitability, as well as choose transition to monostructural agrarian specialization as a priority, but bear a set of social risks for developing countries’ economies. Transition of Ukrainian agro-businesses and agro-holdings to the strategy of precise agriculture development based on innovations and IT technologies provides Ukraine’s competitiveness at the world agrarian markets. This process should go hand-in-hand with land reform taking into account Ukrainian farming interests. Establishing industrial processing of agriculture raw products and production of ready foodstuffs with high value added should be strategic for Ukraine.

Background The government of Bangladesh has been trying to encourage potato consumption to reduce pressure on rice consumption and earn foreign currency along with ensuring zero hunger that helps to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal. It is necessary to use farmers’ resources and current technology more efficiently to meet the demand. Therefore, the authors aimed to evaluate the farm-level efficiency of potato farming in Bangladesh. Methods and materials The Cobb-Douglas Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and the input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methods are used to compute farm-level technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies and inefficiency of potato farming. The primary data were collected through interviews of 300 potato farmers from Munshigonj, Rangpur, Dinajpur, and Joypurhat districts of Bangladesh. Results The findings revealed that the efficiency score of the SFA model is higher than the DEA model, which implies that the SFA frontier fits better than the DEA frontier. In the case of DEA, variable returns to scale (VRS) technical efficiency (TE) enveloped data more closely than constant returns to scale (CRS) TE. Results of efficiency suggest significant economic, technical, and allocative inefficiencies in potato farming and there is a scope to increase potato production levels through efficiency improvement. Inefficiency analysis shows that infrastructure and socio-economic factors jointly influence potato production variability. Conclusions The authors suggest for using the SFA to find efficiencies in the agriculture sector. To achieve efficiency in potato production, the government needs to pay attention for improving the allocative and economic efficiencies along with emphasizing to choose the appropriate technology and efficient use of resources for the scale of operation.