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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Agriculture environmental health”

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Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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1

Gonzalez, Yolanda. "Advancing public health through Gardens for Healthy Communities (GHC) in New York City| The role of anti-obesity objectives in urban agriculture policy". Thesis, State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1602723.

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This research study explores the effectiveness of the urban gardening program Gardens for Healthy Communities (GHC) as a public health strategy intended to reverse obesity trends in New York City. The GHC program originated from the Obesity Task Force, a multi-agency work group commissioned by Mayor Bloomberg in 2013 charged identifying innovative policies to prevent as well as reduce obesity. 18 in-depth interviews with garden advocates and GHC garden members reveal that the driving motivation for participating in the selected GHC gardens was less about obesity, specifically, and more about the public health and community development benefits including: a meeting place for civic engagement and environmental awareness, a space for community and health-oriented partnership, and a social bridge to build community cohesion. Through the community right to public space and gardens, the GHC gardens reveal the power of engaging anti-obesity objectives in driving community development and urban agriculture forward.

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2

Mazumdar, Sohinee. "Geographic information systems in the application of precision agriculture for sustainable sugarcane production in the Republic of Panama". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18772.

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have revolutionized the development of the sophisticated resource management method known as Precision Agriculture (PA). PA involves the wise management of agricultural inputs based on knowledge of soil and plant health heterogeneity over a field, in order to minimize environmental impact and increase economic efficiency. A GIS platform was created as the basis of PA implementation at Azucarera Nacional sugarcane plantation in Panama. Field data collection took place over two years, from 2005 to 2006. A digital map of Mangote plantation was created and linked to production records. Detailed field sampling was also conducted on seven parcels of Mangote plantation, including soil conductivity monitoring and plant chlorophyll monitoring. Data was spatially interpolated to create raster coverages. Soil salinity variation within some parcels studied justifies the creation of soil salinity management zones. Salinity zones were found to be relatively stable over the study period and in general conductivity at a depth was higher than at the surface. The root mean square errors obtained using Inverse Distance Weighting as opposed to Ordinary Kriging did not vary greatly, and hence it is recommended to use the simpler method (IDW) at the study site. Plant chlorophyll profiles revealed nitrogen deficiencies in some study parcels. Plant chlorophyll also showed within parcel variability as well as variability over the study period. No direct spatial correlation was found between conductivity readings and plant chlorophyll readings, although parcels with extreme salinity showed depressed chlorophyll values. The ground-based chlorophyll sampling showed no correlation with NDVI, however the NDVI coverages were deemed useful for the visual identification of plant stress. In general, GIS based management shows promise in improving Azucarera Nacional's agricultural efficiency.
Les systèmes d'information géographiques (SIG) a révolutionné l'élaboration de la méthode sophistiquée de gestion connue sous le nom d'agriculture de précision (AP). L'AP implique la gestion sage des entrées agricoles basées sur la connaissance de l'hétérogénéité de santé de sol et des récoltes dans un champ, afin de réduire au minimum les impactes sur l'environnement et augmenter l'efficacité économique. Une plateforme de SIG a été créée comme base d'exécution de AP à la plantation de canne à sucre d'Azucarera Nacional au Panama. La collection de données a eu lieu sur deux ans, de 2005 à 2006. Une carte digitale de la plantation Mangote a été créée et liée aux dossiers de production. Le prélèvement de données dans le champ a été conduit sur sept champs particuliers de la plantation Mangote, quel incluse une enquête de conductivité de sol et des mesures de chlorophylle. Des données ont été interpolées pour créer des surfaces continues. La variation considérable de salinité de sol dans quelques champs étudiés justifie la création des zones de gestion de salinité de sol. Des zones de gestion de salinité sont relativement stables au cours de la période d'étude et en général la conductivité à une profondeur est plus haute que sur la surface. Les erreurs quadratiques moyenne obtenues en utilisant IDW, en comparaison avec OK, n'ont pas changé considérablement et par conséquent on lui recommande l'IDW comme l'option le plus simple. Les profils de chlorophylle ont indiquées insuffisances d'azote pour quelques champs. Les profiles de chlorophylle ont également montrée la variabilité dedans les champs, aussi bien que la variabilité au cours de la période d'étude. Aucune corrélation directe n'a été trouvé entre les lectures de conductivité et les lectures de chlorophylle bien qu'en général les champs avec la salinité extrême aient montré des valeurs diminuées de chlorophylle. Le système de pr
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3

MacDonald, Graham. "Phosphorus budgets for the Saint Lawrence river sub-basin: a century of change in agriculture and water quality". Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22042.

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Agricultural land use is a key driver of water quality through its impact on nutrient flows across landscapes. Phosphorus (P) is commonly applied to croplands in fertilizers and manure to improve soil fertility, but excess P can accumulate in soils and may accelerate eutrophication of waterbodies. Balancing agricultural P inputs with crop requirements is therefore crucial for water quality. A historical study of agricultural land use and water quality in the Saint Lawrence River sub-basin (574,000 km2) is presented here, focusing on agricultural P budgets. These budgets, calculated each decade from 1901 to 2001 for the sub-basin and its tributary watersheds, reveal that while P management has improved in recent decades, large cumulative P surpluses have accumulated in many watersheds. These long-term P surpluses are good predictors of average soil P content across the sub-basin watersheds (R-square = 0.725; p<0.01), supporting the view that historical land management can have important ecological legacies.
La façon dont on utilise les terres agricoles est un facteur principal de la qualité de l'eau à cause de son impact sur les écoulements de nutriments sur les paysages. Le phosphore (P) est généralement appliqué aux terres agricoles par moyen d'engrais et de fumiers pour améliorer la fertilité du sol, mais des excès de P peuvent s'accumuler dans les sols et peuvent ainsi accélérer l'eutrophisation. Assurer un équilibre entre le P utilisé en agriculture pour les conditions nécessaires aux récoltes est donc crucial pour maintenir la qualité de l'eau. Une étude historique d'utilisation des terres agricoles et de la qualité d'eau dans le sous-bassin du fleuve Saint Laurent (574 000 km2) est présentée ici et se concentre sur les budgets agricoles de P. Ces budgets, calculés chaque décennie entre 1901 et 2001 pour le sous-bassin et ses bassins-versants tributaires, indiquent que tandis que la gestion de P s'est améliorée dans des décennies récentes, les grands excédents cumulatifs de P se sont accumulés dans beaucoup de bassins-versants. Ces excédents à long terme de P sont de bons facteurs prédictifs de concentrations moyennes du P du sol à travers les de bassins-versants de la sous-bassin (R-square = 0.725; p<0.01), soutenant le point de vue qui suggère que la gestion historique de terre peut engendrer des héritages écologiques importants.
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4

Kengni, Bernard. "Trade and environment: the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector in South Africa". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1491_1363781507.

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5

McNamara, Kevin. "Subsidies, Agriculture, & Climate Change". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1223.

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This paper looks at the impact of agricultural subsidies on beef production in the fifty states of America, due to the adverse effects that large-scale agriculture production has on the Earth's climate. I examine production, sales, and employment data from the 2012 and 2007 USDA Agriculture Census to examine if there is or isn't a link between these factors and the level of beef subsidies received by each state.
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6

Feltner, Penny. "Local food culture and its effects on agroecosystem health: a case study". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1400852016.

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7

Sutton, Robert. "Evaluation of Constructed Wetlands for the Waste Management of a Large Scale Swine Production Unit". TopSCHOLAR®, 1996. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/822.

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The effectiveness of using constructed wetlands to remove unwanted nutrients, increase dissolved oxygen while at the same time decreasing the biological oxygen demand, and to reduce the levels of the Fecal Coliform Bacteria from a swine operation was evaluated. The indicator of proper waste purification will be the result of testing for the following: ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, and Fecal Coliform Bacteria. The wetland was divided into nine connected cells that covered approximately 3.8 hectares. Material was loaded from an anaerobic holding lagoon on four separate occasions during the testing period. As the material passed through the wetland, the vegetation, water column, substrate, and microbial populations functioned as the purification factors in the wetlands. During the sampling period, water was collected from each cell and analyzed for results. The data indicated that the constructed wetlands were effective in the waste management at a large swine production unit. Ammonia nitrogen showed an acceptable decrease, allowing nitrogen to be freed or converted into nitrate nitrogen. Total phosphorus and dissolved solids showed an expected decrease. Total suspended solids showed an overall decrease from the upper cells to the lower cells; however, results fluctuated during the testing period. Dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand showed an almost perfect inverse relationship with dissolved oxygen increasing as biological oxygen demand decreased. The removal of Fecal Coliform Bacteria was the most impressive, with the majority of bacteria being removed in the upper cells.
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8

Leibler, Jessica H. "Characterizing the contribution of industrial food animal production to the transmission and emergence of influenza A viruses". Thesis, The Johns Hopkins University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3579515.

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The goal of my dissertation is to characterize the contribution of industrial food animal production to between-farm transmission of zoonotic influenza A viruses and transmission of these viruses from industrial food animals to humans. The intention of this research is to improve the capacity of public health policies in the United States to prevent the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses.

Preventing and controlling outbreaks within animal populations and avoiding human infection with zoonotic influenza A viruses can reduce the risk of emergence of pandemic influenza viruses in human populations. Industrial food animal production, which dominates the market in the United States and much of the developed world – and increasingly, the developing world as well – has long been considered biosecure. However, emerging research indicates that these industrial systems are vulnerable to disease incursions and suggests that they may play a central role in driving the emergence of zoonotic diseases. The implications of these industrial systems for human influenza risk, particularly the emergence of novel zoonotic influenza A viruses, remains largely unaddressed in the current literature and in health policy strategies in the United States.

Chapter 1 of this dissertation outlines my research goals and provides background on my central research themes and topics. Chapter 2 documents the limits of biosecurity within industrial systems, highlighting risks to food animal workers. Chapter 3 details a cross-sectional serology study of a cohort of industrial poultry workers and community members (n=99) in the Delmarva Peninsula, a tri-state area of intense poultry production in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. No evidence of infection with avian influenza viruses is observed in this population.

Chapter 4 contains a quantitative modeling study to estimates risk of between-farm transmission of avian influenza viruses among industrial poultry farms. This study concluded that company affiliation was a significant source of exposure risk from vehicular transmission. Chapter 5 is a policy analysis of the limitations of current pandemic preparedness policy in the United States to adequately incorporate primary prevention. The central results of this dissertation, their significance to public health and opportunities for further research are highlighted in Chapter 6.

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9

Mossa, Abdul Wahab. "The impact of long term biosolid application on soil health". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/46255/.

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The disposal of biosolids poses a major environmental and economic problem. Agricultural use is generally regarded as the best means of disposal. Although the impact on soil ecosystems remains uncertain. Biosolids can improve soil properties by supplying nutrients and increasing organic matter content but there is also a potentially negative impact arising from the introduction of heavy metal contaminants into soils. It is widely acknowledged that the bioavailable fraction, rather than total metal content, is indicative of plant metal uptake and toxicity. The bioavailable metal fraction in turn is dependent on soil properties. Therefore, the overall aim of this work was to determine the bio-geochemical factors that control the dynamics of trace element bioavailability in soils that have been subject to the disposal of sewage sludge for over 100 years. Three main investigations were undertaken. In order to determine the current metal composition of the site and identifying the geochemical factors that control the dynamics of metals bioavailability, thirty -eight fields, from a dedicated sewage sludge disposal site for over 100 years, were sampled for both soil (bulk and rhizosphere) and plant. Special attention was devoted to determining soil properties that govern metal partitioning between different metal pools (i.e. total, isotopically exchangeable, Ca(NO3)2-extractable and free ion activity). In order to identify the best estimate of plant uptake and toxic response, a pot experiment was carried out to compare the effects of Zn on plant growth in soils recently spiked with Zn and soils historically amended with biosolids to identify soil properties that best predict metal uptake and subsequent phytotoxicity. The effect of biosolids on soil microorganisms was assessed. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, a fingerprint molecular technique, in combination with multivariate data analysis were used to relate soil microbial diversity and community structure to metal accumulation and bioavailability. High levels of contamination, exceeding the current limits for the use of biosolids in agriculture, were observed in the studied soils reflecting extensive long-term biosolid application. Enrichment factors in relation to background levels in the area were greater than 5 and followed the trend Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb>Ni. Copper and Cd exhibited extremely high enrichment levels, up to 106 and 151 respectively. Except for Pb, the isotopically exchangeable pool of the studied metals (E-value) was mainly controlled by the total metal content in soil, accounting for more than 90% of the variation in E-values. Lead lability was primarily controlled by the total P, LOI and Fe oxides. Metal labilities expressed as % of total metal content were < 40% for the five studied elements following decreasing order of Cu > Cd > Zn ≈ Ni > Pb. Apart from Pb, all the bioavailability estimates (total, E-values, Ca(NO3)2-extractable and free ion activity) correlated strongly with metal concentration in plant, accounting for more than 70% of the variation in plant concentrations. Ca(NO3)2-extractable provided the best estimate out of the four measures of bioavailability, accounting for 87, 77, 87 and 83% of the variation in plant concentration of Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd respectively. The results of the pot trial showed that 67-90% of the added Zn remained isotopically exchangeable after 3 months of Zn addition, suggesting that rapid adsorption processes take place, followed by a slow aging process that cannot be detected over the period of the experiment (3 months). The speciation of soil solution showed that Zn was present mainly (80% on average) as free ion indicating the low affinity of this metal to complexation by dissolved organic matter. An antagonistic relationship was observed between Zn and Cd suggesting that greater Zn availability suppressed Cd uptake by plant. Although Zn addition increased Cd concentration in the soil solution, Cd transfer factor was simultaneously inversely correlated with Zn concentration in soil solution. The free ion activity model (FIAM), based on the biotic ligand model (BLM), accounted for 94% of the variation Zn concentration in plant. Cadmium appeared to play an important role in competing with Zn for uptake. A simple regression model utilising soil total Zn, soil organic matter and soil pH accounted for 88% of the variation in plant uptake. This indicates the possibility of using soil properties that are measured routinely as input for prediction of plant uptake. The results of the Zn phytotoxicity test indicated that the intensity of the exposure (i.e. free ion activity) was the key quantity in the context of predicting plant toxic response, describing 80% of the variation in the response of barley growth to Zn toxicity. Only labile Zn from the quantity based extraction was able to describe the toxic response explaining only 46% of the variation. The study of the effect of biosolids on soil microorganisms showed that soil total Zn concentration could be adopted as a good indicator of the overall (historical) biosolids loading. A biosolids loading, equivalent to 700 – 1000 mg kg-1 Zn appeared to be optimal for maximum bacterial and fungal diversity. This markedly exceeds the maximum soil Zn concentration of 300 mg kg-1permitted under the current UK Sludge (use in agriculture) Regulations. Redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that the soil microbial communities had been altered in response to the accumulation of trace metals, especially Zn, Cd, and Cu. Based on the findings of this thesis, it can be concluded that (i) the estimation of metal speciation, both in the solution and solid phase is a key factor in determining the bioavailability and thus, has greater chemical and biological significance than soil total metal content; (ii) the maximum beneficial effect of biosolids on soil microbial diversity occurred at a metal (Zn) concentration well in excess of current regulations governing application of biosolids to agricultural land. This indicates that soil microbial diversity is unlikely to be determining factor for regulatory limits for biosolids disposal to agricultural lands.
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Ramaccia, Julie Brady. "What am I Eating? The Use of Health and Environmental Messages in Predicting a Sustainable Diet". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1304384504.

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Postma, Julie Marie. "Environmental justice discourses in El Proyecto Bienestar (The Well Being Project) /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7314.

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Kambesis, Patricia. "Agricultural Contaminant Source and Transport in a Karst Groundwater Basin". TopSCHOLAR®, 2007. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/426.

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Agricultural land use in areas that are located in karst groundwater basins negatively impact groundwater quality because karst terrains provide multiple, direct hydrologic connections from the surface into karst aquifers. The connections and rapid velocities associated with surface and subsurface flow in karst aquifers allow for contaminants to move quickly into and through a groundwater basin. When groundwater returns to the surface via a spring or springs, any contaminants within the water become part of surface streams and rivers. These in turn, impact water quality in areas located downstream of the spring or springs. The purpose of this study was to identify the source and movement of agricultural contaminants in a karst groundwater basin within the context of local climate, hydrogeology and land use. The study area is a fluvio-karst groundwater basin located in the Corn Belt of northeast Iowa and southeast Minnesota. Land use is predominantly agricultural in nature. Dye tracing, both qualitative and quantitative, resulted in the delineation of the Coldwater Cave Groundwater basin and illustrated that the boundaries of the basin could change as a result of precipitation events. Investigation of basin and aquifer characteristics, stream water temperature monitoring, and evaluation of cave map data and karst feature inventories determined that the surface and subsurface hydrogeology in the study area was very well integrated. Water sampling and analysis documented that agricultural contaminants, specifically nitrates, bacteria, and atrazine impact the quality of the surface water and groundwater within the basin. A ribotyping project that was done in conjunction with the thesis work showed the source of bacteria to be from cattle and humans. Nitrogen isotope analyses indicated that the source of nitrates was from ammonium fertilizers and from septic system wastes. Atrazine, at levels well below the MCL standards established by EPA, and its metabolite deethylatrzine (DEA) were detected in the groundwater year round. Contaminant load was calculated for nitrates, bacteria, and atrazine. Lowest contaminant loads occurred during the winter months of November, December, and January, when freezing temperatures minimized groundwater recharge. Contaminant load varied between high and low concentrations during the months of February and March reflecting the diurnal change between above and below freezing surface temperatures. Contaminant loads were highest during May through October when storm events are common. Contaminant load and transport are a function of the interaction of local hydrogeology and climate.
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Tattersall, Anna Susanna Magdalena. "Oorsake van aangemelde landbouchemikalievergiftigings in die Boland : 1996-2000". Thesis, Cape Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2265.

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Thesis (MTech (Nursing))--Cape Technikon, 2003.
The developed countries of the world utilise 80% of the agricultural chemicals that are used in the agricultural sector. A total of 99% of all agricultural chemical poisoning occurs in developing countries. South Africa is classified as a developing country. During the five-year period from 1996 - 2000, 36.2% (50 cases) of the average number of cases of agricultural chemical poisoning that were reported in South Africa were in the Western Cape. Three out of four (75%) deaths as a result of agricultural chemicals during the same period were in the Western Cape. The agricultural activities that are undertaken in the Western Cape are labour intensive and various agricultural chemicals are applied continuously to meet the quality requirements of the export market. The purposes of this study were: i) to determine which factors contributed to the reported cases of agricultural chemical poisoning in the Winelands, Overberg and Breede River District Councils during the five-year period from 1January 1996 until31 December 2000, ii) to determine what procedure was followed to report these cases of poisoning, iii) to determine whether a biological monitoring programme was in place at the time of the reported poisonings, and iv) to group and to analyse the recommendations that were made during the investigation. The research methodology included a literature study to establish a theoretical framework. A descriptive retrospective quantitative research design was applied.
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Cohen, Rachel L. "Urban Agriculture Stormwater Management in California Cities". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1015.

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Cities within California are beginning to incorporate urban agriculture into their land use designations. Prompted by residents and local organizations, cities are hoping to capture the benefits that urban agriculture provides. Research has shown that urban agriculture renews and beautifies neighborhoods, provides healthy food choices, increases public health, has the potential to help with stormwater runoff, creates jobs, and fosters community. In the last few years, several California cities have made headlines as they have adopted new zoning codes that include urban agriculture. In reviewing these new zoning codes and exploring the topic of urban agriculture, it became evident that just because an urban farm was small, organic and provided certain benefits that it was not free from impacting its surroundings. As more urban agricultural ventures are established within cities, planners have to carefully consider their effect. One such impact could be stormwater pollution. There is insufficient research to determine whether there is a relationship between urban agriculture and stormwater, however, studies on conventional agriculture and urban landscaping (mainly urban lawns) show that each of these areas pollute the local water bodies with sediment, chemicals, and nutrients. Is urban agriculture different? This thesis utilizes two case studies within California, the City of Oakland and the City of San Diego, to examine the similarities and differences between each city’s urban agriculture ordinances and evaluate whether or not the cities have adjusted stormwater requirements in parallel with these ordinances. Interview responses and site visits in each city were analyzed and compared to expound upon the approaches each city engaged. Using the collected data and analysis as a base, a set of guidelines was created for managing stormwater runoff from urban agriculture.
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Pereda, Paula Carvalho. "Long-and short-run climate impacts on Brazil: theory and evidence for agriculture and health". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-15032013-163013/.

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Climate has relevant impacts on economic activities and human well-being. This study aims to contribute to the identification and measurement of these impacts on the agricultural markets and health. With regard to health, dengue fever - a climate-sensitive disease - is analyzed, as it affects thousands of Brazilians every year, generating large costs in both private and public markets (approximately US$800 million in Brazil in 2011). Thus, chapter 2 addresses the impact of climate on the risk of dengue fever in Brazil, modeling dengue incidence as a risk function estimated using count data models applied to the outbreak of dengue epidemics in 2010 and controlling for likely endogeneities. The results corroborate the relevance of climate variables in explaining dengue incidence in Brazil. Moreover, if climate change occurs as expected, the results suggest a potential added risk for central-southern areas in Brazil and a risk reduction for northern areas of the country. Short-term deviations from normal rainfall conditions in summer also seem to increase the risk of dengue when compared to normal rainfall conditions. Other results suggest the non-effectiveness of local expenditures for epidemiological surveillance and the need of integrated actions to control the disease. When it comes to agricultural markets, two important hypotheses are tested: i) farmers only observe the average climate conditions of their region when deciding the type and amount of crop/animal to grow/raise (Chapter 3); ii) weather diversions from normal climate conditions might deviate farmers from their optimal profits, causing inefficiencies (Chapter 4). Both hypotheses are not rejected by the data. The modeling approach used is the translog profit frontier approach. The results indicated that if the climate change forecasts are confirmed, almost all the agricultural products in Brazil will be negatively affected, especially production of cattle products (beef and milk), coffee and maize. The only product that shows a positive effect is soybeans, probably due to its current high adaptability to different climate patterns. Use of irrigation is the main compensation instrument to reduce the expected climate change impacts. However, technological instruments such as use of transgenic seeds, cattle confinement, along with the increase in tillage, are also important adaptation measures to climate change. The analysis of the determinants of the efficiencies calculated suggests that droughts and cold stresses cause harmful effects to agriculture in Brazil. In 2006, the estimated loss from rainfall anomalies is approximately 15 billion dollars (in 2011 values). The southern and midwestern regions are slightly more vulnerable than the other regions. Assuming the extreme hypothesis of drought and cold stress occurrence overall in Brazil, the total profit loss is about 81 and 35 billion dollars, respectively. These losses can be mainly mitigated by the intense use of an insurance instrument, but the participation of farmers in the agricultural insurance market in Brazil is still very low.
O clima impacta diversas atividades econômicas e humanas. Esta tese tem o objetivo de contribuir para a identificação e mensuração de alguns destes impactos, com foco nos mercados agrícolas e na saúde. Com relação à saúde, o dengue, que é uma doença sensível ao clima, é analisado uma vez que afeta milhares de brasileiros todos os anos e causa expressivas perdas para os mercados privados e para a saúde pública (cerca de US$800 milhões no ano de 2011 para o Brasil). Desta forma, o Capítulo 2 busca entender o impacto do clima no risco de dengue no país por meio da modelagem e estimação do risco de dengue usando dados da epidemia de 2010 e modelos de dados de contagem com controle das endogeneidades detectadas. Os resultados corroboram a relevância das variáveis climáticas na explicação da incidência de dengue no Brasil. Ademais, se as mudanças climáticas ocorrerem da forma esperada, os resultados sugerem um aumento do risco na região do Centro-Sul brasileiro e redução do risco no Norte-Nordeste. Desvios de curto prazo da precipitação no verão também parecem potencializar o risco da doença, quando comparado ao risco em condições pluviométricas normais. Outros resultados sugerem que as despesas municipais com vigilância epidemiológica não são efetivas no combate ao dengue e ações integradas são necessárias para o controle da doença no curto-prazo. Com relação aos mercados agrícolas, duas importantes hipóteses são testadas: i) fazendeiros apenas observam as condições climáticas médias de suas regiões no momento em que decidem o que e quanto produzir (Capítulo 3); ii) desvios climáticos de curto prazo podem afastar os fazendeiros de seus lucros ótimos, causando ineficiências (Capítulo 4). Ambas as hipóteses não são rejeitadas pelos dados. Para tal teste, estimou-se uma equação de fronteira de lucro com a especificação translog. Os resultados indicaram que, se confirmadas as mudanças climáticas, praticamente todos os produtos agrícolas serão negativamente afetados, especialmente a produção de leite, carne bovina, café e milho. O único produto positivamente impactado seria a soja, provavelmente devido à sua adaptabilidade a diferentes climas. O uso de técnicas de irrigação parece ser um importante instrumento de adaptação a tais mudanças. Todavia, outros instrumentos tecnológicos, tais como o uso de sementes transgênicas, confinamento de gado, assim como o uso de plantio direto, também se mostraram importantes técnicas de adaptação à evolução esperada do clima. A análise dos determinantes da eficiência agrícola sugere que secas e ondas de frio impactam negativamente a agricultura no Brasil. Em 2006, a perda agrícola estimada relacionada à falta de chuvas foi de aproximadamente 15 bilhões de dólares (em valores de 2011). As regiões Sul e Centro-oeste são sensivelmente mais vulneráveis do que as demais regiões. Assumindo a hipótese extrema de ocorrência de seca e onda de frio em todo o país, as perdas estimadas de tais eventos são da ordem de 81 e 35 bilhões de dólares, respectivamente. Essas perdas podem ser mitigadas pelo uso de seguros agrícolas, porém a participação de fazendeiros no mercado de seguro rural no Brasil é ainda muito baixa.
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16

Petro, Katherine T. "Psychosocial, Behavioral, and Environmental Factors as Predictors of Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Cost-offset Community Supported Agriculture Enrollees". The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu158679641637705.

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17

Hammond, Leslie. "Nutrient Availability and Dynamics of Compost Bedded Pack Dairy Barn Waste". UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/68.

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Increased adoption of compost bedded pack dairy barns (CBP), a relatively new housing and manure handling strategy, warrants study to facilitate proper use of CBP waste as a soil amendment. This study: 1) characterized in situ nutrient content and availability of CBP waste in terms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P); 2) examined the decomposition of surface-applied CBP waste compared to an alternative processed solid waste amendment; 3) examined nutrient dynamics of incorporated CBP waste in high and low soil test phosphorus (STP) environments. Quick anaerobic mineralization assays revealed that bed management affects nutrient content and availability of CBP waste. A Fall surface-applied litter bag study showed that different particle sizes of CBP waste and a biosolid decomposed at similar rates. The biosolid had greater nutrient density and availability, but the decomposition was similar to CBP waste in terms of mineralization dynamics. Aerobic mineralization of CBP waste in high and low STP soils amended on a uniform P basis was compared with fresh manure. In general, CBP increased STP more and yielded more plant available P than fresh manure. These studies provide recommendations for CBP management and further study to ensure the proper land application of CBP waste.
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18

Rivard, Stephanie. "Evaluation of Continuous Flow Constructed Wetlands Treating Swine Waste". TopSCHOLAR®, 1997. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/352.

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The ability for wetlands to purify contaminated water is not a new concept. Natural wetlands have been cleansing water within our environment for ages. After studying the process of natural wetlands the same concept was applied to municipal waste. It is the success of constructed wetlands treating municipal waste that created the new idea for the application of a wetland system to treat wastewater from livestock facilities. Through proper design and management, constructed wetlands may be useful for reducing the nutrient concentration of waste (Rieck el al., 1996). Taking into consideration the higher nutrient loads of livestock waste, the same basic idea of constructed wetlands used for municipal waste is being utilized to protect public water sources from contamination of livestock wastes. In this study a constructed wetland (total recycle) built for the purification of swine waste was evaluated. In cooperation with Pig Improvement Company of Allen County, Kentucky, water samples were collected from the nine connected cells making up the wetlands created at The Dogwood Ridge Farm. After collection of the samples, they were analyzed at the Western Kentucky University Environmental Laboratory. Samples were tested for levels of the following parameters: • Ammonia Nitrogen • Nitrate Nitrogen • Total Phosphorus • Biological Oxygen Demand • Total Suspended Solids • Total Dissolved Solids • Fecal Coliform • Conductivity • Mineral Elements The data in this report accounts for seven sample dates throughout 1996. Samples were also collected for three additional months prior to the first sample date in which data is reported, although these dates are considered to be a part of the initial start up phase for the testing period. Sample dates within the start up phase are not included among the results. With greater concern directed towards higher water quality standards, there is the need to eliminate any activities resulting in non-point source pollution (NPS). Livestock waste is considered one of the leading causes of NPS pollution which has created this awareness for better waste management. As traditional waste treatment equipment is commonly too expensive for the average livestock producer, constructed wetlands are proving to be an affordable, environmentally friendly, and manageable solution for livestock waste treatment.
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19

Reeves, Jennifer E. "An Assessment of Soil Health and Productivity in Urban Gardens". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354207218.

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20

Perrotta, Robert J. "Evaluation of Soil Quality and Conservation versus Conventional Tillage Methods in Trumbull County". Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1630013039975876.

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21

Oh, Myungmin. "Plant adaptation and enhancement of phytochemicals in lettuce in response to environmental stresses". Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/673.

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22

Jones, Sarah Jessica. "Under the Permafrost: Uncovering a Social Movement in the Soviet Union". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366211237.

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23

Brigham, Russell D. "Assessing the Effects of Lake Dredged Sediments on Soil Health: Agricultural and Environmental Implications on Midwest Ohio". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1593902126203743.

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24

Won, Gayeon. "Bacterial Contamination of Water In Agricultural Intensive Regions of Ohio, USA". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338163933.

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25

McHugh, Keith. "Agricultural Efficiency and the End of the Oil Age; Building a Future of Longevity". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/47.

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This thesis uses an efficiency analysis of agricultural systems to assert that, in lieu of rising prices of fossil fuel, people need to come into more direct contact with their food systems. With a switch to smaller, more efficient farms that rely less on fossil fuel and are connected with the communities they supply for, we can avoid an energy crisis turning into a famine. These smaller-scale systems can help create self-contained, carbon-neutral communities.
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26

Rusk, Monica Kirsten 1967. "Selenium risk to Yuma clapper rails and other marsh birds of the lower Colorado River". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278053.

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I estimated the risk of selenium toxicity to endangered Yuma clapper rail and other marsh birds of the lower Colorado River (LCR). I collected sediment, invertebrates, Virginia rails, and least bitterns from 4 locations within the LCR valley, in May-August 1990, and collected additional bird species from 1 of the sites in April 1991. I analyzed the samples for selenium and other trace elements. Selenium accumulated in the backwater marshes of the LCR and was uniformly distributed among the backwaters sampled. Selenium increased 1-16X between successive trophic levels, however, selenium levels did not differ significantly among species with different diets. Based on the selenium levels in bird tissues and prey species, marsh birds in the LCR valley are at low risk of adult mortality, but moderate to high risk of teratogenicity. The rate of selenium accumulation in the backwaters must be reduced to decrease the risk of toxicity.
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27

Ruiz, Leslie Diane 1969. "Contaminants in water, sediment, and biota from the Bill Williams River National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278462.

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One hundred sixty two composite samples were analyzed for organochlorine compound residues and 19 trace elements and heavy metals. There was no evidence that flushing of washes in times of flood increases contaminant levels in the Bill Williams River, or that historical mining operations currently contributed to the element load. There was evidence that Colorado River water increased selenium levels in biota in the delta; one hundred percent of fish collected from the confluence of the Bill Williams River and the Colorado River contained elevated selenium concentration (geometric mean = 9.98, range 2.80-17.56 μg/g dry weight). These levels exceed standards set for the protection of predatory species of fish and wildlife.
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28

Kolbe, Elizabeth Leigh. "Visualizing and Quantifying a Normative Scenario for Agriculture in Northeast Ohio". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366553296.

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29

Bladby, Hanna, i Johanna Wersäll. "A meat free society : The different substitutes for meat, their future and their environmental and health impact compared to meat". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211842.

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The worldwide consumption of meat continues to increase and in Sweden the annual consumption has gone from 24 kg/person in 1990 to about 78 kg/person in 2005. This contributes to large environmental impacts such as an increase of greenhouse gas emissions, unsustainable land and resource use and shortage of water. A solution to the problem is to change our diets to be more sustainable. The purpose with this research is therefore to study the positive environmental and health aspects of alternative protein rich products based on soya, grown meat, algae and insects in comparison with meat. The goal is then to compare the environmental impacts from these products by studying different LCA-studies. Furthermore, also to understand how the future will be developed by interviewing producers of meat substitutes in Sweden. Some difficulties of comparing different LCA-studies are the choice of system boundaries, functional units and environmental aspects in the studies. Nevertheless, after studying a large amount of reports and articles about the products conclusions could yet be drawn. The carbonfootprint from beef is up to 20 times larger than from the substitutes and the land use is up to 125 times larger for beef compared to substitutes. Pork and chicken have lower impact but the lowest impact seems to come from producing substitutes based on soya beans. Insects and algae also have a low impact, but the products are still in the stage of development in Sweden due to laws, regulations and lack of knowledge. Regarding the health aspects substitutes could possibly replace meat since both insects and soya are rich of protein. Insects are also rich oniron and other nutrition. Algae consist as well of good nutrition. The companies interviewed in this study were Kung Markatta, Ekko gourmet and Veggi. They had some different opinions on future products, but they could all agree on that we need to eat less meat and more substitutes. The conclusions of this research are that the environmental aspects considered in the analysed LCA-studies are mostly carbon footprint and land use. They show that beef have a larger environmental impact than meat substitutes. It is however recommended to do new studies on products with the same system boundaries and functional units to get a more accurate and comparable result.
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30

Causey, Dwight Ronald. "Disruption of the stress-response endocrine system in English sole of southern California| A study of potential interrenal mechanisms and environmental causes". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1524182.

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In the present study, a form of endocrine disruption that impacts production of the important stress and metabolic hormone, cortisol, was confirmed in southern California English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and further characterized using cellular and molecular approaches. One of the key initial findings of the study was that the interrenal itself, when tested directly for its in vitro response to pituitary ACTH, was non-responsive in fish exhibiting the endocrine-disrupted phenotype. This pointed directly to a dysfunctional interrenal gland in the impacted fish. With this knowledge in hand, a proteomics-based approach was employed to screen for changes in tissue protein expression. This experimental effort resulted in the molecular identification of 107 proteins, 83 of which were from unique genes, and it elucidated a variety of changes in protein expression related to interrenal function and to exposure of the fish to specific kinds of anthropogenic environmental chemicals.

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31

Romero, Mariel Sintora. "A Critical Medical Anthropology Approach to Advocating for Social Justice and Policy Change in Pesticide Use and Practice to Reduce Health Risks Among Hispanic/Latinos in Central California". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804957/.

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This mixed methods research was conducted in the fall of 2014 to understand the perceptions and experiences of health risks and health outcomes due to pesticide exposure among community members (n=13) - concerned community members, agriculture workers and teachers- that live in the Central California agriculture counties of Monterey, Santa Cruz, Tulare, Fresno and Madera. This research explored: 1) The crops growing in participants’ communities, and how exposure to pesticides used in these crops pose potential health risks to participants and their communities 2) How pesticide exposure is impacting Hispanic/Latino communities in Central California, particularly those that are most vulnerable including school children, agriculture workers, and community members 3) The major public health concerns of impacted communities 4) Feelings of empowered to advocate for community health and environment and 5) What impacted communities wish to see on behalf of government and agribusiness to protect public health from pesticide exposure and toxins.
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32

Schrickel, James Robert. "La Survie du petit cultivateur et l'agriculture traditionnelle en France: Le Conflit entre l'heritage et l'efficaciteThe Survial of the Small Farmer and Traditional Agriculture in France: The Conflict Between Heritage and Efficiency". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1399384506.

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33

Lafeber, Nadine. "An Examination of El Niño's and Agricultural Runoff's Effect on Harmful Algal Blooms and California Sea Lion (Zalophus Californianus) Health in Monterey Bay". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/596.

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An increase in marine mammal stranding and die-off events has been observed along the California coast. The exact cause to explain for these recent events is unknown, but El Niño and harmful algal blooms are established sources for temporary decreases in marine mammal health. To determine whether El Niño could be causing and amplifying harmful algal blooms, particularly in Monterey Bay where they occur frequently, data was analyzed from the Marine Mammal Center in Sausalito, California. Data analysis focused on California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), because they have the largest data set and are directly affected by harmful blooms from domoic acid. Results indicated that El Niño events could be significantly harming California sea lions in Monterey Bay during the fall season. Because agricultural runoff is a known factor in causing harmful algal blooms and Monterey Bay experiences them consistently, online research was conducted on agricultural activity, agricultural runoff and nitrogen contamination from fertilizer in the water-sheds surrounding Monterey Bay. Nitrogen contamination from agricultural use is a prominent issue, therefore, I proposed some possible solutions, including cap and trade, a water recycling plant, and eco-certification, to minimize nitrogen’s impact on the environment and wildlife while allowing farmers to continue using nitrogen on crops.
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34

Kang, Jeeeun. "Assessing psychological, environmental, and nutritional variables of adolescents in horticultural therapy programs of behavioral health service institutions". Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/7063.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources
Richard H. Mattson
Subjects of this research were 64 adolescents receiving treatment at two behavioral health service institutions located in an urban mid-western city. Both institutions provided horticultural therapy and non-horticultural therapy programs. Research subjects were adolescents with diverse treatment needs and their responses on research questions were inconsistent compared to other related studies with general population. Current research assessed the adolescents with horticultural therapy treatment and without horticultural therapy treatment in three aspects. First, the levels of psychological aspects of adolescents were assessed with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale for Children. The levels of self-esteem and locus of control of adolescents with horticultural therapy treatment were not significantly different from those of adolescents without horticultural therapy treatment at both institutions. Based on the different level of worthiness and competence factors, it is recommended to design horticultural therapy programs focused on improving the worthiness factor of self-esteem. Second, the pastoralism disposition of the Children's Environmental Response Inventory was used to assess the level of environmental attitude of the adolescents with and without horticultural therapy treatment. Horticultural experience and environmental attitude had a positive relationship with most subjects. At one institution, the level of environmental attitude of the adolescents with horticultural therapy treatment was significantly higher than the adolescents without horticultural therapy treatment. The adolescents at the horticultural therapy program which was scheduled more frequently showed higher environmental attitude scores. To improve environmental attitude of adolescents, horticultural therapy program should provide diversity and abundant opportunities of horticultural experiences. Third, basic horticultural knowledge was tested with the Basic Horticultural Knowledge Questionnaire. Vegetable/fruit consumption and preference were described with the Vegetable and Fruit Preference and Consumption Survey. Basic horticultural knowledge scores of the horticultural therapy group were significantly higher than that of the non-horticultural therapy group at one institution, but the scores were similar between the two groups at the other institution. Basic horticultural knowledge of subjects was significantly correlated to their vegetable and fruit consumption. To increase vegetable/fruit consumption, horticultural therapy programs should set goals to incorporate nutrition education.
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35

Shao, Dingding. "Human risk assessment based on mercury contamination in food and environmental martrix at two regions in Guangdong and Zhejiang Provinces". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1269.

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36

Stout, Breanna. "Short term effects of annual ryegrass, red clover and hairy vetch cover crops on various indicators of soil health". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18716.

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Master of Science
Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering
Philip L. Barnes
The world’s population has passed 7 billion and is expected grow to more alarming numbers by the year 2050. The increase in human life on the planet ushers the need to responsibly and sustainably grow more food. In order to meet the demand necessary, it is crucial that soil remains healthy and crop yields continue to increase in efficiency. Irresponsible or ill-informed practices can lead to depleted resources and degradation of fertile soils that may limit a producers’ ability to sustainably grow food. Cover crops are a tool that can be used to address issues the modern producer may face. Cover crops have been shown to increase cash crop productivity, improve soil health by improving soil physical and chemical properties as well as providing protection from soil erosion runoff or nutrient leaching. A study was conducted in 2014 to examine the short term effects associated with cover cropping systems. The effects of ryegrass, red clover and a cover crop cocktail (mixture of ryegrass, red clover and hairy vetch) compared to bare tilled and bare control plots were studied. The five treatments were replicated three times in a completely randomized study and analyzed. Soil physical health indicators such as bulk density and porosity were calculated. Soil and cover crop nutrient use, as well as, soil moisture content data was collected and analyzed using excel and ANOVA statistical procedures. In the short term, the study found that there was only statistically significant differences between cover cropping regimens, tilled and control plots in regards to biomass production and biomass nutrient concentrations (α=0.05). The cocktail mix provided more biomass, N and P than the ryegrass and clover plots alone. Observable differences in cover crop volumetric soil moisture and water used between plots demonstrated that cover crops utilize soil moisture in the short term, which must be considered in areas experiencing water stress. Although more long-term data is needed to truly quantify how cover crops effect various aspects of soil health, this study demonstrated how cover crops have the potential for providing numerous benefits such as increased erosion control, lower reliance on anthropogenically created nutrients and the reduction of weeds. Overall the benefits associated with cover crops are still being researched and while adoption of cover cropping systems has been slow, a push towards agricultural sustainability while increasing food production will increase the amount of producers utilizing cover crops in the coming years.
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37

Zemel, Hayley L. "Initial characterization of a disrupted stress endocrine system in shiner perch of San Francisco Bay---possible relation to environmental contaminant exposures and interrenal protein expression". Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527426.

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Aquatic environments adjacent to industrialized urban centers typically contain anthropogenic chemicals that may cause disruption of endocrine systems and physiological functions. This study investigated whether sites within San Francisco Bay are associated with endocrine disruption in the indigenous fish, shiner perch. The endocrine system that produces cortisol was tested, since it is critical for physiological regulation of stress response, metabolism, immune function and osmoregulation. The cortisol-producing tissue, the interrenal, was also investigated using proteomics technologies to initiate a process of identifying proteins with altered expression and which may therefore be involved in tissue dysfunction. Disrupted cortisol responses were detected in fish from several locations and they were related to certain kinds of contaminants and to changed expression of at least four interrenal proteins, which include heat shock protein 1, transferrin, calreticulin, and calmodulin. Several interrenal proteins were also newly identified. The approaches used herein have strong prospects as bioanalytical screening methodologies in environmental studies.

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38

Staples, Kerry. "Evaluation of a mosquito control intervention and recommendations for development of best practice protocols by the Shire of Kalamunda". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1800.

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Abstract The mosquito control program implemented by the Shire of Kalamunda Environmental Health Service has been assessed. Mosquito species and abundance has been evaluated along with an assessment on the current level of pesticide resistance and downstream S‐methoprene levels post‐treatment. The rate of Ross River virus transmission within the Shire has also been considered, along with the relationship between local species and virus transmission. Methodology Floating Emergence Traps were used in 15 storm‐water gullies to determine the effectiveness of S‐methoprene briquets in prevention of adult mosquito emergence over 124 days. Samples were taken monthly from October 2014 to March 2015. Two treatment methods were assessed, application of briquet using a float, and application without a float. These were compared to untreated control gullies. The productivity of gullies was also assessed. Twenty‐five carbon dioxide light traps were deployed in a treatment area and repeated in a control area. The treatment and control areas were reversed and sampled again the following season to allow for inter‐area baseline and seasonal differences. Nine water samples were taken and analysed for the presence of S‐methoprene. Samples were taken from the outlet of chains of storm‐water gullies during the first rainfall following application of S‐methoprene briquets in the area. Results Storm‐water gullies have been confirmed as a significant source of mosquito breeding and are likely to be increasing the spread of Ross River virus in the area in which they are located. Mosquito breeding peaks in early November, and decreases by February as the hot dry conditions prevent large scale breeding for all species. Gullies produced a mean of 108 mosquitoes per day over the season. Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes notoscriptus are the most abundant species within the Shire at all times in the season. Numbers of C. quinquefasciatus emerging can exceed 1600 per day per gully. A. notoscriptus breeds to a lesser extent but can still exceed 70 adults per day. Both species are container breeders known to breed profusely in close contact with human habitation. Treatment with S‐methoprene is highly effective against both species for at least 70 days and partially effective for up to 120 days, treatment provided no control by day 124. A total of 90% control was given over the 124 days. Treatment has a significant impact on the abundance of A. notoscriptus, reducing the population by two thirds at the tail end of the season. This is likely to actively reduce the transmission of Ross River virus (RRV) within the treatment area. Overall effectiveness of the briquet is not impacted significantly by the presence or absence of a float. Treatment of storm‐water gullies correlates with reduced abundance of Aedes notoscriptus, which is a competent vector of RRV, and was found to be an important transmitter of this disease, especially when numbers of Culex annulirostris are higher than usual. Some improvements and supplements to the program are recommended, including timing of application and gully cleaning programs, and ongoing monitoring for priority vectors and evidence of pesticide resistance.
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Pereira, Magda Fabiana do Amaral. "Conflito socioambiental frente à implantaÃÃo de perÃmetro irrigado na Chapada do Apodi/RN na perspectiva dos atingidos". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12174.

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nÃo hÃ
A Chapada do Apodi/RN vivencia a chamada âchegada do progressoâ atravÃs do PerÃmetro Irrigado Santa Cruz do Apodi, gerador de conflito socioambiental. A pesquisa teve como objetivo: descrever, na perspectiva dos atingidos, o conflito socioambiental decorrente da implantaÃÃo de perÃmetro irrigado na Chapada do Apodi/RN. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, com aproximaÃÃes com a SaÃde e as CiÃncias Sociais; aconteceu em Apodi/RN, com grupo de 11 agricultores familiares chapadenses (3 mulheres e 8 homens, mÃdia de idade de 36,5 anos e com escolaridade do ensino fundamental incompleto atà o superior completo) e mais 2 membros do Sindicato dos Trabalhadores e Trabalhadoras Rurais de Apodi. Aconteceram 3 entrevistas semiestruturadas e 3 encontros com roteiros norteadores, a partir da ecologia de saberes. As falas foram analisadas a partir das seguintes categorias: as influÃncias na construÃÃo das concepÃÃes dos sujeitos sobre o conflito na Chapada potiguar; o passado sem o DNOCS; o presente com o DNOCS; o futuro que o DNOCS quer para o territÃrio chapadense; o futuro que os agricultores querem para eles. Na construÃÃo da concepÃÃo sobre o conflito na Chapada potiguar, sobressaÃram o SeminÃrio Impactos do AgronegÃcio/AgrotÃxico na SaÃde do Trabalhador e no Ambiente e os intercÃmbios no territÃrio do Baixo-Jaguaribe/CE e Baixo-AÃu/RN. Quanto ao passado do territÃrio, as origens variam: algumas eram antigos latifÃndios vendidos para o Governo Federal ou outros ÃrgÃos (como a ForÃa Sindical, no caso de Palmares) para o programa de Reforma AgrÃria (assentamentos); hà tambÃm as comunidades originadas pela fixaÃÃo de famÃlias em determinadas regiÃes (como em Quixabeirinha). PorÃm, nos mapas dos documentos do Estado sobre a Chapada/RN, as comunidades e os assentamentos sÃo invisibilizados e marginalizados, a depender da necessidade de usufruto para o perÃmetro, o que gera difÃcil resistÃncia ao projeto atravÃs de mobilizaÃÃes e articulaÃÃes com outras entidades. Para o futuro da Chapada potiguar, o DNOCS preconiza a implantaÃÃo do perÃmetro em questÃo enquanto os agricultores familiares almejam continuar com seu modo de vida, recebendo incentivos estatais para seu fortalecimento. ConcluÃmos que os territÃrios e a agricultura familiar nÃo precisam e nÃo aceitam esse modelo de modernizaÃÃo agrÃcola preconizado na RevoluÃÃo Verde. O modelo requer um Estado que arque com a estrutura na Chapada, para que as empresas possam ocupar, instalar-se, produzir, lucrar e partir quando acharem que à inviÃvel continuar em Apodi. PorÃm implanta polÃticas pÃblicas que: nÃo beneficiam a populaÃÃo; restringem o acesso à Ãgua; geram pressÃes (emocionais/psicolÃgicas; a partir da falÃcia das benesses, polÃticas, sociais) nos chapadenses; inviabiliza a produÃÃo agrÃcola tradicional pela contaminaÃÃo ambiental com agrotÃxicos do agronegÃcio; geram empregos degradantes à saÃde; desapropriam os povos; investem mais de 200 milhÃes para fortalecer o agronegÃcio; provocam uma luta desigual reconhecida pelos agricultores familiares. Para se somar à resistÃncia ao perÃmetro, convidamos a Rede Brasileira de JustiÃa Ambiental (RBJA) e colocamos à disposiÃÃo dos atingidos o presente documento. Reconhecemos o valor do territÃrio e que a pesquisa contribuiu para divulgaÃÃo e fortalecimento da luta, quando se propÃe a ouvir as falas e valorizar as demandas dos agricultores familiares.
The Chapada do Apodi/RN experiences called "arrival of progress" through the Irrigation Santa Cruz Apodi, generator socioenvironmental conflict. The research aimed to describe, from the perspective of those affected, the conflict resulting from the implementation of environmental irrigated the Apodi Plateau/RN. This is a qualitative research approaches with Health and Social Sciences; happened Apodi/RN with a group of 11 family farmers from Chapada (3 women and 8 men, mean age 36.5 years and schooling elementary school until college) and 2 members of the Union of Rural Workers of Apodi. There were three semi-structured interviews and meetings with three guiding tours from the ecology of knowledge. The speeches were analyzed from the following categories: the influences on the construction of conceptions of the subject on the conflict in Plateau RN; without DNOCS the past and the present with DNOCS; DNOCS the future that wants to chapadense territory, the future that farmers want for them. In building design on the conflict in Plateau RN highlights the Impacts of Agribusiness Seminar/Pesticides in Occupational Health and Environment and exchanges within the Baixo-Jaguaribe/CE and Baixo-AÃu/RN. As the last of the territory, the origins vary: some old estates were sold to the Federal Government or other organs (such as the Union Force in the case of Palmares) for the program of Agrarian Reform (settlements), there are also communities, originated by fixing families in certain areas (as in Quixabeirinha). However, the maps of state documents on the Chapada/RN communities and settlements are invisible and marginalized depending on the need for enjoyment for perimeter which creates resistance difficult project through mobilizations and joints with other entities. For the future of Chapada/RN, DNOCS recommends deploying Perimeter concerned while farmers aim to continue their way of life receiving state incentives for its strengthening. We conclude that the territories and family farming need not and do not accept this model of agricultural modernization advocated in the Green Revolution. The model requires a state to bear with the structure in Chapada for companies to occupy, settle, produce, and profit from when find it impossible to continue in Apodi. However, implements policies that: not benefit the population; restrict access to water; generate pressures (emotional/psychological , from the fallacy of the benefits, political, social) in chapadenses; undermines the traditional agricultural production with environmental contamination by pesticides of agribusiness; generate jobs degrading health; expropriates people; invest over 200 million to strengthen agribusiness; cause an unequal struggle recognized by farmers. To add resistance to the perimeter, invite the Brazilian Network for Environmental Justice (RBJA) and we provide those affected with this document. We recognize the value of the territory and the research contributed to the dissemination and strengthening of the fight, when it proposes to hear the speeches and appreciate the demands of family farmers.
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40

Minca, Kristen Kathleen. "Using Soil Nutrient Tests and 1M HNO3 to Predict Total and Bioaccessible Pb in Urban Soils". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1325176659.

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41

Jiang, Yitong. "Identification of Sewage Sludge Injection Application on Harvested Agricultural Fields Using Landsat TM Data". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1290201856.

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42

Campbell, Robert. "Understanding and disrupting institutional settings : using networks of conversations to re-imagine future farming lives". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/603.

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Farmers in Australia and elsewhere face the challenge of remaining profitable whilst dealing with adverse structural arrangements and public expectations to better manage environmental degradation. This thesis draws on arguments that dominant paradigms in agricultural science and environmental management have often been ineffective in addressing these apparently competing demands and appear poorly suited to ‘messy’ situations characterized by uncertainty and complexity, and in which diverse stakeholders are motivated by varying goals and values. Engaging with such situations requires a philosophy and methodology that accepts a multiplicity of perspectives and which seeks to learn about and reflect upon novel ways of thinking and acting. Among the underlying ideas that have shaped this project is the importance of recognising the assumptions and commitments that researchers bring to their practice in order that traditions are not uncritically reproduced and that the products of our thinking are not reified. Regarding farming as less a set of technical practices and more as a human activity taking place within broader economic, social, cultural and ecological contexts, I sought to engage a group of farmers in southern Western Australia in a process of taking action to address an issue of common concern that would help them to live and farm well in their district. My role as both researcher and facilitator of conversations was driven by a commitment to dialogue as a process of meaning making and relationship building. Together we explored some of the broader contexts within which the narrower conceptions of economic and ecological problems are often uncritically placed. Taking concrete action together however proved beyond the scope of my research. The challenge of feeding ourselves while better caring for the land and each other will require imaginative as well as technical resources. To this end I have also sought to sketch out some of the creative possibilities contained within the health metaphor as it is applied to soil, arguing that its use as a proxy for quality or condition fails to utilize its disruptive potential.
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43

Pugliese, Jennie Y. "Above- and Belowground Response to Managing Kernza (Thinopyrum intermedium) as a Dual-Use Crop for Forage and Grain". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1494000853982965.

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44

Estey, Chelsie M. "The characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAR) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the effect of statin drugs on HMGCoAR". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27454.

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The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment is a growing area of concern. The objective of this thesis was to examine the effects of statin drugs, a class of pharmaceuticals prescribed to lower endogenous cholesterol production by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCoAR), in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The study also aimed to provide some insight into mechanisms governing the control of HMGCoAR in fish. Two statin drugs were used in this study, cerivastatin (CVT) and atorvastatin (AVT). Cerivastatin inhibited hepatic microsomal and brain homogenate HMGCoAR activities when incubated in vitro and following an in vivo intra-peritoneal injection. Atorvastatin reduced HMGCoAR activity in vitro following incubation with liver microsomes and brain homogenates. Fasting trout for 14 days resulted in a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol and glucose levels compared with the fed-controls. A significant decrease was observed in brain homogenates prepared from fish fasted for 14 days and re-fed for 7 days. Phosphorylation is an important regulator of mammalian HMGCoAR activities. In trout a significant decrease in HMGCoAR activity was observed when liver microsomes were incubated in a buffer that should stimulate AMPK. Two HMGCoAR subtypes were found in rainbow trout. HMGCoAR-1 mRNA is present in higher quantities than HMGCoAR-2 however HMGCoAR-1 is located in a limited number of tissues. HMGCoAR-2 mRNA appeared in all tissues assessed. The results of this thesis indicate that HMGCoAR shares some similar control mechanisms with mammals. These results also demonstrate that statin drugs in the aquatic environment have the potential to disrupt HMGCoAR in fish.
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45

Negrey, John Patrick. "The effect of dietary methylmercury on Na+,K+-ATPase activity and growth in fall-run chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha) from California's Central Valley". Thesis, San Jose State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1552274.

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Hatchery reared Chinook salmon from California’s Central Valley were fed for 67 days (Apr-Jun, 2008) on fish pellets mixed with either 0, 1, 3, or 5 µg·g−1 methylmercury hydroxide. Weight, fork length, condition factor, and Na+,K+-ATPase measurements were determined every two weeks and a 96-h seawater challenge was conducted at the conclusion of the experiment.

Results from two-way ANOVA, with treatment and date as independent variables, indicated no significant differences for weight (F3,32 = 1.38; P = 0.280), length (F3,32 = 0.986; P = 0.412) and condition factor (F3,32 = 0.239; P = 0.869). Post-hoc analysis following two-way ANOVA indicated mean ATPase activity in the high (x¯ = 3.08, S.E. = 0.19; P = 0.008) and medium treatments (x¯ = 2.86, S.E. = 0.57; P = 0.017) was significantly increased in early May compared with the control group (x¯ = 1.47, S.E. = 0.34). The results from the 96 h seawater challenge were consistent with those of other studies indicating weight has the greatest influence for survival in the transition from freshwater to seawater. Overall, results from this study indicated methylmercury, a known neurotoxin, altered ATPase activity in fall-run Chinook but did not significantly affect mortality in the transition from freshwater to seawater.

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46

Glasgow, Lindonne Marcia. "Socioeconomic Characteristics of Farmers and Agrochemical Use in Grenada". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6029.

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The World Health Organization classified carbaryl, glyphosate, and paraquat as hazardous to human health. In the Agriculture Health Study in the United States, health problems were associated with the use of these 3 agrochemicals 12 or more times per year. These 3 agrochemicals were commonly used in Grenada. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between the social and economic characteristics of the farmers who participated in the 2012 agriculture survey and the use of agrochemicals at frequencies that could pose health risks. Five constructs of the social cognitive theory were used as the premise to hypothesize relationships between the variables. Binomial regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses of relationships between the characteristics of 8,868 farmers and use of agrochemicals or herbicides -?¥12 timers per year. Statistically significant relationships were found between 16 characteristics of the farmers and use of agrochemicals. Significant relationships were also found between 8 characteristics of the farmers and use of herbicides -?¥12 timers per year. The findings of this study show that several characteristics of the farmers in Grenada were associated with the use of agrochemicals at frequencies that were hazardous to health. By demonstrating the need to implement preventive measures and adopt the precautionary principle in the use of agrochemicals, positive changes can be made in monitoring agriculture practices, health surveillance, and clinical practice.
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47

Oostveen, Emily Kay. "THE ROLE OF SURFACE CHEMISTRY IN THE TOXICITY OF MANUFACTURED CERIUM DIOXIDE NANOMATERIALS TO CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS". UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_etds/46.

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Manufactured CeO2 nanomaterials (CeO2-MNMs) are used for a wide variety of applications including diesel fuel additives and chemical/mechanical planarization media. To test the effects of CeO2-MNM surface coating charge on to model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, we synthesized 4 nm CeO2 with cationic (DEAE-), anionic (CM-), and neutral (DEX) coatings. In L3 nematodes exposed for 24 hours, DEAE-CeO2 induced lethality at lower concentrations than CM- or DEX-CeO2. Feeding slightly decreased CeO2 toxicity, regardless of coating. In L2 nematodes exposed for 48 hours with feeding, DEAE-CeO2 caused lethality at the lower concentrations as compared to CM- and DEX-CeO2. Sublethal effects were measured by observing reproduction and oxidative/nitrosative protein damage. Low concentrations of DEAE-CeO2 induced similar reductions as CM- and DEX-CeO2 that were two orders of magnitude higher. Using immunochemical slot blots to explore oxidative/nitrosative stress, no treatments produced significant changes in protein carbonyl or 3-nitrotyrosine formation; however, the statistical power of our assay was low. All treatments caused large but not statistically significant increases in protein carbonyl levels. DEAE-CeO2 exposure caused a significant reduction in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenol levels. This research suggests that cationic coatings render CeO2 significantly more toxic to C. elegans than neutral or anionic coatings.
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48

Steinig, Wenzel. "Shit and piss : An environmental history of the meaning and management of human excrement in densely populated areas and urban regions, with a focus on agriculture and public health issues". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302730.

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This thesis analyses individual and societal relations to human excrement by looking at historical and contemporary examples of symbolics and management systems of human shit and piss. It furthermore connects urban culture to a particular type of perception of the meaning of human waste. End-of-pipe, large scale sewerage solutions for densely populated areas and cities are analysed for their historical origins and contemporary ramifications, and contrasted with examples of classical, mediaeval, early modern and contemporary times in different regions of Europe and India. The cases were presented in a non-chronological order to avoid simple narratives of progress. The focus is on questions of agricultural recycling of excrement and the relevance of human waste for public health issues. Analytical tools during the cross-temporal and cross-cultural case comparison are the categorisations of human excrement as e.g. waste, threat or resource, the technique of dualism-deterritorialisation and occasionally the Entanglement approach. Main results are that the large-scale introduction of sewerage systems in European cities around the world coincides with urbanisation and industrialisation, that pre-industrial dense settlement faced essentially the same excrement management challenges as modern cities do and that the stability of certain management systems has been severely influenced by factors such as power structures, paradigms of purity and piety as well as economic developments. The future relevance of this topic is seen in the predicted rise of urban regions worldwide, but especially in the developing world, a development which is expected to complicate human excrement management issues considerably.
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49

Rosenblum, James S. "The Relationships of Pathogenic Microbes, Chemical Parameters, and Biogas Production During Anaerobic Digestion of Manure-based Biosolids". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376929611.

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Silva, Maria de Lourdes Vicente da. "Outcries, silence and seeds: the repercussions of re-deterritorialization due to modernization of agriculture on the environment, work and health of peasant women in the Chapada do Apodi/CE". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=17019.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior
O estudo sobre as trajetÃrias de vida de mulheres camponesas que vivem na Chapada do Apodi, CE està voltado para a anÃlise das repercussÃes do processo de des-reterritorializaÃÃo empreendido pela modernizaÃÃo da agricultura sobre o ambiente, a saÃde e o trabalho de mulheres camponesas. Descreve aspectos das trajetÃrias de trabalho de mulheres inseridas nas empresas do agronegÃcio da fruticultura irrigada, na agricultura camponesa/familiar, e no trabalho domÃstico e aprofunda as repercussÃes das transformaÃÃes sociais e do conflito ambiental nos modos de viver e produzir dessas mulheres. AlÃm de discutir os sentidos e perspectiva do trabalho no campo para as mulheres camponesas na dialÃtica entre (agri)cultura e (agro)negÃcio. Partindo da crÃtica feminista ao papel da ciÃncia, e das mulheres como sujeitos do conhecimento, utiliza-se a abordagem das metodologias feministas para aprofundar os diferentes olhares e experiÃncias das mulheres a partir das histÃrias de vida de 11 mulheres de 04 comunidades, feita atravÃs de entrevistas e observaÃÃo participante e tendo como foco a categoria do trabalho. Resulta daà a descriÃÃo sobre as formas camponesas de vida e trabalho ameaÃados pela modernizaÃÃo agrÃcola onde estÃo expostos os resultados da pesquisa de campo sobre terra, produÃÃo e cultura camponesa, a questÃo ambiental, os sentidos e condiÃÃes de trabalho, as transformaÃÃes sociais e de saÃde. SÃo problematizados aspectos que analisam a saÃde entre a riqueza e o adoecimento atravÃs das transformaÃÃes do territÃrio com o uso de agrotÃxicos e suas consequÃncias ao trabalho e à produÃÃo. A partir da experiÃncia dessas mulheres, a pesquisa aponta algumas bases para a anÃlise de um novo feminismo - o camponÃs-ambiental. Mediado pelo ser/fazer das mulheres camponesas, no confronto entre as contradiÃÃes e sua cultura, ele està calcado nas seguintes caracterÃsticas: Como expressÃo das mulheres em defesa dos bens naturais; do reconhecimento da natureza como portadora de direitos e da defesa da diversidade e da dinÃmica produtiva como bens comuns. Resulta de um movimento do cotidiano, pautado por uma inserÃÃo polÃtica dentro da comunidade, da casa, da cozinha, do quintal, da roÃa etc. EspaÃos por onde circulam saberes, informaÃÃes e diferentes formas de poder instituÃdo pelas prÃprias mulheres. Està calcado na luta pela soberania alimentar e pela manutenÃÃo de laÃos de solidariedade e de socializaÃÃo do trabalho. Tem sua cultura fundamentada na Ãtica camponesa e nos valores de solidariedade, com a vivÃncia marcada pelas noÃÃes de justiÃa, direito, honestidade e equidade. Faz uma relaÃÃo do ser saudÃvel com o acesso aos bens comuns (como a terra, à Ãgua, ao alimento e à biodiversidade) e à valorizaÃÃo dos sentidos do trabalho. Faz a articulaÃÃo das diversas dimensÃes â indissociÃveis â que existem entre ambiente, trabalho, relaÃÃes familiares, convivÃncia social e saÃde das pessoas. Portam uma visÃo sistÃmica do cuidado, interpretando-o em relaÃÃo ao planeta, ao trabalho e ao ser humano em sua totalidade. E tambÃm a vivÃncia da economia como produÃÃo de vida, reconhecendo o importante e determinante papel das mulheres na disputa pela terra e pelo territÃrio e na afirmaÃÃo da cultura camponesa.
The study on the life trajectories of female peasants that live in Chapada do Apodi, CE is focused on the analysis of the repercussions of the process of deterritorialization by the modernization of agriculture on the environment, health, and the labor of peasant women. It describes aspects of work trajectories of women inserted in agribusiness companies of irrigated fruit production, familiar/peasant agriculture, and domestic labor, and go deeper into the repercussions of the social transformations and the environmental conflict in the ways of living and producing of these women. Besides, this paper discusses the meanings and perspective of field/farm work for peasant women in the dialectic between (agri)culture and (agri)business. Starting from the feminist criticism on the role of Science, and of women as subjects of knowledge, it utilizes the approach of the feminist methodologies to go deeper into the different looks and experiences of women as from life stories of 11 women and 04 communities, done through interviews and participant observation, having as a focus the category of work. It results the description of the peasant ways of life and work threatened by the modernization of agriculture where are exposed the results of the field research about land, production and peasant culture, the environmental issue, the meanings of work and work conditions, social and health changes. For that, we problematize aspects that analyze health among wealth and illness through territory transformations with the use of pesticide and its consequences to labor and production. From the experience of these women, the research points to a few basis for the analysis of a new feminism â the environmental-peasant. Mediated by the being/doing of the peasant women, in the confrontation between contradictions and their culture, it stands on the following characteristics: As an expression of the women in defense of the natural resources; of the recognition of nature as carrier of rights and of the defense of diversity and productive dynamics as common goods. It results from an everyday movement, guided by a political insertion in the community, home, kitchen, yard, farm, etc. Spaces in which knowledge, information and different forms of power instituted by the own women circulate. It stands on the struggle for food sovereignty and for the maintenance of bonds of solidarity and labor socialization. It has its culture grounded on peasant ethics and on the values of solidarity, with the experience marked by the notions of justice, right, honesty and equity. It makes a relation of the healthy being with the access to the common resources (such as land, water, food, and biodiversity) and the appreciation of the meanings of labor. It makes an articulation of several -inseparabledimensions that exist among environment, work, family relations, social living and health. They carry a systemic vision of care, understanding it in relation to the planet, to labor and to the human being in his entireness. The dimensions also carry the experience of the economy as production of life, recognizing the important and determinant role of women in the dispute for land and territory and in the affirmation of the peasant culture.
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